History of the discovery and settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi, by ... Spain, France, and Great Britain, and the subsequent occupation, settlement, and extension of civil Government by the United States, until ... 1846

Front matter

HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF THE YALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI, BY THE THREE GREAT EUROPEAN POWERS, SPAIN, FRANCE, AND GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE SUBSEQUENT OCCUPATION, SETTLEMENT, AND EXTENSION OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT BY THE UNITED STATES, UNTIL THE YEAR 1846. BY JOHN W. M O N E T T E, M.D. " Westward the star of empire takes its way." IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 82 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. 18 46. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, By Harper & Brothers, In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York. CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

BOOK V. THE UNITED STATES IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

Chapter I. Manners And Customs Of The Frontier Population East And South

OF THE OHIO RIVER. A.D. 1770 TO 1810. Argument. — Condition of the frontier Settlements of western Pennsylvania and Virginia. — Characteristic Traits of the Pioneers generally. — Manners and Customs.- 1. Costume of the Hunters: the Huntmg-shirt ; Pantaloons; Breech-cloth and Leggins; Moccasin. — 2. Habitation: the Log Cabin; its Location; internal Appearance. — 3. Employments: the respective Duties of Man and Wife. — 4. Diet: Meats; wild Game ; Bread ; Pone ; Journey-cake ; Hog and Hommony ; Substitutes for Tea and Coffee. — 5. Settlement Rights .- Nature and Extent; tomahawk Improvements. — 6. Fort, or Station : Form and Construction ; its Location and Use ; Stations in Kentucky. — 7. Hunters: Science of Hunting; a hunting Camp; Game; Hides; Peltries. — 8. Caravans .- annual Trips to Baltimore and Frederic ; Equipment of Caravan; solitary Route across the Mountains; Order of March; Fare. — 9.

The moral Sense: state of Morals; natural Honesty and Sense of Honor tbe supreme Law; force of Public Opinion ; "Lynch Law;" "Regulators." — 10. Social Virtues: Hospitality; Sociality; Conviviality; a marriage Party; Sports and Amusements. — 11. Boatmen: general Character; Costume; Habits; peculiar Traits of Character. — 12. National Character: Diversity of People and Languages blended; Peculiarities of Feelings and Habits neutralized; Influence of free Government upon the Enterprise and moral Character. — 13. Religious Traits: Religion disconnected with civil Power ; Ministers dependent for Support upon their own Merit ; religious "Awakenings," or " Revivals," in the West ; " Camp-meeting" Scene ; Origin of Camp Meetings in Kentucky and Tennessee; Camp Meeting at Cane Ridge; at Desha's Creek; at Cabin Creek ; astonishing Influence of sylvan Preaching, and the attendant Circumstances ; extraordinary Conversions ; Disturbance of mental and nervous Systems Page I

Chapter II

[NDIAN WARFARE, AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE FRONTIER PEOPLE. EMINENT PIONEERS OF KENTUCKY. A.D. 1775 TO 1794. Argument. — Man in his natural Condition the Creature of Circumstances, in Habits, Feeling, and Character. — The hostile Attitude and Jealousy of the Six Nations. — Their Neutrality secured by " Treaty of German Flats," in 1776.— Indians paid to violate treaty Stipulations by the British Commissioners at Oswego in 1777, and take up Amis against the frontier People.— The frontier People become daring and vindictive. — Influence of Indian Warfare upon Manners and Usages of the Whites.— Compelled to adopt the Indian Revenge. — Volunteer Defense of the West— Personal Characteristics of frontier Soldiers. — Athletic Form and Strength. — Patience of Toil and Privation.— Recuperative Powers of the System.— State of Feeling on the Frontiers.— Exterminating Policy of Indians.— Cruelty of British Tories.— Spirit of Revenge in the People. — Their domestic Enjoyments. — Indian scalping Parties on VI CONTENTS. the Frontier—Their cautions and destructive Movements. -Renegade white Men associated with Indians.

Indian Implements of War.-The Rifle-Tbe Scalping-faiife— Tomahawk— Battlea^-War-club.-Declarationof War— T^are— Running the Gantlet-Torture at the Stake by Fire. Eminent Pioneers of Kentucky.-l. Daniel Boone.-His Nativity and early Habits— Personal Traits of Character.-His first Acquaintance with Kentucky in 1769 and 1771.— At Watauga in 1775.— Opens a Road from Holston to Kentucky River— Captain at Boonesborough until 1778.— Captured by Indians at Blue Licks.— His Captivity and Escape.-An active Defender of Kentucky until 1783— Abandons Kentucky in 1800.— Settles in Missouri.— His Remains and those of his Wife removed to Kentucky in 1845.— 2. Simon Kenton.— His Character as a fearless Pioneer.—Nativity and Early Habits.— Youthful Indiscretion and subsequent Hardships. —A Hunter in Kentucky.— A Hunter in Western Virginia.— Attached to Dunmore's Army.— Becomes "a Hunter of Kentucky."— His personal Appearance at the Age of twenty-one Years.— His benevolent Disposition.— Attached to Kentucky Stations. —Accompanies Colonel Clark to Kaskaskia.— Returns to Harrod's Station.— Visits the Paint Creek Towns.— Captured by Indians.— Wild Horse Torture.— Divers Tortures and Punishments suffered during his Captivity.— Sold in Detroit.— Escapes to Kentucky.— Serves under Colonel Clark in 1780 and 1782.— An active partisan Warrior until 1792.— Encounters Tecumseh.— Serves in Wayne's Army.— Abandons Kentucky in 1802.— Removes to Ohio. — Serves under Colonel Shelby in 1813. — Died in 1836.— 3.

Robert Patterson.— Nativity, early Life, and Habits.— Serves in Dunmore's Army. — A prominent Pioneer of Kentucky in 1776. — Erects a Station on the Site of Lexington in 1779. — Active Defender of Kentucky during the Indian War. — 4. Major George Rogers Clark. — His early frontier Services. — His Character and Military Genius. — Superintends the Defense of Kentucky from 1776 to 1782. — Reduction of British Posts in 1778, 1779 Page 30

Chapter III. Extension Of Virginia Settlements And Jurisdiction To The Mississippi

INDIAN HOSTILITIES UPON THE OHIO. A.D. 1776 TO 1780.

Argument. — Retrospect of the frontier Settlements of Western Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Kentucky in 1776. — Check to these Settlements by hostile Cherokees. — Cherokee War. — Three-fold Invasion of Cherokee Country. — " Treaty of Dewett's Comer." — " Treaty of Long Island," on Holston. — Cherokees retire from ceded Territory. — Hostilities of Northwestern Tribes. — Kentucky Stations supplied with Powder by Major Clark. — Posts on the Ohio. — Attack on M'Clellan's Station, December, 1776.— Hostilities in West Augusta. — County of Kentucky erected— Militia Organization in 1777.— District of West Augusta divided into three Counties. —Ohio County organized. — Settlements in West Augusta.— The Indians attack Harrod's Station ; also, Logan's Fort and Boonesborough. — Militia organization in Ohio County.— Memorable Siege of Boonesborough from July 4th to September.— Captain Logan's Re-enforcement from North Carolina.— Colonel John Bowman's Re-enforcement.— County of Kentucky organized.— Militia Organization. — Extent of Kentucky County.— Colonel Henderson indemnified for Loss of Transylvania. — Indian Hostilities near the Ohio.— Cornstalk, Ellinipsico, and Red Hawk killed at Point Pleasant. —Condition of Wheeling Fort.—" Fort Henry."— Situation and Importance of this Fort.— Attacked by four hundred Indians under Simon Girty.— Loss of the Garrison near the Fort— Incidents of Indian Warfare— Major M'Cullock— Captain Mason- Major Clark plans the Reduction of Kaskaskia— The Expedition proceeds from " the Falls."— Surprise and Capture of Kaskaskia and " Fort Gage."— Suspension of Civil Government in West Augusta.— Martial Law suspended— Courts organized.— Attorneys and Attorney-general— Daniel Boone and twenty-seven Men captured at CONTENTS.

VII Blue Licks. — His Captivity among the Indians. — His Escape and Return to Boones borough. — Makes an Incursion to Paint Creek. — Boonesborough invested by large Indian Force, August, 1778. — Defense and Incidents of the Siege. — " Fort M'Intosh" erected. — "Fort Laurens" erected. — Protracted Siege of Fort Laurens. — Court of Land Commissioners established in Kentucky, 1779. — First Settlement at Lexington, Bryant* s Station, Forks of Licking, and on Sources of Salt River.— Massacre of Col onel Rodgers and ninety Men on the Ohio. — Colonel Bowman's unsuccessful Expe dition to the Miami Towns. — Emigration to Kentucky. — Arrival of Immigrants in 1779. — Scarcity of Provisions. — Depreciation of Paper Currency. — Distress of Emigrants until 1780.— Defenses on the Ohio.— "Fort Nelson." — Colonel Slaughter.— Landed Interest in Kentucky. — The Indians capture Ruddle's and Martin's Stations, and re tire. — Destruction of the Moravian Towns on the Coshocton. — Massacre of Captives and friendly Moravians. — Colonel Clark invades the Shawanese Country in 1780. — Militia Organization in 1780. — Colonel Clark erects "Fort Jefferson" on the Mis sissippi. — Southern Boundary of Virginia extended to the Mississippi . Page 80

Chapter IV. Indian Wars On The Ohio

EXTENSION OF THE AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS EAST AND SOUTH OF THE OHIO. A.D. 1781 TO 1784. Argument.— Severe Winter of 1780-81. — Scarcity in Kentucky. — Kentucky divided into three Counties. — Indian Hostilities on Bear-grass Creek. — Attack on Boone's and M'Afee's Stations. — Indians contemplate utter Destruction of Kentucky Settlements. — Chickasas attack Fort Jefferson in 1780. — Counties of Kentucky organized. — General Clark's gun-boat Defense on the Ohio River- — Abundant Crops of 1781. — Indian Hostilities renewed in the Spring of 1782. — Estill's Defeat. — Last Survivor of his Party. — Indian Hostilities continued. — Laherty's Defeat. — Indian Invasion, under Simon Girty, onBryant's Station. — Disastrous Battle ofBlue Licks. — Colonel Logan buries the Dead. Upper Ohio. — Settlements of West Augusta harassed. — Wheeling Campaign against the Moravian Towns. — Horrible Massacre of peaceable Indians. — Former Position of the Moravian Towns. — Previous Admonitions neglected. — Disastrous Campaign against Moravians on Sandusky. — Colonel Crawford and Dr. Knight captured. — Execution and horrid Torture of Colonel Crawford. — British Agency the Source of Indian Hostilities. — Attack on Wheeling Fort, and on Rice's Fort.

Lower Ohio. — General Clark invades the Indian Country in 1782. — Effects of this Invasion. — Domestic Prosperity of Kentucky. — Settlements extend North of Licking. — Flood of Emigration sets into Kentucky. — The " District of Kentucky" organized. — Peace with Great Britain announced. — Extent of the Kentucky Settlements in 1783. — Population and Moral Condition of the Settlements. — Settlements extend North of Licking River in 1784-85. — Settlements in Western Virginia . 119 chapter v. INDIAN HOSTILITIES ON THE OHIO. PREDATORY INCURSIONS INTO KENTUCKY, AND PARTISAN WARFARE. A.D. 1785 TO 1793. Argument. — The Shawanese resume predatory Incursions. — Indian Horse-stealing. — Object and Extent of these Depredations. — The Continuance of them provokes Invasion of the Indian Country in 1786. — Pianos Campaign under General Clark and Colonel Logan. — Colonel Logan destroys Scioto and Mad River Towns. — General Clark advances to the Wabash. — His further Operations frustrated for Want of Supplies. — A Mutiny ensues. — He returns inglorious to Kentucky. — His Sun sets. — Virginia comes to his Relief. — The Shawanese commence active Hostilities. — Exposed Condition of Settlements in Mason County in 1787. — Colonel Todd invades tbe Paint Creek Towns. — Simon Kenton as a Partisan Warrior. — Emigration in 1788. — Indians harass the Ohio Frontier of Kentucky and Western Virginia. — Depredations and CONTENTS.

Murders on the Ohio from 1788 to 1790.— Population of Kentucky in 1791.— Partisan Warfare from 1790 to 1791.— General Harmar's Efforts to suppress Indian Hostilities. —Tbe Campaigns of 1790 and 1791 divert Hostilities from the Kentucky Frontier- Indian Hostility and partisan Warfare in Kentucky renewed in 1792-93.— Kenton makes an Incursion upon the Little Miami, and encounters Tecumseh.— Severe night Skirmish with Tecumseh in 1792.— Kenton continues his partisan Warfare in 1793— Makes an Incursion to Paint Creek.— Intercepts and kills a marauding Party of In dians at Holt's Creek on the Ohio, and recovers a large Number of Horses Page 147

Chapter VI. Political Condition Of The

"DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY," FROM 1783 UNTIL ITS ADMISSION INTO THE FEDERAL UNION AS AN INDE PENDENT STATE. A.D. 1783 TO 1794.

Argument. — Retrospect of the political Condition of the District. — Causes for political Discontent. — The People desire an independent State Government. — First Convention in 1784. — Second Convention in May, 1785. — Third Convention recommended. — Great Emigration to Kentucky in 1786. — Improved Condition of the Kentucky Settlements in 1786. — Measures adopted by the third Convention. — Action of the Virginia Legislature in favor of Separation. — Requisite Action by Kentucky unavoidably delayed. — Fourth Convention appointed for August, 1787. — First Newspaper in Kentucky. — Agricultural and commercial Prosperity in 1787. — Navigation of the Mississippi commenced.— Fifth Convention held in September, 1787.— Sixth Convention in July, 1788. — Diversity of political Sentiment. — Political Parties. — Action of the sixth Convention.— Prominent Men. — Corresponding Action of the Virginia Legislature. — Final Action of this Convention, and Application for Assent of Congress. —Assent of Congress granted February 4th, 1791.— Boundaries of the new State. — First State Governor and Legislature convened June 4th, 1792, for the organization of State Government.— Causes of the protracted delay of Separation. — A new Experiment in Political Philosophy.— Notice of political Parties.— Foreign Influence. —Spanish Intrigue.— Increasing Trade with New Orleans.— The fluctuating Policy of Spain with regard to the Navigation of the Mississippi.— Genet's Intrigue for the Invasion of Louisiana in 1793-94— Measures taken by the Federal Government to suppress the contemplated Invasion.— Reluctance of Governor Shelby to interfere in the Plans of Genet— Increasing Population of Kentucky in 1794— New Counties organized— Kentucky levies for the Campaign in the Northwestern Territory— Advantages derived by Kentucky from Treaties of London and Madrid— Last Efforts of Spam to detach Kentucky from the Union— Progressive Wealth and Population of Kentucky .—Governors of Kentucky 168

Chapter VII. The Early Settlement And Political Condition Of Western Pennsylvania

A.D. 1783 TO 1796. Argument-Jurisdiction of Pennsylvania extended to the Ohio. -" Westmoreland County organised-" Washington County" organized-Emigration to the Monongahela and Youghiogeny— Town of Pittsburgh laid out—Brownsville laid outbe- comes an important Point-First Newspaper in the West-Pittsburgh becomes a Market Town in 1788-Trade and Manufactures spring up-It derives great Importance as a military DeP6t in 1790-Prosperous Condition of Settlements on the Monougahela-Pittsburgh becomes an important manufacturing and trading Town -Agncultura Prosperity of Monongahela Settlements-Effects of Spanish Restrict tions on the Mississippi-" Excise Law" odious-Disaffection toward Federal Government-French Influence in the West— Resistance to Excise on Whisky -Difnculties encountered by excise Officers-General Neville appointed Superintendent CONTENTS.

IX of excise Customs.— His moral Worth and Popularity insufficient to sustain him— His House burned by a Mob.— Other Outrages perpetrated by the Mob.— Character of the Insurgents.— A Meeting of the Militia. — A Convention proposed.— Measures adopted by the President of the United States.— Proposed Amnesty.— Convention at Parkinson's Ferry.— Alarm of the insurgent Leaders.— Effects of General Wayne's Victory on the Maumee. — Commissioners appointed by the President.— Troops levied to suppress the Insurrection. — Fourteen thousand Troops advance to Pittsburgh. — The Insurrection is suppressed. — Insurgents dispersed. — Inquisitorial Court established.—Three hundred Insurgents arrested. — The Troops discharged. — Pittsburgh incorporated in 1794. — Quietude of Frontiers, and Advance of Population. — Uninhab ited Region west of Alleghany River. — Emigration encouraged— " Population Company." — Their Grant. — State Grants to actual Settlers. — Conflict of State Grants with the Company's Privileges. — First Paper Mill on the Monongahela. — Manufactures increase Page 192

Chapter VIII. Indian Relations And Treaties With The United States, From The

TREATY OF PARIS TO THE " TREATY OF GREENVILLE." A.D. 1783 TO 1795.

Argument. — Retrospect relative to the Northwestern Boundary. — Reluctantly assented to in the Treaty of 1783 by Great Britain. — Disregard of Treaty Stipulations relative to the Northwestern Posts by British Cabinet. — British and Indian Alliance during the Revolutionary War. — Western Feeling toward the Indians. — Jealousy of the Indians at the rapid Advance of the White Settlements. — Measures of Congress to conciliate Indian Jealousy. — Preliminary Steps for Treaties with all the Tribes. — Treaties by individual States prior to 1784. — Treaty of Fort Stanwix, and the Treaty Line. — Treaty of Fort M'Intosh, and Boundary Line. — Treaty of the Miami with the Shawanese, and their Cession of Lands. — Treaties of Hopewell with Southern Indians. — Cherokee Treaty. — Choctd Treaty.— -Chickasa Treaty. — Extent of Country and Number of Warriors of each Nation respectively.— Dissatisfaction of the Six Nations relative to the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. — Their Grievances. — Preparations for a new Treaty. — Treaty of Fort Harmar in 1789. — The Shawanese refuse to attend. — Shawanese encouraged to Hostilities by British Traders at Detroit. — Connivance of the British Government at these Intrigues. — Hostilities commenced upon the Ohio Frontier. — Pacific Overtures of Governor St. Clair. — Unsettled Condition of the Southern Indians. — The Cherokees. — Encroachments of the Cumberland Settlements. — Treaty of Hplston, July 2d, 1791. — Creek Disturbances. — Measures to conciliate the Creeks. — The Treaty of New York with M'Gillivray and other Creek Chiefs. — Efforts of Spanish Agents to embarrass the Negotiations. — M'GiUivray's Opposition. — The Creeks instigated to War. — Cherokees commence Hostilities. — Spanish Intrigue with Creeks and Cherokees. — Creek Preparation for Hostilities against Cumberland Settlements. — Bowles, a Creek Chief. — Indian Tribes generally make Overtures for Peace and Friendship after Wayne's Victory. — Treaty with Six Nations in 1794. — Treaty of Greenville in 1795, comprising all Northwestern Tribes. — Termination of Indian Wars 212

Chapter IX. Extension Of The First White Settlements Across The Ohio, Until

THE CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WARS. A.D. 1787 TO 1794. Argument.— Claims of Virginia and other States to "Northwestern Territory" relinquished, with certain Reservations. — " Connecticut Reserve." — Virginia military District.—" Northwestern Territory" laid off by Ordinance of 1787.— Territorial Government provided.— Partial Occupation by United States.— First Settlement on the Muskingum.— Putnam's Colony, from Connecticut, arrives at Fort Harmar April 17th, X CONTENTS. 1788— Character of the Colonists— Second Colony arrives July 2d— Celebration of 4th of July in the Wilderness— First Clergyman, Daniel Story— Governor St. Clair and territorial Officers arrive— Territorial Government organised—" Washington County" laid off— Arrival of Emigrants— Campus Martius.— Settlements formed at Belpre and Newberry— Emigration to Kentucky.— Miami Settlements— Symmes's Purchase on the Miami— Settlement at Columbia.— Settlement at Cincinnati.— Fort Washington commenced.— Its Form and Dimensions.—" County of Hamilton" organized.— Squire M'Millan.— Colerain Settlement.— Headquarters established at Fort Washington—" Knox County" organised—" St. Clair County" organised— Population of Settlements on Muskingum and Miami in 1790.— Indian Hostilities commence.

Defensive Measures adopted. — Indians exasperated at the unsuccessful Expedition of General Harmar.— Destruction of Settlement of Big Bottom, January 2d, 1791. —Attack on Wolf Creek Settlement— Attack on Colerain Station— Nathaniel Massie settles Manchester, on the Ohio.— French Settlement at Gallipolis, March, 1791. —Fraud of the "Scioto Company." — General St. Clair also unsuccessful.— Indian Audacity and Hostilities increase.— President Washington adopts more energetic Measures with the Indians.— Indian Outrages multiply in 1792. — Cincinnati in 1793. — Its Importance as a military Dep6t. — First Presbyterian Pastor. — Indian Hostil ities in 1793. — Martial Law paramount. — First Newspaper in Northwestern Territory. — General Wayne takes Command of the Army. — Confidence restored to the western People. — Troops concentrate in the Miami Country. — Advanced Posts es tablished. — Indians defeated and reduced to great Distress. — Settlements again ad vance Page 236 Page 236

Chapter X. Early Settlement And Indian Hostilities In The

" SOUTH WESTERN TERRITORY," UNTIL ITS ADMISSION INTO THE FEDERAL UNION AS THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. A.D. 1 776 TO 1796. Argument. — Retrospect of the First Settlements of East Tennessee. — First Settlements on Cumberland River. — Cherokee Hostilities in 1780. — North Carolina encourages Emigration to the Cumberland in 1783. — Military Land District erected. — Chickasa Cession in 1784. — Increased Emigration to Holston and Cumberland in 1785. — Political Difficulties in Washington District. — Attempted Organization of the "Republic of Frankland."— Colonel John Sevier attainted for Treason, and restored to his Rights.— Authority of North Carolina sustained.— Spanish Influence in the Cumberland Settlements. — Population of Washington and Miro Districts in 1789. North Carolina cedes her Western Territory to the Federal Government.

" Southwestern Territory" organized in 1790.— Indian Hostilities commence.— Efforts of the Federal Government to maintain Peace.— Rapid Increase of Emigration Westward in 1791— Indian Hostilities in 1791 to 1793— Spanish Intrigue with the Indians- Colonel Sevier and General Robertson conduct Defenses.— Population of Southwestern Territory in 1794— Population of the Territory in 1795— Second Grade of Territorial Government assumed.— State Constitution adopted in 1796.—" State of Tennessee" admitted into the Union.— Features of Constitution.— Progressive Increase of Population and Extension of Settlements to the Mississippi until 1840— Displacement of the Indian Tribes— West Tennessee and Memphis— Population and Enterprise. — Colonies sent out from Tennessee . . . 055

Chapter XI. Indian Wars And Military Operations By The United States North

OF THE OHIO RIVER. A.D. 1787 TO 1795. State of the Indian Tribes from 1784 to 1790-Extent of Indian Depredation and Murders up to 1790-General Harmar prepares to invade the Indian Country-Advances to the Maumee.-!. defeated in two Engagements -Re- CONTENTS.

XI treats to Fort Washington. — Indian Hostilities renewed. — General Scott marches an Expedition against the Wabash Towns. — Colonel Wilkinson leads another against the Towns on Eel River and Tippecanoe. — General St. Clair prepares to invade the Maumee Country. — Marches toward the St. Mary's. — Meets with a disastrous Defeat. — Terrible Onset of the Savages. — Their Number and Allies. — The Remnant of the Army arrives at Fort Washington. — Colonel Wilkinson commands at Fort Wash ington. — He proceeds from Fort Jefferson to the Scene of the Defeat. — Overtures of Peace tendered to the Indians in 1792. — The Federal Government authorize a strong Force for the Humiliation of the Savages. — General Wayne Commander-in-chief. — Indians continue ctieir hostile Demonstrations. — Excited by British Emissaries. — General Wayne concentrates his Forces at Fort Greenville. — The advanced Posts harassed by Indians. — Pianos Encampment at Greenville. — Lord Dorchester. — Pres ident Washington's Views of Indian Tactics. — Fort Recovery built. — Is attacked by Indians in 1793. — General Scott arrives with the mounted Riflemen. — General Wayne takes up the Line of March for the Maumee. — " Fort Defiance" commenced. — " Fort Deposit" at the Head of the Rapids. — Force concentrated at this Point. — Battle of the Miami, August 20th, 1794. — Utter Defeat of the Savages. — The Army returns to Fort Defiance, which is strongly fortified. — Army advances to Miami Villages. — Fort Wayne erected. — Army retires to Winter-quarters at Greenville. — Indians sue for Peace " Page 284

Chapter XII. Advance Of The White Population Into The Northwestern Territory

ADMISSION OF THE " STATE OF OHIO*' INTO THE FEDERAL UNION. A.D. 1795 TO 1804. Argument. — Security of the frontier Population after the Treaty of Greenville. — Amicable Intercourse with the Indians. — Emigrants advance upon the Muskingum, Scioto, and Miami Rivers. — Population of Northwestern Territory in 1796. — Of Cincinnati in 1797. — Population advances into the Virginia Military District. — Nathaniel Massie, Pioneer of Scioto Valley. — Chillicothe first Settled. — Tribute to Memory of Massie. — First Mail-route opened from Wheeling to Limestone. — Population advances to the "Western Reserve." — "County of Wayne" organized. — Old French Settlements near Detroit. — Traits of Character in French Population. — Retrospect of Northwestern Territory in 1796. — Extension of Settlements up the Scioto and Muskingum Valleys. — "Adams County" organized. — "Ross County" organized. — Condition of Chillicothe in 1798. — Extreme Settlements north of Chillicothe. — Herman Blannerhasset emigrates to Ohio in 1798. — His Traits of Character. — Blannerhasset' s Island. — Steubenville laid off and settled. — Territorial Population in 1798. — Second Grade of Government assumed. — First Territorial Legislature.— Public Surveys. — Counties of Trumbull and Fairfield organized. — Belmont County organized. — Indiana Territory organized into a separate Government. — Congress authorizes a Convention to form a State Constitution. — Convention assembles and adopts a Constitution. — "State of Ohio" admitted into the Union. — State Government organized March 1st, 1803. — Character and Merits of Governor St. Clair. — New Counties organized. — Governors of Ohio. — Subsequent Increase of Population and Extension of Civil Government. — Population in 1840. — Character of Emigration to Ohio . .311

Chapter XIII

" THE MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY" FROM ITS FIRST ORGANIZATION TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CREEK WAR. A.D. 1798 TO 1813. Argument.— Original Extent of the Mississippi Territory— First Governor and Territorial Judges. — Authority and Jurisdiction of the same — Arrival of the United State. CONTENTS.

Troops under General Wilkinson.-^* Grade of Territorial G°vernment^ganized in 1799-Extent of the White Settlements and Indian Te™to^-A?a*™ Pickering Counties organized. - Population in 1799. - Washington County organ. ized on the Mobile River-S«W Grade of Territorial Government m 1600 The Federal Army in the Mississippi Territory-Indian Treaties in 1801-Treaty of Fort Adams-Treaty of Chickasa Bluffs-Governor Claiborne enters upon his Dufies-The Couuties of Claiborne, Jefferson, and Wilkinson organized^^ 80 *_ First System of Jurisprudence-First Newspapers in Mississippi- Articles of Agreement and Cession" by Georgia-Extent of Georgia CIMxo.-A4,uAicat^erf Private Claims by Commissioners-Land Offices-Surveyor-general s Office organized-Enlargement of Territorial Limits-Indian Nations included-Legislative Care for the Encouragement of Education-First College and first Academy chartered-The Robber Mason killed— Emigration in 1803, in anticipation of the Occupa tion of Louisiana— Governor Claiborne Commissioner— Commissioners and Troops advance toward New Orleans-Protestant Religion introduced in Mississippi Ter ritory -Washington County erected into a Judicial District—Harry Toulmin, Judge. -First Delegate to Congress— Robert Williams, Governor— First City Charter of Natchez— Spanish Exactions on the Mobile— First Natchez Hospital— Border Col lisions—Abduction of the Kempers— Indian Treaties in 1805 : with the Chickasas ; with the Cherokees ; Creeks; Choctas. -First "Chocta Purchase."- Extent of White Settlements in 1806— Spanish Encroachments on the Sabine— Militia Move ments in Mississippi—Burr's Conspiracy in the West— Burr prepares to descend the Mississippi— President's Proclamation— General Wilkinson protects New Or leans—Defensive Measures of Governor Mead in the Mississippi Territory— Burr appears before the Superior Court— Patriotic Citizens of Wilkinson County—Abor tive Attempt to arraign Burr.— He escapes from Custody.— Is arrested near Fort Stoddart— Sent to Richmond, Virginia.— Emigration to Mississippi induced by Burr's Plans.— Agriculture in the Territory in 1807.— Cotton the Staple Product.— Cotton Receipts negotiable by Law.— First Digest of Territorial Laws— First Road across to Tombigby.— Lands on the Upper Tombigby.— Condition of the Tombigby Settle ments.—Patriotism of the Inhabitants. — Governor Williams.— First White Settle ments in " Madison County."— First Bank in the Territory in 1809.— Population in 1810. — Revolution in District of Baton Rouge. — First Brigade of Militia in 1812. — Tennessee Volunteers under General Jackson. — General Wilkinson occupies Fort Charlotte.— Mobile District annexed to the Mississippi Territory . .

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Chapter XIV

the " mississippi territory," from the beginning of the creek war until the admission of the states of " mississippi" and "Alabama" into the federal union. — a.d. 1813 to 1819. Argument. — British Policy of instigating savage Warfare. — Population and Settlements in 1 813. — Origin of Creek Hostilities. — Prosperous Condition of the Creeks in 1812. — British Instigation from Canada. — Tecumseh stirs up a war Party in the Creek Nation. —Tombigby Settlements menaced by hostile Creeks. — Deluded Security of Colonel Hawkins and General Flournoy. — General Claiborne advances to the Tombigby. — Judge Toulmin's Opinion of the true State of the Indian Affairs. — Disposition of Troops under General Claiborne. — Condition of Affairs on the Alabama in August. — General Claiborne's Letter. — Major Beasly admonished of Danger. — Attack and Massacre of Mims's Fort. — Number of Whites slain. — Loss of Indians. — Consternation produced by the Disaster. — Wretched Condition of the Inhabitants.— Marauding Bands of Indians ravage the Country.— Employment of the Choctas urged as indispensably necessary.— General Claiborne secures the Co-operation of the Choctas under Mushulatubbe and Pushmataha— Spanish Treachery detected.— British Supplies for Indians sent to Pensacola.— The Army advances to Fort Claiborne. — Advances to the Holy Ground, and defeats Creeks under Weatherford.— The Georgia Troops under General CONTENTS.

XIII Floyd invade eastern Part of the Creek Nation.— Tennessee Troops invade the northern Part. — General Jackson advances to Fort Strother, on the Coosa. — Battle of Tal lushatches. — Battle of Talladega. — Creeks supplied for the War by British Agents. Battle of Emuckfaw.— Battle of Enotochopco.— Battle of the Horse-shoe, or Tohope ka. — The Power of the Creeks humbled. — Invasion of the Hickory Grounds.— "Fort Jackson" built.— Submission of the hostile Chiefs.— Surrender of Weatherford— Treaty of Fort Jackson. — Its Conditions and Requirements. — Colonel Nichols in Flor ida. — General Jackson Commander-in-chief in 7th military District.— British Emis saries among the Florida Indians. — Jackson advances to Mobile.— Defense of Fort Bowyer against British Fleet.— Expels the British Forces from Pensacola. — Trib ute of Esteem to General Jackson. — Advance of white Population into the Indian Country. — Settlements north and south of Tennessee River ; upon Sources of Tom bigby. — Monroe County organized. — Population of Madison County in 1815. — The Creeks instigated by British Emissaries to reject the Treaty of Fort Jackson. — Pop ulation of the Territory in 1816. — Application for Authority to form a state Govern ment. — Indian Treaties in 1816. — Territory divided. — " State of Mississippi" admitted into the Union. — Chocta Cession by Treaty of Doak's Stand. — Ceded Territory organized into Counties. — Permanent state Capital selected.—" City of Jackson." — County of Monroe annexed. — Final Extension of the state Jurisdiction within the entire Limits. — Summary of Indian Treaties within thf Mississippi Territory. — Gov ernors of Mississippi. — Alabama Territory organized. — State of Alabama admitted into the Union. — Subsequent increase of Population Page 391

Chapter XV. The

" TERRITORY OF ORLEANS" FROM ITS FIRST ORGANIZATION UN TIL AFTER ITS ADMISSION INTO THE UNION AS THE " STATE OF LOUISIANA." A.D. 1804 TO 1815. Argument. — William C. C. Claiborne Governor-general of the Province of Louisiana. — General James Wilkinson Commander-in-chief of the Army. — Emigrants from the United States. — Governor Claiborne's judicious Administration. — Territorial Government provided for the " Territory of Orleans." — Plan of Government obnoxious to the People. — Volunteer Companies patronized by the Governor. — Expressions of popular Discontent by the French Population. — Territorial Government instituted. — First Territorial Legislature. — First Bank created. — Territorial Legislature modified. — Discontent in Baton Rouge District. — Abduction of the Kempers. — Their Release. — Spanish Exactions on the Mobile River, and Aggressions West of the Mississippi in 1805. — Spanish Officers in New Orleans. — They contemplate the Mississippi south of Red River as their eastern Boundary. — Re-enforcements in Texas and Florida. — Policy of tbe Federal Government. — Advance of the Spanish Troops to Red River. — Movements of United States Troops.— Spanish Troops on the Bayou Pierre and Arroyo Hondo. — Remonstrances of Governor Claiborne. — General Wilkinson advances the Army to Natchitoches. — His Negotiation with General Hen-era. — Spaniards retire West of the Sabine. — Wilkinson proceeds to New Orleans to intercept Burr's Operations. — His energetic Measures against the Conspirators. — Zealous co-operation of Governor Claiborne. — His Proclamation. — Arrest of Dr. Bollman and others. — Great popular Excitement. — Conflict of the civil and military Authorities.