Her Majesty's Tower. ... Seventh edition, etc

Front matter

HER MAJESTY'S TOWER. VOL. I BALLANTVNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON V3.WW <0>u Tinuffi TCOWIKm ©a HaOSTEDOET JTinjDirt tcihlib m.HVJB]ffi. "TClBCkEttES . taller HQajœtg'g H otter BY WILLIAM HEPWORTH DIXON Se&ratfj (Stottion WITH ILLUSTRATIONS IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. LONDON BICKERS & SON, LEICESTER SQUARE 1885 [All Rights reserved] TO QUEEN VICTORIA, THESE STUDIES IN HER MAJESTY'S TOWER ARE DEDICATED BY EXPRESS PERMISSION. NOTE TO THE SIXTH EDITION. The new edition of "Her Majesty's Tower" has been revised throughout ; some passages have been added; and half a page of inscriptions has been moved from Chapter V. to Chapter XVII, changes which may help to make the work a little less unworthy of tlie favour with which it has been received.

Preface

TO VOLUME I. OF THE ORIGINAL FOUR VOLUME EDITION. fj*|f1|5|WENTY years ago I wrote some chapters on ||p ||)| the Tower — especially on the human interests which cling around it ; and since that time I have noted, with care, such passages in either the State Papers or printed books as threw light into the cells once occupied by the heroes and heroines of English story. This volume — a book of identifica tions — is the fruit of this long-continued search. In the labour of reading and deciphering the State Papers, for the purposes of this work, I stand indebted to Her Majesty's Deputy-keeper of the Records, Mr. T. Duffus Hardy, to an extent which no words of mine can adequately express. 6 St. James's Terrace, New Year's Day, 1869.

PREFACE.

TO VOLUME II. OF THE ORIGINAL FOUR VOLUME EDITION. (^pl^HIS volume contains the story of the Anglo igp Wffl Spanish Conspiracy ; a story which has not yet been told, except in patches, and only then without the connecting bands. I have already noted these Studies as a work of identification. Amongr other things now made out in the Tower, may be named : — the situation of our early Court of King's Bench and Court of Common Pleas, — the connexion of St. Thomas of Canterbury with the Water Gate, — the lodgings of Lady Jane Grey, — the crypt of Sir Thomas Wyat and the Men of Kent, — the chamber of Archbishop Cranmer, — the apartments of Bishop Leslie, — the various towers in which Raleigh lodged, — the two prisons of Lord Grey, — the dungeon of Guy Fawkes and Father Fisher, — the locality of the conferences of Father Garnet with Father Oldcorne,

PREFACE.

. XI — the home of the Wizard Earl and the three Magi, — the tower from which Seymour escaped, — the room in which Overbury was poisoned, — and the lodgings in which the Earl and Countess of Somerset lived. The new facts will enter into a good deal of our history and biography. But the interest of this volume (it may be hoped) is general rather than local ; lying mainly in the new lights under which recent research permits a student to tell the great story of our national life. In making these Studies — the occasional labour of my pen for more than twenty years — I have received much help from Sir Thomas D. Hardy, Deputy- Keeper of the Public Records, and from Lieut.-Colonel F. C. Whimper, Major of the Tower. J. E. Gardner, Esq., has opened to me his unrivalled Collection of Old Prints and Drawings; and A. Kingston, Esq., has lent me his critical eye and ready hand in reading and copying the State Papers in Fetter Lane.

I tender them my warmest thanks. 6 St. James's Terrace, Regent's Park. NOTE. — The two volumes here referred to now form Volume I. of the present Seventh Edition. May 1884. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. CHAr. PAGE I. THE PILE I II. INNER WARD AND OUTER WARD .... 8 III. THE WHARF 13 IV. RIVER RIGHTS . . . . . . . . 21 V. THE WHITE TOWER . . . . . . . 26 VI. CHARLES OF ORLEANS ...... 34 VII. UNCLE GLOUCESTER ....... 39 VIII. PRISON RULES 47 IX. BEAUCHAMP TOWER 53 X. THE GOOD LORD COBHAM 58 XI. KING AND CARDINAL 69 XII. THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE ..... 74 XIII. MADGE CHEYNE 85 XIV. HEIRS TO THE CROWN 96 XV. THE NINE DAYS' QUEEN IO4 XVI. DETHRONED . . Il6 XVII. THE MEN OF KENT. ...... 125 XVIII. COURTNEY 135 XIX. NO CROSS, NO CROWN 141 XX. CRANMER, LATIMER, RIDLEY 1 48 XXI. WHITE ROSES 152 XXII. PRINCESS MARGARET . ... . . . 159 XXIII.

PLOT AND COUNTERPLOT 169 XXIV. MONSIEUR CHARLES 1 CONTENTS. XIV CHAP. PAGE XXV. BISHOP OF ROSS 1 86 XXVI. MURDER OF NORTHUMBERLAND . . . .192 XXVII. PHILIP THE CONFESSOR 198 XXVIIL MASS IN THE TOWER ...... 207 XXIX. SIR WALTER RALEIGH . . . . . . 2l6 XXX. THE ARABELLA PLOT . . . . . .224 xxxi. raleigh's walk 231 XXXII. THE VILLAIN WAAD 236 XXXIII. the garden HOUSE ...... 241 XXXIV. THE BRICK TOWER ...... 246 XXXV. THE ANGLO-SPANISH PLOT ..... 253 XXXVI. FACTIONS AT COURT . . . . . . 260 XXXVII. LORD GREY OF WILTON ..... 266 XXXVIII. OLD ENGLISH CATHOLICS . . . . .272 XXXIX. THE ENGLISH JESUITS ...... 277 XL. WHITE WEBBS 283 XLI. THE PRIESTS' PLOT 289 XLII. WILTON COURT ....... 297 XLIII. LAST OF A NOBLE LINE ..... 305 XLIV. POWDER-PLOT ROOM . . .... 309 XLV. GUY FAWKES . 316 XLVI. ORIGIN OF THE PLOT ...... 322 XLVII.

VINEGAR HOUSE -331 XLVIII. CONSPIRACY AT LARGE ...... 339 XLIX. THE JESUITS MOVE 346 L. IN LONDON ........ 350 LI. NOVEMBER, 1605 ....... 359 LII. HUNTED DOWN ....... 365 LIII. IN THE TOWER 373 LIV. SEARCH FOR GARNET . . . . . 3S1 LV. END OF THE ENGLISH JESUITS .... 390 LVI. THE CATHOLIC LORDS . . . . . . 399 LVII. HARRY PERCY 406 LVI 1 1. THE WIZARD EARL . . . . . . 411 LIX. A REAL ARABELLA PLOT . . . . .417 CONTENTS. XV CHAP. PAGE LX. WILLIAM SEYMOUR ....... 424 LXI. THE ESCAPE ........ 430 LXII. PURSUIT ......... 437 LXIII. DEAD IN THE TOWER ...... 442 LXIV. LADY FRANCES HOWARD ...... 449 LXV. ROBERT CARR 455 LXVI. POWDER POISONING 463 LXVII. THE END 47 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE ISSalSfjHE tower, from: the Thames . . Frontispiece W^wlllfi THE T0WER IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH I °^^~<"' INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S CHAPEL ... 5 GATEWAY OF THE BLOODY TOWER ..... 8 WHITE TOWER ......... 26 ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL ........ 28 ROOM IN THE WHITE TOWER ...... 30 INSIDE OF BOWYER'S TOWER . . . . . . 39 BLOODY TOWER 41 PRISON ROOM IN BEAUCHAMP TOWER . . . . . 53 VAULTED ROOM IN THE BELL TOWER tuner Wars.

A White tower. li Wardrobe tower. C Cold Harbour. 1) St. Peter's Church. I. Block on 'Power Green I Officer's house. G Lieutenant's house 1 1 The Garden. 1 Queen's apartments. K Queen's garden. 1 Gunners' quarters. Oh the Wall .1 Beauchamp tower. b Prisoners' walk. ( Belfry. ,1 Raleigh's walk. e Bloody towei . I Lantern. lit tower. h Broad Arrow towei . i Constable tower. k Martin tower. I Northumberland's walk in Brick tower. n Bowyer tower. o Flint tower. p Develin tower. Outer Ward. . Postern. 2 Middle tOWL'f. eward tower. I ( lateway under Bloody to^ ei \ ll.ill tower. 6 Great tower. 7 Queen's stairs. y St. Thom mt Cradle tower. I i Well tower. i i ( lalleyman tower i ; Iron gate. i | Brass mount. -unt. id Soldiers' qua I VIEW OF HES MAJESTY'S TOWER IN THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH,

Chapter I. The Pile

l^g^lALF-A-MILE below London Bridge, on [K v&Æ A ground which was once a bluff, command- M y$yA 1§ ing the Thames from St. Saviour's Creek jjjjfell to St. Olave's Wharf, stands the group of buildings known in our common speech as the Tower of London, in official phrase as Her Majesty's Tower ; a mass of ramparts, walls, and gates, the most ancient and most poetic pile in Europe. Seen from the hill outside, the Tower appears to be white with age and wrinkled by remorse. The home of our stoutest kings, the grave of our noblest knights, the scene of our gayest revels, the field of our darkest crimes, that edifice speaks at once to the eye and to the soul. Grey keep, green tree, black gate, and frowning battlement, stand out, apart from all objects far and near them, menacing, picturesque, enchaining ; working on the senses like a spell ; and calling us away from our daily mood into a world of romance, like that which we find painted in light and shadow on Shakespeare's page.

VOL. I. A Looking at the Tower as either a prison, a palace, or a court, picture, poetry, and drama crowd upon the mind ; and if the fancy dwells most frequently on the state prison, this is because the soul is more readily kindled by a human interest than fired by an archaic and official fact. For one man who would care to see the room in which a council met or a court was held, a hundred men would like to see the chamber in which Lady Jane Grey was lodged, the cell in which Sir Walter Raleigh wrote, the tower from which Sir John Oldcastle escaped. Who would not like to stand for a moment by those steps on which Anne Boleyn knelt ; pause by that slit in the wall through which Arthur De la Pole gazed ; and linger, if he could, in that room in which Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley searched the New Testament together ?

The Tower has an attraction for us akin to that of the house in which we were born, the school in which we were trained. Go where we may, that grim old edifice on the Pool goes with us : a part of all we know and of all we are. Put seas between us and the Thames, this Tower will cling to us, like a thing of life. It colours Shakespeare's page. It casts a momentary gloom over Bacon's story. Many of our books were written in its vaults ; the Duke of Orleans' " Poesies," Raleigh's " Historie of the World," Elliot's " Monarchy of Man," and Penn's " No Cross, no Crown." Even as to length of days, the Tower has no rival among palaces and prisons ; its origin, like that of the Iliad, that of the Sphinx, that of the Newton Stone, being lost in the nebulous ages, long before our definite history took shape.

Old writers date it from the days of Cæsar ; a legend taken up by Shakespeare and the poets, in favour of which the name of Cæsar's tower remains in popular use to this very day. A Roman wall can even yet be traced near some parts ofthe ditch. The Tower is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, and a THE PILE. 3 Saxon stronghold may have stood upon this spot. The buildings as we have them now in block and plan were commenced by William the Conqueror ; and the series of apartments in Cæsar's tower — hall, gallery, council chamber, chapel — were built in the early Norman reigns, and used as a royal residence by all our Norman kings. What can Europe show to compare against such a tale? Set against the Tower of London — with its eight hundred years of historic life, its nineteen hundred years of traditional fame — all other palaces and prisons appear like things of an hour.

The oldest bit of palace in Europe, that of the west front of the Burg in Vienna, is of the time of Henry the Third. The Kremlin in Moscow, the Doge's Palazzo in Venice, are of the fourteenth century. The Seraglio in Stamboul was built by Mohammed the Second. The oldest part of the Vatican was commenced by Borgia, whose name it bears. The old Louvre was commenced in the reign of Henry the Eighth ; the Tuileries in that of Elizabeth. In the time of our Civil War Versailles was yet a swamp. The Escorial belongs to the seventeenth century ; Sans Souci to the eighteenth. The Serail of Jerusalem is a Turkish edifice. The palaces of Athens, of Cairo, of Tehran, are all of modern date. Neither can the prisons which remain in fact as well as in history and drama — with the one exception of St. Angelo in Rome — compare against the Tower.

The Bastile is gone ; the Bargello has become a mus eum ; the Piombi are removed from the Doge's roof. Vincennes, Spandau, Spilberg, Magdeburg, are all modern in comparison with a jail from which Ralph Flambard escaped so long ago as the year noo, the date of the first Crusade. Standing on Tower Hill, looking down on the dark lines of wall — picking out keep and turret, bastion and ballium, chapel and belfry — the jewel-house, the armoury, the mounts, the casemates, the open leads — the Bye-ward gate, the Belfry, the Bloody tower — the whole edifice seems alive with story ; the story of a nation's highest splendour, its deepest misery, and its darkest shame. The soil beneath your feet is richer in blood than many a great battle-field ; for out upon this sod has been poured, from generation to generation, a stream of the noblest life in our land.

Should you have come to this spot alone, in the early day, when the Tower is noisy with martial doings, you may haply catch, in the hum which rises from the ditch and issues from the wall below you — broken by roll of drum, by blast of bugle, by tramp of soldiers — some echoes, as it were, of a far-off time : some hints of a May-day revel ; of a state execution ; of a royal entry. You may catch some sound which recalls the thrum of a queen's vir ginal, the cry of a victim on the rack, the laughter of a bridal feast. For all these sights and sounds — the dance of love and the dance of death — are part of that gay and tragic memory which clings around the Tower. From the reign of Stephen down to that of Henry of Richmond, Cæsar's tower (the great Norman keep, now called the White tower) was a main part of the royal palace ; and for that large interval of time, the story of the White tower is in some sort that of our English society as well as of our English kings.

Here were kept the royal wardrobe and the royal jewels ; and hither came with their goodly wares, the tiremen, the goldsmiths, the chasers and embroiderers, from Flanders, Italy, and Almaigne. Close by were the Mint, the lions' dens, the old archery-grounds, the Court of King's Bench, the Court of Common Pleas, the Queen's gardens, the royal banqueting-hall ; so that art and trade, science and manners, literature and law, sport and politics, find themselves equally at home. Two great architects designed the main parts of the Tower: Gundulf the Weeper and Henry the Builder ; one a poor Norman monk, the other a great English kings. Interior of S.' Peters Chapel. THE PILE. 5 Gundulf, a Benedictine friar, had, for that age, seen a great deal of the world ; for he had not only lived in Rouen and Caen, but had travelled in the East.

Familiar with the glories of Saracenic art, no less than with the Norman simplicities of Bec, St. Ouen, and St. Etienne ; a pupil of" Lanfranc, a friend of Anselm ; he had been employed in the monastery of Bec to marshal, with the eye of an artist, all the pictorial ceremonies of his church. But he was chiefly known in that convent as a weeper. No monk at Bec could cry so often and so much as Gundulf. He could weep with those who wept ; nay, he could weep with those who sported ; for his tears welled forth from what seemed to be an unfailing source. As the price of his exile from Bec, Gundulf received the crosier of Rochester, in which city he rebuilt the cathedral, and perhaps designed the castle, since the great keep on the Medway has a sister's likeness to the great keep on the Thames. His works in London were — the White tower, the first St. Peter's church, and the old barbican, afterwards known as the Hall tower, and now used as the Jewel house.

The cost of these works was great ; the discontent caused by them was sore. Ralph, Bishop of Durham, the able and rapacious minister who had to raise the money, was hated and reviled by the Commons with peculiar bitterness of heart and phrase. He was called Flambard, or Firebrand. He was represented as a devouring lion. Still the great edifice grew up ; and Gundulf, who lived to the age of fourscore, saw his great keep completed from basement to battle ment. Henry the Third, a prince of epical fancies, as Corffe, Conway, Beaumaris, and many other fine poems in stone attest, not only spent much of his time in the Tower, but much of his money in adding to its strength and beauty. Adam de Lamburn was his master mason ; but Henry was his own chief clerk of HER MAJESTY'S TOWER. 6 the works. The Water gate, the embanked wharf, the Cradle tower, the Lantern, which he made his bedroom and private closet, the Galleyman tower, and the first wall, appear to have been his gifts.

But the prince who did so much for Westminster Abbey, not content with giving stone and piles to the home in which he dwelt, enriched the chambers with frescoes and sculpture, the chapels with carving and glass ; making St. John's chapel in the White tower splendid with saints, St. Peter's church on the Tower Green musical with bells. In the Hall tower, from which a passage led through the Great hall into the King's bedroom in the Lantern, he built a tiny chapel for his private use — a chapel which served for the devotion of his successors until Henry the Sixth was stabbed to death before the cross. Sparing neither skill nor gold to make the great fortress worthy of his art, he sent to Purbeck for marble, and to Caen for stone. The dabs of lime, the spawls of flint, the layers of brick, which deface the walls and towers in too many places, are of either earlier or later times.

The marble shafts, the noble groins, the delicate traceries, are Henry's work. Traitor's gate, one of the noblest arches in the world, was built by him ; in short, nearly all that is purest in art is traceable to his reign. Edward the First may be added, at a distance, to the list of builders. In his reien the original church of St. Peter fell into ruin ; the wrecks were carted away, and the present edifice was built. The bill of costs for clearing the ground is still extant in Fetter Lane. Twelve men, who were paid twopence a day wages, were employed on the work for twenty days. The cost of pulling down the old chapel was forty-six shillings and eightpence ; that of digging foundations for the new chapel forty shillings. That chapel has suffered from wardens and lieutenants ; yet the shell is of very fine Norman work.

THE PILE. 7 From the days of Henry the Builder down to those of Flenry of Richmond, the Tower, as the strongest place in the south of England, was by turns the magnificent home and the miserable jail of all our princes. Here Richard the Second held his court, and gave up his crown. Here Henry the Sixth was murdered. Here the Duke of Clarence was drowned in wine. Here King Edward and the Duke of York were slain by command of Richard. Here Margaret of Salisbury was hacked into pieces on the block. Henry of Richmond kept his royal state in the Tower, receiving his ambassadors, counting his angels, making presents to his bride, Elizabeth of York. Among other gifts to that lady on her nuptial day was a Royal Book of verse, composed by a prisoner in the keep.

Chapter II. Inner Ward And Outer Ward

Tower was divided into two main parts; £|| p|| an Inner Ward and an Outer Ward ; the first IILI^ part being bounded by the old wall, crowned by twelve mural towers ; the second part being bounded by the soil which fringed the slopes leading down into the ditch. A man who would read aright the many curious passages in our history of which the State Prison is the scene, must bear this fact of the two wards constantly in his mind. The Inner Ward, planned and partly built by the Monk of Bec, was the original fortress ; of which the defending ditch lay under the ballium wall. It con tained the keep, the royal galleries and rooms, the Mint, the Jewel house, the Wardrobe, the Queen's garden, St. Peter's church, the open green, the Con stable's tower, the Brick tower, in which the Master of the Ordnance lived, the Great hall, quarters for the archers and bowmen, and, in later days, the Lieu tenant's house.

This ward was flanked and covered by twelve strong works, built on the wall, and forming part of it ; the Beauchamp tower, the Belfry, the Garden tower (now famous as the Bloody tower), the Hall tower, the Lantern, the Salt tower, the Broad Arrow tower, the Constable tower, the Martin tower, the Brick tower, the Flint tower, the Bowyer tower, and the Develin tower; all of which may be con- &ate-w<>// as' the Bloodi/ Tower. INNER AND OUTER WARDS. 9 sidered, more or less, as defensive works ; even the Lantern, which had a vault for prisoners on the ground, a royal bed-chamber on the main floor, a guard-room for archers and slingers in the upper story, and a round turret over these for the burning lights. Only one gateway pierced the wall ; a narrow and embattled outlet near the Water gate, passing under the strong block house, now the Bloody tower, into Water Lane.

The road springs upward by the main guard ; a rise of one in ten ; so as to give the men inside a vast advantage in a push of pikes. This Inner Ward was the royal quarter. The Outer Ward, which owed its plan and most of its execution to Henry the Third, lay between the ballium and the outer scarp of the ditch, with a pro tected passage into the Thames. It contained some lanes and streets below the wall, and works which overlooked the wharf. In this ward stood the Middle tower, the Bye-ward tower, the Water gate, the Cradle tower, the Well tower, the Galley man tower, the Iron Gate tower, Brass Mount, Legge Mount, and the covered ways. Into it opened the Hall tower, after wards called the Record tower, now known as the Jewel house. Close by the Hall tower stood the Great Hall, the doors of which opened into this outer court.

Spanning the ditch, towards the Thames, stood the Water gate, a fine structure, built by Henry the Builder, which folk called St. Thomas's tower, after our Saxon saint. Under this building sprang the wide arch, through which the tides flowed in and out from the river and the ditch ; the water-way known as Traitor's gate. This Outer Ward was the folk's quarter. To the Inner Ward, common folk had no right of access, and they were rarely allowed to enjoy as a privilege that which they could not claim as a right. This Inner Ward was the King's castle, his palace, his garrison, his wardrobe, his treasury. Here, under charge of a trusty officer, he kept the royal jewels, secreted from every eye, except on a coronation day. Here rose his keep, with the dungeons in which he could chain his foes. Here stood his private chapel, and not far from it his private block.

No man ever dreamt of contesting the King's right to do what he pleased in this quarter ; and thus, an execution within these lines was regarded by the world outside as little better than a private murder. Into the Outer Ward, the Commons had always claimed a right of entry, and something more than a right of entry ; that is to say, free access, guarded by possession of the outer gates and towers. This right of entry was enforced on stated occasions, with an observance which is highly comic. Baron and citizen — that is to say, alderman and commoner — met in Barking Church, on Tower Hill, whence they sent six sage men of their body into the Tower to ask leave for a deputation of citizens to see the king, and free access for all people to the courts of law. These six sage persons were to beg that the king, according to custom, would forbid his guards either to close the gates or to keep watch over them, while the citizens were coming and going ; it being wrong in itself and against their freedom, they alleged, for any one to keep guard over the gates and doors of the Tower, save such of their own people as they should appoint to that duty.

On this request being granted by the king, the six messengers would return to their fellows in Barking Church, report what they had done, and send the citizen guard to their posts. Then would the Commons elect from their body three men of mature age, moderate opinions, and cautious speech, to act as presenters. The rules by which they acted were rather strict. The sheriffs and beadles were to be decently clothed and shod, since it was laid down that no man should come before the king either in dirty rags or without his shoes. Their followers were INNER AND OUTER WARDS. 11 to be trim and spruce ; their capes and cloaks laid aside ; their coats and overcoats put on. No man was to go with them into the presence who had sore eyes ; no man was to join them who had weak legs. Mayor, alderman, sheriff, crier, every one going into the Tower on public duty, was to have his hair cut short and his face newly shaved.

The object of these rules was to guard the right of access to the courts of justice ; the Court of King's Bench, and the Court of Common Pleas. Where were these courts ofjustice held ? No writer on the Tower has sought to find the true localities of these great tribunals. Yet the sites are clearly enough described in our ancient writs, hundreds of which may be found in Fetter Lane. One court stood in the royal quarter, another court stood in the folk's quarter. The King's Bench was held in a room which the writs describe as the Lesser Hall, lying under the east turret of the keep. The Common Pleas were held in a place which the writs describe as the Great hall by the river ; a hall now gone, but of which the identification is quite as sure. It stood by the Hall tower, to which it lent a name, and into which it led.

A view of the Tower in the Royal Book of verse, shows that this Great Hall was a Gothic edifice, in the style of Henry the Third. Many a dark scene in the history of our public liberties and our private manners grows suddenly luminous when we bear these facts in mind ; that the Tower consisted of two parts — an inner court and an outer court ; that the Court of King's Bench was held in the royal quarter, the Court of Common Pleas in the folk's quarter ; that the people had free access to the outer court, and only to the outer court. The Hall tower, in which Henry the Third had built a chapel for his private use, being an outer work, with doors and windows opening on the rampart and Water Lane, could not be used as a prison for men of a dangerous class. A feeble prince, like Henry the Sixth, who shrank from state and power, may have enjoyed a mild detention in the hall now sparkling with the crown jewels ; for he was softly kept ; and this tower was in his day a part of the royal palace.

Old traditions make this room his cage ; the scene of his pious meditations ; and of his deliberate murder by the Duke of Gloucester. After Henry's death, if not before, this tower was used as a paper office ; for which purpose, as a hall adjoining the Court of Common Pleas, and opening into the folk's quarter, it was well adapted. Hence it came to be known as the Record tower. On the wall above Water Lane, stood the two signal towers, the Belfry and the Lantern ; each sur mounted by a turret ; of use to vessels coming up the Thames. On the first swung a bell ; on the second burned a lissht.

Chapter III The Wharf

(f^p^URNING through a sally-port in the Bye-ward uM §1$ gate> you cross the south arm of the ditch, and ES^Hi come out on the Wharf; a strip of strand in front of the fortress, won from the river, and kept in its place by masonry and piles. This wharf, the work of Henry the Builder, is one of the wonders of his reign ; for the whole strip of earth had to be seized from the Thames, and covered from the daily ravage of its tides. At this bend of the river the scour is hard, the roll enormous. Piles had to be driven into the mud and silt; rubble had to be thrown in between these piles ; and then the whole mass united with fronts and bars of stone. All Adam de Lamburn's skill was taxed to resist the weight of water, yet keep the sluices open by which he fed the ditch. Most of all was this the case when the Kinobegan to build a new barbican athwart the sluice.