Stanley and Africa: also, the travels, adventures, and discoveries of Captain John H. Speke, Captain Richard F. Burton ... and other distinguished explorers

Front matter

n " """ "" »'■ KimiiniiittimijuiHNi iHm!!imiiwiiiiimi!llll!lill|lll!iinili;iil,J||||j|[||||||]| LANEX^s, Sanday Early Morning Glasses P0R sMZN. SPECIAL PRIZE eJ\a_C_r<_]ecj so . jL-jfe JusdLu^.. FOR REGULAR ATTENDANCE. <U. \^LXcJio<AAC-(L/. Ueacfier. Coventry, December, 18 J£j . $>• S* $M« A FOREST IN CENTRAL AFRICA STANLEY AND AFRICA: ALSO THE Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries of Captain John H. Speke, Captain Richard F. Burton, Captain James IV. Grant, Sir Samuel and Lady Baker, and other Distinguished Explorers. BIRMINGHAM: C. COMBRIDGE, 5 NEW STREET. BOOKSELLER, STATIONER, Etc. PUBLISHER OF PRIZE LITERATURE. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Tage

Progress of Christian Missions in South Africa — Moravian Church — London Missionary Society — Wesleyan Missions — Church Missionary Society — Other Missions ... ... 1

Chapter II

Livingstone goes down to the Cape — Journeys from thence into the Interior — Readies Linyanti — Ascends the Leeambye and the Lueba — Visits Shinte — Arrives at Loanda ... 41

Chapter III

Livingstone and the Makololo at Loando — Return Journey — Reach Linyanti — Departure for Kilirnane — Victoria Falls — Native Tribes — Animals — Tete and its Vicinity — Descent of the Zambesi — Arrival at Kilimane ... ... ... ... ... ... 71

Chapter IV

Discoveries of Captain Speke — His Expeditions to the Somali Country — Returns to England — Joins Captain Burton in an Expedition to the Mountains of the Moon — They reach Zanzibar — Cross to Kaole — Arrive at Kazeh — Illness of Burton — Sight of the Tanganyika Lake and Mountains of the Moon — Goes up the Lake to Ujiji — Crosses the Lake — Returns to Ujiji — Discovers Lake Nyanza — Rejoins Burton at Kazeh — They arrive in England ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97

Chapter V

Speke's Third Expedition — Accompanied by Captain Grant he Arrives at Zanzibar — Organisation of the Expedition — They reach Uzaramo — Usagara — Ugogo — Unyamwesi and the People — Troubles in Uzuza — Driven Back to Kazeh — Push on to Usui — Leave the Inhospitable Districts ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 113

Chapter XI

Khartoum — The White Nile Trade — Departure from Khartoum — The Shillooks — Sobat River — Bahr el Gazal — Native Tribes — Arrival at Gondokoro — Meeting with Speke and Grant ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... 203

Chapter XII

Further Stay at Gondokoro— A Plot among the Khartoum Escort — Start from Gondokoro — Pass through Tollogo and Ellyria — The Latookas — Camels and Elephants — Enter the Obbo Country 213

Chapter XIII

Life in Obbo — R,eturn to Latooka — Visit Obbo again — Arrival at Shooa — Unyoro — Mrs. Baker Receives a Sun-Stroke — Discovery of the Albert Nyanza — Voyage on the Lake — The Murchison Falls ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 231

Chapter XIV

The Island of Patooan — Confined in the Country — Kamrasi's Tactics — Farewell to Kamrasi's Territory — Arrival at Shooa — The Lira Tribe — Attack by the Bari Tribe — Reach Gondokoro — Voyage down tho Nile to Khartoum — From Khartoum to Berber Departure from Africa ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... CONTENTS. V

Chapter XV. Page

Livingstone's Second Expedition— The Mouths of the Zambesi— Kebrabasa Rapids- Murchison Cataracts — Effects of Rain — Lake Shirwa— Shire Marshes — Manganja and its People— Discovery of Lake Nyassa ... ... ... ... ... ... 2G1

Chapter XVI

Off to Kongone — Return to Tette— Journey Westward— Kebrabasa Rapids and Chicova — Arrive at Zumbo — The Batoka — Victoria Falls and Garden Island — The Makololo — Livingstone Revisits Linyanti — Down again to Tette and the Kongone ... ... 279

Chapter XVII

Arrival of the Pioneer — Bishop Mackenzie and his Mission — Death of Bishop Mackenzie and Mr. Burnup — Lake Nyassa and its People — Arrival and Death of Mrs. Livingstone — The Rovuma — The Expedition withdrawn — Livingstone's Voyage to Bombay, and Return to England ... ... ,.. ... ... ... ... ... ... 303

Chapter XVIII

Livingstone's Third Visit to Africa — Arrival at Zanzibar — Re-ascends the Rovuma — Horrors of the Slave Trader's Track — The Waiyau Country and People — Lake Nyassa Revisited — Reaches the Loangwa — End of 1866 . ... .... ... ... ... 327

Chapter XIX

The New Year — Pushes for the Chambeze — Chitapangwa and his People — Course for Lake Tanganyika — Arrives at the Lake — Report reaches England of the Murder of Livingstone on the Coast of Lake Nyassa, in 1866 — Search Expedition of Mr. Young — News of Livingstone's Safety — Meanwhile he Visits Lake Moero — Arrives at Casembe's Town — Second Visit to Moero — Close of 1S67 ... ... ... ... ... ... 343

Chapter XX

New Year's Day — Further Exploration of Lake Moero — Ascent of the Rua Mountains — Return to Casembis— Lake Bangweolo — Earthen Sponges — Cataracts of the Kalongosi— The Imbozhwa— End of 1868 3G1

Chapter XXI

Beginning of 1869 — Dangerous Illness — Arrives at Tanganyika — Reaches Ujiji — Explores Manyuema — 1870 — The Soko — Continued Illness — Detention at Bambarre — Ivory — ■ Strange Diseases — Sufferings of Slaves ... ... ... ... ... ... ... CONTENTS. VI

Chapter XXII. Page

The Year 1871— Detention at Bambarre— Reaches the Lualaba — Life at Nyangwe — The Bakuss — Slaughter of Women by the Arabs— Returns to Ujiji — Arrival of Mr. Stanley — Livingstone and Stanley Visit Unyanyembe — Stanley leaves to Return to England ... 385

Chapter XXIII

Livingstone's Second Letter to Mr. Bennett — Stay at Unyanyembe — Further Explorations — Rounds the South End of Tanganyika — Crosses Bangweolo — Returns North to Ilala — Prolonged Affliction and Death — Homeward March with the "Master's" Body — Arrival of the Body in England — Funeral in Westminster Abbey — National Respect and Honour ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 417

Chapter XXIV

Livingstone Congo Expedition under Lieutenant Grandy — Livingstone East Coast Aid Expedition — Lieutenant Cameron's Journey from Unyanyembe to Ujiji — Exploration of Lake Tanganyika — From Tanganyika to the West Coast and Home ... ... 447

Chapter XXV

The " Daily Telegraph " and " New York Herald " Expedition — Stanley's Departure — Zanzibar — A Slave Dhow — Organisation of the Expedition ... ... ... ... 471

Chapter XXVI

March from Bagamoyo to Mpwapwa — Through Northern Ugogo — Country of Urimi Death of Edward Pocock — Conflict with the Waturu — Iramba — Arrival at Lake Victoria Nyanza, — Exploration of the Lake — Visit to Mtesa, King of Uganda — Mtesa's Conversion to Islamism — Desire for Christian Teachers — Interview between Colonel de Bellefonds and Stanley — Stanley's Departure from Uganda — Lake Victoria Nyanza an Inland Sea — Missionary Response to Mtesa's Invitation ... ... ... ... 437

Chapter XXVII

Stanley and Tippu-Tib — Consultation with Mr. Pocock — Starting of the Expedition Launching of the " Lady Alice" — Sickness in the Camp — Parting between the Zanibari and the Arabs ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 54.5

Chapter XXVIII

The Great Mysterious River — The Stanley Falls — Making Canoes — Leaving the "Lady Alice " — On the March — Difficulty of obtaining Food — Welcome Supplies — Arrival at San Paulo de Loando ... ... ... ... K~r, D08 CONTENTS. VII

Chapter XXXIII

Stanley leaves for Lake Albert — Gives Major Barttelot Instructions — Eighty-three Days' March — No News of the Rear-Guard — Tippu-Tib — Murder of Major Barttelot — Death of Mr. Jameson ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 615

Chapter I

Progress of Christian Missions in South Africa — Moravian Church — London Missionary Society — Wesley an Missions — Church Missionary Society — Other Missions. Speaking of his earlier discoveries, Dr. Livingstone said, nearly twenty years ago, " The end of the geographical feat is but the beginning of the missionary enterprise." It should ever be so. Commerce and science have their claims ; but just in proportion as nations and tribes of men are brought under our influence, we should seek to confer upon them the blessings of Christianity. We intend, therefore, before entering more fully upon the discoveries of modern travellers in the regions of Southern and Central Africa lying beyond our colonial settlements, to glance at the efforts of Christian men to plant the gospel in those settlements, and to point out some of tho blessed results by which those efforts have been crowned.

During the early ages of the Christian era, Africa had her churches, her colleges, her reposi tories of science and learning, her Cyprian and other bishops of apostolic renown, and her noble army of martyrs ; but now the pall hangs over her wide-spread domains, and the millions of her population are in a state of spiritual death. Christendom has been enriched by her gold, her drugs, her ivory, her cattle and corn, the bodies and souls of her people ; and what, up to a few years back, has been her recompense ? A few crucifixes planted around her shores, guarded by the military fort and the roar of cannon. Had it not been for the zeal and compassion of Christian men in these later times scarcely a ray of heavenly light would have reached the millions of Africa, sitting in darkness and the shadow of death.

As it is, however, various sec tions of the church of Christ have vied with one another in their earnest and self-denying labours to spread the blessings of the Christian religion through our African colonies and the regions beyond. The small, but brave and noble band of Christians, known as the Mora vians, or United Brethren, were the first to send out men to seek the salvation of the people of South Africa. The circumstances under which their first missionary, George Schmidt, was sent forth, and his subsequent history, is well known to all interested in mission work. But we cannot forbear quoting here the words in which th.; venerable Dr. Moffatt makes honourable mention of this servant of the Lord :— '; In July, 1736, George Schmidt, with something of that great zeal which fired the bosom of Egede, the pio neer ofthe mission to Greenland, left his native country for that of the Hot tentots.

He was the first who, commissioned by the King of kings, stood in the Vale of Grace (Genadenal), at that time known by the name of Bavian's Kloof (the Glen of Baboons), and directed the degraded, oppressed, ignorant, despised, and, so far as life eternal is concerned, the outcast Hottentots, to the Lamb of God, who tasted death for them. It is impossible to traverse the glen, as the writer has done, or sit under the great pear-tree which that devoted missionary planted with his own hands, without feeling something like a holy envy of so distinguished a person in the missionary band. When we remember that actions receive their weight from the circumstances under which they have been called forth, how exalted a glory must such an one as George Schmidt possess in the heavenly world, where one star differeth from another star in glory, compared with the great majority in the present day, who have doors opened to them, and a host of examples before them, with the zeal and prayers of the whole Christian Church to animate and support them.

Though he could only address the Hottentots through an interpreter, his early efforts were crowned with success, and the attendance at the first Hottentot school ever founded rapidly increased. The Hottentots, with all their reported ignorance and apathy, justly regarded him with sentiments of unfeigned love and admiration ; and so evidently was the gospel made the power of God that, in the course of a few years, he was able to add a num ber of converts to the church of the first-born." The mission commenced by the Moravians so far prospered that, in 1799, there was built a large church, capable of holding fifteen thousand persons. At that period there were twelve hundred and thirty-four inhabitants in Bavian's Kloof, of whom three hundred and four were members of the con gregation, whose temporal condition was greatly improved.

Induced by the example of the brethren, they diligently cultivated their fields and gardens. In 1800, a body of missionaries arriving, they were received about a mile from the village by the natives, who joined in hymns of praise to God who had thus graciously supplied their spiritual wants. A large and commodious school-house was erected in 1814, and thus the brethren were enabled more effectually to educate the young. In 1815, the Rev. C. J. Latrobe, Secretary to the Moravian Church in England, was sent on a visit of inspection to Africa to ascertain the practicability of erecting a new station. This was accordingly established in the district of the Witte River, on the confines of Caffraria at the distance of a fortnight's journey from their original sphere of labour. To it the name of Enon was given ; and it was soon occupied by a band of faithful missionaries.

Other stations have, from time to time, been formed as circumstances required and means afforded. MORAVIAN MISSIONARY SETTLEMENTS. 3 These settlements in South Africa have frequently been visited by travel lers, who have highly extolled the neatness, order, and comfort, which reigned in them all. As it may be interesting to some of our readers to know the way in which the Moravian missionaries spend their time in their stations, we quote the words of Mr. Pringle, in reference to Enon: — "At six o'clock in the morning, the missionaries and their families are summoned together by the ringing of a large bell, suspended in front of the mission-house. The matin hymn is then sung, and a text of Scripture read for all to meditate upon during the day ; and after drinking a single cup of coffee, they sepa rate to pursue their respective occupations.

At eight o'clock the bell re-as sembles them to a substantial breakfast, consisting of fish, fruit, eggs, and cold meat, each person commonly drinking a single glass of wine. This meal, as well as the others, is preceded and followed by a short hymn, by way of grace, in which all the company join. As soon as breakfast is over, they retire to their separate apartments for meditation or devotion, till nine o'clock, when the active labours of the day are again resumed, and continued till noon. At twelve o'clock precisely the bell is again rung ; labour is inter rupted ; the school is dismissed ; and the brethren and their families assemble in the dining-hall to the mid-day meal. The dishes are sometimes numerous, especially I presume, when they have visitors ; but the greater part consist of fruit and vegetables of their own cultivation, variously dressed.

The meal is enlivened with cheerful conversation, and is closed with the customary hymn of thanksgiving. All then rise and retire, to occupy or amuse them selves as each may be inclined. At two o'clock, a cup of tea or coffee is drank, and all proceed again with alacrity to their various occupations, which are prosecuted till six. This latter hour concludes the labours of the day ; the sound of the hammer is stilled, and the brethren assemble once more at the evening meal, which consists of light viands, and is soon over. After supper they adjourn to the church, when a portion of Scripture is briefly explained, or a homily delivered, either to the whole Hottentot congregation, or to one of the several sections in which the people are classed, agreeably to the progress they may have attained in knowledge and piety.

All then retire to rest, with an appearance of satisfaction, such as may be naturally imagined to result from the habitual practice of industry and temperance, unembittered by worldly cf res, and hallowed by the consciousness of having devoted their mental and bodily faculties to the glory of God and the good osman." The same traveller also mentions the churchyard at this settlement : — " Situate at some little distance from the village, yet not far from the house of worship, and kept as neat as a pleasure garden, the burial-ground of Enon formed a pleasing contrast to the solitary graves heaped with a few loose stones, or the neglected or dilapidated churchyards usually met with in the colony. The funeral service, too, of the Moravians is very solemn and impressive. And still more solemn must be the yearly celebration of their service on Easter morn, when the whole population of the settlement is con gregated in the burial ground, to listen to an appropriate discourse from the most venerable of their pastors, accompanied by an affecting commemoration of such of their friends and relatives as may have died within the year, and followed by l^mns and anthems sung by their united voices amidst the ashes of their kindred."

At the end of 1840, the United Brethren had in South Africa seven stations, forty-five missionaries, and four thousand seven hundred and thirty nine converts belonging to the Hottentot, Caffre, Tambookie, and Fingoe tribes, of whom about thirteen hundred were communicants. The most recent accounts still speak hopefully of their establishments, as being generally in a flourishing condition. Brother Kunick, writing from Elim, August 18, 1874, says: — "In my last letter I believe I told you about the repairs that we intended carrying out in the church. In February, a sufficient quantity of sea-shells was carted from the shore, and from these lime was prepared. We had five or six masons at work each day, and as many helpers, the latter being volunteers. When the church had been got into order and whitewashed, our people asked permission to perform the same operation on the school, that its shabby condition might not be too noticeable, by contrast, at the coming jubilee.

This was more than we had expected, and. of course, the request was granted. The inside walls of the church also received a new coating of paint, and Brother Hickel put the organ in good order. All expenses have been covered by voluntary subscriptions and the collections at the jubilee, leaving a surplus of £5. The members seemed much pleased with the improvements made, and on several occasions expressed their gratitude to us for our share in the work. We have also great cause for thank fulness for the manner in which the celebration of the jubilee passed off. Guests appeared from all quarters in no less than eighty-four vehicles of every description, and the liberal hospitality with which they were welcomed in spite of the hard times, exceeded even the German conception of this virtue. The celebration was of such a nature as to give us great encourage ment for the future."

Another of these missionaries, Br. Meyer, writing in May, 1874, from Entumasi, says : — " The change of heart that had taken place in some of our Pondos began to have effect in their outward appearance. The women soon earned sufficient to buy for themselves, first skirts and then dresses. Many of them have now Sunday-clothes as well as week-day suits, and one female has as many as four dresses. The men also now go about in decent apparel. Two more announced themselves as candidates, but in their case I feared insincerity of purpose. Having received the money due to them for their THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY'S AGENTS. 5 work, they immediately procured clothes with it. Not long afterwards their wives brought me a number of bundles of firewood, and on my inquiring as to the price, one of them said — ' We do not want payment, we bring this wood out of gratitude.' Thus my suspicion was put to shame.

I am glad to say that all the Pondosare now properly clothed. The old Caffre, who was formerly so much addicted to drunkenness, now meekly sits at the feet of Jesus. It is a gladdening sight when the thirty-two candidates assemble for instruction or public worship, some of them from a distance of twelve miles, and many a song of thanks and praise rises from my heart to the Lord for permitting me to see so great fruits of my labours." Writing some months later, the same missionary says : — " The Lord's blessing continues. Our new church is soon to be opened for services ; another on Ludidi's land will soon be com menced, after which one on the banks of the Tinana will have to follow. Many Sutus attend the services at Entumasi, and on the Tinana, their lan guage being used in church and school.

Among the newly-awakened natives is the principal (and now the only) wife of the chieftain Zibi ; she has requested to be enrolled and instructed with the other candidates for baptism. The work grows in depth as well as in breadth ; my own heart is warmed and stirred up ; and my lips overflow with the praises of Him who has wonderfully increased the children of the desolate." Some of the most successful efforts for the evangelisation of Africa have been made by the agents of the London Missionary Society. The first efforts of this Society were directed, in 1795, to the islands of the Pacific, in which its missionaries have, after a long period of toil, witnessed the most signal triumphs of the gospel, amongst tribes of barbarians and cannibals, which it has ever fallen to the province of history to record.

The attention of the Society was next directed to the vast and important field of Southern Africa. The first missionaries sent out were Dr. John Theodore Van der Kemp, the son of a pious minister of the Dutch Reformed Church at Rotterdam, and Messrs Kicherer and Edmonds. Like all successful evangelists, Dr. Van der Kemp was a man of extraordinary energy. He -was fifty years of age before he set sail for Africa. Missions were then a novelty, and no missionary move ment had yet proceeded from the Netherlands. But the perusal of one of the records of the London Missionary Society produced such an impression on Van der Kemp's mind that he made an offer of his services to that Society. Full of Christian elasticity, and enthusiastically devoted to the race whose welfare he sought, he shrank from no danger, and toil and hardship he rather seemed to invite.

During his sojourn in London, passing a brick-field, it struck him that a great boon might be conferred on the Hottentots by teaching them to build better houses, in order to which it would first be needful to teach them the art of brick-making. Accordingly he sought leave to join the labourers, and for some weeks the venerable apprentice sweltered among the brick-kilns, lightening his labour by the thought of Africa. And when he arrived among the people of his choice, he consecrated himself to their service, with the ardour of a lover and the zeal of an apostle. Undismayed by their offensive habits, he took up his abode in the midst of them, and often without any European comfort — sometimes without hat, or shoes, or stockings — he not only taught their children and preached to them the gospel, but labouring with his own hands, he showed them how by their own industry they might support themselves ; and, as if in defiance of the prejudices of his Dutch com patriots, he threw in his lot entirely with these scorned outcasts by taking a Hottentot woman for his wife.

He was a man of exalted genius and learning. He had mingled with courtiers. He had been an alumnus of the Universities of Leyden and Edinburgh. He had obtained plaudits for his remarkable progress in literature, in philosophy, divinity, physic, and the military art. He was not only a profound student in ancient languages, but in many of the modern European tongues, even to that of the Highlanders of Scotland, and had distinguished himself in the armies of his earthly sovereign. Yet this man, constrained by the love of Christ, could cheerfully lay aside all his honours, mingle with savages, bear their sneers and contumely, condescend to serve the meanest of his troublesome guests, take the axe, the sickle, the spade, and the mattock, lie down on the place where dogs repose, and spend nights with his couch drenched with rain, the cold wind bringing his fragile house about his ears.

Though annoyed by the nightly visits of hungry hyenas, though compelled to wander about in quest of lost cattle, and exposed to the caprice of those whose characters were stains on human nature, whis perings occasionally reaching his ears that murderous plans were in progress for his destruction, he calmly proceeded with his benevolent efforts ; and to secure his object would stoop with the meekness of wisdom to please and pro pitiate those rude and wayward children of the desert whom he sought to bless. When the labours of the Doctor and his colleagues were beginning to tell on the Hottentots, the Dutch farmers took alarm. They feared that, with the progress of instruction, they would lose the services of these poor savages, whom they had hitherto treated very much as beasts of burden ; and their representations were producing such an effect on the respectable Dutch governor, Janssen, that he imposed very inconvenient restrictions on the operations of the mission.

Fortunately, at this period (1806), the colony passed into the hands of the English ; and under the protection of Sir David Baird the mission so prospered that, in 1810, the settlement at Bethelsdorp contained nearly a thousand inhabitants, all receiving Christian instruction. Mats and baskets were made in considerable quantities and sold in the sur rounding country. Salt was also manufactured, and bartered for wheat • and by sawing, soap-boiling, and wood-cutting:, the people exerted themselves for LONDON MISSION STATIONS. 7 an independent maintenance. Dr. Van der Kemp, who supported himself as a missionary, with scarcely any charge to the Society, spent nearly a thousand pounds of his patrimony in the purchase of slaves ; and his representations to Lord Caledon were the first in a series of movements on behalf of the oppressed aborigines which, in 1828, ended in their obtaining rights and pri vileges in all respects equal to those of the Dutch and English settlers.

He died in 1811 ; and although his own exertions were not crowned with the im mediate and signal success which has attended some other labourers, he may well be regarded as one of the greatest modern benefactors of Southern Africa. In March, 1813, the Rev. John Campbell arrived at Bethelsdorp, having been deputed by the Society to visit their settlements in South Africa, and to consider the best localities for new ones. The following year, a remarkable revival of religion took place there. So intent were numbers in seeking sal vation that Mr. Read and his fellow-labourers had scarcely time to take food ; and often the fields might be seen covered with people pouring out their hearts to God in prayer. Old and young were alike subjects of this gracious influence; and, in the course of a year, upwards of three hundred souls were added to the Church.

Accosted by the gracious accents of the gospel, the poor abject Hottentots began to rejoice in the hope full of immortality, and astonished their old taskmasters by their intelligence and industry. Under the fostering wing of Christian missions, they congregated into little villages; and the following description of one of these near Algoa Bay, from the pen of Mr. Pringle, testifies to the effect the gospel had produced: — "I came in sight of the village as the sun was setting. The smoke of the fires just lighted to cook the evening meal of the home-coming herdsmen was curling calmly in the serene evening air. The bleating of flocks returning to the fold, the lowing of the kine to meet their young, and other pleasant sounds, recalling all the pastoral associations of a Scottish glen, gave a very agreeable effect to my first view of this missionary village.

When I entered the place, however, all associations connected with the rural scenery of Europe were at once dis pelled. The groups of woolly-haired, swarthy-complexioned natives, many of them still dressed in the old sheepskin mantle — the swarms of half-naked children — the hovels of mud or reeds — the long-legged, large-boned cattle — the broad-tailed African sheep, with hair instead of wool — the uncouth jib bering sounds of the Hottentot language — these, and a hundred traits of wild and foreign character, made me feel that I was far from the glens of Cheviot — that I was at length in the land of the Hottentot. Afterwards I attended the evening service of the missionary in the rustic chapel. The place was occupied by a very considerable number of the inhabitants of the village. Their demeanour was attentive and devout ; and their singing of the mission ary hymns singularly pleasing and harmonious.

Even among the rudest of the people there was an aspect of civility and decent respect — of quietude and sober-mindedness, which evinced that they were habitually under the control of far other principles than those which regulate the movements of other savage men. They appeared to be in general a respectable and religious native peasantry." Amonothe noble men who have laboured in Southern Africa, in connec tion with the London Missionary Society, we must make special mention of Robert Moffat and his still more renowned son-in law, David Livingstone. When Robert Moffat, with the consent of his pious Scotch parents, left his gardening and set sail for the Cape of Good Hope, on the last day of October, 1816, he was only twenty years of age. But he was a mature man in self possession and in Christian faith ; and these are the main qualities required in missionary enterprise.