A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands; or the Civil, religious, and political history of those islands ... Third edition, revised and corrected, etc

Introduction

AND PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY AND CIVILIZATION AMONG THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE. BY HIRAM BINGHAM, A.M., MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY, AND LATE MISSIONARY OF THE AMERICAN BOARD. THIRD EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED. TO WHICH IS ADDED A TABLE OF MISSIONAEIES OF THE AMERICAN BOARD TO THE GANDWICH ISLANDS. HARTFORD: HEZEKIAH HUNTINGTON. 1849. Entered according to Act of Congress, by HIRAM BINGHAM, in the year 1847, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York. DEDICATION. TO THE HONORABLE ®l)e American Coarb of Commissioners for foreign .missions, ITS OFFICERS AND MEMBERS, CORPORATE AND HONORARY, AND ITS NUMEROUS AND GENEROUS SUPPORTERS, THIS RECORD OF ONE OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN RESCUING HEATHEN NATIONS, PREPARED BY ONE, WHO, FOR A QUARTER OF A CENTURY, HAS HAD THE HAPPINESS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THEIR SERVICE, IS GRATEFULLY AND RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY THE AUTHOR.

Preface

. Within the last half century, public attention has been attracted to the isles of the Pacific as a field of Christian missions and com mercial enterprise ; and the power of the Gospel has been tried on several branches of the Polynesian family. The introduction and progress of Christianity and civilization at the Sandwich Islands, viewed in connexion with their original state, present condition, and prospects, have become a matter of interest to many who desire to see a connected account of the efforts to raise that people from their degradation and barbarism, and convert them from their idols, their cruel superstitions, and their unbridled lusts. Such a narrative I have been requested to give by those in whose judgment I confide, and with whom I have, for a quarter of a century, been specially connected.

Various parts of the History of the Sandwich Islands have been offered to the world in the publications of the American Board, and of several able writers, who have-had a short acquaint ance with that group — the Rev. Messrs. C. S. Stewart, Wm. Ellis, and S. Dibble; J. J. Jarves, and Charles Wilkes, Esqs., and others. But having a more perfect acquaintance with the main facts from the first attempt to rear on those shores the standard of the King of nations, " it seemed good to me also to set forth in order a declaration of those things " which came under my own observation, and those "which have been delivered to us by eye-witnesses," or have become matters of history. " Of making many books," the reading public desires " no end," and though long accustomed to speak, write, and preach, and sometimes to think, in a foreign heathen tongue which had become familiar, I have labored to add a volume in plain English, illustrative of the character, condition, language, customs, religion, government, and pursuits of the Hawaiian people, the struggles through which they have passed, and the changes which have been wrought there by the Divine agency.

Following, in the main, the order of events which Divine Provi dence arranged, I have given briefly, in the first Chapter, an account of the people, for an indefinite period previous to the

PREFACE.

. VI discovery of the Islands by Captain Cook ; and in the second, their history during the subsequent forty years ; and in the third, a record of preparatory measures for introducing Christianity among them, with which the reader may, if he choose, commence the narrative. Thence onward, in twenty-two successive chap ters, the history of the mission and the history of the nation are interwoven, or run parallel, for ' Twenty-One years ;' and in the twenty-sixth chapter, for five years further, to the beginning of 1846. I have aimed to introduce to my readers the Hawaiian peo ple and their country, with its mountain, valley, and volcanic scenery ; their rulers, teachers, friends, and opposers ; their habitations, schools, churches, revivals, etc., as they appeared to myself, and to show the footprints of the nation's progress in their uphill efforts to rise amid conflicting influences.

To this end, within the free outline of a ' Residence,' are incorporated such events and sketches of character from personal acquaintance, and that others may speak for themselves, such documents and extracts (sometimes without a reference) from the archives and publications of the American Board, the mission, and the native government, and other sources, as the object and unity of the work, the clearness of the narrative, and the limits of a con venient and reasonable volume would admit, and as many, too as seemed to be required to make the volume entertaining and valuable to the rising generation, the mature Christian, the can didate for missionary toil, the teacher of religion, and the philanthropic statesman or philosopher, who would appreciate the application of the means of elevating nations, and removing barbarism, intemperance, oppression, and idolatry from the world.

To render the work the more deserving of confidence I have availed myself of the valued criticisms and modifications sug gested by the Rev. David Greene, one of the Secretaries of the American Board, to whom with others, not excepting one familiar with the prominent scenes and events described, I am greatly indebted, and through whose aid, the pleasure and advantage of the courteous reader will doubtless be promoted, the labor of preparing it more certainly rewarded, and the notes of praise to divine grace, which it is intended to multiply, be made richer -ind higher. 9 N060 New York, June 1th, 1847. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Original State Of The Nation

Tage Tradition uncertain — Origin of the Hawaiian race and of their tabus — Character of their religion— Relation to other tribes — Prediction of a new religion — Parentage and childhood of Kaahumanu — Discovery by Capt. Cook — War of Kalaniopuu and Kahekili — Deification and death of Capt. Cook. 17

Chapter II. Wars And Reign Of Kamehameha

1780-1819. Death of Kalaniopuu — War with Kiwalao — Attack on the South of Hawaii- Invasion of Maui — Strife of Keawemauhili — Keoua's invasion of the North of Hawaii — Early visits of Portlock, La Perouse, and Mears — Metcalf's revenge — Capture of the Fair American — Vancouver's visit — Assassination of Hergest — Cession of Hawaii — Death of the king of Maui —Defeat of Kaeo — Treacherous destruction of Browne — Conquest of Maui, Molokai, and Oahu — Insurrection on Hawaii — State of the nation — Tenure of land — Sandal-wood trade — Alliance with Kauai — Helpless moral condition 36

Chapter III. Preparatory Measures For Planting

A CHRISTIAN MISSION AT THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. 1809-1819. Origin of the mission — Foreign mission school — Death of the first Hawaiian convert — Ordination of missionaries — Appointment of assistant missionaries — Mission church — Lay laborers — Missionary and Christian vows — Instructions — Embarkation of the pioneer missionaries — Voyage round Cape Horn — First appearance of Hawaii and its inhabitants — Death and obsequies of Kamehameha — Succession of Liholiho — Position of Kaahumanu — Infraction of the ancient tabu — Suspension of the public sacrifices — Rebellion and vanquishment of Kekuaokalani — Causes of the innovation 57

Chapter IV. First Year Of The Mission, And Second Of Liholiho

— 1820. Missionaries' first intercourse with the natives — Visit of chiefs to the brig by double canoe — Deserted temple at Kawaihae — Sermon — Arrival at Kailua — Villagers — Visit and proposals to the king — Royal family — High priest — Visit of royal family on board — Admission of the mission — Debarkation of Mr. T. and Dr. H.— Arrival at Oahu— Description of Honolulu and adjacent country — Governor Boki — Intemperance — Debarkation and location of missionaries — First Sabbath on shore at Oahu— Visit of Messrs. Whitney and Ruggles to Kauai — Reception of George by his father — Settlement of the mission there CONTENTS. Page

Chapter V. First Year Of The Mission, And Second Of Liholiho Con

TINUED.— 1820. Instruction commenced with difficulty — First sermon to the king — Hopu's father — First school at Honolulu — Claims for the use of the needle — Objections to the mission — Boki and his partizans — Co-operation of foreigners in aid of the school — Boki's stammering teacher — Ejection of Aliens — Kaumualii and his school — Examination of the school at Honolulu — First houses of the mission at Honolulu — Hawaiian style of building — Correspondence with Governor Reickord — Grateful notice in the United States of the reception of the mission- 101

Chapter VI. Second Year Of The Mission, And Third Of Liholiho

1821. Hawaiian Hula — Removal of the royal family — Insolent priest — Suspension of the Kailua station — The king's visit to Honolulu — Death of Likelike — Wailing and amusement — The Alpine pass of Nuuanu — Palikoolau — Arrival of the royal family at Honolulu — Commodore Vascelieff— Docility of the king of Kauai— First church edifice in the islands — Visit of whale ships — Voyage to Tahiti proposed by Kaumualii — Sporting in the surf — Liholiho's voyage and visit to Kauai — Liliha's canoe voyage — Political transaction between the two kings— Crossing Kauai mountains — Encampment of the kings — Hanalei — Fire Pali — Singular mode of fishing — Waimea schools — Removal of Kaumualii to Oahu— Prayer of a native youth — The inquirer and the manslayer — Union of Kaumualii and Kaahumanu — The queen's dangerous illness — Visit of a Russian Exploring Squadron 123

Chapter VII. Third Year Of The Mission, And Fourth Of Liholiho

1822. Commencement of writing and printing in the Hawaiian language — Hawaiian orthography and pronunciation — First Hawaiian epistolary correspondence Illness of the two kings — Visit of the English missionary deputation — A warrior of Pomare — Chiefs' tour through the windward islands — Burning the hidden idols — Seriousness and early efforts of Cox — School at the king's residence — Enlisting Kaahumanu as a pupil and hearer — Introduction of Christian marriage — Letter from China — Liholiho at school — Incipient steps towards civilized habits — First lessons in astronomy — Kaahumanu's first visit to Kauai — Early letters — William Beals ]52

Chapter VIII. Fourth Year Of The Mission, And Fifth Of Liholiho

1823. Nominal Christianity of twenty-four chiefs — Heathen rites renewed Introduction of Christian funerals — Visit of the royal family at Puuloa Deity of the shark — Royal recognition of the Sabbath — Dressing food for the Sabbath The king's procrastination— His rum-bottle— Arrival and reception of Mr Ellis—Clerical association — License of Mr. Whitney— Sickness and serious-* ness of Keopuolani— National festival— First reinforcement of the mission from the U. S.— Embarkation at New Haven— Arrival and reception Survey of Hawaii— Introduction of the Gospel at Maui— Visit of the hi°*h chiefs at Lahaina — Erection and dedication of the first church on Maui Last sickness and departure of Keopuolani — Efforts and influence of the liberals Resuming the station at Kailua — Adams and his first church— Efforts of Kapiolani, Naihe, and Kamakau, to hear the Gospel— Departure of the kins**; and his suite for England — Kamamalu's farewell J74 CONTENTS. IX Pago

Chapter IX. Fifth Year Of The Mission, And First Of Kaahumanu's Re

GENCY. 1824. Introduction of the Gospel at Hilo and Puna — Church at Kaawaloa — New station where Cook fell — Reform meeting ai Honolulu — The queen as a pupil at a school examination — Substitute for heathen sports — Excursion to Kauai — Parting with Kaumualii — Description of Waimea, Kaumualii's home — Hanapepe — Ancient sport of Hoolua — Efforts to recover the Cleopatra's Barge — Death and character of Kaumualii — Burning and replacing the first church — Kalanimoku's stone house — Interment of Kaumualii — Kaahumanu at Lahaina — Silencing the pretended prophetess of Pclc — Appointment ol Kahalaia as Governor of Kauai — Solar eclipse — Disaffection of George P. T. — Kaumualii's birth place — Falls of Wailua — Kalanimoku's visit to Kauai — His reception at Waimea — Insurrection — The missionaries' exposure and escape — George's singular manifesto — Reinforcement — Victory — Capture of George — Letter of Laanui — Kaahumanu's fast, attention to preaching, and visit to Kauai — Kalanimoku's letters from Niihau — Kaikioewa made Governor of Kauai — Return of the warriors — Reception of a prisoner, and of the victors at Honolulu 206

Chapter X. Sixth Year Of The Mission, And Second Of Kaahumanu's Regency

1825. Promising New Year — Establishment of female associations for prayer and improvement — Kalanimoku's return from his victory on Kauai — Kaahumanu's letters, return to her residence at Honolulu, and hopeful conversion — Presence of the Spirit — Namahana and the shipwreck — Association of men formed for Christian improvement — Religious interest at Lahaina — Bartimeus Puaaiki— Progress at Hawaii — Kapiolani versus Pele — Her visit to Kilauea and Hilo — Paucity of means for educating the nation — Result of the king's visit to England — Return of the survivors — Visit of Lord Byron — Kaahumanu and others candidates for Christian ordinances — Terms of Christian fellowship — National council — Lord Byron's hints on government — Kaahumanu's visit to Hilo — Demand for missionary aid — Departure of Mr. Stewart — Outrage at Lahaina — A foreign offender reproved — Early admission of high chiefs to the church — Non-confederacy of " Church and, Slate " — Decalogue—Council 246

Chapter XI. Seventh Year Of The Mission, And Third Of Kaahumanu

1826. Arrival of the U. S. schooner Dolphin — Mutiny of the Globe — Wreck of the London, Capt. Edwards — Kaahumanu's report of the course of Lieut. Percival — Outrage at Honolulu during the visit of the Dolphin — The commander's circular — Notice taken in the U. S. of this riot — Mr. Bishop's tour round Hawaii — Gov. Kaikioewa's tour round Kauai — Kaahumanu's tour round Oahu — Meeting at Waimea, Oahu — The Regent's visit to Lahaina — Convention of the mission at Kailua — Dedication of the largest church in the island — Ordination — Large assemblage at Kawaihae — Visit of the U. S. ship Peacock, Capt. Jones — Circular and investigation respecting the mission — Letter in bad English ascribed to Boki X CONTENTS. Page

Chapter XII. Eighth Year Of The Mission, And Fourth Of Kaahumanu

1827. Position of Boki— Illness of Kalanimoku— His separation from Boki— His last visit to Lahaina— His death and character— Mr. Chamberlain's letter on the relative standing of Boki and Kaahumanu — Return of Messrs. Loomis and Blatcheley— Trip to Hawaii, and sojourn at Kuaheva— Arrival and rejection of Romish teachers — Outrage at Lahaina by the crew of the John Palmer — Hoapili's despatch to the regent — Accusation and proposed trial of Mr. Richards, and its results 305

Chapter XIII. Ninth Year Of The Mission, And Fifth Of Kaahumanu

1828. Letters from Kaahumanu and her sister to the American Board — Letter of Mr. Evarts to the young king — Arrival and reception of the second reinforcement of the mission — Captain Beechey's letters — State of the field at Maui — Death of Mrs. Bishop — Return of Mr. Ely — Sending away the children of missionaries — Exposure and escape of Messrs. Bishop and Ruggles 324

Chapter XIV. Tenth Year Of The Mission, And Sixth Of Kaahumanu

1829. Great numbers attend to instruction — Religious interest in the region where Capt. Cook fell — State of Kauai five years after the insurrection— Early temperance measures of Kaahumanu and the Christian governors — Boki's tavern and sugar-house distillery — His insurrectionary movements — Erection and dedication of a large church at Honolulu — Fourth of July celebration — Accessions to the church at Oahu — Death of Lydia Namahana — Turbulence and memorial about a cow — Public edict respecting marriage, concubinage, equity, and traffic in ardent spirits — Visit of the U. S. ship Vincennes — A Sabbath at Hilo — Reception of Captain Finch at Honolulu — Despatches from the Government of the U. S. — Testimony of J. C. Jones, Esq. — The king's reply to the President — Debts of the government — Boki's embarrassment His fatal expedition to the South Seas — Hopeful conversion of Gov. Adams- 335

Chapter XV. Eleventh Year Of The Mission, And Seventh Of Kaahumanu

1830. Associations for social worship and improvement— The former prevalence of infanticide— Issuing and reception of a book for children — Tour round Oahu —Waimea chosen as a new station— Louisa a Romish teacher— Tour through the windward islands — Accessions to the church at Lahaina Arrival at Waimea— Splendid rainbow— Visit of the chiefs at Waimea— Excursion of the king and his party to Mauna Kea— Visit to the beautiful valley of Waipio —Sharks— Thunder storm— Visit to Hilo— View of Hawaii from Mokuola— The great volcano of Kilauea— Inland journey from Kilauea to Waimea Hawaii— Kaahumanu's note from Hilo to the chiefs at Honolulu— Pulpit and congregation a: Waimea— Journey in the interior from Waimea to the head of Kealakekua Bay— Ancient temple in the wilderness— Arrival by night at Kuapehu gg*- CONTENTS. XI Page

Chapter XVI. Twelfth Year Of The Mission, And Eighth Of Kaahumanu

1831. Kuapehu and Kaawaloa — Native Christian poetess — Singular school exhibition and examination where Cook fell — Visit of the principal chiefs at Kailua — Early efforts of the King — Visit, schools, and dedication at Waimea — Ap- Erehension from papists — Seditious movements of Liliha — Council at Laaina — Hoapili takes charge of the fort at Honolulu — Return thither of the chiefs from the windward tour — Appointment of Adams as governor of Oahu — His struggles against prevailing abuses — Temperance Society among natives — Dialogue with the young king on temperance — Third reinforcement of the mission — Kaahumanu's letter to the American Board — Removal of papal priests — Establishment of the Mission Seminary or High School at Lahainaluna — Removal of deified relics from the House of Keawe — Kaahumanu's last tour round Oahu — Death of Naihe 399

Chapter XVII. Thirteenth Year Of The Mission, And Ninth Of Kaahumanu

1832. Kaahumanu's last visit to Hawaii and Maui — A companion for the prince — Reception of the fourth reinforcement of the mission — Delightful Sabbath at Honolulu — Last illness and departure of Kaahumanu — Kinau made premier — Survey of the Washington Islands — Revival at Kauai — Confessions of an old warrior— Manslaughter by a youth — Wailuku station — Visit of the U. S. frigate Potomac —Bold plan for dispossessing the proprietors of the Sandwich Islands 428

Chapter XVIII. Fourteenth Year Of The Mission, And First Of Kauikeaouli, Or

KAMEHAMEHA III. 1833. Kaomi's faction — Kauikeaouli asserts his majority and supremacy — Premiership of Kinau— Missionary efforts for seafaring men — School at Oahu for the children of foreigners — Seamen's chaplaincy at Honolulu — Fifth reinforcement of the mission — Visit of the ship of war Challenger, Capt. Seymour — Death of Kaomi — Poetic rebuke of the destroyer of good — Return of Mr. Ruggles 447

Chapter XIX. Fifteenth Year Of The Mission, And Second Of Kame- Hameha

III. 1834. Steady progress of the churches— The schools during the apparent reverse — Books and printing for the nation— Almanac and Newspaper — Religious interest at Hilo and Kailua — Mission to the Washington Islands — Kaahumanu's opinion of prayer and effort — London Missionary Society's efforts at the Marquesas — Voyage to the Marquesas— Reception of the mission — Character and condition of Marquesans — Objections to the continuance of the mission — Return of the missionaries to the Sandwich Islands CONTENTS. Tigt

Chapter XX. Sixteenth Year Of The Mission, And Third Of Kame Hameha

III. 1835. New station at Molokai — Progress in a year — New station at Waialua— New station at Ewa — Idolatrous efforts — Influence of the schools — Severe test of the pupils — Zeal of Hoapili— Marriage forbidden to those who could not read — Co-operation of Kawailepolepo at Wailuku — Manufacture of cotton introduced — Religious interest at Kauai — Shipmasters against license — Temperance petition of chiefs and people 467

Chapter XXI. Seventeenth Year Of The Mission, And Fourth Of Kame- Hameha

III. 1836. t)aniel Wheeler in the isles of the Pacific — Character and efforts of blind Bartimeus — Convention and report of the mission for 1836 — Addition of missionary children to the church — Danger from causes of depopulation — Bookbinding — Improvement in the fine arts — Progress at Kailua — Religious interest in the Mission Seminary — Mr. Coan's tour round Hawaii — Schools and religion in Puna and Hilo — Native printers and bookbinders — Memorial of the mission on the cultivation of the arts — Memorial of the chiefs on the increase of teachers of the arts — Return of Messrs. Richards and Spaulding • 480

Chapter XXII. Eighteenth Year Of The Mission And Fifth Of Kame Hameha

III. 1837. Death of the princess — Marriage of the king— Protracted meetings on Oahu Second congregation at Honolulu — Seventh reinforcement — Progress of the great revival on Hawaii — Large and timely reinforcement— Death of Mrs. Dibble and Mrs. Lyons — Domestic efforts to support the Gospel Renewed efforts of the papists — Arrival of Messrs. Walsh and Murphy — Re-entrance of Messrs. Bachelot and Short— Government orders for their departure Visit of the Sulphur and La Venus — Proceedings of Captains Belcher, Thouars and Charlton— Arrival and correspondence of Messrs. Maigret and Murphy —Progress of the great revival on Hawaii— Singular physical phenomenon in the ocean. 400

Chapter XXIII. Nineteenth Year Of The Mission, And Sixth Of Kame- Hameha

III. 1838. Progress of the great revival— Religious interest among children and youth- Means employed to save souls— Mode and kind of preaching requi-ed by natives— Aid of lay preachers— Bartimeus on instantaneous conversion- Great additions to the churches— Chaplain, teacher, and interpreter for the king and chiefs 52g CONTENTS. XIII Page

Chapter XXIV. Twentieth Year Of The Mission, And Seventh Of Kame Hameha

III. — 1839. Translation of the Bible — Death of Kinau — Appointment of the princess Victoria and Kekauluohi to the premiership — Suspension of the punishment of native papists — Visit of l'Artemise to Oahu — Warlike manifesto of Capt. Laplace — Correspondence of the missionaries and their consul — Measures of the residents at Honolulu — Agreement between Capt. Laplace and Kauikeaouli — Visit of the United States' East India Squadron, Columbia and John Adams — Testimony of the officers of the Squadron — Voice abroad — Death of Mr. McDonald and G. P. Judd, jun.— Native elegy 532

Chapter XXV. Twenty-first Year Of The Mission, And Eighth Of Kame- Hameha

III. 1840. Hawaiian Constitution — Principles of civil and religious liberty recognised — Rulers hereditary — Legislators elected — Collectors appointed — Judges — — Changes in the Constitution — Suffrage — Assessment — Revenue — Public works — Large stone church at Honolulu — Church at Kealakekua — Hilo — Drawing timber for churches — Sacramental scene — Return of a pioneer 561

Chapter XXVI. Five Years From The Adoption Of The Constitution

1841-5. Visit of the U. S. Exploring Squadron— The last generation of chiefs — Institution for the young chiefs — State of the Mission Seminary — Female seminaries — Boarding-schools for boys — School for the children of Missionaries — Church discipline — Temperance pledge — National efforts to secure independence — Recognition at Washington^ Visit of the French ship of war Embuscade — Visit of the English ship of war Carysfort — Correspondence and demands of Lord Paulet — Provisional cession of the islands — Provisional government — Protest of the king — Restoration by Admiral Thomas — Acknowledgment and guarantee of independence— Haalilio, the native ambassador — Representatives — Treaties with foreign powers — Meeting of the National Legislature — Efforts of the American Board — Bible and Tract Society — Conclusion. 579 Embellishments.

Piot 1. Village of Kaawaloa on Kealakekua Bay, where Cook fell. 35 2. View of the southern side of Oahu, from Ewa. ... 93 3. Village of Waimea, Kauai. 217 4. The Queen at Waimea (Oahu), recommending Christianity. 295 5. View of Hilo, Mauna Kea, and Mauna Loa. 385 6. Mission Seminary at Lahainaluna. 581 The well executed engravings on wood, by Mr. B. F. Childs, are, excepting the 6th, from sketches taken by the writer, on the ground. The publishers have also procured a n excellent steel plate engraving, from a good Daguerreotype likeness by Mr. S. Peck. EXPLANATIONS. XIV EXPLANATIONS. I. Hawaiian Orthography and Pronunciation. The pronunciation of the Hawaiian names in this volume will be made comparatively easy to the reader by observing that the vowels have the fol lowing sounds. a, as a in father, art. o, as o in no. e, as ey ia they, or a in pale. u, as oo in too. i, as i in machine, or ee in see.

The full accent is usually on the last vowel but one, and a secondary ac cent two syllables before the full. Simply to give in succession the primitive sounds of the letters of a Hawaiian name or word will accomplish a tolera bly accurate pronunciation. But for further explanation of the orthography and pronunciation the reader is referred to pages 152 — 156. II. The Islands. The group of the Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, consists of 11 which lie in the North Pacific Ocean, between 18° 50' and 22° 20' N. L., and 154° 55', and 160° 15' W. L., from Greenwich, and stretch along in a direction W.N.W. and E.S.E. about 350 miles, and contain about 6000 sq. miles. Name. Length. Breadth Height in ft. Sq. Miles. Pop. 1832. Ha-wai'i, 88 68 14,500 4,000 45,792 Mau'i, 48 29 11,000 600 35,062 O-a'hu, 46 23 4,000 520 29.755 Kau-ai', 33 28 5,000 520 10^977 Mo-lo-kai', 40 9 2,800 170 6,000 La-nai', 17 9 1,600 100 1,600 Ni-i-hau', 7 7 800 80 1,047 Ka-ho-o-la'we, 11 8 200 60 80 Mo-lo-ki'ni, ) , T t< ut ' V Islets< scarcely more LE-HU -A, > than barren rocks.

Ka-u'-la, ) 130,313 Climate and Temperature. — The average temperature in low southern and western locations is 75°; in northern and eastern, 72°. The lofty moun tains are cool, and at their summits, cold. A summary of meteorological ob servations made by the missionaries at Honolulu from Aug., 1821, to July 1822, shows the mean temperature to be 75° ; N E. trade winds three-fourths' of the year ; rain on 40 days ; highest heat observed in the shade, 88°, lowest 59°. A summary of observations made at the same place for 1838,' by T. C B. Rooke, Esq., and published in the Hawaiian Spectator, vol. i., showsthemean heat 75.8 (which nearly corresponds to that of Lahaina and Kailua), 41 rainy days, 275 fine ; amount of rain, 46.8 inches. The following summary of meteorological observations made by Mr E Johnson, a missionary, at Waioli, Kauai, and published in the American Jour nal of Science and Arts, 1847, shows the mean temperature of that place to be 72°; the highest degree of heat observed in the shade, 90°, the lowest 64° ; the highest in the sun, 113°; amount of rain, 85 inches.

EXPLANATIONS. XV Diseases. — Asthma, croup, cutaneous eruptions, apoplexy, diarrhœa, dysen tery, catarrh, dropsy, fevers, ophthalmia, influenza, inflammatory rheumatism, scrofula, syphilis, ulcers, consumption. III. Names of the Principal Hawaiian Personages found in this Work. Many names are significant or historical, designed not so much to mark the character of the possessor, as to perpetuate the remembrance of some event; for instance, the Queen being confined in a dark habitation on account of sore eyes, one of her friends called his infant son " David Darkhouse." When she was ill and a brush was used on her skin, another named his son "Gideon Skinbrush." To distinguish husband and wife, the people now sometimes sub join Icane, male, or wahine, female, to the name, but in oriental simplicity, they rarely use any term answering to Mr. and Mrs. Ai-ka-na'-ka — Man-eater.

A chief, the heir of Naihe of Kealakekua. A-ku'a Ma-ka-hi'ki — God of the Year. A deity whose image set up in a district would not remove till the tax was paid. Au-wae' — Chin. Chief of Wailuku. Bo'-ki— Boat or boss. Governor of Oahu, 1819—1829. Ha-a-li-li-o'. The friend, secretary, and ambassador of the king. Ho-a-pi'li — Joint partner, united companion. Governor of Maui, 1836—40. Ho'pu — Catch. Native teacher. Hu-me-hu'me. G. P., Kaumualii. Insurgent, 1824. I'l — Stinted. John, a counsellor and school inspector. Ka-a-hu-ma'nu — Feathered or bird mantle. Regent, 1824 — 32. Ka-e'o. King of Kauai, father of Kaumualii. A representative, 1845. Ka-ha-la'ia. Governor of Kauai, 1824. Ka-he-ki'li— Thunder. King of Maui, 1773— 1794. Ka-hu'hu — Anger. Capt, of the king's guard, 1829. Kai-a-ko-i'li — Sea of Koili.

Headman of Koolauloa, 1834. Kai-a'-na. A high chief of Hawaii, and rival of Kamehameha. Kai-ki-o-e'wa. Gov. of Kauai, 1824 — 40. Ka-i'li — The surface ; the skin. A deity. Ka-lai-pa-ho'a — Daggermaker. A so-called poison deity, p. 24. Ka-la-ku'a. A wife of Kamehameha, and afterwards of Hoapili. Ka-la'ma — The flambeau. Wife of Kamehameha III., 1837— 47. Ka-la-ni-mo'ku, ) Rent heaven. Liholiho's general and prime counsellor of Ka-lai-mo-ku', j Kaahumanu. FAH. THER. I WINDS, WEATHER. April, 1845, May, " June, " July, August, " Sept., " Oct., Nov., " Dec., " Jan., 1846, Feb., " March, " Months and date. 66.0750, 696 80 3, 71-6 82 6 720 820 71 6 83-2 71-4826 69-6 78-5 66-778-3 65-2 75-0l 620 71-8 63-3 73-5| 63-4 75-8, z IT. 3 <u ao re > S re So n oj S» <! « a M a re .a 700 820 740,850 75-0 90-0 75-8 860 7G-9'89-0J 76-687-0 73-8 84-0 72-0 820 [690 82-0 67-9 790 (68-4 78-0 ,69-5 80-0 E Pi CO V Cud re 8 c '5 JH 620 66-o| G60 69-0' (170 i;.vii 640 57-0 570 540 570 56-0i » . h re W MJ I . 70-221 [74-6 27 76-4 25 [76-3 30 77229 76-828 74018 72-3 4 697 7 67.2 3 68-4 10 !69-5 18 S* a) ■?

Ka-me-e-ia-mo'ku. A high chief of Hawaii, 1778 — 1794. Ka-me-ha-me'ha— Loneliness. Founder of the present dynasty, (see p. 80.) Ka-ne-o-ne'o — Desolation. Chief of Kaui, 1778. Ka-pi-o-lajni. Daughter of Keawemauhili, and wife of Naihe, 1809— 31. Ka-pu'le — Prayer. Queen of Kauai, 1819 — 21. Kau-i-ke-ao'u-li— Hang on the dark sky. Kamehameha III., present king. Ka-u-mu-a-li'i. King of Kauai (p. 154). Ka-wai-le-po-le'po — Filthy water. Head man of Wailuku. Ke-a-li-i-a-ho-nu'i — The merciful chief. Governor of Kauai, 1844. Ke-e-au-mo'ku — The boarding a fleet. Father and brother of Kaahumanu. Ke-a'we. Ancient king of Hawaii. A high chief of Kauai, 1778—95. Ke-a-we-a-hu'lu. High chief of Hawaii, and coadjutor of Kamehameha. Ke-a-we-mau-hi'li. King of Hilo, 1780. Ke-a-we-a-ma'hi. Governess of Kauai.

Ke-kau-li'ke — The equipoise. King of Maui, and ancestor of the Maui family of chiefs, p. 80. Ke-ka-u-lu-o'hi. A wife of Liholiho, and of Kanaina. Premier, 1839 — 45. Ke-kau-o-no'hi. Daughter of Wahinepio, and a wife of Liholiho. Ke-o'u-a — The rain-food. King of Ka-u. A wife of Adams. A Gov. of Maui. Kt-KU-A-NA0'A. Gov. of Oahu, 1836—1847. Ke-o-ho-ka-lo'le — The hair the woven cloth. Mem. of legislature, 1840. Ke-o-ni-a'ni — Derived from John Young. Son of Mr. Young, Premier, 1846. Ke-o-pu-o-la'ni. Daughter of Kiwalao, and mother of two kings. Ke-ku-a-o-ka-la'-ni — The back or god of heaven, champion of idolatry, 1819. Ke-ku-pu-o'hi. Wife of Kalaniopuu, 1779, a poetess, 1830. Ki-ai-ma-ka'ni — Wind watcher. Insurgent chief of Kauai, 1824. Ki-ai-mo'ku — Island or ship watcher. Insurgent at Kauai, 1824.