The Cities of Gujaráshtra: their topography and history illustrated, in the journal of a recent tour, etc

Part I. The Cities Of Gujamshtra

: THEIR TOPOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ILLUSTRATED, IN THE JOUENAL OF A RECENT TOUR ; WITH ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS. 'the graves op vanished empires.' Aaron Hill. BY H. G. BRIGGS, ESQ. BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE TIMES' PRESS, BY JAMES CHESSON. MDCCCXLIX. THE CITIES OF GUJARASHTRA: THEIR TOPOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ILLUSTRATED, IN THE JOURNAL OF A RECENT TOUR ; WITH ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS. ' THE GRAVES OF VANISHED EMPIRES.' Aaron Hill. BY H. G. BRIGGS, ESQ. BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE TIMES' PRESS, BY JAMES CHESSON. MDCCCXLIX. BOMBAY. — PRINTED AND PUBLISHED^^bgE AUTHOR, AT THE " TIMES " PRESS, BY JAMES CHESSON. THE FOLLOWING! PAGES AEE INSCED3ED, BY PEEMISSION, TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE LUCIUS BENTINCK, LORD VISCOUNT FALKLAND, P. C, G. C. H., etc. etc. etc. GOVEENOE OF BOMBAY AND ITS DEPENDENCIES, BY HIS LORDSHIP'S MOST OBEDIENT AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, THE AUTHOE.

ADVERTISEMENT.

. This serial form of the Cities of Gujardshtra is submitted to its sub scribers, to prevent a more general impression than is now abroad that the publication of the work had been abandoned. The author regrets that the illness from which he has suffered for the last few months, should have prevented that close attention to the MS. while passing through the Press which was desirable : the infant condition of typography at this Presidency has also aided in retarding the appearance of the present portion in the time anticipated. The two proposed parts to follow, will appear as speedi ly as circumstances will permit : with the concluding part will be supplied the prefatory remarks appertaining to the work, and a carefully revised index. Page 3, note, 8, do 10, 14, 19, 36, 39, 41, 74, Beading, 80, 81, 117, 118, Note, 118, 120, 120, E BEAT A. line 2 — For Bombay read Royal. do. 1 — For Uranus or Georgium Sidus read Astronomical nebulæ do. 8 — For worshiping read worshipping. do. 9 — For stood read stand. do. 17 — For strike read stroke. do. 24— For 1759 read 1659. do. 27 — For phpsical read physical. do. 11 — For allusion read illusion. do. 11— For 1782 read 1798. do. 17 — For conveyance read annoyance. do. 7 — For these read those. do. 3 — For kingdon read kingdom. do. 11 — For Doctrines of Ichorah read Doctrine of Jehovah. do. 5 — For the read The. do. 7 — After Navy, read — fVide Appendix C. do. 24 — For reference t read *. THE CITIES OF GUJARASHTRA.

Chapter I

Departure from Bombay — Bassein — Daman — Vasco de Gama in the Gulf of Cambay — Diu and Don Joao de Castro — Domas — Surat — The landing — Travellers' quarters — Local History. Embarked on board the Bombay Steam Navigation Company's Steamer Surat, at 5 p. m., on Tuesday, the 26th October 1847, when the voyage was almost immediately commenced for Surat. The reefs off the Light-house were doubled, and Back-bay passed, while daylight played around us. One of those gorgeous sunsets peculiar to this season of the year, and to this part of India, was happily afforded us. The principle of association has often drawn a resemblance in this respect between the Gulf of the Adriatic and Back-bay ; and fancy has not failed in rendering Bom bay into that famed isle of Patmos — the scene of the Evangelist John's Divine Revelations — from whence equally sublime prospects of the kind have won the admiration of the tourist.

Before us, lay the gift of the un fortunate house of Braganza,* which under fairer fortunes had tended to cement the ancient alliance of England with Portugal, and reverses had not led the former to forget : and memory wandered to the eloquent enthusiasm of the noble Canning when three days served to dispatch three times as * Vide — Bruce's Annals of the East India Company, Mills' British India, and Thornton's more recent publication of the same mould. Every standard History of England details the dowry of Katharine of Portugal upon her marriage with Charles the Second of England. many thousand troops to the assistance of the cause of the fugitive Princes who founded the Brazilian empire.* Even here, antiquarian research may fitly develope some clear origin of the designation Avhich Briggs's Ferishta ascribes to Mumba Devi,^ and common parlance to Bombaim ;\ while the remains of monachism now lost in the residence of delegated sovereignty, or an Augustinian repository of letters converted into the great official seat of reference, evince the changes marked by time and circumstances. 9 p. M. — A steady breeze from northward occasions the soot accumulating on the quarter deck, which, with the stifling odour produced by the mass of natives on board, prepares one for an uncomfortable night.

We are now off Bassein, once an important fortress of the Portuguese Indian empire against the annoyance of Muslim power ; and, even at the period of Dr. Fryer's visit, containing several grandees, ecclesiastics, and an adequate military establishment.! The fortress was pillaged by Arabs in 1690 (when 1400 Portuguese were taken into slavery) ; conquered by the * " It may sometimes have been burdensome to England, and there may even now be those who wish to shake it off; but a feeling growing out of national faith, a feeling of common interest, a sympathy between the two countries, must, upon consideration, convince everybody of the comparative advantages and obligations of this alliance. It is not wholly, however, at distant periods, it is not altogether amongst ages long gone by, that traces of this union are to be found.

In the latest compact of modern Europe, that which now forms the patent law ofthe nations of the world — I mean the Convention of Vienna — this country, with its eyes open to all the incouveniences of the connexion, but with its memory full of all its benefits, and with all the feelings belonging to them, renewed solemnly the previously existing obligations." Right Hon'ble George Canning. On affording aid to Portugal. House of Commons, 12th December, 1826. t Rise and fall of the Mahomedan Power in India. By Colonel John Briggs. X A n inscription (which passed into the possession of General Carnac) found among some ruins at Tanna, makes it Mambei, a sea port of Tagara, the capital of the Kingdom of Ariya. Vide Asiatic Re searches, Vol. I. p. 357. Consult also Sir "Wm. Jones's Works, Vol. II., respecting this singular tablet. § Captain Alexander Hamilton, writing in 1727, (though upon the ground itself, before the close of the preceding century) has the following observation — " It is a place of small trade, because most of its riches lie dead and buried in their churches, or in the hands of indolent, lazy, country gentlemen, who loiter away their days in ease, luxury and pride, without having the least sense of the poverty and calamity of their country. * * * The Governor is styled by the Portuguese ' General of the North,' having Maharatas in 1750 ; and eventually wrested from them by the British.

Its palaces and batteries, its cathedrals and convents, are now in sad ruin. " At Bassein" — writes Sir John Malcolm — " on the 31st of December " 1802 was signed that important treaty which annihilated the Maharatas " as a federal empire."* In 1636, during the existence of the pacific con vention formed between the English President of Trade at Surat and the Viceroy of Goa, two of the four pinnaces for the Surat factory were here — the embryo existence of that fleet afterwards called the Bombay Marine, which has since emerged into the powerful armament known now as the Indian Navy.f On the neighbouring coast of Salset, originally a Jaina stronghold, and with architectural remains of Bhudism in the magnificent caves of Khaneri — the Portuguese committed serious derelictions with a view of pro pagating the Romish persuasion, and though very materially successful with the arbitrary measures employed since the major portion of the Salsetnis bend to the Papistical creedj, it will be long indeed before I forget the numbers of desolate churches passed in a journey made in that quarter in 1842.

Diu, Damaun, and Chaul, with all their territories, subordinate to him, but the Church superintends, which makes his government both uneasy and precarious.'' Major T. B. Jervis supplied the Bombay Geo graphical Society with some interesting memoranda respecting Bassein. For a detailed account of the fortress in the seventeenth century, the curious reader is referred to " A voyage round the World from 1C93 to 1699, by John Francis Gemilli Careri, D. C. L." An excellent translation from the Italian may be found in Churchill's Collection of Travels, Vol. IV. * Malcolm's Central India. It was also the scene of our first, as it was of our last, treaty with the Maharatas — " The English at Bombay courted the Peishwa, through his brother Chimnajee Appa, for the purpose of obtaining an extension of commercial privileges, and a treaty had been settled with Chimnajee Appa at Bassein in July 1739."

Grant Duff's History of the Mahrattas. t Bruce's Annals ofthe East India Company. J Murray's Discoveries in Asia. 27th October, 2 p. m. — A heavy dew with a close atmosphere prevailed during the night, but the whole coast could be discerned with the light shed by the moon as she rose about 10 o'clock; and the splendour of the heavens amply compensated for other trivial annoyances. "With a strong flood against us at day-break, the steamer made way at the rate of seven knots an hour, and by one o'clock we were off Daman, still in the posses sion of the Portuguese, and memorable for a sally made at midnight by its early European occupants against the Native Princes of the Konkan — who awaited the dawn of the following day to attack the Christians, under a belief that they (like the Jews) would not use arms on the Sabbath.* "We had long fully entered into the Gulf of Cambay, — the scene of an awful storm in Yasco de Gama's last voyage, when the mariners on board of his vessel, with equal dread and dismay witnessed the wanton fury of the waves.

The deportment of that distinguished servant of the Crown of Portugal on this occasion not only tended largely to pacify the fears of his crew, but with undaunted soul he declared, " Behold ! India trembles at your ap proach !"f Perhaps it was this incident which served Camoens in the fifth canto of his Lusiadas, where he makes the genius or guardian of the In dian Ocean assail Vasco as his fleet doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and amid the rage of thunders, tempests, and prolific horrors, menace the invaders of that unfrequented sea for daring to explore those secrets of the deep which he had hitherto so carefully concealed.J Dr. Hugh Blair consi- ♦ * Pennant's Views of Hindostan. t Osorio : quoted by Pennant. Faria e Souza also mentions this incident. % Vide Meikle's very indifferent, and Mrs Heman's pretty, translation.

In December 1845 while at Macao, I spent several hours for three successive days in the garden and at the grotto where Camoens dashed off several of the cantos of his celebrated poem; which ranks him as the chief of the bards of his native land, aud the peerless among the sons of song of whatever clime or country. ders this conception, (as he denominates it) with the machinery employed, to have been exquisitely arranged by the great poet of Lusitania.* Immediately in a line with us at this moment, at the extreme south ern point of the western coast, was Diva or Diu — one of the early seats of the Portuguese power in India. It was deemed by Albuquerque a fit post for a settlement, and the permanency of his country's influence in Hindus than, from the advantages — both maritime and terrene — that it commanded.

After several political efforts to obtain it, and the lapse of years in so doing, the infamous Nugna d'Acunha succeeded in 1535,f and within a very short time rendered Diu almost impregnable to the assaults of the Native powers. At various intervals, attempts were made to regain it with considerable forces. Under the governor Meneses it was besieged by 25,000 Mogli ; but in 1546, the gallant defenders, in sustaining one of these sieges, were reduc ed to great distress. The then governor, Don Joao de Mascarenhas, was re lieved by the renowned Don Joao de Castro, fourth Viceroy of India. This General first sent his son Ferdinand with a small band of men, and the bra very and skill employed by the youthful leader occasioned a complete victory, though at the cost of his life. His father shortly after followed young Fer dinand to Diu ; but the painful situation of the besieged, and renewal of hostilities, necessitated fresh troops being called in without the means at Castro's control of paying them— nor yet of providing for the sustenance of those at the time under his control.

It is told, every means were employed to raise money, but unsuccessfully : in desperation, he tendered, as pledges for the sum required, the unearthed bones of his son ; but the army, who * Belles Letlres. t Respecting this affair, Hamilton furnishes a tradition " that the Portuguese circumvented the " king of Guzerat, as Dido did the Africans when they gave her leave to build Carthage by desiring no more " ground to build their cities than should be circumscribed in an ox's hide, which having obtained, they cut it " into a fine thong of a great length, and over-reached their donors in the measure of the ground." New Account ofthe East Indies, Edin. 1727, 2 vols. 8 vo.; also Pinkerton's Collection. idolized the gallant youth, solicited their reposing in their grave. Possess ing nothing beyond his sword, he tendered to the inhabitants of Goa one of his moustachios ; and their implicit faith in his honor led to the required advance being made upon this singular mortgage.* Shortly after this circumstance, Castro relieved Diu from the attacks of its enemies, by an effectual rout that he made.

History asserts that the trade of Surat was de stroyed to encourage commerce at Diu, and Osorio makes mention of the splendour of its buildings and the greatness of its maritime power. Upon Surat recovering itself, Diu declined, and is now said to be but a vast pile * Faria e Souza. Pennant's Views of Hindostan. Colonel Tod attributes the story of the moustache to Albuquerque, but without citing his authority: vide Travels in Western India. "Raynal <• confesses Juan de Castro to have possessed an elevated soul, and says he had imbued it with the maxims of " old Greece and Rome ; which appears not to have been a mere author's speech or common-place, for Castro "after conquering Surat (Diu?) amused himself and his companions with instituting funeral games, after the " antique manner, to celebrate the heroes who died in battle; nor were these victories as easy as those of " Cortez or Cabral in the Western world."

Piozzi's Retrospection. London 1801. An instance, however, of Castro's love for classical association may be inferred from the following, which occurred after the valiant defence of Diu : — "At his return to Goa he wished to give his army the honors of a triumph after the manner " of the ancients. He thought that such honors would serve to revive the warlike spirit of the Portuguese, " and that the pomp of the ceremony might have a great effect on the imagination of the people. At his " entry, the gates of the city were ornamented with triumphal arches ; the streets were lined with tapestry ; " the women appeared at the windows in magnificent habits, and scattered flowers and perfumes upon the "conqueror; while the people danced to the sound of instruments of music. The Royal Standard was car ried before the victorious soldiers, who marched in order.

The Viceroy, crowned with branches of palm, " rode on a superb car : the generals of the enemy followed his car, and after them the soldiers that had been " made prisoners. The colors that had been taken from them were carried in procession reversed and drag " ging on the ground, and were followed by their artillery aud baggage. Representations of the citadel they " had delivered, and of tho battle they had gained, enhanced the splendour of the spectacle. Verses, songs, " orations, firing of cannon, everything concurred to render the festival maguificent, agreeable, and striking. " Accounts of this triumph were brought to Europe. The wits condemned it as ridiculous, the bigots as pro "fane. The Queen of Portugal said upon the occasion — That Castro had conquered like a Christian hero, " and triumphed like a Pagan one."

Histoire de V etablissement des Europeans dans les Indes ; translated by J. Justamond, M. A. London 1776. Castro died at Goa shortly afterwards, in the arms of the celebrated Jesuit missionary, Francisco Xavier: his remains were removed to Lisbon ultimately. The Italian Doctor of Civil Law, Careri, supplies very elaborate information respecting the Por tuguese power and its settlements in India towards the close of the seventeenth century. A pictorial sketch of Diu at the time is also given. of dilapidation. WTilkinson remarks as much more than half a century ago.* There is many a dark tale attached to the intrigues of the Portuguese in this place : — one unhappy blot will ever continue on their political character, for the murder of a member of the Royal House of Ahmedabad in the foulest proceeding that time has on record.-}- ✓ 28th October. — Yesterday by 3 o'clock we were off Domas, the Sa nitarium of Surat, resorted to in the months of April and October by Eu ropeans and the wealthier class of Natives.

Boldly fronting us on the northern shore, was (commonly denominated) Vaux's Tomb, raised to the me mory of Mr. John Vaux, one of the early Presidents of the English factory at Surat, who was drowned in the Tap>ti.\ The water on the bar being deemed insufficient to carry the steamer over, she was brought to for a while : very shortly after, with the making flood the steamer continued her voyage, and we were enabled to anchor by 5 p. m. off the city of Surat ; performing the trip from Bombay a few minutes within four and twenty hours. The coup d'œil of the city from the bend in the river which presented it, was certainly interesting; though the mouldering hand of time was painfully evident. From Salset to Daman, we had a range of fine bold un dulating hills before us ; from the latter quarter -to Surat, the country was low and flat, in appearance'not unlike the Sundarbands of Bengal.

The view along the banks of the Tapti did not seem dissimilar to the prospect * About 1670, Diu was sacked by the Arabs of Muscat in a successful engagement made by their war-vessels : it soon recovered from the effects of this misfortune. t Bbiggs's Rise and Fall ofthe Mahomedan Power in India. X " The tomb forms a good landmark for ships passing over the bar ; it is built over the grave of a Dutch gentleman, who was chief of their factory?' Parsons. The Italics are my own; such was the in formation supplied by the English Consul of Scanderoon of his visit hither in 1777. Hamilton, writing half a century earlier, observes— "In the year 1697 Mr Vaux by accident was drowned in Surat river, by a pin nace oversetting, in which he and his lady had been taking a pleasure on the water." afforded on the Hug'hli— the expanse of water being the most striking difference.

A Hindu fane with several flights of steps leading to the bed of the river, was perhaps the most important-looking edifice passed ; and a gambaj apparently, embowered amid the luxuriant tresses of lofty trees in a large barren plain— another oasis, as it were, in this desert,— presented the prettiest aspect ; otherwise the scenery was positively tame. Collecting my baggage, I was transported with them in a large wher ry-looking boat (peculiar to Surat) to the shore : and after a little quib bling with the Custom House authorities about exposing my mere personal apparel in my trunks, conducted to the travellers' quarters, one of a range of compartments of a long building on the Dutch bandar, and within what was formerly known as the Dutch factory. Here, the first delectable know ledge of travelling in Gujarat presented itself in stern form ; that no bangala is provided with a messman to meet the exigencies of a famished frame, but the tourist must be accompanied by his canteen and domestics ad lib — tables, bedsteads, and chairs, being the only provisions afforded by the shelter for strangers: somewhat different to arrangements in the Dek kan.

The kindness of a fellow-passenger who had availed of the same ac commodation, will enable my battling with circumstances until the return steamer from Bombay brings the necessary apparatus ; and I have meanwhile engaged a couple of domestics upon the understanding they are to proceed with me to the interior. Hour succeeded hour in agreeable associations and anticipations of my projected tour : the breeze whistled through the um brageous foliage of a tall tamarind nigh my quarters ; bats gambolled in them or were at muschito nibbling ; the waters of the Tapti had gradually subsided in their epilepsy ; the firmament was bright and beautiful, such as one might witness at Claremont ;* and the atmosphere was tainted with a par- * Near Fieldhausen, Cape of Good Hope; the site of the discovery of the Uranus or Georgium Sidus, which an obelisk upon the spot commemorates.

I had spent many a pleasant evening here in the spring of 1843. ticularly heavy dew. As the last stroke of the midnight hour was rung from the Adalat gong, I retired from the stoep to my room. 2nd November. — History of Surat. — Surat, or Sourat according to the Bibliotheque Orientale of M. de Herbelot, or Souratta in com pliance with the old Dutch and English charts, or Surdt to approxi mate with the local and vernacular denomination — the chief city of Surdt Attdvisi, from the zilla comprising twenty-eight districts, which were of late equally shared between the Gaikawad and Peshwa, the proportion of the latter having lapsed since by treaty to the British — is situated in Lat. 21° 4' N. and Long. 72° 51' E.,* on the southern bank of the river Tapi or Tapti (to adopt ordinary orthography,) which flows in a west south-westerly tortuous course from the Kandes pro vince, where it finds its source in the Injardi chain of hills and falls into the Gulf of Cambay a little below the bar.

The city is girt northward by the natural limit assigned by the river ; and inland, a brick wall — extendino over three parts of an irregular oval, and in admeasurement of more than five miles — furnishes what is known as Alim pand, or Refuge ofthe "World a smaller circuit within, called Shaker pand (Refuge of the City,) is in de plorable condition, large portions of the masonry having been removed at various intervals to repair the outer wall. The remains of the original con struction exhibit perforations for musketry, flanked by insignificant bastions at irregular distances. The wall is both weak and of no considerable height : but its maintenance is an effectual guard to predatory marauders ; while it permits a rigid surveillance to the police, and ample security to the hoards of the wealthy, and the stores of the trader.

There are several gates, with heavy wooden leaves and lodges for guards ; each partaking of the name of the town or river or fane to which it leads. * Milburn's Oriental Commerce. No perfect data of this kind can be given : the author quoted is generally the most correct. The mere phonetic alliance of ancient and modern names, and the desire to identify by approximating characters, similar appellations, has in the present instance proved pregnant with abundant absurdities. An early sub-division of Gujarat, which at one time formed part of the An hulwara monarchy, •- occurs in Menu ; in the Purans, especially in the parts touching on cosmography ; and the Mahabhdrat"* as Saurashtra, the region of the Sauras or Surias — the land of Sol, once occupied by a sun worshiping race, whose origin is now lost in mere fable ; the Syrastrena regio of Arrianf — and which latter times has variously denominated So rath, Sureth, and Soret.

The Ramdydna makes a similar allusion, and hence Heber's citing it for the antiquity of the present city.J The difficulty is rendered more intricate to the antiquarian novice when it is re membered that during the reign of Bhola Bhimdeu, the ninth of the So lankhi dynasty, the great epic poem of Chand names among other feudal barons who attended his mandate — "with one thousand warriors came the lord of Soret :"§ this occurs in the twelfth century. Despite, however, of the elastic property of etymology, the Abbe Raynal positively asserts our Su rat to have been, in the thirteenth century, a fishing village. History is pre cise as to ThamSaiat (Cambay) having been the sea-port of the Hindu monarchs : the castle of Surat, the oldest structure in its pargand — which by the way is of Muhammadan construction — both by legendary and sculptured acknowledgment, only claims an existence of three hundred years later ; upon the opposite bank of the river, tradition declares, and ruins evince, the ancient city of Randir.

Captain Hamilton, writing in times * Tod's Travels in Western India. t Periplus : vide Vincent's Translation X Bishop Heber's Narrative of a Tour &c. ; pretty generally known § Strange to say, Colonel Tod presumes this allusion to refer to the modern city of Surat ! more approximate to satisfy an enquiring disposition, affirms that the Eng lish originally remained hither, but afterwards moved with the native population to the present capital upon the Tapti.* A local chronicle furnishes the romantic legend of a merchant and his mistress having fled hither from persecution, and by their subsequent affluence to have excited the cupidity of hundreds to flock to their settlement, which laid the foundation of Su ratf ; but the period supplied is not older (by presumption) than the close of the fifteenth century.

The problem will be at once solved upon tracing the capital of the Sauras of antiquity and the Indian Syria of Tod's classical associations — Jdunagar ; seated in the dell of a wild mountainous tract, belted by an almost impervious forest, and in Katiwar. Again, . * Milburn, in his Oriental Commerce, assigns 1G60 as the year of this movement; but neither one nor other has ever been corroborated. Hamilton's remark is to the following effect — " Surat was built about " the year 1G60, upon the banks of the river Tapta or Tapee, which, being discommoded with banks of sand at " Rannisr, the then mart town ou this river, the English removed about two miles further down the river, on " tho opposite side, near a castle which had been built many years before. * * * In a little time after the " English had settled there, others followed their example, so thatiu afew years it became a large town, but " without walls." t The King of Rumsham had a dancing girl, or concubine, called Surtha, whom he discharged from his seraglio: an opulent merchant named Rumi, who was at the time resident in the dominions of the prince, received the unfortunate damsel into his household.

Upon this circumstance coming to the knowledge of the monarch, he expelled both parties from his territories : in consequence, Rumi took his family, his wealth, with Surtha his mistress, and wended away towards Hindusthan. On their arrival hither, where the present castle of Surat stands, there was an inferior fortification, intended to defend the ancient city of Randir upon the op posite shore from the frequent depredations and sallies made by pirates and others of the like fraternity. There were a few huts about this primitive structure. Rums, approving of the river for its commercial facili ties, with the protection afforded by the fortress, established himself here, and entered upon mercantile operations. The information spread abroad into various couutries; and traders from distant lands came hither, towards co-operating in Rumi's views, and promoting a general intercourse with the interior, which led to a rapid increase of the population.

This fact having been heard by the King (of Ahmeddbdd ?) he ap proved of Rumi's design, and invested him with power: after which he founded the city and built a wall, around for the safety of its inhabitants. The inner walls of the city were raised at the Sarkar's expence in Samvat 1587, and a. h. 947 ; and the castle was re-built or extended about Samvat 1G20, and A. H. 980 : and the city was then called Swath, after the lady who accompanied the fortunes of Rumi. Gujaruli Manu. script. Ovington confidently reads Surat as the Musiris of Ptolemy ; but Rennell and other competent writers have shewn the inaccuracy of the Greek's geography. Abandoning the theory which would give Surat an ancient origin, its name has next elicited research, and a grave authority, in erroneously ascribing it to the vernacular for beauty, ceases to show the immediate antecedent of the designation.* Perhaps the manuscript I have quoted is nearer the truth to anything heretofore given — that the city owes its appellation to an amarosa, as its existence to her paramour's successful speculations.