Opening
Transcriber's Note:
Italics in the footnote citations were inconsistently applied by the typesetter.
Footnote 1-1 has an un-opened quote ending "a very slow current."
Footnote I-219: Landnama should possibly be Landnáma.
Page 357: Words are possibly missing in the sentence starting, "We have no further details".
Page 788: A reversed lower case "c" has been replaced with =c=.
Many index entries could not be found in the text. Many index cross-references could not be found. A complete list of the latter can be found at the end of this volume.
Alphabetization errors in the index were not corrected.
This volume contains extensive references to the previous four volumes of this work. They can be found at: Volume 1: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41070 Volume 2: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42808 Volume 3: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43123 Volume 4: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44104
THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
VOLUME V.
THE NATIVE RACES.
VOL. V. PRIMITIVE HISTORY.
SAN FRANCISCO: A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1883.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1882, by HUBERT H. BANCROFT.
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All Rights Reserved.
PREFACE TO VOLUME V.
This volume concludes the Native Races of the Pacific States. During the year in which it has been going through the press, I have received letters of encouragement from the most eminent scholars of Europe and America, and flattering commendations from learned societies. None but an author can know the value of such cheering words. This, my first attempt, was made in a new field; the scope of the work was very extensive; the system and machinery by which alone it could be accomplished were untried; and the subject was not one of great popular interest. It was not, therefore, without misgivings that I sent it forth.
That the work had been so planned as to embody practically all information extant on what I had come to regard as an important subject, and that the plan had been faithfully executed, I thoroughly believed. But that others would, to any great extent, share my opinion; that the subject would interest so many classes of readers; that mine would be so quickly and cordially recognized by men of science and letters throughout the world as a work worth doing and well done; and that it would be at once accorded a place in literature, I had not dared to hope. The leading journals of England, France, Germany, and the United States, have deemed the volumes as issued worthy of extended reviews; and criticism for the most part has been liberal, and just--save a tendency to what might seem, to a mind less prejudiced than mine, extravagant praise. Minor defects have been fairly pointed out; and in the few instances where fault has been found, either with the plan or its execution, one critic condemns what another approves, so that I am led to believe no serious error of judgment has been committed.
I cannot here make proper acknowledgments to all to whom they are due; but let those who have manifested their kind good-will, and those who have not, so long as they feel it, accept my grateful thanks.
San Francisco, November, 1875.
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
I. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS
PAGE.
Spirit of Inquiry in the Middle Ages -- Unity of Origin -- Flood Myths -- Aboriginal Traditions of Origin -- Culture Heroes -- China -- Japan -- Hindustan -- Tartary -- The Egyptian Theory -- The Phœnicians -- Votan's Travels -- The Carthaginians -- The Hebrew Theory -- The Mormon Story -- The Visits of the Scandinavians -- Celtic Origin -- The Welsh -- Scotch -- Irish -- The Greeks and Romans -- The Story of Atlantis -- The Autochthonic Theory 1
II. INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY
Origin and Earliest History of the Americans Unrecorded -- The Dark Sea of Antiquity -- Boundary between Myth and History -- Primitive Annals of America compared with those of the Old World -- Authorities and Historical Material -- Traditional Annals and their Value -- Hieroglyphic Records of the Mayas and Nahuas -- Spanish Writers -- The Conquerors -- The Missionaries -- The Historians -- Converted Native Chroniclers -- Secondary Authorities -- Ethnology -- Arts, Institutions, and Beliefs -- Languages -- Material Monuments of Antiquity -- Use of Authorities and Method of treating the Subject 133
III. THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD OF ABORIGINAL HISTORY
Subdivision of the Subject -- Tzendal Tradition of the Votanic Empire -- Votan's Book and its Contents as reported by Nuñez de la Vega, Cabrera, and Ordoñez -- Testimony of Manners and Customs, Religion, Languages, and Monuments of the Civilized Nations respecting the Primitive Maya Peoples -- The Quiché Record, or Popol Vuh -- Civilizing Efforts of Gucumatz and his Followers -- Exploits of Hunahpu and Xbalanque -- Conquest of Xibalba -- Migration from Tulan Zuiva, the Seven Caves -- Meaning of the Quiché Tradition -- Nahua Traditions -- The Toltecs in Tamoanchan according to Sahagun -- The Codex Chimalpopoca -- Pre-Toltec Nations in Mexico -- Olmecs and Xicalancas -- The Quinames -- Cholula and Quetzalcoatl -- The Totonacs -- Teotihuacan -- Otomís, Miztecs, Zapotecs, and Huastecs -- The Toltecs in Huehue Tlapallan -- Migration to Anáhuac -- The Chichimecs in Amaquemecan -- Ancient Home of the Nahuatlacas and Aztecs -- Primitive Annals of Yucatan -- Conclusions 156
IV. THE TOLTEC PERIOD
The Nahua Occupation of Mexico in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries -- Condition of Anáhuac -- The Mixcohuas and Chichimec Culhuas -- The Toltecs at Tulancingo and Tollan -- Establishment of a Monarchy and Choice of a King, 710-720 A.D. -- Kingdoms of Culhuacan and Quauhtitlan -- The Teoamoxtli -- Prophecies and Death of Hueman -- Birth of Quetzalcoatl -- Foundation of the Empire, 856 A.D. -- Alliance between Culhuacan, Otompan, and Tollan -- Reign of Topiltzin Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl at Tollan -- Excesses of Huemac II., or Tecpancaltzin -- Xochitl, the King's Mistress -- Fulfillment of the Prophet's Predictions -- Toveyo's Adventures -- Plagues sent upon the Toltecs -- Famine and Pestilence -- Reign of Acxitl, or Topiltzin -- Debauchery of King, Nobles, and Priests -- Tokens of Divine Wrath -- Foreign Invaders -- Final Overthrow of the Toltec Empire 237
V. THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD
The Chichimecs in Amaquemecan -- Migration to Anáhuac under Xolotl -- The Invaders at Chocoyan and Tollan -- Foundation of Xoloc and Tenayocan -- Xolotl II., Emperor of the Chichimecs -- Division of Territory -- The Toltecs at Culhuacan -- Rule of Xiuhtemoc and Nauhyotl III. -- Pochotl, Son of Acxitl -- Conquest of Culhuacan -- Death of Nauhyotl -- Huetzin, King of Culhuacan -- Migration and Reception of the Nahuatlaca Tribes -- The Acolhuas at Coatlichan and the Tepanecs at Azcapuzalco -- Nonohualcatl, King of Culhuacan -- Revolt of Yacanex -- Death of Xolotl II. -- Nopaltzin, King of Tenayocan, and Emperor of the Chichimecs -- Reigns of Achitometl and Icxochitlanex at Culhuacan -- Tendencies toward Toltec Culture 289
VI. THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD. -- CONTINUED
Migration of the Aztecs -- Nations of Anáhuac at Beginning of the Thirteenth Century -- The Aztecs submit to the Tepanecs -- Reign of the Emperor Tlotzin -- Quinantzin, King of Tezcuco and Chichimec Emperor -- Transfer of the Capital -- Tenancacaltzin usurps the Imperial Throne at Tenayocan -- The Usurper defeated by Tepanecs and Mexicans -- Acolnahuacatl proclaimed Emperor -- Quinantzin's Victories -- Battle at Poyauhtlan -- Quinantzin again Emperor -- Toltec Institutions at Tezcuco -- Events at Culhuacan -- Mexicans driven from Chapultepec -- Alliance between Mexicans and Culhuas -- Religious Strife -- Foundation of Mexico -- Reign of the Emperor Techotl -- Political Changes -- Ruin of the Culhua Power -- Tezozomoc, King of Azcapuzalco -- Separation of Mexicans and Tlatelulcas -- Acamapichtli II., King of Mexico -- Quaquauhpitzahuac, King of Tlatelulco 321
VII. THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD -- CONCLUDED
Aztec History -- Reigns of Acamapichtli II. and Quaquauhpitzahuac -- Rebuilding of Culhuacan -- Huitzilihuitl II., King of Mexico -- Tlacateotzin, King of Tlatelulco -- Chimalpopoca Succeeds in Mexico -- Funeral of Techotl -- Ixtlilxochitl, Emperor of the Chichimecs -- Symptoms of Discontent -- Plans of Tezozomoc, the Tepanec King -- Secret Council of Rebels -- Religious Toleration in Tezcuco -- Conquest of Xaltocan and Cuitlahuac -- Birth of Nezahualcoyotl -- War between Tezcuco and Azcapuzalco -- Victories of Ixtlilxochitl -- Siege and Fall of Azcapuzalco -- Treachery of Tezozomoc -- Fall of Tezcuco -- Flight and Death of Ixtlilxochitl -- Tezozomoc proclaimed Emperor -- Re-organization of the Empire -- Adventures of Nezahualcoyotl -- Death of Tezozomoc -- Maxtla usurps the Imperial Throne -- Murder of the Mexican Kings -- Nezahualcoyotl's Victory -- Itzcoatl, King of Mexico -- Acolhua and Aztec Alliance -- Fall of Azcapuzalco -- The Tri-partite Alliance, or the New Empire 359
VIII. THE AZTEC PERIOD
Outline of the Period -- Revolt of Coyuhuacan -- Nezahualcoyotl on the Throne of Tezcuco -- Conquest of Quauhtitlan, Tultitlan, Xochimilco, and Cuitlahuac -- Conquest of Quauhtitlan -- Destruction of the Records -- Death of Itzcoatl and Accession of Montezuma I. New Temples at Mexico -- Defeat of the Chalcas -- Troubles with Tlatelulco -- Conquest of Cohuixco and Mazatlan -- Flood and Six Years' Famine -- Conquest of Miztecapan -- The Aztecs conquer the Province of Cuetlachtlan and reach the Gulf Coast -- Final Defeat of the Chalcas -- Campaign in Cuextlan -- Birth of Nezahualpilli -- Improvements in Tenochtitlan -- Embassy to Chicomoztoc -- Death of Montezuma I. and Accession of Axayacatl -- Raid in Tehuantepec -- Chimalpopoca succeeds Totoquihuatzin on the Throne of Tlacopan -- Nezahualpilli succeeds Nezahualcoyotl at Tezcuco -- Revolt of Tlatelulco -- Conquest of Matlaltzinco -- Defeat by the Tarascos -- Death of Axayacatl 400
IX. THE AZTEC PERIOD -- CONCLUDED
Reign of Tizoc -- Nezahualpilli defeats the Huexotzincas -- Ahuitzotl, King of Mexico -- Campaigns for Captives -- Dedication of Huitzilopochtli's Temple -- Seventy Thousand Victims -- Totoquihuatzin II., King of Tlacopan -- Mexican Conquests -- Conquest of Totonacapan -- Aztec Reverses -- Successful Revolt of Tehuantepec and Zapotecapan -- Conquest of Zacatollan -- Anecdotes of Nezahualpilli--New Aqueduct, and Inundation of Mexico -- Montezuma II. on the Throne -- Condition of the Empire -- Montezuma's Policy -- Unsuccessful Invasion of Tlascala -- Famine -- Conquest of Miztecapan -- Tying-up of the Cycle in 1507 -- Omens of coming Disaster -- The Spaniards on the Coast of Central America -- Trouble between Mexico and Tezcuco -- Retirement and Death of Nezahualpilli -- Cacama, King of Acolhuacan -- Revolt of Ixtlilxochitl -- Final Campaigns of the Aztecs -- The Spaniards on the Gulf Coast -- Arrival of Hernan Cortés 436
X. HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU, MICHOACAN, AND OAJACA
Early History of the Eastern Plateau -- The Chichimec-Toltecs -- Arrival of the Teo-Chichimecs in Anáhuac -- They Conquer and Settle the Eastern Plateau -- Civil Wars -- Miscellaneous Events -- Wars between Tlascala and the Nations of Anáhuac -- Early History of Michoacan -- Wars between Wanacaces and Tarascos -- Founding of Tzintzuntzan -- Metamorphosis of the Tarasco Princes -- Encroachments of the Wanacaces -- The King of the Isles -- Murder of Pawacume and Wapeani -- Reigns of Curatame, Tariacuri, Tangaxoan I., Ziziz Pandacuare, Zwanga, and Tangaxoan II. -- Origin of the Miztecs and Zapotecs -- Wixipecocha -- Rulers of Oajaca -- The Huaves and Mijes -- Later Kings and History of Oajaca -- Wars with Mexico 483
XI. THE QUICHÉ-CAKCHIQUEL EMPIRE IN GUATEMALA
No Chronology in the South -- Outline View -- Authorities -- Xbalanque at Utatlan -- The Migration from Tulan -- Balam-Quitzé and his Companions -- Sacrifices to Tohil -- The Quichés on Mount Hacavitz -- The Tamub and Ilocab -- First Victories -- Qocavib Founds the Monarchy at Izmachi -- The Toltec Theory -- Imaginary Empire of the East -- Different Versions of Primitive History -- The Cakchiquel Migration -- Juarros and Fuentes -- Lists of Kings -- Cakchiquels under Hacavitz -- Reigns of Balam-Conache, Cotuha, and Iztayul, at Izmachi -- War against the Ilocab -- The Stolen Tribute -- Gucumatz, Quiché Emperor at Utatlan -- Changes in the Government -- Reigns of Cotuha II., Tepepul, and Iztayul II. -- Cakchiquel History -- Conquests of Quicab I. -- Revolt of the Achihab -- Dismemberment of the Empire -- Cakchiquel Conquests -- Reigns of the last Guatemalan Kings -- Appearance of the Spaniards under Alvarado in 1524 540
XII. MISCELLANEOUS TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA
Scarcity of Historical Data -- The Tribes of Chiapas -- The Founders and Heroes of the Chiapanec Nation -- Wars with the Aztecs -- The People of the Southern Coast -- They are vanquished by the Olmecs -- Their Exodus and Journey -- They settle and separate -- Juarros' Account of the Origin and later History of the Pipiles -- Pipile Tradition -- The Founding of Mictlan -- Queen Comizahual -- Acxitl's Empire of the East -- The Cholutecs -- Various Tribes of Nicaragua -- Settlements of the Isthmus 603
XIII. HISTORY OF THE MAYAS IN YUCATAN
Aboriginal Names of Yucatan -- The Primitive Inhabitants from the East and West -- Zamná the Pontiff-King -- The Itzas at Chichen -- Rules of Cukulcan at Chichen and Mayapan -- His Disappearance on the Gulf Coast -- The Cocome Rule at Mayapan -- Appearance of the Tutul Xius -- Translation of the Maya Record by Perez and Brasseur -- Migration from Tulan -- Conquest of Bacalar and Chichen -- Itza Annals -- Tutul Xius at Uxmal -- Overthrow of the Cocome Dynasty -- The Confederacy, or Empire, of Tutul Xius, Itzas, and Cheles -- Fable of the Dwarf -- Overthrow of the Tutul Xius -- Final Period of Civil Wars 614
THE NATIVE RACES OF THE PACIFIC STATES.
PRIMITIVE HISTORY.