A History of England ... Second edition

Front matter

THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. VOL. I. Printed by J. & H. Cox (Brothers), 74 & 75, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's-Inn Fields. C/its-t^-c coc^i^i^ &L^z^ty- ' ; ■. s; SI "New Bond. Street . THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE FIRST INVASION BY THE ROMANS TO THE ACCESSION OF WILLIAM AND MARY In 1688. By JOHN LINGARD, D.D. THE FIFTH EDITION, REVISED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED, IN TEN VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: CHARLES DOLMAN, 61, NEW BOND STREET. MDCCCXLIX. The Earl of Arundel and Surrey. Viscount Adare, Dunraven Castle. Sir Robert Shafto Adair, Baronet, Flixton Hall. T. D. Ackland, Esq., Coleherne Court. Archibald Alison, Esq., Glasgow. James Francis Anderton, Esq., Haighton House, Preston. (2 copies.) Alfred Angel, Esq., Exeter. The Athenæum Library, London. Edward Leopold Aves, Esq., 13, Croom's Hill Grove, Greenwich.

Messrs. Aylott & Jones, Paternoster Row. The Right Reverend John Briggs, D.D., Bishop of Trachis, V.A.Y.D., York. The Right Reverend George Brown, D.D., Bishop of Tloa, V.A. Lane. Dist., Bishop Eton, Liverpool. Lady Paston Bedingfeld, Oxburgh Hall. Charles Baker, Esq., Islington. Alexis Baillon, Esq., Nottingham. The Reverend John Bamber, Sunderland. Sir Edward F. Baynes, K.C.M.G., Her Britannic Majesty's Consul, St. Petersburgh. Mr. Serjeant Bellasis, North wood House, Lodge Road. The Reverend L. J. Bernays, Elstree Hill, Edgeware. The Reverend Frederic Betham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Anthony John Wright Biddulph, Esq. James Bogle, Esq., 198, Athole Place, Glasgow. vol. i, a VI LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The Reverend Thomas Scott Bonnin, B.A., Curate of Sculcoates, Hull. John Butler Bowdon, Esq., Southgate House, Chesterfield.

Mr. Boyle, Edinburgh. The Reverend John Bradley, Yarm, Yorkshire. Thomas Bretherton, Esq., Liverpool. T. E. Bridgett, Esq., St. John's College, Cambridge. The Reverend James Browne, Sedgley Park. James Browne, Esq., Liverpool. The Reverend E. F. Browne, Birkenhead. The Reverend James Brownbill, 9, Hill Street. Mrs. Cachard, Edge Hill, Liverpool. R. M. O'Farrell Caddell, Esq. Mrs. Canning, Gloucester Place. John Carmalt, Esq., Brixton. William Carpenter, Esq., British Museum. Henry J. Carr, Esq., Great Yarmouth. Richard Carr, Esq., Preston. J. L. Carrick, Esq., Queen's College, Oxford. Patrick Chalmers, Esq., Aulbar Castle, Brechin. Edward Chaloner, Esq., Oak Hill, Liverpool. W. H. Charlton, Esq., Hesleyside, Hexham. Thomas Clarke, Esq., Cheltenham. Henry William Clifford, Esq., Irnham Hall.

Chapter I. Roman Britain

CÆSAR TWICE INVADES BRITAIN THE BRITISH TRIBES — THEIR MANNERS RELIGION GOVERNMENT — GRADUAL CONQUEST OF BRITAIN BY THE ROMANS ITS STATE UNDER THE EMPERORS CONVERSION OF THE NATIVES TO CHRISTIANITY THE ROMANS ABANDON THE ISLAND. Cæsar's first invasion of Britain 1 His return to Gaul . . . . 3 The second invasion . . . . 4 Resistance of Cassibelan . . 5 And his submission . . . . 7 Origin of the Britons . . . . 8 British tribes . . . . . . 9 Their manners . . . . . . 11 Discovery of the Tin Islands . . 12 Exports and imports . . . . 15 Religion . . . . . . 16 Sacrifices . . . . . . . . 17 Doctrines . . . . 18 Authority of the Druids. . 20 The bards 21 Government of the Britons . . 22 Augustus . . . . . . 23 Caligula . . . . . . ib. Claudius . . . . . . 25 Ostorius . . . . . . ib. Fate of Caractacus . . . . 26 Reduction of Anglesey . . . . 28 Rebellion of Boadicea . . . . 29 Defeat of Boadicea . . . . 31 Victories of Agricola . . . . 32 He invades Caledonia . . . . 34 The government established in Britain . . . . . . . . 36 The prefect ib.

Procurator and taxes . . . • 37 Army . . . . . . . . 38 Provinces. . . . . . . . 39 Colonies . . . . . . . . 41 Municipia . . . . ..ib. Latian cities . . . . . . 42 Stipendiary towns . . • • ib. Roman walls . . . . . . 43 Vallum of Hadrian . . . ■ ib. Vallum of Antoninus . . . . ib. Ulpius Marcellus . . . . 44 Clodius Albinus 45 V irius Lupus . . . . • • 46 Severus in Britain . . • • '*• Grants peace to the Caledonians 47 Builds his celebrated wall . . ib. He dies 48 Usurpation of Carausius . . 49 His death 50 Reign of Allectus . . ..ib. His death 51 Introduction of Christianity . . 52 Conversion of Lucius . . . . CONTENTS, Persecution . . . . 54 Constantine emperor . . . ■ 56 Government of Britain . . . . ib. Tyranny of Paulus . . . . 57 Export of corn from Britain . . 58 Origin of the Picts and Scots . . 59 Theodosius . . . . . . 62 Usurpation of Maximus. . .. 63 He is slain . . . . ib.

Marcus, Gratian, and Constantine emperors . . . . 65 Britain abandoned by the Romans 66 The natives invite the Saxons . . 68 Theological disputes . . . . ib.

Chapter II. Anglo-saxons

ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS — THEIR REPEATED DE- SCENTS IN BRITAIN THEY FOUND EIGHT DISTINCT KINGDOMS THE NATIVES RETIRE TO THE WESTERN COAST REIGNS OF THE SAXON BRET- WALDAS ÆLLA CEAWLIN ETHELBERT — REDWALD EDWIN OSWALD —OSWIO. Redwald, Bretwalda IV. : — Reign of Redwald . . . . 95 Conquests of Edilfrid . . . . 96 Adventures of Edwin . . . . 97 Death of Edilfrid . . . . 98 Edwin, Bretwalda V. : — Reign of Edwin . . . . ..ib. His marriage . . . . ..ib. Attempt to assassinate Edwin . . 99 His revenge and conversion .. 100 Edwin's power . . . . . . 102 His death 104 Sufferings of the Northumbrians 105 Oswald, Bretwalda VI. : — Murder of the Northumbrians . . ib. Accession of Oswald .. .. 106 Conversion of the Northumbrians 107 Death of Oswald 108 Oswio, Bretwalda VII. : — Reign of Oswio . . . . . . 109 Murder of Oswin .. ..110 Enmity of Penda .. ..

Ill Defeat and death of Penda . . 113 Dedication of Elfreda .. .. 114 Power of Oswio . . . . ib. Religious disputes .. ..116 Uniformity established . . . . 118 Yellow plague . . . . ib. Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury 120 Death of Oswio . . . . ..ib. Original country of the Saxons. . 70 Their manners .. .. .. 71 Arms .. .. .. ..ib. Ships 72 Foundation of the kingdom of Kent 74 British fictions . . . . . . 75 Sussex . . . . . . 77 Wessex . . . . . . 78 Essex . . . . . . 79 East Anglia . . . . ..ib. Bernicia . . . . . . 80 Deira . . . . . . ..ib. Mercia . . . . . . . . 81 Conduct of the Britons . . . . 82 Their chieftains . . . . . . 83 Effects of the Saxon conquests . . 84 Octarchy established . . . . 86 Ælla, Bretwalda I. :— Reign of Ælla 87 Ceawlin, Bretwalda II. : — Reign of Ceawlin . . . . ib.

Ethelbert, Bretwalda III. :— Reign of Ethelbert . . . . 88 Conversion of the men of Kent . . 89 Ethelbert baptized . . . . 90 Conversion of Essex . . . . 91 Controversy with the Britons . . 92 Laws of Ethelbert . . . . 93 Reign of Eadbald . . . . CONTENTS. XXXI

Chapter III. Anglo-saxons

KINGS OF NORTHUMBRIA — OF MERCIA — ETHELBALD — OFFA — CENULF— OF WESSEX — CÆ AD WALLA — INA — C YNEWCLF EGBERT — ETHELWULF — ETHELBALD ETHELBERT ETHELRED. Northumbria : — Northumbrian kings .. .. 121 Egfrid's wars and death. . . . 125 Aldfrid 126 Succession of Northumbrian kings 127 Notice of Bede 132 OfAlcuin 133 Mercia : — Mercian kings. Wulphere . . 134 Ethelred 135 Cœnred 136 Ceolred . . . . . . ib. Ethelbald 137 Offa 139 His victories .. .. .. 140 Archbishopric of Lichfield . . 141 Offa and Charlemagne . . . . 143 Murder of Ethelbert of East Anglia . . . . . . . . 144 Offa's death 145 Egferth 146 Cenulf deposes Eadbert of Kent 147 Restores the prerogatives of Canterbury . . . . . . 148 Persecutes Archbishop Wulfrid. . ib. Kenelm murdered .. .. 149 Ceolwulf 150 Wessex : — Kings of Wessex. . .. .. ib.

Ceolwulf 151 Death of Tewdric of Wales . . ib. Cynegils and Cuichelm . . . . ib. Coinwalch .. .. ..152 Expelled and restored .. ..153 Sexburga. . . . . . ..ib. Cæadwalla .. .. .. 154 In Sussex .. .. ..155 Made king of Wessex . . . . ib. Conquers the Isle of Wight . . 156 Puts to death the brothers of Arvald 157 Loses his brother in Kent . . ib. Goes to Rome .. .. .. 158 Is baptized . . . . ..ib. Dies .. .. .. ib. Ina . . . . . . ..ib. Publishes a code of laws. . .. ib. Invades Kent and Cornwall .. 159 Is opposed by pretenders to the crown . . . . . . ..ib. Founds monasteries . . . . 160 Resigns the crown . . . . 161 Goes to Rome . . . . ..ib. Dies 162 Æthelheard . . . . ..ib. Cuthred . . . . . . ..ib. Sigebrycht 163 Is deposed . . . . ..ib. Cynewulf . . . . , . . . 164 Is murdered . . . . ..ib.

Punishment of the murderers .. 165 Brihtric 166 Is poisoned by his queen . . ib. Her fate . . . . . . ..ib. Egbert :— Egbert 167 Subdues the Britons .. ..168 The Mercians . . . . . . 169 The Northumbrians . . , . id. The Danes and Northmen . . 170 Their descents . . , . ..ib. Death of Egbert 171 Ethelwulf: — Succession of Ethelwulf. . .. ib. Danish invasions . . . . . . 1 74 Ethelwulf assists the Mercians . . 175 Grants a liberal donation to the church.. .. .. .. 176 Visits Rome . . . . ib. Ethelbald rebels 177 Pacification .. .. ..178 Ethelwulf dies . . . . ib. Ethelbald :— Ethelbald marries his mother-in-law 179 His death 180 Ethelbert -.— Ethelbert ib. Adventures of Ragnar Lodbrog. . 181 His death by Ælla . . . . 182 Ethelred :— Invasion by the sons of Ragnar. . ib. They conquer Northumbria . . 183 Invade Mercia . . . . . . 184 Plunder and destroy the churches ib. Enter East Angha .. ..185 Murder King Edmund . . . . 186 Invade Wessex . . . . ib. Death of Ethelred . . . . CONTENTS. XXXII

Chapter IV. Anglo-saxons

BIRTH, EDUCATION, AND ACCESSION OF ALFRED SUCCESSES OF THE DANES ALFRED OPPOSES THEM BY SEA HIS VICTORIES, LAWS, AND IMPROVE- MENTS REIGNS OF EDWARD ATHELSTAN EDMUND AND EDRED. Alfred the Great : — Birth of Alfred 189 His education . . . . . . 190 His malady .. .. .. 191 His succession to the crown . . ib. Purchases peace . . . . . . 192 Danes conquer Mercia . . . . 193 Pillage north of the Tyne . . 194 Invade Wessex . . . . . . 195 Alfred builds a fleet .. ..196 Faults in the character of Alfred 197 He is driven from his throne . . 198 Submission of Wessex . . . . 200 A party of Danes defeated . . 201 Alfred reappears . . . . 202 Fights with the Danes . . . . ib. Is victorious . . . . . . 203 Alfred's improvements in thearmy 205 The fortifications . . . . 206 The navy . . . . . . ib. The administration of justice .. 207 He encourages learning . . . . 209 His translations . . .. ..211 Arrangement of his time .. 212 Of his finances . . . . ib.

His power . . . . . . 213 Invasion by Hastings . . . . 214 Who retires to France . . . . 217 The war continues . . . . ib. Its termination . . . . . . 219 Battles by sea . . . . ib. Death of Alfred 220 Edward -. — Ethelwald aspires to the crown . . 222 And perishes in battle . . . . 223 Edward takes possession of Mercia . . . . . . . . ib. Attacks the northern Danes . . 224 Success of Edward and Ethelfled 225 Edward pursues his success . . 226 Dies ib. His family . . . . . . 227 Eadburga. . . . . . ..ib. Edward fortifies the burghs . . 228 Ecclesiastical affairs . . . . 229 Athelstan, the first monarch of England : — Succession of Athelstan . . . . 230 Tale about the mother of Athelstan . . . . . . ib. Alfred aspires to the crown . . 231 Athelstan takes possession of Northumbria . . . . ib.

Extends his authority over the Britons 232 Death of his brother Edwin . . 233 Scots rebel and submit . . . . 235 Invasion of Anlaff . . . . ib. Victory of Brunanburgh . . 236 Power of Athelstan .. ..237 He protects foreign princes . . 238 Haco of Norway . . . . . . 239 Alan of Bretagne . . . . ib. Louis of France . . . . . . 240 Marriages of his sisters . . . . 241 Ethilda ib. Editha 242 Ediva . . . . . . ib. Elgiva . . . . . . ..ib. Athelstan's death . . . . ib. Manners . . . . . . . . 243 Charities . . . . . , ..ib. Laws . . . . . . ib. Edmund : — Northumbrian princes . . . . 244 Anlaff's success . . . . . . 245 His death 246 Edmund conquers Northumbria ib. And Cumbria . . . . . . 247 Edmund's death. . .. .. ib. Edred succeeds . . . . . . 248 Edred :— Final subjection of the Northumbrians . . . . . . ib. Account of Turketul .. ..251 And of Dunstan 252 Edred's death ; . . . . CONTENTS. XXXIII

Chapter V. Anglo-saxons

REIGN OF EDWY— EDGAR— EDWARD THE MARTYR— ETHELRED— AND EDMUND, SURNAMED IRONSIDE. Edwy : — Edwy 254 His misconduct . . . . . . 255 His amour with Ethelgive . . 256 Her banishment . . . . . . 257 Revolt of the Mercians . . . . ib. Edwy's death . . . . . . 258 Edgar : — Edgar's infancy . . . . , . 259 He recalls Dunstan . . . . ib. Becomes king of Wessex . . 260 Surnamed the peaceful . . . . 261 Pleases the Northumbrians . . ib. Divides their territory . . . . 262 Permits them to make their ownlaws 263 His naval expeditions . . . . ib. His power . . . . . . 264 Administration of justice .. 265 The restoration of the monks . . 266 The reform of the clergy . . 268 Edgar's magnificence . . . . 269 His courage . . . . . . 270 His death 271 Edward the Martyr : — Succession of Edward .. ..273 His murder . . . . . . 274 Ethelred :— Ethelred succeeds . . . . 275 Invasions and ravages of the Northmen . . . . . . 279 Treason of Elfric . . . . 280 Sweyn and Olave . . . . 281 Other invasions . . . . . . 282 Ethelred marries Emma. . . . 283 Massacre of the Danes . . . . 284 Revenged by Sweyn . . . . 285 Exertions of Ethelred . . . . 286 Invasion by Thurchil . . . . 287 Distress of the English . . . . 289 Taxation . . . . . . . , 290 Last invasion by Sweyn . . . . 292 Flight of Ethelred . . . . 293 Death of Sweyn . . . . . . 294 Return of Ethelred . . . . ib.

Invasion by Canute . . . . 296 Death of Ethelred . . . . 298 Edmund : — Siege of London . . . . . . 299 Battles between Edmund and Canute.. .. .. .. 300 Pacification . . . . . . 303 Death of Edmund . . . . ib.

Chapter VI. Danes

DANISH SOVEREIGNS CANUTE HAROLD HARDECANUTE— SAXON LINE RE- STORED EDWARD THE CONFESSOR HAROLD VICTORY OF WILLIAM THE CONO.UER0R. Canute : — Canute succeeds . . . . . . 305 Sends away the children of Edmund . . . . . . . . ib. Murders Edwy 306 Marries Emma . . . . ..ib. Punishes Edric 307 Rewards the Danes . . . . 308 Establishes guards . . . . ib. Pleases the English . . . . 310 Publishes laws . . . . ..ib. Visits Denmark 312 His pilgrimage to Rome . . 313 His letter. . . . . . ..ib. Conquers Norway . . . . 316 And subdues the Scots . . ib. He rebukes his flatterers . . 317 His death . . . . ib. CONTENTS Promotion of Stigand . . . . 341 Death of Godwin . . . . 342 Edward's humanity . . . . 344 War with Macbeth . . . . 345 Civil war . . . . . . ■ ■ 346 Conquest of Wales .. .. 347 Edward sends for his nephew from Germany . . . . 349 Harold in Normandy . . . . 353 Insurrection of the Northumbrians 354 Death of Edward . . . . 356 Harold :— Succession of Harold . . . . 359 William claims the crown . . 360 Invasion by the king of Norway 361 Who falls in battle . . . . 363 William prepares to invade England . . . . . . . . 365 Lands in England . . . . 367 Conduct of Harold . . . . 368 Battle of Hastings . . . . 370 Death of Harold 373 Harold, surnamed Harefoot : — Succession of Harold . . . . 318 Invasion by Edward . . . . 319 Another by Alfred . . ■ ■ 320 Flight of Emma 322 Death of Harold 323 Hardecanute : — Succession of Hardecanute . . ib.

His revenge . . • • • • 324 His magnificence . • • • 326 His death 327 Edward the Confessor : — Succession of Edward . . . . ib. His character . . . . • • 328 Punishes his mother . . . . 330 Is opposed by the king of Norway . . . . • • • • 331 Marries Editha . . . . • • 332 History of Sweyn . . ..ib. Rebellion of the Godwins . . 333 Their banishment . . • • 338 Visit from William of Normandy 339 Restoration of the Godwins . . ib.

Chapter VII. Polity Of The

ANGLO-SAXONS— FEUDAL CUSTOMS— RANKS IN SOCIETY- COURTS OF LAW — CRIMES — SLAVES. King's court . . . . . . 401 Witena-gemot . . . . • • 402 Its members . . • • ..ib. Its authority . . . . . . 403 Judicial proceedings . . . . 404 In civil actions . . . . • ■ 405 In criminal prosecutions . . 407 Purgation by oath . . . - 408 Purgation by ordeal . . . . 409 Obstacles to the administration of justice . . . . ■ • • ■ 410 Crimes of the Anglo-Saxons .. 411 Homicide punished by fine . . 412 Weres . . . . • . ..ib. Mode of payment . . ■ • 414 Theft and robbery . . . . ib. Their punishment . . ..415 Number of slaves .. ..416 Their different classes .. .. 417 Manumission .. .. •• 418 Trade in slaves . . . . . • 419 Burghers 421 Manners of Anglo-Saxons . . 376 Feudal customs . . . . ■ ■ 377 Lord and vassal . . . . • • 378 Homage . . . . . . • • 379 Division of lands. . .. ■■ 381 Military service . . • • • • 383 Heriots 384 Marriage licenses . • • • 386 Ranks : — The eorl »*• King 387 Queen 390 Ealdorman .. .. ..391 Gesith 392 Thane 393 Gerefa 394 Theceorl.. .. .. ..395 Administration of justice . . 396 Hundred-motes . . . . . . 397 Shire-motes . . . . . . 398 Origin of shires . . . . . . 399 Of hundreds 400 Tythings CONTENTS. XXXV

Chapter VIII. William

I., SURNAMED THE CONQUEROR. william is crowned — returns to normandy — insurrections — total subjugation of the kingdom— depression of the natives — knights' fees incidents of military tenures innovations in judicial proceedings domesday king's revenue insurrection of norman barons rebellion of robert, the king's son — war with france William's death — and character. Settlement of the Normans in Gaul 425 Birth of William 427 William marches to Dover . . 428 And to London . . . . . . 429 Edgar appointed king . . . . ib. But submits to William . . . . 430 Tumult at the king's coronation 431 Its cause . . . . . . . . 432 His kind behaviour to the English 434 And rewards to his officers . . 435 The king returns to Normandy. . 436 The regents, Odo and Fitz-Osbern 439 Insurrections . . . . . . 440 Murder of Earl Copsi .. ..441 Edric ravages Hereford . . . . 442 Eustace attacks Dover . . . . ib.

The king returns . . . . 443 Reduces Exeter . . . . ..ib. Edwin rebels . . . . . . 445 Submits . . . . . . ..ib. Githa escapes . . . . ..ib. Edgar in Scotland .. .. 446 Massacre at Durham .. .. 447 Siege of York 448 Arrival of the Danes .. .. ib. York taken 449 William in the North .. .. ib. Defeat of the insurgents.. .. 450 Lays waste Yorkshire and Durham .. .. .. •■ 451 Submission of insurgents . . 453 Ravages of Malcolm . . . . 454 All places of trust given to Normans . . . . . • • • 455 English prelates deposed . . 456 Norman prelates . . . . 457 Lanfranc . . . . ■ • • • 458 Guitmond 459 Ingulf 460 Death of Edwin 461 Opposition of Hereward . . ib. He plunders Peterborough . . 462 Makes Turold prisoner . . . . 463 William besieges Hereward . . ib. Gets possession of Ely . . . . 464 Subdues Scotland . . . . 465 Edgar submits . . . . . . 467 Consequences of the Norman conquests . . . . . . 468 Depression of the natives . . ib.

William's riches . . .. .. 469 Elevation of the foreigners . . 470 Their retainers . . . . . . 472 Establishment of knights' fees .. 473 Fealty and homage . . . . 476 Attendance at the king's court . . 477 Escheats 479 Reliefs 480 Aids 481 Descents . . . . . . . • 482 Wardships . . . . . . 483 Marriages . . . . • • 484 Changes in judicial proceedings. . ib. Use of the Norman language . . 485 Excessive mulcts . . ., .. 486 Penalty for murder . . . . ib. Wager of battle 487 Separation of the secular and spiritual courts .. .. ib. Much of the Anglo-Saxon polity preserved . . . . . • 488 Compilation of Domesday . . 490 The king's revenue .. •• 491 Rebellion of Norman barons . . 492 Their fate 494 Execution of Waltheof . . . . ib. The murder of Walcher . . 496 Imprisonment of Odo . . . . 497 Projected invasion of Canute . . ib.

War between William and his son Robert 499 William invades France . . . . 500 His last illness 501 His death 503 His burial «*• His character . . . . • • 504 His conduct with respect to ecclesiastical concerns . . . . 508 Famine and pestilence duriDg his reign .. .. «• •• CONTENTS.

Chapter IX. William II

WILLIAM SUCCEEDS — HIS WARS WITH HIS BROTHER ROBERT — HE OBTAINS NORMANDY WHILE ROBERT GOES TO THE HOLY LAND INVADES SCOT- LAND AND WALES HIS RAPACITY HE PERSECUTES ARCHBISHOP AN- SELM — IS KILLED IN THE NEW FOREST HIS CHARACTER. Robert succeeds to Normandy . . 512 William hastens to England . . 513 He is crowned . . . . , . 514 Henry lives in privacy . . . . ib. Fate of the captives . . . . ib. Conspiracy against William .. 515 Banishment of Odo . . . . 516 Insurgents reduced .. ..517 State of Normandy .. .. ib. William invades the duchy .. 518 Attempt to take Rouen . . . . ib. Peace between the two brothers 519 Expulsion of Henry . . . . 520 War renewed in Normandy . . 521 Robert mortgages his dominions 524 William opposed in Maine . . ib. Hastens to that province . . 525 War with Scotland . . . . 526 Submission of Malcolm . . . . ib.

The war renewed . . . . 527 Succession to the crown of Scotland 528 Incursions of the Welsh . . 529 Rebellion of Robert Mowbray .. 530 The king's rapacity . . . . 532 Character of Ralf Flambard . . 533 Conspiracy against him . . . . 534 The king keeps the bishoprics vacant . . . . . . . . 535 Names Anselm to Canterbury . . 536 Persecutes Anselm . . . . 538 Dispute about the succession to the papacy . . . . . . 539 The king is reconciled with Anselm . . . . . . . . 542 The archbishop goes to Rome . . ib. The king's death in the New Forest 543 His character . . . . . . 545 His buildings . . . . . . 546 NOTES 547 ERRATA IN VOL. I. Page 13, line 21, for " Lucius," read " Publius." „ 33, for " A.D. 84 " in margin, read " A.D. 81." ,, 35, for " A.D. 86 " in margin, read " A.D. 84." „ 63, note 1, line 1, for " Britain," read " Briton." ,, 71, line 21, for " conyng," read " cyning." „ 79, ,, 10, for " 530," read " 527." ,, 83, note 1, line 2, for " Ristham," read " Riotham." „ 191, line 14, for " Ethelfrid," read " Ethelred." ,, 220, ,, 9, for " Bruanburg," r ead " Brunanburg." ,, 432, ,, 1, for " Constance," read " Coutance." CHAP, I. A.C. 55 HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

Chapter I. Roman Britain

CÆSAR TWICE INVADES BRITAIN THE BRITISH TRIBES THEIR MANNERS RELIGION GOVERNMENT GRADUAL CONQUEST OF BRITAIN BY THE ROMANS— ITS STATE UNDER THE EMPERORS — ■ CONVERSION OP THE NATIVES TO CHRISTIANITY THE ROMANS ABANDON THE ISLAND. It is to the pen of a Roman general that we are indebted for our first acquaintance with the history of Britain. Julius Cæsar, in the short space of three years, had conducted his victorious legions from the foot of the Alps to the mouth of the Rhine. From the coast of the Morini he could descry the white cliffs of the neighbouring island : and the conqueror of Gaul aspired to the glory of adding Britain to the dominions of Rome. The inability or refusal of the Gallic mariners to acquaint him with the number of the inhabitants, their manner of warfare, and their political institutions ; and the prudence or timidity of Volusenus, who had been sent to procure information, but returned without venturing to communicate with the natives, served only to irritate his curiosity and to VOL. I. B inflame his ambition.

The Britons, by lending aid to his enemies, the Veneti, supplied him with a decent pretext for hostilities ; and on the 26th of August, in the fifty-fifth year before the Christian era, Cæsar sailed from Calais, with the infantry of two legions. To cross the strait was only the work of a few hours : but, when he saw the opposite heights crowned with multitudes of armed men, he altered his course, and steering along the shore, cast anchor before the spot which is now occupied by the town of Deal. The natives carefully followed the motions of the fleet, urging their horses into the waves, and, by their ges tures and shouts, bidding defiance to the invaders. The appearance of the naked barbarians, and a super stitious fear of offending the gods of this unknown world, spread a temporary alarm among the Romans : but after a short pause, the standard-bearer of the tenth legion, calling on his comrades to follow him, leaped with his eagle into the sea; detachments in stantly poured from the nearest boats ; the beach, after a short struggle, was gained ; and the untaught valour of the natives yielded to the arms and the discipline of their enemies.