Cassell's Illustrated Universal History

Chapter I. The Rise Of Modern Europe

From a.d. 402— 526.— The Passing of Ancient into Mediæval History, 1, 2 ; Reigns of Arcadius and Honorius in the East and the "West, 2 ; Brilliant Services of Stilicho, 2 ; Repeated Invasions by Alaric the Goth, 2 ; Incursions of Radegast, 2 ; Murder of Stilicho, 2 ; Sack of Rome by the Goths, 2 ; Deaths of Alaric and Honorius, 2 ; Valentinian III., Emperor of the West, 3 ; Geuseric the Vandal and Attila the Hun, 3 ; Desolation of Italy by the Barbarians, 3 ; Odoacer, First King of Italy, 3 ; Fall of the Western Empire, 3 ; The Vandals in Southern Spain, 3 ; Settlement of the Burgundians in Gaul and Helvetia, 3; Temporary Independence of Britain, 3 ; The Kingdoms of the Visigoths and of the Franks, 3 ; Britain abandoned by the Romans, 3 ; The Kingdom of the Suevi, 4 ; Establishment of the Vandals in Africa, 4 ; The Huns, Ethnographically and Historically Considered, 4 • Character of Attila, 4 ; His Invasion of the Eastern Empire, 5 • Attila in Gaul, 5 ; His Defeat by Aetius, 5 ; Subsequent Invasion of Northern Italy, Withdrawal, and Death, 5 ; The Kingdoms of the Ostrogoths, Gepidæ, and Lombards, 5 ; Death of Aetius, 5 ; The Beginning of Venice, 5—8 ; State of Britain in the Early Part of the Fifth Century, 8 ; The Country Harassed by the Caledonians, 8 ; Arrival of the Saxons and other Germanic Tribes, 8, 9 ; Liberal Rule of Odoacer in Italy, 9 ; Conquest of Gaul by the Franks under Clovis, 9 ; Conversion of Clovis to Christianity, 10 ; Further Successes of the Prankish Chieftain, and Creation of the Kingdom of France, 10 ; Attacks on the Eastern Emperor bv Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 10 ; Defeat and Death/of Odoacer, 11 ; Succession of Theodoric to the Kingdom of Italy, 11 ; Settlement of Goths South of the Alps, 11 ; Jealous Opposition of the Eastern Empire, 11 ; Extensive Power and Wise Government of Theodoric, 11 ; Visit of the Gothic King to Rome, 12 ; Prosperity and Happiness of Italy, 13 ; Disagreement with the Eastern Empire, 13 ; The Case of Boethius and Symmachus, 13 ; Death of Theodoric, 13.

Chapter II. The Wars Of Justinian

From a.d. 518— 548.— Reign of Justin I. at Constantinople, 11; Reconciliation between the Greek aud Latin Churches, 14; War with Persia, 15 ; Disastrous Earthquake, 15; Death of Justin, 15 ; Accession of Justinian I., 15 ; The Empress Theodora, 15 ; Suppression of the Schools of Athens, 15 ; Simplicius and his Friends, 16 ; Discontinuance of the Roman Consulship, It! ; Factious of the Circus, 16 ; The Nika Sedition at Constantinople, 1(3 ; Rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Sophia, 17; Other Public Works of Justinian, 17; Sufferings of the People, 17 ; Wars with Persia, aud Protection of the Frontier, 17 ; Declaration of Hostilities against the Vandals of Africa, 17 ; Early Life of Belisarius, 18 ; His Rapid Successes in the Vicinity of Carthage, 18; Defeat of Gclimer, the Vandalic King, 19 ; The Triumph of Belisarius, 20 ; Relations of the Spanish Visigoths with the Eastern Empire, 20; The Ostrogoths in Africa, 20 ; The Kingdom of Italy under Amolasontba, 20 ; Invasion of Italy by Belisarius, 20 ; Conclusion of a Truce, and Subsequent Renewal of the War, 21 ; Belisarius Besieged in Rome by the Goths, 21 ; Defeat of the Latter, and Retirement within the Walls of Ravenna, 21 ; Invasion of Italy by the Franks, 21 ; Admission of Belisarius to Ravenna, 22 ; His Return to Constantinople, and General Popularity, 22 ; Invasion of Syria by Chosroes I. of Persia, 22 ; Successful Measures of Belisarius, 22 ; War in the Caucasus, 22 ; Antagonism of the Empress Theodora to Belisarius, 22 — 3 ; Misfortunes of the Eastern Empire in Northern Africa aud Italy, 23 ; Rapid Conquests of the Gothic King, Totila, 23 ; Belisarius again in Italy, 23 ; Rome Taken by the Goths, 23; Subsequent Occupation by Belisarius, 23 ; Recall of the Eastern Commander, 23.

Chapter III. Eastern And Western Europe During The Sixth Century

From a. p. 549 — 585.— Second Taking of Rome by Totila, 25 ; His Successes in Italy and Greece, 25 ; Narses the Eunuch appointed to the Command of the Byzantine Forces, 25 ; Defeat and Death of Totila, 26 ; Slaughter of Roman Senators, 26 ; Final Discomfiture of the Goths, 26 ; Invasion of Italy by the Eastern Franks and the Alemanni, 26 ; Great Victory of Narses, 26 ; The Exarchate of Ravenna, 26 ; Reconstiuction of the Social State in Italy, 27 ; Immense Loss of Life during the War, 27 ; Degradation of Rome, 27 ; Inroads into the Eastern Empire by Bulgarians and Sclavonians, 27: Terrible Sufferings of the People, 27; Defeat of the Barbarians by Belisarius, near Constantinople, 23 ; Distrustful Conduct of Justinian towards Belisarius, 28; Disgrace of the Hero, and Legends as to his Concluding Years, 28 ; Deaths of Belisarius aud Justinian, 29 ; Character of the Latter, 29 ; Legal Reforms of the Emperor, 29 ; Confused and Degenerate State of the Old Roman Laws, 29 ; The Justinian Code, the Pandects, the Institutes, and the Novellæ, 29—32 ; Appearance of Comets, 32 ; Frequent Earthquakes, 32 ; Half a Century of Pestilence, 32 ; Introduction of the Silkworm into Greece, 33 ; Violent Extinction of Paganism, 33 ; Invasion of Caledonia by the Scoti, or Scots, 33 ; Spread of Christianity among the Picts, 34; Advance of the English Race in Britain, 34—35; The Heptarchy, 35; Distribution of the Angles, Saxons, aud Jutes in Various Parts of England, 35; Origin of Provincial Distinctions, 35; The Historic and Romantic King Arthur, 35; Union of the English and British Races, Si - The Celts of Cumbria, Strathclyde, Wales, Cornwall, and Bretagne, 36.

Chapter IV. The Progress Of Development And Decay

Fioul A.b. 558— 638.— The Tartar Tribe of the Avars, 36; Their All;ance with Justinian, 37; Embassy of the Turks to the Court of Justin II., 37 ; Rise of the Longobardi, or Lombards, 37 ; Their Wars with the Gepidæ, 38 ; The Story of Alboin and Rosamond, 38 ; The Gepidæ Crushed by the Lombards, 38 ; Invasion of Northern Italy by the Latter, 38 ; Arbitrary Rule of Narses at Ravenna, 38 ; His Disgrace and Death, 39 ; Success of Alboin, and Foundation of the Lombardic Kingdom, 39 ; The Skull of Cunimund, 39 ; Assassination of Alboin by Rosamond, 39 ; Her Subsequent Death by Poison, 39 ; Reigns of Justin II. and Tiberius, 39, 40 ; Succession of Maurice, 40 ; Autharis, King of the Lombards. 40 ; The Iron Crown of Lombardy, 40 ; Division of Italy between the Northern Conquerors and the Exarchs of Ravenna, 40; Rise of the Lombardic Order of Architecture, 41 ; Political and Social State of Northern Italy, 41 ; Condition of Rome towards the End of the Sixth Century, 41 ; Gregory the Great, 42 ; Conversion of the English to Christianity, 43 ; War between the Eastern Empire and Persia, 44 ; Death of Chosroes I., and General Character of his Reign, 44 ; Disastrous Rule of his Son, Hormouz, 44; The Usurper, Varanes, 44 ; Interposition of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice in the Affairs of Persia, 45 ; Inroads of the Avars, 45 ; Their Power Checked by Priscus, 45; Maurice Dethroned by the Centurion Phocas, 45; Murder of the Deposed Emperor and his Family, 45 ; Barbarous Despotism of the Usurper, 45; Deposition and Death of Phocas, 46 ; Invasien of the Eastern Empire by Chosroes II., 46; His Brilliant Successes and Splendid Style of Living, 46; Insolence of his Conduct to Heraclius, Emperor of the East, 46 ; Preparations of Heraclius for War with Persia, 47 ; French History in the Latter Part of tho Sixth and Commencement of the Seventh Centuries, 47. b Vol. in.

VI

Chapter V. Heraclius And His Successors

From a.d. 622 to 664.— The First Expedition of Heraclius, 48 ; Sever : Discipline of the Army. 49; Defeat of the Persians, 50; Second hxpcditiou, SO; Bold Advance of Heraclius into the Enemy's Country, 50; Powerful Alliances and Numerous Successes, 50; Operations in Media, 50; Concentration of Forces by Chosroes, 50: Defeat of the Persian General, Sarbaraza, in Cilicia, „0; ine Three Armies of the Porsiaus, 50 ; Sie^e of Chalcedon by Sarbaraza, 51 ; Invasion of Thrace by the Avars and other Barbarians, 51 ; Siege of Constantinople, 51; Ketreat of the Avars and their Allies, 51 ; Defeat of the Persians in Armenia, 51 ; Alliance ot Heraclius with the Khazars, 51 ; Defection of Sarbaraza, 51 ; Third Expedition of the Eastern Emperor, 51; Decisive Engagement on the bite of Nineveh, 52 ; Eout of the Persians, 52 ; Sack of Dastagerd, 52; Eetirement of Heraclius across the Assyrian Mountains, 52; Chosroes Deposed by his Son Siroes, 52 ; Conclusion of Peace, 52 ; Exhaustion of Persia, and Approaching Fall of the Dynasty, M ; Sufferings of the Byzantine Empire, 53 ; Final Years of Heraclius, 53 ; His Second Marriage, and Death, 53; Intrigues or the Empress Martina and her Son, 53 ; Brief Eeign aud Early Death of Constantine III., 53 ; Succession of Coustans II., 53 ; His Crimes and Assassination, 53—1 ; Eeign of Constautine IV., 54; A Theological Sedition, 56 ; Justininn II. and Leontms, 56 ; Deposition of the Emperor. 56; His Life in the Cliersonesns Taurioa, and Subsequent Eestoration, 56—7; A Eeign of Bloodshed, terminated by Assassination, 57 ; End of the Line of Heraclius, followed by a Peiiod of Convulsion, 57 ; Progress of Christianity m England, Jl ; Claims of the Bishop of Eome, 58 ; Ee3istance of Irish Eccl. siastics to the Assumptions of the Eocran See, 58 ; The Supremacy of Rome acknowledged by the Easter J Emperor Phocas, 58 ; Eise of the Monastic System in Western Europe, 59.

Chapter VI

A It Al! I A AND MOHAMMED. From a.d. 570— 629— Arabia in the Ancient World, CO ; Character of the People, 61 ; Their Contact with Other Races, 62 : The Romans m Arabia, 62; History of Yemen in the Pre-Mohammedan Ages, 62; Influence of the Jews and Abyssininns, 62 ; Greek Subdivisions of the Peninsula, 62 ; The Arabs of the Desert, 63 ; Arabian Poetry, 63 ; Sabæism one of the Principal Religions of Arabia, 63 ; Prevalence of Idolatry. 63 ; The Kaaba at Mecca, 64 ; Magism, Judaism, a'id Christianity in Arabia, 64-5 ; Religious Enmity and Want of Toleration, 65 ; Sceptical Element, 66 ; The Forerunners of Islamism, 65 ; birtb, Family, and Early Life of Mohammed, 65; His Mental Agitation on the Subject of Eeligion, 66 ; Ascetic. Habits and Epileptic Tendencies, 67—8 ; The Vision in the Cave on Mount Hara, 68; Announcement by Mohammed if his Divine Mission, 68; Progress of the New Faith, 68; Mohammed and Miracles, 69 ; Vehement Opposition of the Koreishites, 69 ; The Prophet's Fortunes at their Lowest, 69 ; Evil Effects of the Practice of Polygamy, 69 ; Medina inclined to Receive the New Doctrine, 69 ; Flight of Mohammed to that City, 69; The Era of the Hejira, 70; Accession of Strength to the Reformer, 7J ; The Teaching of the oword Proclaimed, 70 ; Incidents of the Flight, 70 ; War with the Koreishites, 70 ; Success aud Failure, 70 ; Mohammed Besieged in Medina, 70 ; Severe Treatment of the Jews, and its Explanation, 71 ; A Ten Years' Truce with the Koreishites, 71 ; Visit of Mohammed to Mecca, aud Subsequent Triumphal Entry, 71 ; The Smiting of Idols, 71 ; Conversion of all Arabia, 71 ; The Future of Islam assured, 71.

CHARTER VII. MOHAMMED THE PRINCE AND rONTlFF. From A.n. 627— 802. -Rise of the Military Spirit among tbe Moslem?, 73 ; Missions of Mohammed to Chosroes II. of Persia, to various Petty Princes, and to Heraclius, 74 ; Rupture with tbe Eastern Empire, 74 ; The Battle of Muta, 75 ; Moslem Expedition into Syria, and Submission of Frontier Tribes, 75 ; Severe M easures against the Unbelievers, 75 ; Spread of the New Religion, 75 ; Final Pilgrimage of Mohammed to Mecca, 76 ; The Last Revelation, 76 ; Two R.val Prophets, 76 ; Fatal illness of Mohammed, 76; His Death, Personal Appearance, Habits, and Character, 76 — 7; The Question of Polygamy, and of Mohammed's Relations with Women, 77; Mingling ot Sincerity and Artifice iu the Mind of the Prophet, 77— 8; Fragmentary Production of the Koran, 78 ; Collection and Arrangement of the Several Parts during th-i Caliphate of Abu Beker, 79 ; Obscurity of the Order adopted, 79 ; Revision of the Korau under the Caliph Othman, 80 ; Authenticity of the Koran : Views of some Modern Believers, 80 ; Meaning1 of Mohammedan Terms, 80; Rival Sects of the Shiites and Sunnites, 81; Burial of Mohammed, 81 ; The Mosque of Medina, 81 ; The Worship of the Kaaba, 81 ; Effect of Mohammedanism on the World, 81 ; Faults of the Sysrem, 81 ; Movement against Image-worship in the Eastern Empire, 82 ; Resistance at Rome, and Failure of the Movement, 83 ; Re-establish men t of the Roman Republic, and Increase of the Pontifical Authority, 83 ; Byzantine Monarchs down to Irene, 82 — 3.

Chapter VIII. The Early Arabian Caliphs

From a.d. 632-732.— Posterity of Mohammed, 84; Claims of AH to the Succession, 81 ; Abu Beker the First Caliph, 84 ; Vigorous Measures for the Suppression of Rebellion, 84; Defeat and Death of Mosednia, the False Prophet, 85; Instructions of Abu Beker to his Generals aud Soldiers 85 ; Religious Conviction the Secret of Mohammedan Success, 86 ; Conquest of Syria, 86 ; Surrender of Jerusalem to the New Caliph, Omar, 86 ; Conquest of Egypt and Persia, 86 ; End of the Sassaniau Dynasty in the Latter Country, 86 ; Commencement of the Saracenic Empire, 86— 7 ; Incidents of tbe Campaign in Egypt, 87; The Alleged Destruction of the Alexandrian Library, 87 ; Assassination of Omar, 88 ; His Severe and Simple Character, 88 ; Succession of Othman. 88 ; Rebellion Against his Aurhority, 88 ; Assassination of the Caliph, and Succession of Ali, 88 ; Division of the Mohammedan World into the Partisans of Ali and the Adherents of the Previous Caliphs, 89 ; Insurrectionary Movement, fostered by Ayesha, 89 ; Victory of Ali near Bassora, 8 > Formidable Rebellion of Moawiyah, 89 ; Civil War in the Saracenic Dominions, 89 ; Discomfiture and Assassination of Ali, 89 ; Moawiyah First Caliph of the Dynasty of the Ommiades, 90; Reign of Yezid, 90; The Descendants of Ali, 90; Progress of Mohammedan Conquest und< r the Ommiades, 91 ; Invasion of Aquitaine and Bergundy by the Saracens, 91 ; Defeat of their Forces, between Tours and Poiti:rs by Charles Martel, 92; Withdrawal of the Moslems from North -Western Europe, 92.

Chapter IX. Charles The Great, Or Charlemagne

Frcm m. 67,9-708.— The Frank Kingdom, 92 ; Austrasia and Neustria, 93; The Mayors of the Palace, 93; The House of Pepin, 93 ; Victory of Testry, 93 ; Reunion of Austrasia aud Neustria, 93 ; Charles Martel, 93 ; The Victory over the Arabs at Poitier*, 93 ; Position of the Pope, 93—1 ; Tbe Work of St. Boniface, 94 ; Det1 ronement of tbe Merovingians, 95 ; Pepin the Sliort gains the Throne, 95 ; TheP'ipc in Francia, 95 ; Grant of the Patriciate, 95 ; Accession of Charles the Great, 97 ; Discord between Cliarles and Carlo- !• aee, 98 : 1 he Revolt in Aquit-dne, 98 ; Marriage of Charles with a Lombard Princess, and consequent Difficulties with the Pope, 98 ; Death i f Carloman, 98 ; Charles Rules alone, 98 ; "Wars of Charles. 99 ; Conquest of tbe Lombard Kingdom, 99 ; Causes of its Fall, 99; Cou.iuest and Conversion of the Saxons, 100; T >e Gain to Europe, 109; Condition of the Saxons, IsO ; Resistance of Witikind, 100; Transportation of Saxous, 101 ; Means taken for their Conversion, 101; Conquest of Bavaria, 102-4; Spanish Campaign, 101; Attack upon the Avurs, 104; War with the Sclaves, 101; Wide Ex cut of Charlemagne's Empire and Influence, 104—5.

Chapter X. The Empire Of Charlemagne

From a.d. 798— SS7.— Necessary Connection between Charlemagne and the Pope, 105 ; Relations between the Popes and the Byzantine Emperors, 105 ; The Iconoclastic Controversy, 105—6; Leo III. Pope, 106 : Attack upon him in Rome, 106 ; His Appeal to the Frank King, 106 ; Charlemagne Crowned Emperor, 107; Significance of theAct, 107; Charlemagne's Workof Consolidation aud Organisation 107—110; Chief Features of his Legislation, 111 ; The Capitularies, 111 ; The Counts and Missi, 112; Charlemagne's Care for Education, 112; Alcuin, 112; German Character of the Empire, 112—113; Aachen, 113; Death of Crarlevnague, 113 ; Louis the Pious 114' The OathofStrafbuig, 115; Tbe Treaty of Verdun, 115; The German Kingdom, and its Relation to Charles the Great, 116. CONTENTS. VII CHAPTER XT. THE SARACENIC EMPIRE.

From A.D. 647— 849.— Progress of the Mohammedan Conquest, 116 ; Delay in the Subjugation of Northern Africa, 116 ; Harsh Policy of Constantine IV., 117 ; Renewed Expedition of the Saracens under Akbal, 117 ; Destruction of Roman Carthage by Hassan, and Submission of the Whole Province, 117 ; Conversion of Africau Tribes to Mohammedanism, 117; Conquest of Transoxiana and Scinde, 117 ; Repulse of Musa from the Fortress of Ceuta, 117 ; Invasion of Spain by Tarik, 118 ; End of the Gothic Monarchy, and Beginning of the Moorish Dominion, 118; Attacks on Constantinople, 118; Operations in Asia Minor, 119; Investment of the Imperial City by Moslemah, 119 ; Death of the Caliph Suleiman, 119 ; Terrible Losses of the Saracens, 119 ; Retreat to Damascus, 119 ; Leo the Isaurian, the first to impose a Serious Check on the Moslems, 120 ; Nature and Effects of the Greek Fire, 120 ; Opposition to the Ommiades, 122 ; Succession of the Abbassides to the Caliphate, 122 ; Foundation of an Omniiad Dynasty in Spain, and Division of the Saracenic Empire, 122 ; Commencement of Baghdad, 123 ; Reign of the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, 123 ; The Tragedy of the Bannecides, 124 ; Character of the Caliph and of his Reign, 124 ; Patronage of Literature and Art, 124 ; Prosperity of the Empire, 125 ; Haroun and Charlemagne, 125 ; Government as the Saracenic Empire by Satraps, 125; Frequency of Revolts, 125 ; Death of Haroun-al-Raschid, and Succession of Mamun, 125 ; Intellectual Achievements of the Arabians, 125—7 ; Conquest of Crete and Sicily, 127 ; Revival of Piracy in the Mediterranean, 128 ; Repulse of the Saracens from Rome, 128.

Chapter XII. The Eastern Empire In The Ninth Century

From a.d. 717— 867.— Gradual Change of the Roman into the Greek Empire, 128 ; Causes which brought about the Transformation, 128 ; Separation of the East and West, 129 ; Survival of the Ancient Greek Civilisation, 129 ; Prevalence of the Greek Element in the Eastern Enrpire, 129; Corresponding Decline of the Roman Spirit, 129; Composition aud Administration of the Empire in the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Centuries, 130 ; The Greek Church, 130 ; Wealth of the Byzantine Sovereigns, 130 ; The Palaces of Constantinople, 130 ; Decline of Artistic Genius, 130 ; Animosity between the Christians and the Mohammedans, 131 ; The Tolerant Spirit of the Latter Embittered by Unfair Usage, 131 ; Nicephorus I., Emperor at Constantinople, 131; His Treaty with Charlemagne, 132; Growth of Venice, 134 ; Wars of tbe Eastern Empire with the Bulgarians and Sclavonians, 134 ; Death of Nicephorus and his Son, and Succession of Michael I., 134 ; Reign of Leo V., 131; Revival of the Iconoclastic Controversy, 135; Detection of a Conspiracy against the Emperor, 135 ; Assassination of Leo on the Morning of Christmas Day, 135 ; Succession of Michael II., 136 ; Formidable Insurrection against his Power, 136; Severe Treatment of the I mageworshippers by the Emperor Theophilus, 136 ; Disastrous Wars with the Saracens, 137 ; Death of Theophilus, and Regency of the Empress Theodora, 137 ; Restoration of Image-worship, 137 ; Sanguinary Persecution of the Paulicians, 137 ; Breach between tbe Eastern and Western Churches on Questions of Government and Faith, 138 ; Wars during the Reign of Michael III., 140 ; Debauched and Frivolous Character of that Prince, 140 ; His Death by Assassination, 141.

Chapter XIII. The Struggles Of Christendom And Islam

From a.d. 867—1057. — Early Life of Basil I., 141; General Character of his Reign, 141; Economical, Legal, and other Measures, 142; Temporary Reconciliation with the Roman Church, 142; Ignatius and Photius, 142 ; Military Successes of the Greek Empire against the Saracens in Asia and Europe, 142 ; The Presents of a Subject to a Sovereign, 142 ; Wars of Basil, and of the Frank Emperor, with the Saracens in Southern Italy, 143; Sufferings of the People from Invasion and Anarchy, 143 ; Spirited Resistance of the Pope of Rome to the Moslem Pirates, 143 ; Decline of the Saracenic Power, 143 ; Formation of a Turkish Body-Guard at Baghdad, 144 ; Assassination of the Caliph Motawakkel, 144 ; An Era of Military Turbulence, 144 ; Establishment of Separate Dynasties, 144 ; The Sect of the Karamites, 144 ; Final Years and Death of the Emperor Basil, 145 ; Reign of Leo VI., 145 ; Siege and Capture of Thessalonica by the Saracens, 146 ; Troublous Reign of Constantine VII.

(Porphyrogenitus), 146 ; The Imperial Power Shared by Romanus Lecapenus and his Three Sons, 146 ; Constantine VII. Sole Emperor, 146 ; Devastating Wars between the Christians and Mohammedans, 146 ; Reign of Romanus II., 147 ; Recovery of Crete from the Saracens, 147 ; Heroism and Popularity of Nicephorus Phocas, 147 ; His Succession to the Throne, 147 ; Arbitrary Measures, and Assassination of Nicephoru?, 148 ; Brilliant Rule of John Zimisces, 148 ; Basil II. and his Wars with the Bulgarians, 148 ; Subjugation of Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire, 149 ; Conquests in Armenia and Adjacent Countries, 149 ; Death of Basil II., 150 ; Reigns of Constantine IX., Romanus II., Michael IV., and Michael V., 150—2 ; A Period of Anarchy, 152 ; The Empresses Zoe and Theodora, 152 ; Constantine X., 152 ; Close of the Basilian Dynasty, 152.

Chapter XIV. The Nations Of Eastern Europe, And The Turks

From a.d. 862— 1079. — Appearance of the Russians on the Historic Stage, 153; Their Country included in the Ancient Sarmatia, 153 j Combination of Finns and Sclavonians, 153 ; Conquest of the Early Russians by the Varangians from Scandinavia, 153; Establishment of a Dynasty at Novgorod by Rurik the Norseman, 153 ; Etymology of the Name Russia, 154 ; Attacks of the Varangians and Russians on Constantinople, 154; War between Sviatoslaf and the Emperor John Zimisces, 155; Spread of Civilisation and Christianity in the North, 155 ; The Religious Ideas of Vladimir, 155 ; His Character and Actions, 158 ; Reign of Vladimir II. (Monomachos), 158 ; His testament to his Children, 158; Improvement in the Social State of Russia early in the Twelfth Century, 159 ; Rise of the Hungarians, 159 ; Their Settlement in Pannonia, and Incursions into other Lands, 160 ; Mixed Population of Hungary, 160 ; Early History of Poland, 161; The Tartars of Central Asia, 161 ; Beginning of the Turkish Power, 161; First Appearance of the Turks in the West, 161 ; Their Service under Heraclius, and afterwards with tbe Caliphs, 161 ; Disruption of the Saracenic Empire, and Rise of other Mohammedan Powers, 162 ; Formation of New Dynasties in Persia, Northern Africa, and Egypt, 162—4 ; Toghrul Bey, Khan of the Sejukian Turks, 164 ; His Supremacy at Baghdad, 164 ; Reigns of Alp Arslan and Malek Shah, 1G4 ; The Title of Sultan, 165 ; End of the Seljukian Turks, and Rise of the Osmanlis, 165.

Chapter XV. Germany, The Popedom, And Italy

From a.d. 884^1024.— Rise of Germany as a Nation, 165; End of the Carolingian Empire, 165; Succession of Arnulf to the German Throne, 165 ; Separate Governments in France and Italy, 166 ; Expedition of Arnulf to Rome, 166 ; Reign of his Son Lewis, 166 ; The False Decretals of Mayence, 166 ; Story of Pope Joan, 166 ; Henry the Fowler, Monarch of Germany, 167 ; His Reforms and Military Organisation, 167 ; Repulse of the Hungarians, 167; Succession of Otho the Great, 168 ; Domestic Troubles, 168 ; Subjection of the Sclavonians and Danes, 168 ; Disturbances in Italy, 168 ; Otho Crowned King of the Lombards, 170 ; Renewed Invasion of Germany by the Hungarians, 170 ; Final Defeat of their Hordes by Otho, 170 ; War with the Western Sclavonians, 170 ; The German King again in Italy, 170 ; Assumption of the Imperial Title at Rome, 170; Deposition of Pope John XII., 170; Establishment of German Predominance over Italy, 170 ; Divided and Turbulent Condition of the Latter Country, 171 ; Constitution of the Roman Senate, 171 ; The Popes Dependent on the Italian Princes, and afterwards on the German Emperors, 171 ; Territorial Divisions of Italy, 171 ; Embassy of Luitprand to the Greek Emperor, Nicephorus Phocas, 171 ; Death of Otho the Great, 171 ; Reign of Otho II., 172 ; Italian Affairs, 172 ; Crescentius, the Roman Tribune, 172 ; Otho III. in Italy, 172 ; The Millennial Tear, 172 ; National Aspirations of the Italian*, and Hatred of German Rule, 173 ; State of Germany in the Eleventh Century, 173 ; Powers of the Counts Palatine, 173; Functions and Prerogatives of the German Emperors, 174 ; Privileges of the States, the Diet, and the Electors, 174 ; Injury to Germany from the Pursuit of Imperial Dominion, 175.

Chapter XVI Trance, The Northmen, And The Feudal System

F.om a.d. 843— 987.— Want of a Common Centre in Mediæval History. 176 ; Opening of many Divergent Paths, 176; Consequences of the Separation of the German si om the French Race, 176 ; Division by Language, 176 ; The Provincial Latin of Gaul, 177 ; Tbe Latigue d'Oc " and the "Langue d'Oil," 177 ; The Romance Tongues of Sjuthern aud Western Europe, 177 ; Eudes, Count of Paris, and his French Dominions, 177 ; Succession of Charles the Simple, 177 ; Rise of the Normans, 177 ; General Character of the Scandinavian Baces, 177 ; Their Sea-roving Habits, and First Appearance in North-western Europe, 177 ; "Warlike Training of the Scandinavians, 178; The Religion of the North, 178; Danish and Norwegian Vo-.sel', 179; Vast Extent of the Sea-King's Depredations, 179; The Northmen in Southern Spain, 179 ; Equipment of the Pirate Fleets, 179 ; Terrible Character of their Attacks, 180 ; Awakening of a Spii it of Resistance, 181 ; Siege of Paris in 885—7, 181 ; The Inroads of the Scandinavians Checked, 182 ; Rollo the Norman, 182 ; Cession to him of a Part of Neustria (afterwards called Normandy), 182 ; Colonies of No'mans in Various Parts of France, 182 ; Benefit* resulting from the Admixture of Northern Blood, 182 ; Rapid Civilisation of the Normans, 183 ; Complete Establishment of Feudalism, 183 ; Its Leading Characteristics, 183 ; Vices of the System, 184; Homage and Investiture, 185 ; Deposition of Charles the Simple, 185 ; State of Civil War, 185 ; Reigns of Rodolph, Louis IV.

(d'Outremer), Lothaire, and Louis V., 185; Cessation of the Line of Charlemagne, 186 ; Onuses of tlie Anarchy which prevailed in Fiance during the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, 187 ; Struggle between the Gallic aud Teutonic Races, 187 ; The Predominance of the Former Secured, 188.

Chapter XVII. Early English History

From A.D. 757-1036.— The Heptarchy, 188; Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex, the Three Chief Kingdoms, 189 ; Eeign of Offa in Mercia, 189 ; the Welsh and the English, 189 ; Accession of Egbert to the Throne of Wessex, 190 ; Decline of Mercian Power, 190 ; Conquests of Egbert, and Establishment of his Authority over the other Kingdoms, 190 ; Real Nature of bis Position, 191 ; First Appearance of the Danes in England, 191 ; Paganism of the Northmen, 191 ; Co-operation of the Danes with the Welsh, 191 ; Pillage aud Slaughter, 192 ; Formation of a Danish Kingdom in East Anglia, 192 ; Invasion of Wessex, 193 ; Succession of King Alfred to the West Saxon Throne, 193; His Descent and Early Life, 193 ; Desperate Conflicts with the Danes, 191; Alfred in the Isle of Athelney, 194; Crushing Defeat of the Northmen, J94: A Period of Peace, 194; Services of Alfred as a Legislator and Scholar, 195 ; Renewed Invasion of Danes, 195 ; Operations of Alfred and Ethelred against the Pirate Hastings, 195 ; Death of Alfred, 195 ; Brilliant Reign of Athelstan, 196 ; Affairs in the North, 196; Massacre of Danes by Ethelred II.. 196 ; Conquest of England by Sweyn, 196 Reign of Canute, 196 ; Harold and Hardicanute, 197 ; Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwin, 197 ; Commencement of Norman Influence in England, 197 ; Unfortunate Results of Edward's Reign, 197; The Early English Constitution, 199; The King, his Powers and Pr.vileges, 200 ; The Witenagemote, 200 ; Political and Soc'al State of the Country, 20) ; Early English Authors and Scholars, 200 ; Arts and Manners previous to the Conquest, 9.0.

Chapter XVIII Scotland, England, And The Norman Conquest

From a.d. C85--1100:— The Picts, the Earliest Inhabitants of Scotland, 201 ; Their Geographical Position and Primitive History, 201 ; Decline of the Pictish Kingdom, 201 ; Increasing Power of the Caledonian Scots, 202 ; Succession of Kenneth to the Pictish Throne, 202; Alleged Extermination of the Picts, 202 ; Union of the Eastern and Western Parts of North Britain under the Name of Scotland, 202 ; Division of tbe Ancient Province of Valentia into Lodonia, Strathclyde, and Galloway, 203 ; The Norwegians in the Orkneys and Caithness, 203 ; Reigns of Duncan and Macbeth, 203 ; Succession of Malcolm Canmore, 2U3 ; Spread of English Inflaence in Scotland, 204 ; Resistance of the Celts, 20 fc; Beneficent Eeign of David I., 207 ; Development of Civilisation in Scotland, £08 J Friendly Relations between that Country and Eug'and, 206 ; Affairs in tbe South, 206 ; Alleged Bequest of the English Crown by Edward the Confessor to William of Normandy, 236 ; Position of Harold towards Duke William, 2u6 ; Succession of Harold to the Throne, 206; Eev,.lt of Tostig, and Battle of Stamford Bridge, 206 ; Preparations of William for the Invasion of England, 207; Norman History during tbe Previous Century aud a Half, 207 ; Character and Actions of Duke William, 207 ; Landing of the Normans near Pevensey, 208; The Battle of Hastings or Senlac, 208; Immediate Submission of the South of England, 208 ; Revolt in the North, 20? ; Eepeated Insurrections against the Norman Despot, 209 ; Measures of Terrible Severity, 209 ; The Rising of 1071, aided by Malcolm Canmore, 209 ; Hereward in. the Isle of Ely, 209 ; Treatment of Englnid as a Conquered Country, 209 ; The Better Features of William's Eule, 209 ; Suppression of tbe Great Earldoms, 210 ; Domesday Book, 210 ; Years of Disturbance, 212 ; Eevolt of Duke Eobert, 212 ; Death of William I., 212 j Troubled Reign of William Rufus, and Death in the New Forest, 212.