XIII. GENERAL RULE

XIII. GENERAL RULE

CORRECTIONS UNDER THE GENERAL RULE.

LESSON I.--ARTICLES.

(1.) "The article is a part of speech placed before nouns." Or thus: "An article is a word placed before nouns."--Comly cor. (2.) "The article is a part of speech used to limit nouns."--Gilbert cor. (3.) "An article is a word set before nouns to fix their vague signification."--Ash cor. (4.) "The adjective is a part of speech used to describe something named by a noun."--Gilbert cor. (5.) "A pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun."--Id. and Weld cor.: Inst., p. 45. (6.) "The pronoun is a part of speech which is often used in stead of a noun."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (7.) "A verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to be acted upon."--Merchant cor. (8.) "The verb is a part of speech which signifies to be, to act, or to receive an action."--Comly cor. (9.) "The verb is the part of speech by which any thing is asserted."--Weld cor. (10.) "The verb is a part of speech, which expresses action or existence in a direct manner."--Gilbert cor. (11.) "A participle is a word derived from a verb, and expresses action or existence in an indirect manner."--Id. (12.) "The participle is a part of speech derived from the verb, and denotes being, doing, or suffering, and implies time, as a verb does."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (13.) "The adverb is a part of speech used to add some modification to the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and participles."--Gilbert cor. (14.) "An adverb is an indeclinable word added to a verb, [a participle,] an adjective, or an other adverb, to express some circumstance, accident, or manner of its signification."--Adam and Gould cor. (15.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, an adjective, a participle, or an other adverb, to express the circumstance of time, place, degree, or manner."--Dr. Ash cor. (16.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, an adjective, a participle, or, sometimes, an other adverb, to express some circumstance respecting the sense."--Beck cor. (17.) "The adverb is a part of speech, which is added to verbs, adjectives, participles, or to other adverbs, to express some modification or circumstance, quality or manner, of their signification."--Buchanan cor. (18.) "The adverb is a part of speech which we add to the verb, (whence the name,) to the adjective or participle likewise, and sometimes even to an other adverb."--Bucke cor. (19.) "A conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences."--Gilbert and Weld cor. (20.) "The conjunction is a part of speech that joins words or sentences together."--Ash cor. (21.) "The conjunction is that part of speech which connects sentences, or parts of sentences, or single words."--D. Blair cor. (22.) "The conjunction is a part of speech that is used principally to connect sentences, so as, out of two, three, or more sentences, to make one."--Bucke cor. (23.) "The conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words or sentences together; but, chiefly, to join simple sentences into such as are compound."--Kirkham cor. (24.) "A conjunction is a word which joins words or sentences together, and shows the manner of their dependence, as they stand in connexion."--Brit. Gram. et al. cor. (25.) "A preposition is a word used to show the relation between other words, and govern the subsequent term."--Gilbert cor. (26.) "A preposition is a governing word which serves to connect other words, and to show the relation between them."--Frost cor. (27.) "A preposition is a governing particle used to connect words and show their relation."--Weld cor. (28.) "The preposition is that part of speech which shows the various positions of persons or things, and the consequent relations that certain words bear toward one an other."--David Blair cor. (29.) "The preposition is a part of speech, which, being added to certain other parts of speech, serves to show their state of relation, or their reference to each other."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (30.) "The interjection is a part of speech used to express sudden passion or strong emotion."--Gilbert cor. (31.) "An interjection is an unconnected word used in giving utterance to some sudden feeling or strong emotion."--Weld cor. (32.) "The interjection is that part of speech which denotes any sudden affection or strong emotion of the mind."--David Blair cor. (33.) "An interjection is an independent word or sound thrown into discourse, and denotes some sudden passion or strong emotion of the soul."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor.

(34.) "The scene might tempt some peaceful sage To rear a lonely hermitage."--Gent. of Aberdeen cor.

(35.) "Not all the storms that shake the pole, Can e'er disturb thy halcyon soul, And smooth unalter'd brow."--Barbauld's Poems, p. 42.

LESSON II.--NOUNS.

"The throne of every monarchy felt the shock."--Frelinghuysen cor. "These principles ought to be deeply impressed upon the mind of every American."--Dr. N. Webster cor. "The words CHURCH and SHIRE are radically the same."--Id. "They may not, in their present form, be readily accommodated to every circumstance belonging to the possessive case of nouns."--L. Murray cor. "Will, in the second and third persons, only foretells."--Id.; Lowth's Gram., p. 41. "Which seem to form the true distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative mood."--L. Murray cor. "The very general approbation which this performance of Walker's has received from the public."--Id. "Lest she carry her improvements of this kind too far." Or thus: "Lest she carry her improvements in this way too far."--Id. and Campbell cor. "Charles was extravagant, and by his prodigality became poor and despicable."--L. Murray cor. "We should entertain no prejudice against simple and rustic persons."--Id. "These are indeed the foundation of all solid merit."--Dr. Blair cor. "And his embellishment, by means of figures, musical cadences, or other ornaments of speech."--Id. "If he is at no pains to engage us by the employment of figures, musical arrangement, or any other ornament of style."--Id. "The most eminent of the sacred poets, are, David, Isaiah, and the author of the Book of Job."--Id. "Nothing in any poem, is more beautifully described than the death of old Priam."--Id. "When two vowels meet together, and are joined in one syllable, they are called a diphthong."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "How many Esses would goodness' then end with? Three; as goodness's."--Id. "Birds is a noun; it is the common name of feathered animals."--Kirkham cor. "Adam gave names to all living creatures." Or thus: "Adam gave a name to every living creature."--Bicknell cor. "The steps of a flight of stairs ought to be accommodated to the human figure." Or thus: "Stairs ought to be accommodated to the ease of the users."--Kames cor. "Nor ought an emblem, more than a simile, to be founded on a low or familiar object."--Id. "Whatever the Latin has not from the Greek, it has from the Gothic."--Tooke cor. "The mint, and the office of the secretary of state, are neat buildings."--The Friend cor. "The scenes of dead and still existence are apt to pall upon us."--Blair cor. "And Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, the angelical doctor and the subtle, are the brightest stars in the scholastic constellation."--Lit. Hist. cor. "The English language has three methods of distinguishing the sexes."--Murray et al. cor.; also R. C. Smith. "In English, there are the three following methods of distinguishing the sexes."--Jaudon cor. "There are three ways of distinguishing the sexes."--Lennie et al. cor.; also Merchant. "The sexes are distinguished in three ways."--Maunder cor. "Neither discourse in general, nor poetry in particular, can be called altogether an imitative art."--Dr. Blair cor.

"Do we for this the gods and conscience brave, That one may rule and all the rest enslave?"--Rowe cor.

LESSON III.--ADJECTIVES.

"There is a deal more of heads, than of either heart or horns."--Barclay cor. "For, of all villains, I think he has the most improper name."--Bunyan cor. "Of all the men that I met in my pilgrimage, he, I think, bears the wrongest name."--Id. "I am surprised to see so much of the distribution, and so many of the technical terms, of the Latin grammar, retained in the grammar of our tongue."--Priestley cor. "Nor did the Duke of Burgundy bring him any assistance."--Hume and Priestley cor. "Else he will find it difficult to make an obstinate person believe him."--Brightland cor. "Are there any adjectives which form the degrees of comparison in a manner peculiar to themselves?"--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Yet all the verbs are of the indicative mood."--Lowth cor. "The word candidate is absolute, in the nominative case."--L. Murray cor. "An Iambus has the first syllable unaccented, and the last accented."--L. Murray, D. Blair, Jamieson, Kirkham, Bullions, Guy, Merchant, and others. "A Dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the last two [syllables] unaccented."--Murray et al. cor. "It is proper to begin with a capital the first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or[553] other piece of writing."--Jaudon's Gram., p. 195; John Flint's, 105. "Five and seven make twelve, and one more makes thirteen."--L. Murray cor. "I wish to cultivate a nearer acquaintance with you."--Id. "Let us consider the means which are proper to effect our purpose." Or thus: "Let us consider what means are proper to effect our purpose."--Id. "Yet they are of so similar a nature as readily to mix and blend."--Dr. Blair cor. "The Latin is formed on the same model, but is more imperfect."--Id. "I know very well how great pains have been taken." Or thus: "I know very well how much care has been taken."--Temple cor. "The management of the breath requires a great deal of care."--Dr. Blair cor. "Because the mind, during such a momentary stupefaction, is, in a great measure, if not totally, insensible."--Kames cor. "Motives of reason and interest alone are not sufficient."--Id. "To render the composition distinct in its parts, and on the whole impressive."--Id. "A and an are named the Indefinite article, because they denote indifferently any one thing of a kind."--Maunder cor. "The is named the Definite article, because it points out some particular thing or things."--Id. "So much depends upon the proper construction of sentences, that, in any sort of composition, we cannot be too strict in our attention to it." Or:--"that, in every sort of composition, we ought to be very strict in our attention to it." Or:--"that, in no sort of composition, can we be too strict," &c.--Dr. Blair cor. "Every sort of declamation and public speaking was carried on by them." Or thus: "All sorts of declamation and public speaking, were carried on by them."--Id. "The former has, on many occasions, a sublimity to which the latter never attains."--Id. "When the words, therefore, consequently, accordingly, and the like, are used in connexion with conjunctions, they are adverbs."--Kirkham cor. "Rude nations make few or no allusions to the productions of the arts."--Jamieson cor. "While two of her maids knelt on each side of her." Or, if there were only two maids kneeling, and not four: "While two of her maids knelt one on each side of her."--Mirror cor. "The personal pronouns of the third person, differ from one an other in meaning and use, as follows."--Bullions cor. "It was happy for the state, that Fabius continued in the command with Minutius: the phlegm of the former was a check on the vivacity of the latter."--L. Murray and others cor.: see Maunders Gram., p. 4. "If it be objected, that the words must and ought, in the preceding sentences, are both in the present tense." Or thus: "If it be objected, that in all the preceding sentences the words must and ought are in the present tense."--L. Murray cor. "But it will be well, if you turn to them now and then." Or:--"if you turn to them occasionally."--Bucke cor. "That every part should have a dependence on, and mutually contribute to support, every other."--Rollin cor. "The phrase, 'Good, my lord,' is not common, and is low." Or:--"is uncommon, and low."--Priestley cor.

"That brother should not war with brother, And one devour or vex an other."--Cowper cor.

LESSON IV.--PRONOUNS.

"If I can contribute to our country's glory." Or:--"to your glory and that of my country."--Goldsmith cor. "As likewise of the several subjects, which have in effect each its verb."--Lowth cor. "He is likewise required to make examples for himself." Or: "He himself is likewise required to make examples."--J. Flint cor. "If the emphasis be placed wrong, it will pervert and confound the meaning wholly." Or: "If the emphasis be placed wrong, the meaning will be perverted and confounded wholly." Or: "If we place the emphasis wrong, we pervert and confound the meaning wholly."--L. Murray cor.; also Dr. Blair. "It was this, that characterized the great men of antiquity; it is this, that must distinguish the moderns who would tread in their steps."--Dr. Blair cor. "I am a great enemy to implicit faith, as well the Popish as the Presbyterian; for, in that, the Papists and the Presbyterians are very much alike."--Barclay cor. "Will he thence dare to say, the apostle held an other Christ than him that died?"--Id. "Why need you be anxious about this event?" Or: "What need have you to be anxious about this event?"--Collier cor. "If a substantive can be placed after the verb, the latter is active."--A. Murray cor. "To see bad men honoured and prosperous in the world, is some discouragement to virtue." Or: "It is some discouragement to virtue, to see bad men," &c.--L. Murray cor. "It is a happiness to young persons, to be preserved from the snares of the world, as in a garden enclosed."--Id. "At the court of Queen Elizabeth, where all was prudence and economy."--Bullions cor. "It is no wonder, if such a man did not shine at the court of Queen Elizabeth, who was so remarkable for her prudence and economy."--Priestley, Murray, et al cor. "A defective verb is a verb that wants some parts. The defective verbs are chiefly the auxiliaries and the impersonal verbs."--Bullions cor. "Some writers have given to the moods a much greater extent than I have assigned to them."--L. Murray cor. "The personal pronouns give such information as no other words are capable of conveying."--M'Culloch cor. "When the article a, an, or the, precedes the participle, the latter also becomes a noun."--Merchant cor. "To some of these, there is a preference to be given, which custom and judgement must determine."--L. Murray cor. "Many writers affect to subjoin to any word the preposition with which it is compounded, or that of which it literally implies the idea."--Id. and Priestley cor.

"Say, dost thou know Vectidius? Whom, the wretch Whose lands beyond the Sabines largely stretch?"--Dryden cor.

LESSON V.--VERBS.

"We should naturally expect, that the word depend would require from after it."--Priestley's Gram., p. 158. "A dish which they pretend is made of emerald."--L. Murray cor. "For the very nature of a sentence implies that one proposition is expressed."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 311. "Without a careful attention to the sense, we should be naturally led, by the rules of syntax, to refer it to the rising and setting of the sun."--Dr. Blair cor. "For any rules that can be given, on this subject, must be very general."--Id. "He would be in the right, if eloquence were what he conceives it to be."--Id. "There I should prefer a more free and diffuse manner."--Id. "Yet that they also resembled one an other, and agreed in certain qualities."--Id. "But, since he must restore her, he insists on having an other in her place."--Id. "But these are far from being so frequent, or so common, as they have been supposed to be."--Id. "We are not led to assign a wrong place to the pleasant or the painful feelings."--Kames cor. "Which are of greater importance than they are commonly thought."--Id. "Since these qualities are both coarse and common, let us find out the mark of a man of probity."--Collier cor. "Cicero did what no man had ever done before him; he drew up a treatise of consolation for himself."--Biographer cor. "Then there can remain no other doubt of the truth."--Brightland cor. "I have observed that some satirists use the term." Or: "I have observed some satirists to use the term."--Bullions cor. "Such men are ready to despond, or to become enemies."--Webster cor. "Common nouns are names common to many things."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "To make ourselves heard by one to whom we address ourselves."--Dr. Blair cor. "That, in reading poetry, he may be the better able to judge of its correctness, and may relish its beauties." Or:--"and to relish its beauties."--L. Murray cor. "On the stretch to keep pace with the author, and comprehend his meaning."--Dr. Blair cor. "For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence, and the money have been given to the poor."--Bible cor. "He is a beam that has departed, and has left no streak of light behind."--Ossian cor. "No part of this incident ought to have been represented, but the whole should have been reserved for a narrative."--Kames cor. "The rulers and people debauching themselves, a country is brought to ruin." Or: "When the rulers and people debauch themselves, they bring ruin on a country."--Ware cor. "When a title, (as Doctor, Miss, Master, &c.,) is prefixed to a name, the latter only, of the two words, is commonly varied to form the plural; as, 'The Doctor Nettletons,'--'The two Miss Hudsons.'"--A. Murray cor. "Wherefore that field has been called, 'The Field of Blood,' unto this day."--Bible cor. "To comprehend the situations of other countries, which perhaps it may be necessary for him to explore."--Dr. Brown cor. "We content ourselves now with fewer conjunctive particles than our ancestors used."--Priestley cor. "And who will be chiefly liable to make mistakes where others have erred before them."--Id. "The voice of nature and that of revelation unite." Or: "Revelation and the voice of nature unite." Or: "The voice of nature unites with revelation." Or: "The voice of nature unites with that of revelation."--Wayland cor.

"This adjective, you see, we can't admit; But, changed to 'WORSE,' the word is just and fit."--Tobitt cor.

LESSON VI.--PARTICIPLES.

"Its application is not arbitrary, or dependent on the caprice of readers."--L. Murray cor. "This is the more expedient, because the work is designed for the benefit of private learners."--Id. "A man, he tells us, ordered by his will, to have a statue erected for him."--Dr. Blair cor. "From some likeness too remote, and lying too far out of the road of ordinary thought."--Id. "In the commercial world, money is a fluid, running from hand to hand."--Dr. Webster cor. "He pays much attention to the learning and singing of songs."--Id. "I would not be understood to consider the singing of songs as criminal."--Id. "It is a case decided by Cicero, the great master of writing."--Editor of Waller cor. "Did they ever bear a testimony against the writing of books?"-- Bates's Rep. cor. "Exclamations are sometimes mistaken for interrogations."--Hist. of Print, cor. "Which cannot fail to prove of service."--Smith cor. "Hewn into such figures as would make them incorporate easily and firmly."--Beat, or Mur. cor. "After the rule and example, there are practical inductive questions."--J. Flint cor. "I think it will be an advantage, that I have collected my examples from modern writings."--Priestley cor. "He was eager to recommend it to his fellow-citizens."--Id. and Hume cor. "The good lady was careful to serve me with every thing."--Id. "No revelation would have been given, had the light of nature been sufficient, in such a sense as to render one superfluous and useless."--Bp. Butler cor. "Description, again, is a representation which raises in the mind the conception of an object, by means of some arbitrary or instituted symbols."--Dr. Blair cor. "Disappointing the expectation of the hearers, when they look for an end." Or:--"for the termination of our discourse."--Id. "There is a distinction, which, in the use of them, is worthy of attention."-- Maunder cor. "A model has been contrived, which is not very expensive, and which is easily managed."--Ed. Reporter cor. "The conspiracy was the more easily discovered, because the conspirators were many."--L. Murray cor. "Nearly ten years had that celebrated work been published, before its importance was at all understood."--Id. "That the sceptre is ostensibly grasped by a female hand, does not reverse the general order of government."--West cor. "I have hesitated about signing the Declaration of Sentiments."--Lib. cor. "The prolonging of men's lives when the world needed to be peopled, and the subsequent shortening of them when that necessity had ceased."--Rev. John Brown cor. "Before the performance commences, we see displayed the insipid formalities of the prelusive scene."--Kirkham cor. "It forbade the lending of money, or the sending of goods, or the embarking of capital in anyway, in transactions connected with that foreign traffic."--Brougham cor. "Even abstract ideas have sometimes the same important prerogative conferred upon them."--Jamieson cor. "Ment, like other terminations, changes y into i, when the y is preceded by a consonant."--Kirkham's Gram., p. 25. "The term PROPER is from the French propre, own, or the Latin proprius; and a Proper noun is so called, because it is peculiar to the individual or family bearing the name. The term COMMON is from the Latin communis, pertaining equally to several or many; and a Common noun is so called, because it is common to every individual comprised in the class."--Fowler cor.

"Thus oft by mariners are showed (Unless the men of Kent are liars) Earl Godwin's castles overflowed, And palace-roofs, and steeple- spires."--Swift cor.

LESSON VII.--ADVERBS.

"He spoke to every man and woman who was there."--L. Murray cor. "Thought and language act and react upon each other."--Murray's Key, p. 264. "Thought and expression act and react upon each other."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 356. "They have neither the leisure nor the means of attaining any knowledge, except what lies within the contracted circle of their several professions."--Campbell's Rhet., p. 160. "Before they are capable of understanding much, or indeed any thing, of most other branches of education."--Olney cor. "There is no more beauty in one of them, than in an other."--L. Murray cor. "Which appear to be constructed according to no certain rule."--Dr. Blair cor. "The vehement manner of speaking became less universal."--Or better:--"less general."--Id. "Not all languages, however, agree in this mode of expression." Or: "This mode of expression, however, is not common to all languages."--Id. "The great occasion of setting apart this particular day."--Atterbury cor. "He is much more promising now, than he was formerly."--L. Murray cor. "They are placed before a participle, without dependence on the rest of the sentence."--Id. "This opinion does not appear to have been well considered." Or: "This opinion appears to have been formed without due consideration."--Id. "Precision in language merits a full explication; and merits it the more, because distinct ideas are, perhaps, but rarely formed concerning it."--Dr. Blair cor. "In the more sublime parts of poetry, he is less distinguished." Or:--"he is not so highly distinguished."--Id. "Whether the author was altogether happy in the choice of his subject, may be questioned."--Id. "But, with regard to this matter also, there is a great error in the common practice."--Webster cor. "This order is the very order of the human mind, which makes things we are sensible of, a means to come at those that are not known." Or:--"which makes things that are already known, its means of finding out those that are not so."--Foreman cor. "Now, who is not discouraged, and does not fear want, when he has no money?"--C. Leslie cor. "Which the authors of this work consider of little or no use."--Wilbur and Liv. cor. "And here indeed the distinction between these two classes begins to be obscure."--Dr. Blair cor. "But this is a manner which deserves to be avoided." Or:--"which does not deserve to be imitated."--Id. "And, in this department, a person effects very little, whenever he attempts too much."--Campbell and Murray cor. "The verb that signifies mere being, is neuter."--Ash cor. "I hope to tire but little those whom I shall not happen to please."--Rambler cor. "Who were utterly unable to pronounce some letters, and who pronounced others very indistinctly."--Sheridan cor. "The learner may point out the active, passive, and neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons for thus distinguishing them." Or: "The learner may point out the active, the passive, and the neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons for calling them so."--C. Adams cor. "These words are almost always conjunctions."--Barrett cor.

"How glibly nonsense trickles from his tongue! How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung!"--Pope cor.

LESSON VIII.--CONJUNCTIONS.

"Who, at least, either knew not, or did not love to make, a distinction." Or better thus: "Who, at least, either knew no distinction, or did not like to make any."--Dr. Murray cor. "It is childish in the last degree to let this become the ground of estranged affection."--L. Murray cor. "When the regular, and when the irregular verb, is to be preferred [sic--KTH], p. 107."--Id. "The books were to have been sold this day." Or:--"on this day."--Priestley cor. "Do, an you will." Or: "Do, if you will."--Shak. cor. "If a man had a positive idea either of infinite duration or of infinite space, he could add two infinites together." Or: "If a man had a positive idea of what is infinite, either in duration or in space, he could," &c.--Murray's proof-text cor. "None shall more willingly agree to and advance the same than I."--Morton cor. "That it cannot but be hurtful to continue it."--Barclay cor. "A conjunction joins words or sentences."--Beck cor. "The copulative conjunction connects words or sentences together, and continues the sense."--Frost cor. "The copulative conjunction serves to connect [words or clauses,] and continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a cause, or a supposition."--L. Murray cor. "All construction is either true or apparent; or, in other words, either literal or figurative."--Buchanan and Brit. Gram. cor. "But the divine character is such as none but a divine hand could draw." Or: "But the divine character is such, that none but a divine hand could draw it."--A. Keith cor. "Who is so mad, that, on inspecting the heavens, he is insensible of a God?"--Gibbons cor. "It is now submitted to an enlightened public, with little further desire on the part of the author, than for its general utility."--Town cor. "This will sufficiently explain why so many provincials have grown old in the capital without making any change in their original dialect."-- Sheridan cor. "Of these, they had chiefly three in general use, which were denominated ACCENTS, the term being used in the plural number."--Id. "And this is one of the chief reasons why dramatic representations have ever held the first rank amongst the diversions of mankind."--Id. "Which is the chief reason why public reading is in general so disgusting."--Id. "At the same time in which they learn to read." Or: "While they learn to read."--Id. "He is always to pronounce his words with exactly the same accent that he uses in speaking."--Id. "In order to know what an other knows, and in the same manner in which he knows it."--Id. "For the same reason for which it is, in a more limited state, assigned to the several tribes of animals."--Id. "Were there masters to teach this, in the same manner in which other arts are taught." Or: "Were there masters to teach this, as other arts are taught."--Id.

"Whose own example strengthens all his laws; Who is himself that great sublime he draws."--Pope cor.

LESSON IX.--PREPOSITIONS.

"The word so has sometimes the same meaning as ALSO, LIKEWISE, or THE SAME."--Priestley cor. "The verb use relates not to 'pleasures of the imagination;' but to the terms fancy and imagination, which he was to employ as synonymous."--Dr. Blair cor. "It never can view, clearly and distinctly, more than one object at a time."--Id. "This figure [Euphemism] is often the same as the Periphrasis."--Adam and Gould cor. "All the intermediate time between youth and old age."--W. Walker cor. "When one thing is said to act upon an other, or do something to it."--Lowth cor. "Such a composition has as much of meaning in it, as a mummy has of life." Or: "Such a composition has as much meaning in it, as a mummy has life."--Lit. Conv. cor. "That young men, from fourteen to eighteen years of age, were not the best judges."--Id. "This day is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and of blasphemy."--Isaiah, xxxvii, 3. "Blank verse has the same pauses and accents that occur in rhyme."--Kames cor. "In prosody, long syllables are distinguished by the macron (¯); and short ones by what is called the breve (~)."--Bucke cor. "Sometimes both articles are left out, especially from poetry."--Id. "From the following example, the pronoun and participle are omitted." Or: "In the following example, the pronoun and participle are not expressed."--L. Murray cor. [But the example was faulty. Say.] "Conscious of his weight and importance,"--or, "Being conscious of his own weight and importance, he did not solicit the aid of others."--Id. "He was an excellent person; even in his early youth, a mirror of the ancient faith."--Id. "The carrying of its several parts into execution."--Bp. Butler cor. "Concord is the agreement which one word has with an other, in gender, number, case, or person."--L. Murray's Gram., p. 142. "It might perhaps have given me a greater taste for its antiquities."--Addison cor. "To call on a person, and to wait on him."--Priestley cor. "The great difficulty they found in fixing just sentiments."--Id. and Hume cor. "Developing the differences of the three."--James Brown cor. "When the singular ends in x, ch soft, sh, ss, or s, we add es to form the plural."--L. Murray cor. "We shall present him a list or specimen of them." "It is very common to hear of the evils of pernicious reading, how it enervates the mind, or how it depraves the principles."--Dymond cor. "In this example, the verb arises is understood before 'curiosity' and before 'knowledge.'"--L. Murray et al. cor. "The connective is frequently omitted, when several words have the same construction."--Wilcox cor. "He shall expel them from before you, and drive them out from your sight."--Bible cor. "Who makes his sun to shine and his rain to descend, upon the just and the unjust." Or thus: "Who makes his sun shine, and his rain descend, upon the just and the unjust."--M'Ilvaine cor.

LESSON X.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"This sentence violates an established rule of grammar."--L. Murray cor. "The words thou and shall are again reduced to syllables of short quantity."--Id. "Have the greatest men always been the most popular? By no means."--Lieber cor. "St. Paul positively stated, that 'He that loveth an other, hath fulfilled the law.'"--Rom., xiii, 8. "More organs than one are concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant."--M'Culloch cor. "If the reader will pardon me for descending so low."--Campbell cor. "To adjust them in such a manner as shall consist equally with the perspicuity and the grace of the period." Or: "To adjust them so, that they shall consist equally," &c.--Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "This class exhibits a lamentable inefficiency, and a great want of simplicity."--Gardiner cor. "Whose style, in all its course, flows like a limpid stream, through which we see to the very bottom."--Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "We admit various ellipses." Or thus: "An ellipsis, or omission, of some words, is frequently admitted."--Lennie's Gram., p. 116. "The ellipsis, of articles may occur thus."--L. Murray cor. "Sometimes the article a is improperly applied to nouns of different numbers; as, 'A magnificent house and gardens.'"--Id. "In some very emphatical expressions, no ellipsis should be allowed."--Id. "Ellipses of the adjective may happen in the following manner."--Id. "The following examples show that there may be an ellipsis of the pronoun."--Id. "Ellipses of the verb occur in the following instances."--Id. "Ellipses of the adverb may occur in the following manner."--Id. "The following brief expressions are all of them elliptical." [554]--Id. "If no emphasis be placed on any words, not only will discourse be rendered heavy and lifeless, but the meaning will often be left ambiguous."--Id.; also J. S. Hart and Dr. Blair cor. "He regards his word, but thou dost not regard thine."--Bullions, Murray, et al., cor. "I have learned my task, but you have not learned yours."--Iid. "When the omission of a word would obscure the sense, weaken the expression, or be attended with impropriety, no ellipsis must be indulged."--Murray and Weld cor. "And therefore the verb is correctly put in the singular number, and refers to them all separately and individually considered."--L. Murray cor. "He was to me the most intelligible of all who spoke on the subject."--Id. "I understood him better than I did any other who spoke on the subject."--Id. "The roughness found on the entrance into the paths of virtue and learning decreases as we advance." Or: "The roughnesses encountered in the paths of virtue and learning diminish as we advance."--Id. "There is nothing which more promotes knowledge, than do steady application and habitual observation."--Id. "Virtue confers on man the highest dignity of which he is capable; it should therefore be the chief object of his desire."--Id. and Merchant cor. "The supreme Author of our being has so formed the human soul, that nothing but himself can be its last, adequate, and proper happiness."--Addison and Blair cor. "The inhabitants of China laugh at the plantations of our Europeans: 'Because,' say they, 'any one may place trees in equal rows and uniform figures.'"--Iid. "The divine laws are not to be reversed by those of men."--L. Murray cor. "In both of these examples, the relative which and the verb was are understood."--Id. et al. cor. "The Greek and Latin languages, though for many reasons they cannot be called dialects of one and the same tongue, are nevertheless closely connected."--Dr. Murray cor. "To ascertain and settle whether a white rose or a red breathes the sweetest fragrance." Or thus: "To ascertain and settle which of the two breathes the sweeter fragrance, a white rose or a red one."--J. Q. Adams cor. "To which he can afford to devote but little of his time and labour."--Dr. Blair cor.

"Avoid extremes; and shun the fault of such As still are pleased too little or too much."--Pope cor.

LESSON XI.--OF BAD PHRASES.

"He might as well leave his vessel to the direction of the winds."--South cor. "Without good-nature and gratitude, men might as well live in a wilderness as in society."--L'Estrange cor. "And, for this reason, such lines very seldom occur together."--Dr. Blair cor. "His greatness did not make him happy."--Crombie cor. "Let that which tends to cool your love, be judged in all."--Crisp cor. "It is worth observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death."--Bacon cor. "Accent dignifies the syllable on which it is laid, and makes it more audible than the rest."--Sheridan and Murray cor. "Before he proceeds to argue on either side."--Dr. Blair cor. "The general change of manners, throughout Europe."--Id. "The sweetness and beauty of Virgil's numbers, through all his works."--Id. "The French writers of sermons, study neatness and elegance in the division of their discourses."--Id. "This seldom fails to prove a refrigerant to passion."--Id. "But their fathers, brothers, and uncles, cannot, as good relations and good citizens, excuse themselves for not standing forth to demand vengeance."--Murray's Sequel, p. 114. "Alleging, that their decrial of the church of Rome, was a uniting with the Turks."--Barclay cor. "To which is added the Catechism by the Assembly of Divines."--N. E. Prim. cor. "This treachery was always present in the thoughts of both of them."-- Robertson cor. "Thus far their words agree." Or: "Thus far the words of both agree."--W. Walker cor. "Aparithmesis is an enumeration of the several parts of what, as a whole, might be expressed in few words."--Gould cor. "Aparithmesis, or Enumeration, is a figure in which what might be expressed in a few words, is branched out into several parts."--Dr. Adam cor. "Which may sit from time to time, where you dwell, or in the vicinity."--J. O. Taylor cor. "Place together a large-sized animal and a small one, of the same species." Or: "Place together a large and a small animal of the same species."--Kames cor. "The weight of the swimming body is equal to that of the quantity of fluid displaced by it."--Percival cor. "The Subjunctive mood, in all its tenses, is similar to the Optative."--Gwilt cor. "No feeling of obligation remains, except that of an obligation to fidelity."--Wayland cor. "Who asked him why whole audiences should be moved to tears at the representation of some story on the stage."--Sheridan cor. "Are you not ashamed to affirm that the best works of the Spirit of Christ in his saints are as filthy rags?"--Barclay cor. "A neuter verb becomes active, when followed by a noun of kindred signification."--Sanborn cor. "But he has judged better in forbearing to repeat the article the."--Dr. Blair cor. "Many objects please us, and are thought highly beautiful, which have scarcely any variety at all."--Id. "Yet they sometimes follow them."--Emmons cor. "For I know of nothing more important in the whole subject, than this doctrine of mood and tense."--R. Johnson cor. "It is by no means impossible for an error to be avoided or suppressed."--Philol. Museum cor. "These are things of the highest importance to children and youth."--Murray cor. "He ought to have omitted the word many." Or: "He might better have omitted the word many."--Dr. Blair cor. "Which might better have been separated." Or: "Which ought rather to have been separated."--Id. "Figures and metaphors, therefore, should never be used profusely."--Id. and Jam. cor. "Metaphors, or other figures, should never be used in too great abundance."--Murray and Russell cor. "Something like this has been alleged against Tacitus."-- Bolingbroke cor.

"O thou, whom all mankind in vain withstand, Who with the blood of each must one day stain thy hand!" --Sheffield cor.

LESSON XII.--OF TWO ERRORS.

"Pronouns sometimes precede the terms which they represent."--L. Murray cor. "Most prepositions originally denoted relations of place."--Lowth cor. "WHICH is applied to brute animals, and to things without life."--Bullions cor. "What thing do they describe, or of what do they tell the kind?"--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Iron cannons, as well as brass, are now universally cast solid."--Jamieson cor. "We have philosophers, more eminent perhaps than those of any other nation."--Dr. Blair cor. "This is a question about words only, and one which common sense easily determines."--Id. "The low pitch of the voice, is that which approaches to a whisper."--Id. "Which, as to the effect, is just the same as to use no such distinctions at all."--Id. "These two systems, therefore, really differ from each other but very little."--Id. "It is needless to give many instances, as examples occur so often."--Id. "There are many occasions on which this is neither requisite nor proper."--Id. "Dramatic poetry divides itself into two forms, comedy and tragedy."--Id. "No man ever rhymed with more exactness than he." [I.e., than Roscommon.]--Editor of Waller cor. "The Doctor did not reap from his poetical labours a profit equal to that of his prose."--Johnson cor. "We will follow that which we find our fathers practised." Or: "We will follow that which we find to have been our fathers' practice."--Sale cor. "And I should deeply regret that I had published them."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Figures exhibit ideas with more vividness and power, than could be given them by plain language."--Kirkham cor. "The allegory is finely drawn, though the heads are various."--Spect. cor. "I should not have thought it worthy of this place." Or: "I should not have thought it worthy of being placed here."--Crombie cor. "In this style, Tacitus excels all other writers, ancient or modern."--Kames cor. "No other author, ancient or modern, possesses the art of dialogue so completely as Shakspeare."-- Id. "The names of all the things we see, hear, smell, taste, or feel, are nouns."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Of what number are the expressions, 'these boys,' 'these pictures,' &c.?"--Id. "This sentence has faults somewhat like those of the last."--Dr. Blair cor. "Besides perspicuity, he pursues propriety, purity, and precision, in his language; which qualities form one degree, and no inconsiderable one, of beauty."--Id. "Many critical terms have unfortunately been employed in a sense too loose and vague; none with less precision, than the word sublime."--Id. "Hence no word in the language is used with a more vague signification, than the word beauty."--Id. "But still, in speech, he made use of general terms only."--Id. "These give life, body, and colouring, to the facts recited; and enable us to conceive of them as present, and passing before our eyes."--Id. "Which carried an ideal chivalry to a still more extravagant height, than the adventurous spirit of knighthood had ever attained in fact."--Id. "We write much more supinely, and with far less labour, than did the ancients."--Id. "This appears indeed to form the characteristical difference between the ancient poets, orators, and historians, and the modern."--Id. "To violate this rule, as the English too often do, shows great incorrectness."--Id. "It is impossible, by means of any training, to prevent them from appearing stiff and forced."--Id. "And it also gives to the speaker the disagreeable semblance of one who endeavours to compel assent."--Id. "And whenever a light or ludicrous anecdote is proper to be recorded, it is generally better to throw it into a note, than to run the hazard of becoming too familiar."--Id. "It is the great business of this life, to prepare and qualify ourselves for the enjoyment of a better."--L. Murray cor. "From some dictionaries, accordingly, it was omitted; and in others it is stigmatized as a barbarism."--Crombie cor. "You cannot see a thing, or think of one, the name of which is not a noun."--Mack cor. "All the fleet have arrived, and are moored in safety." Or better: "The whole fleet has arrived, and is moored in safety."--L. Murray cor.

LESSON XIII.--OF TWO ERRORS.

"They have severally their distinct and exactly-limited relations to gravity."--Hasler cor. "But where the additional s would give too much of the hissing sound, the omission takes place even in prose."--L. Murray cor. "After o, it [the w] is sometimes not sounded at all; and sometimes it is sounded like a single u."--Lowth cor. "It is situation chiefly, that decides the fortunes and characters of men."--Hume cor.; also Murray. "The vice of covetousness is that [vice] which enters more deeply into the soul than any other."--Murray et al. cor. "Of all vices, covetousness enters the most deeply into the soul."--Iid. "Of all the vices, covetousness is that which enters the most deeply into the soul."--Campbell cor. "The vice of covetousness is a fault which enters more deeply into the soul than any other."--Guardian cor. "WOULD primarily denotes inclination of will; and SHOULD, obligation: but they vary their import, and are often used to express simple events." Or:--"but both of them vary their import," &c. Or:--"but both vary their import, and are used to express simple events."--Lowth, Murray, et al. cor.; also Comly and Ingersoll; likewise Abel Flint. "A double condition, in two correspondent clauses of a sentence, is sometimes made by the word HAD; as, 'Had he done this, he had escaped.'"--Murray and Ingersoll cor. "The pleasures of the understanding are preferable to those of the imagination, as well as to those of sense."--L. Murray cor. "Claudian, in a fragment upon the wars of the giants, has contrived to render this idea of their throwing of the mountains, which in itself has so much grandeur, burlesque and ridiculous."--Dr. Blair cor. "To which not only no other writings are to be preferred, but to which, even in divers respects, none are comparable."--Barclay cor. "To distinguish them in the understanding, and treat of their several natures, in the same cool manner that we use with regard to other ideas."--Sheridan cor. "For it has nothing to do with parsing, or the analyzing of language."--Kirkham cor. Or: "For it has nothing to do with the parsing, or analyzing, of language."--Id. "Neither has that language [the Latin] ever been so common in Britain."--Swift cor. "All that I purpose, is, to give some openings into the pleasures of taste."--Dr. Blair cor. "But the following sentences would have been better without it."--L. Murray cor. "But I think the following sentence would be better without it." Or: "But I think it should be expunged from the following sentence."-- Priestley cor. "They appear, in this case, like ugly excrescences jutting out from the body."--Dr. Blair cor. "And therefore the fable of the Harpies, in the third book of the Æneid, and the allegory of Sin and Death, in the second book of Paradise Lost, ought not to have been inserted in these celebrated poems."--Id. "Ellipsis is an elegant suppression, or omission, of some word or words, belonging to a sentence."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. "The article A or AN is not very proper in this construction."--D. Blair cor. "Now suppose the articles had not been dropped from these passages."--Bucke cor. "To have given a separate name to every one of those trees, would have been an endless and impracticable undertaking."--Blair cor. "Ei, in general, has the same sound as long and slender a." Or better: "Ei generally has the sound of long or slender a."--L. Murray cor. "When a conjunction is used with apparent redundance, the insertion of it is called Polysyndeton."--Adam and Gould cor. "EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and NEITHER, denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately or distributively."--M'Culloch cor. "The principal sentence must be expressed by a verb in the indicative, imperative, or potential mood"--S. W. Clark cor. "Hence he is diffuse, where he ought to be urgent."--Dr. Blair cor. "All sorts of subjects admit of explanatory comparisons."--Id. et al. cor. "The present or imperfect participle denotes being, action, or passion, continued, and not perfected."--Kirkham cor. "What are verbs? Those words which chiefly express what is said of things."--Fowle cor.

"Of all those arts in which the wise excel, The very masterpiece is writing-well."--Sheffield cor.

"Such was that muse whose rules and practice tell, That art's chief masterpiece is writing-well."--Pope cor.

LESSON XIV.--OF THREE ERRORS.

"From some words, the metaphorical sense has justled out the original sense altogether; so that, in respect to the latter, they have become obsolete."--Campbell cor. "Surely, never any other mortal was so overwhelmed with grief, as I am at this present moment."--Sheridan cor. "All languages differ from one an other in their modes of inflection."--Bullions cor. "The noun and the verb are the only indispensable parts of speech: the one, to express the subject spoken of; and the other, the predicate, or what is affirmed of the subject."--M'Culloch cor. "The words Italicized in the last three examples, perform the office of substantives."--L. Murray cor. "A sentence so constructed is always a mark of carelessness in the writer."--Dr. Blair cor. "Nothing is more hurtful to the grace or the vivacity of a period, than superfluous and dragging words at the conclusion."--Id. "When its substantive is not expressed with it, but is referred to, being understood."--Lowth cor. "Yet they always have substantives belonging to them, either expressed or understood."--Id. "Because they define and limit the import of the common names, or general terms, to which they refer."--Id. "Every new object surprises them, terrifies them, and makes a strong impression on their minds."--Dr. Blair cor. "His argument required a more full development, in order to be distinctly apprehended, and to have its due force."--Id. "Those participles which are derived from active-transitive verbs, will govern the objective case, as do the verbs from which they are derived."--Emmons cor. "Where, in violation of the rule, the objective case whom follows the verb, while the nominative I precedes it."--L. Murray cor. "To use, after the same conjunction, both the indicative and the subjunctive mood, in the same sentence, and under the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety."--Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. "A nice discernment of the import of words, and an accurate attention to the best usage, are necessary on these occasions."--L. Murray cor. "The Greeks and Romans, the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical than we are; their genius was more turned to take delight in the melody of speech."--Dr. Blair cor. "In general, if the sense admits it early, the sooner a circumstance is introduced, the better; that the more important and significant words may possess the last place, and be quite disencumbered."--Murray et al. cor.; also Blair and Jamieson. "Thus we find it in both the Greek and the Latin tongue."--Dr. Blair cor. "Several sentences, constructed in the same manner, and having the same number of members, should never be allowed to come in succession."-- Blair et al. cor. "I proceed to lay down the rules to be observed in the conduct of metaphors; and these, with little variation, will be applicable to tropes of every kind."--Dr. Blair cor. "By selecting words with a proper regard to their sounds, we may often imitate other sounds which we mean to describe."--Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "The disguise can scarcely be so perfect as to deceive."--Dr. Blair cor. "The sense does not admit of any other pause, than one after the second syllable 'sit;' this therefore must be the only pause made in the reading."--Id. "Not that I believe North America to have been first peopled so lately as in the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's migration."--Webster cor. "Money and commodities will always flow to that country in which they are most wanted, and in which they will command the most profit."--Id. "That it contains no visible marks of certain articles which are of the utmost importance to a just delivery."--Sheridan cor. "And Virtue, from her beauty, we call a fair and favourite maid."--Mack cor. "The definite article may relate to nouns of either number."--Inf. S. Gram. cor.

LESSON XV.--OF MANY ERRORS.

(1.) "Compound words are[, by L. Murray and others, improperly] included among the derivatives."--L. Murray corrected. (2.) "The Apostrophe, placed above the line, thus ', is used to abbreviate or shorten words. But its chief use is, to denote the possessive case of nouns."--Id. (3.) "The Hyphen, made thus -, connects the parts of compound words. It is also used when a word is divided."--Id. (4.) "The Acute Accent, made thus ´, denotes the syllable on which stress is laid, and sometimes also, that the vowel is short: as, 'Fáncy.' The Grave Accent, made thus `, usually denotes, (when applied to English words,) that the stress is laid where a vowel ends the syllable: as, 'Fàvour.'"--Id. (5.) "The stress is laid on long vowels or syllables, and on short ones, indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the long or open vowels from the close or short ones, some writers of dictionaries have placed the grave accent on the former, and the acute on the latter."--Id. (6.) "The Diæresis, thus made ¨, is placed over one of two contiguous vowels, to show that they are not a diphthong."--Id. (7.) "The Section, made thus §, is sometimes used to mark the subdivisions of a discourse or chapter."--Id. (8.) "The Paragraph, made thus ¶, sometimes denotes the beginning of a new subject, or of a passage not connected with the text preceding. This character is now seldom used [for such a purpose], except in the Old and New Testaments." Or better:--"except in the Bible."--Id. (9.) "The Quotation Points, written thus " ", mark the beginning and the end of what is quoted or transcribed from some speaker or author, in his own words. In type, they are inverted commas at the beginning, apostrophes at the conclusion."--Id. (10.) "The Brace was formerly used in poetry at the end of a triplet, or where three lines rhymed together in heroic verse; it also serves to connect several terms with one, when the one is common to all, and thus to prevent a repetition of the common term."--Id. (11.) "Several asterisks put together, generally denote the omission of some letters belonging to a word, or of some bold or indelicate expression; but sometimes they imply a defect in the manuscript from which the text is copied."--Id. (12.) "The Ellipsis, made thus ----, or thus ****, is used where some letters of a word, or some words of a verse, are omitted."--Id. (13.) "The Obelisk, which is made thus [Obelisk]; and the Parallels, which are made thus ||; and sometimes the letters of the alphabet; and also the Arabic figures; are used as references to notes in the margin, or at the bottom, of the page."--Id. (14.) "The note of interrogation should not be employed, where it is only said that a question has been asked, and where the words are not used as a question; as, 'The Cyprians asked me why I wept.'"--Id. et al. cor. (15.) "The note of interrogation is improper after mere expressions of admiration, or of any other emotion, though they may bear the form of questions."--Iid. (16.) "The parenthesis incloses something which is thrown into the body of a sentence, in an under tone; and which affects neither the sense, nor the construction, of the main text."--Lowth cor. (17.) "Simple members connected by a relative not used restrictively, or by a conjunction that implies comparison, are for the most part divided by the comma."--Id. (18.) "Simple members, or sentences, connected as terms of comparison, are for the most part separated by the comma."--L. Murray et al. cor. (19.) "Simple sentences connected by a comparative particle, are for the most part divided by the comma."--Russell cor. (20.) "Simple sentences or clauses connected to form a comparison, should generally be parted by the comma."--Merchant cor. (21.) "The simple members of sentences that express contrast or comparison, should generally be divided by the comma."--Jaudon cor. (22.) "The simple members of a comparative sentence, when they are long, are separated by a comma."--Cooper cor. (23.) "Simple sentences connected to form a comparison, or phrases placed in opposition, or contrast, are usually separated by the comma."--Hiley and Bullions cor. (24.) "On whichever word we lay the emphasis,--whether on the first, the second, the third, or the fourth,--every change of it strikes out a different sense."--L. Murray cor. (25.) "To say to those who do not understand sea phrases, 'We tacked to the larboard, and stood off to sea,' would give them little or no information."--Murray and Hiley cor. (26.) "Of those dissyllables which are sometimes nouns and sometimes verbs, it may be observed, that the verb is commonly accented on the latter syllable, and the noun on the former."--L. Murray cor. (27.) "And this gives to our language an advantage over most others, in the poetical or rhetorical style."--Id. et al. cor. (28.) "And this gives to the English language an advantage over most others, in the poetical and the rhetorical style."--Lowth cor. (29.) "The second and the third scholar may read the same sentence; or as many may repeat the text, as are necessary to teach it perfectly to the whole class."--Osborn cor.

(30.) "Bliss is the same, in subject, or in king, In who obtain defence, or who defend." --Pope's Essay on Man, IV, 58.

LESSON XVI.--OF MANY ERRORS.

"The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the Coreans, speak languages differing from one an other, and from that of the inhabitants of China; while all use the same written characters, and, by means of them, correspond intelligibly with one an other in writing, though ignorant of the language spoken by their correspondents: a plain proof, that the Chinese characters are like hieroglyphics, and essentially independent of language."--Jamieson cor.; also Dr. Blair. "The curved line, in stead of remaining round, is changed to a square one, for the reason before mentioned."--Knight cor. "Every reader should content himself with the use of those tones only, that he is habituated to in speech; and should give to the words no other emphasis, than what he would give to the same words, in discourse. [Or, perhaps the author meant:--and should give to the emphatic words no other intonation, than what he would give, &c.] Thus, whatever he utters, will be delivered with ease, and will appear natural."--Sheridan cor. "A stop, or pause, is a total cessation of sound, during a perceptible, and, in musical or poetical compositions, a measurable space of time."-- Id. "Pauses, or rests, in speaking or reading, are total cessations of the voice, during perceptible, and, in many cases, measurable spaces of time."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Those derivative nouns which denote small things of the kind named by their primitives, are called Diminutive Nouns: as, lambkin, hillock, satchel, gosling; from lamb, hill, sack, goose."--Bullions cor. "Why is it, that nonsense so often escapes detection, its character not being perceived either by the writer or by the reader?"--Campbell cor. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called, because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, and have no reference to the structure of those parts."--M'Culloch cor. "The verb OUGHT has no other inflection than OUGHTEST, and this is nearly obsolete."-- Macintosh cor. "But the arrangement, government, and agreement of words, and also their dependence upon others, are referred to our reason."--Osborn cor. "ME is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, and objective case."--Guy cor. "The noun SELF is usually added to a pronoun; as, herself, himself, &c. The compounds thus formed are called reciprocal pronouns."-- Id. "One cannot but think, that our author would have done better, had he begun the first of these three sentences, with saying, 'It is novelty, that bestows charms on a monster.'"--Dr. Blair cor. "The idea which they present to us, of nature resembling art, of art considered as an original, and nature as a copy, seems not very distinct, or well conceived, nor indeed very material to our author's purpose."--Id. "This faulty construction of the sentence, evidently arose from haste and carelessness."--Id. "Adverbs serve to modify terms of action or quality, or to denote time, place, order, degree, or some other circumstance which we have occasion to specify."--Id. "We may naturally expect, that the more any nation is improved by science, and the more perfect its language becomes, the more will that language abound with connective particles."--Id. "Mr. Greenleaf's book is far better adapted to the capacity of learners, than any other that has yet appeared, on the subject."--Feltus and Onderdonk's false praise Englished. "Punctuation is the art of marking, in writing or in print, the several pauses, or rests, which separate sentences, or the parts of sentences; so as to denote their proper quantity or proportion, as it is exhibited in a just and accurate delivery."--Lowth cor. "A compound sentence must generally be resolved into simple ones, and these be separated by the comma." Or better: "A compound sentence is generally divided, by the comma, into its simple members."--Greenleaf and Fisk cor. "Simple sentences should in general be separated from one an other by the comma, unless a greater point is required; as, 'Youth is passing away, age is approaching, and death is near.'"--S. R. Hall cor. "V has always one uniform sound, which is that of f flattened, as in thieve from thief: thus v bears to f the same relation that b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, or z to s."--L. Murray and Fisk cor.; also Walker; also Greenleaf. "The author is explaining the difference between sense and imagination, as powers of the human mind."--L. Murray cor. Or, if this was the critic's meaning: "The author is endeavouring to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between the powers of sense and those of imagination, as two different faculties of the human mind."-- Id.; also Dr. Blair cor. "HE--(from the Anglo-Saxon HE--) is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case. Decline HE."--Fowler cor.

CORRECTIONS UNDER THE CRITICAL NOTES.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE I.--OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

"The passive voice denotes an action received." Or: "The passive voice denotes the receiving of an action."--Maunder corrected. "Milton, in some of his prose works, has many very finely-turned periods."--Dr. Blair and Alex. Jam. cor. "These will be found to be wholly, or chiefly, of that class."--Dr. Blair cor. "All appearances of an author's affecting of harmony, are disagreeable."--Id. and Jam. cor. "Some nouns have a double increase; that is, they increase by more syllables than one: as iter, itin~eris."--Adam et al. cor. "The powers of man are enlarged by progressive cultivation."--Gurney cor. "It is always important to begin well; to make a favourable impression at the first setting out."--Dr. Blair cor. "For if one take a wrong method at his first setting-out, it will lead him astray in all that follows."-- Id. "His mind is full of his subject, and all his words are expressive."-- Id. "How exquisitely is all this performed in Greek!"--Harris cor. "How unworthy is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul!"--L. Murray cor. "So as to exhibit the object in its full grandeur, and its most striking point of view."--Dr. Blair cor. "And that the author know how to descend with propriety to the plain style, as well as how to rise to the bold and figured."-- Id. "The heart alone can answer to the heart."-- Id. "Upon the first perception of it." Or: "As it is first perceived."--Harris cor. "Call for Samson, that he may make sport for us."--Bible cor. "And he made sport before them."-- Id. "The term 'to suffer,' in this definition, is used in a technical sense; and means simply, to receive an action, or to be acted upon."--Bullions cor. "The text only is what is meant to be taught in schools."--Brightland cor. "The perfect participle denotes action or existence perfected or finished."--Kirkham cor. "From the intricacy and confusion which are produced when they are blended together."--L. Murray cor. "This very circumstance, that the word is employed antithetically renders it important in the sentence."--Kirkham cor. "It [the pronoun that,] is applied both to persons and to things."--L. Murray cor. "Concerning us, as being everywhere traduced."--Barclay cor. "Every thing else was buried in a profound silence."--Steele cor. "They raise fuller conviction, than any reasonings produce."--Dr. Blair cor. "It appears to me nothing but a fanciful refinement." Or: "It appears to me nothing more than a fanciful refinement"-- Id. "The regular and thorough resolution of a complete passage."--Churchill cor. "The infinitive is distinguished by the word TO, which immediately precedes it."--Maunder cor. "It will not be a gain of much ground, to urge that the basket, or vase, is understood to be the capital."--Kames cor. "The disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose, where the drinking of it is merely figurative."-- Id. "That we run not into the extreme of pruning so very closely."--See L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 318. "Being obliged to rest for a little while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest a while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest [for] a moment on the preposition alone."--Blair and Jam. cor. "Our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is no abiding."--Bible cor. "There may be attempted a more particular expression of certain objects, by means of imitative sounds."--Blair, Jam., and Mur. cor. "The right disposition of the shade, makes the light and colouring the more apparent."--Dr. Blair cor. "I observe that a diffuse style is apt to run into long periods."-- Id. "Their poor arguments, which they only picked up in the highways."--Leslie cor. "Which must be little else than a transcribing of their writings."--Barclay cor. "That single impulse is a forcing-out of almost all the breath." Or: "That single impulse forces out almost all the breath."--Hush cor. "Picini compares modulation to the turning-off from a road."--Gardiner cor. "So much has been written on and off almost every subject."--Sophist cor. "By the reading of books written by the best authors, his mind became highly improved." Or: "By the study of the most instructive books, his mind became highly improved."--L. Mur. cor. "For I never made a rich provision a token of a spiritual ministry."--Barclay cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE II.--OF DOUBTFUL REFERENCE.

"However disagreeable the task, we must resolutely perform our duty."--L. Murray cor. "The formation of all English verbs, whether they be regular or irregular, is derived from the Saxon tongue."--Lowth cor. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and nothing do they affect more remarkably than language."--Campbell cor. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and on nothing a more remarkable influence than on language."--Jamieson cor. "That Archytases, who was a virtuous man, happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground." &c.--Phil Mu. cor. "He will be the better qualified to understand the meaning of the numerous words into which they enter as material parts."--L. Murray cor. "We should continually have the goal in view, that it may direct us in the race."-- Id. "But Addison's figures seem to rise of their own accord from the subject and constantly to embellish it" Or:--"and they constantly embellish it."--Blair and Jam. cor. "So far as they signify persons, animals, and things that we can see, it is very easy to distinguish nouns."--Cobbett cor. "Dissyllables ending in y or mute e, or accented on the final syllable, may sometimes be compared like monosyllables."--Frost cor. "If the foregoing objection be admitted, it will not overrule the design."--Rush cor. "These philosophical innovators forget, that objects, like men, are known only by their actions."--Dr. Murray cor. "The connexion between words and ideas, is arbitrary and conventional; it has arisen mainly from the agreement of men among themselves."--Jamieson cor. "The connexion between words and ideas, may in general be considered as arbitrary and conventional, or as arising from the agreement of men among themselves."--Dr. Blair cor. "A man whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and who had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend his corruptions."--Swift cor. "They have no more control over him than have any other men."--Wayland cor. "All his old words are true English, and his numbers are exquisite."--Spect. cor. "It has been said, that not Jesuits only can equivocate."--Mur. in Ex. and Key, cor. "In Latin, the nominative of the first or second person, is seldom expressed."--Adam and Gould cor. "Some words have the same form in both numbers."--Murray et al. cor. "Some nouns have the same form in both numbers."--Merchant et al. cor. "Others have the same form in both numbers; as, deer, sheep, swine."--Frost cor. "The following list denotes the consonant sounds, of which there are twenty-two." Or: "The following list denotes the twenty-two simple sounds of the consonants."--Mur. et al. cor. "And is the ignorance of these peasants a reason for other persons to remain ignorant; or does it render the subject the less worthy of our inquiry?"--Harris and Mur. cor. "He is one of the most correct, and perhaps he is the best, of our prose writers."--Lowth cor. "The motions of a vortex and of a whirlwind are perfectly similar." Or: "The motion of a vortex and that of a whirlwind are perfectly similar."--Jamieson cor. "What I have been saying, throws light upon one important verse in the Bible; which verse I should like to hear some one read."--Abbott cor. "When there are any circumstances of time, place, and the like, by which the principal terms of our sentence must be limited or qualified."--Blair, Jam. and Mur. cor. "Interjections are words that express emotion, affection, or passion, and that imply suddenness." Or: "Interjections express emotion, affection, or passion, and imply suddenness."--Bucke cor. "But the genitive expressing the measure of things, is used in the plural number only."--Adam and Gould cor. "The buildings of the institution have been enlarged; and an expense has been incurred, which, with the increased price of provisions, renders it necessary to advance the terms of admission."--L. Murray cor. "These sentences are far less difficult than complex ones."--S. S. Greene cor.

"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife They sober lived, nor ever wished to stray."--Gray cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.

(1.) "A definition is a short and lucid description of a thing, or species, according to its nature and properties."--G. BROWN: Rev. David Blair cor. (2.) "Language, in general, signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, or written words, which are used as the signs of those ideas."--Dr. Hugh Blair cor. (3.) "A word is one or more syllables used by common consent as the sign of an idea."--Bullions cor. (4.) "A word is one or more syllables used as the sign of an idea, or of some manner of thought."--Hazen cor. (5.) "Words are articulate sounds, or their written signs, used to convey ideas."--Hiley cor. (6.) "A word is one or more syllables used orally or in writing, to represent some idea."--Hart cor. (7.) "A word is one or more syllables used as the sign of an idea."--S. W. Clark cor. (8.) "A word is a letter or a combination of letters, a sound or a combination of sounds, used as the sign of an idea."--Wells cor. (9.) "Words are articulate sounds, or their written signs, by which ideas are communicated."--Wright cor. (10.) "Words are certain articulate sounds, or their written representatives, used by common consent as signs of our ideas."--Bullions, Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. (11.) "Words are sounds or written symbols used as signs of our ideas."--W. Allen cor. (12.) "Orthography literally means correct writing"--Kirkham and Smith cor. [The word orthography stands for different things: as, 1. The art or practice of writing words with their proper letters; 2. That part of grammar which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.] (13.) "A vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound when uttered alone."--Inst., p. 16; Hazen, Lennie, and Brace, cor. (14-18.) "Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters."--G. BROWN: Lowth and Churchill cor.; also Murray, Ing. et al.; also Comly; also Bullions; also Kirkham and Sanborn. (19.) "A syllable is one or more letters, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word."--Lowth, Mur., et al., cor. (20.) "A syllable is a letter or a combination of letters, uttered in one complete sound."--Brit. Gram. and Buch. cor. (21.) "A syllable is one or more letters representing a distinct sound, or what is uttered by a single impulse of the voice."--Kirkham cor. (22.) "A syllable is so much of a word as is sounded at once, whether it be the whole or a part."--Bullions cor. (23.) "A syllable is so many letters as are sounded at once; and is either a word, or a part of a word."--Picket cor. (24.) "A diphthong is a union of two vowels in one syllable, as in bear and beat."--Bucke cor. Or: "A diphthong is the meeting of two vowels in one syllable."--Brit. Gram., p. 15; Buchanan's, 3. (25.) "A diphthong consists of two vowels put together in one syllable; as ea in beat, oi in voice."--Guy cor. (26.) "A triphthong consists of three vowels put together in one syllable; as, eau in beauty."--Id. (27.) "But a triphthong is the union of three vowels in one syllable."--Bucke cor. Or: "A triphthong is the meeting of three vowels in one syllable."--British Gram., p. 21; Buchanan's, 3. (28.) "What is a noun? A noun is the name of something; as, a man, a boy."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (29.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, to describe the object named or referred to."--Maunder cor. (30.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, to describe or define the object mentioned."--R. C. Smith cor. (31.) "An adjective is a word which, without assertion or time, serves to describe or define something; as, a good man, every boy."--Wilcox cor. (32.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, and generally expresses a quality."--Mur. and Lowth cor. (33.) "An adjective expresses the quality, not of the noun or pronoun to which it is applied, but of the person or thing spoken of; and it may generally be known by the sense which it thus makes in connexion with its noun; as, 'A good man,' 'A genteel woman.'"--Wright cor. (34.) "An adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb."--Wilcox cor. (35.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify the sense, or denote some circumstance."--Bullions cor. (36.) "A substantive, or noun, is a name given to some object which the senses can perceive, the understanding comprehend, or the imagination entertain."--Wright cor. (37-54.) "Genders are modifications that distinguish objects in regard to sex."--Brown's Inst., p. 35: Bullions cor.: also Frost; also Perley; also Cooper; also L. Murray et al.; also Alden et al.; also Brit. Gram., with Buchanan; also Fowle; also Burn; also Webster; also Coar; also Hall; also Wright; also Fisher; also W. Allen; also Parker and Fox; also Weld; also Weld again. (55 and 56.) "A case, in grammar, is the state or condition of a noun or pronoun, with respect to some other word in the sentence."--Bullions cor.; also Kirkham. (57.) "Cases are modifications that distinguish the relations of nouns and pronouns to other words."--Brown's Inst., p. 36. (58.) "Government is the power which one word has over an other, to cause it to assume some particular modification."--Sanborn et al. cor. See Inst., p. 104. (59.) "A simple sentence is a sentence which contains only one assertion, command, or question."--Sanborn et al. cor. (60.) "Declension means the putting of a noun or pronoun through the different cases and numbers."--Kirkham cor. Or better: "The declension of a word is a regular arrangement of its numbers and cases."--See Inst., p. 37. (61.) "Zeugma is a figure in which two or more words refer in common to an other which literally agrees with only one of them."--B. F. Fish cor. (62.) "An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, smite, smote, smitten."--Inst., p. 75. (63). "A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is."--Inst., p. 46.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IV.--OF COMPARISONS.

"Our language abounds more in vowel and diphthong sounds, than most other tongues." Or: "We abound more in vowel and diphthongal sounds, than most nations."--Dr. Blair cor. "A line thus accented has a more spirited air, than one which takes the accent on any other syllable."--Kames cor. "Homer introduces his deities with no greater ceremony, that [what] he uses towards mortals; and Virgil has still less moderation than he."--Id. "Which the more refined taste of later writers, whose genius was far inferior to theirs, would have taught them to avoid."--Dr. Blair cor. "As a poetical composition, however, the Book of Job is not only equal to any other of the sacred writings, but is superior to them all, except those of Isaiah alone."--Id. "On the whole, Paradise Lost is a poem which abounds with beauties of every kind, and which justly entitles its author to be equalled in fame with any poet."--Id. "Most of the French writers compose in short sentences; though their style, in general, is not concise; commonly less so than that of most English writers, whose sentences are much longer."--Id. "The principles of the Reformation were too deeply fixed in the prince's mind, to be easily eradicated."--Hume cor. "Whether they do not create jealousy and animosity, more than sufficient to counterbalance the benefit derived from them."--Leo Wolf cor. "The Scotch have preserved the ancient character of their music more entire, than have the inhabitants of any other country."--Gardiner cor. "When the time or quantity of one syllable exceeds that of the rest, that syllable readily receives the accent."--Rush cor. "What then can be more obviously true, than that it should be made as just as we can make it."--Dymond cor. "It was not likely that they would criminate themselves more than, they could not avoid."--Clarkson cor. "In their understandings they were the most acute people that have ever lived."--Knapp cor. "The patentees have printed it with neat types, and upon better paper than was used formerly."--John Ward cor. "In reality, its relative use is not exactly like that of any other word."--Felch cor. "Thus, in stead of having to purchase two books,--the Grammar and the Exercises,--the learner finds both in one, for a price at most not greater than that of the others."--Alb. Argus cor. "They are not improperly regarded as pronouns, though they are less strictly such than the others."--Bullions cor. "We have had, as will readily be believed, a much better opportunity of becoming conversant with the case, than the generality of our readers can be supposed to have had."--Brit. Friend cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE V.--OF FALSITIES.

"The long sound of i is like a very quick union of the sound of a, as heard in bar, and that of e, as heard in be."--Churchill cor. "The omission of a word necessary to grammatical propriety, is of course an impropriety, and not a true ellipsis."--Priestley cor. "Not every substantive, or noun, is necessarily of the third person."--A. Murray cor. "A noun is in the third person, when the subject is merely spoken of; and in the second person, when the subject is spoken to; and in the first person, when it names the speaker as such."--Nutting cor. "With us, no nouns are literally of the masculine or the feminine gender, except the names of male and female creatures."--Dr. Blair cor. "The apostrophe is a little mark, either denoting the possessive case of nouns, or signifying that something is shortened: as, 'William's hat;'--'the learn'd,' for 'the learned.'"--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "When a word beginning with a vowel coupled with one beginning with a consonant, the indefinite article must not be repeated, if the two words be adjectives belonging to one and the same noun; thus, 'Sir Matthew Hale was a noble and impartial judge;'--'Pope was an elegant and nervous writer.'"--Maunder cor.[555] "W and y are consonants, when they precede a vowel heard in the same syllable: in every other situation, they are vowels."--L. Mur. et al. cor. See Inst., p. 16. "The is not varied before adjectives and substantives, let them begin as they will."--Bucke cor. "A few English prepositions, and many which we have borrowed from other languages, are often prefixed to words, in such a manner as to coalesce with them, and to become parts of the compounds or derivatives thus formed."--Lowth cor. "H, at the beginning of syllables not accented, is weaker, but not entirely silent; as in historian, widowhood."--Rev. D. Blair cor. "Not every word that will make sense with to before it, is a verb; for to may govern nouns, pronouns, or participles."--Kirkham cor. "Most verbs do, in reality, express actions; but they are not intrinsically the mere names of actions: these must of course be nouns."--Id. "The nominative denotes the actor or subject; and the verb, the action which is performed or received by this actor or subject."--Id. "But if only one creature or thing acts, more than one action may, at the same instant, be done; as, 'The girl not only holds her pen badly, but scowls and distorts her features, while she writes.'"--Id. "Nor is each of these verbs of the singular number because it denotes but one action which the girl performs, but because the subject or nominative is of the singular number, and the words must agree."--Id. "And when I say, 'Two men walk,' is it not equally apparent, that walk is plural because it agrees with men?"--Id. "The subjunctive mood is formed by using the simple verb in a suppositive sense, and without personal inflection."--Beck cor. "The possessive case of nouns, except in instances of apposition or close connexion, should always be distinguished by the apostrophe."--Frost cor. "'At these proceedings of the Commons:' Here of is a sign of the objective case; and 'Commons' is of that case, being governed by this preposition."--A. Murray cor. "Here let it be observed again, that, strictly speaking, all finite verbs have numbers and persons; and so have nearly all nouns and pronouns, even when they refer to irrational creatures and inanimate things."--Barrett cor. "The noun denoting the person or persons addressed or spoken to, is in the nominative case independent: except it be put in apposition with a pronoun of the second person; as, 'Woe to you lawyers;'--'You political men are constantly manoeuvring.'"--Frost cor. "Every noun, when used in a direct address and set off by a comma, becomes of the second person, and is in the nominative case absolute; as, 'Paul, thou art beside thyself."--Jaudon cor. "Does the conjunction ever join words together? Yes; the conjunction sometimes joins words together, and sometimes sentences, or certain parts of sentences."--Brit. Gram. cor.; also Buchanan. "Every noun of the possessive form has a governing noun, expressed or understood: as, St. James's. Here Palace is understood. But one possessive may govern an other; as, 'William's father's house.'"--Buchanan cor. "Every adjective (with the exceptions noted under Rule 9th) belongs to a noun or pronoun expressed or understood."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Not every adjective qualifies a substantive, expressed or understood."--Bullions cor. "Not every adjective belongs to a noun expressed or understood."--Ingersoll cor. "Adjectives belong to nouns or pronouns, and serve to describe things."--R. C. Smith cor. "English adjectives, in general, have no modifications in which they can agree with the nouns to which they relate."--Allen Fisk cor. "The adjective, if it denote unity or plurality, must agree with its substantive in number."--Buchanan cor. "Not every adjective and participle, by a vast many, belongs to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood."--Frost cor. "Not every verb of the infinitive mood, supposes a verb before it, expressed or understood."--Buchanan cor. "Nor has every adverb its verb, expressed or understood; for some adverbs relate to participles, to adjectives, or to other adverbs."--Id. "A conjunction that connects one sentence to an other, is not always placed betwixt the two propositions or sentences which it unites."--Id. "The words for all that, are by no means 'low;' but the putting of this phrase for yet or still, is neither necessary nor elegant."--L. Murray cor.; also Dr. Priestley. "The reader or hearer then understands from AND, that the author adds one proposition, number, or thing, to an other. Thus AND often, very often, connects one thing with an other thing, or one word with an other word."--James Brown cor. "'Six AND six are twelve.' Here it is affirmed, that the two sixes added together are twelve."--Id. "'John AND his wife have six children.' This is an instance in which AND connects two nominatives in a simple sentence. It is not here affirmed that John has six children, and that his wife has six other children."--Id. "That 'Nothing can be great which is not right,' is itself a great falsity: there are great blunders, great evils, great sins."--L. Murray cor. "The highest degree of reverence should be paid to the most exalted virtue or goodness."--Id. "There is in all minds some knowledge, or understanding."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Formerly, the nominative and objective cases of our pronouns, were more generally distinguished in practice, than they now are."--Kirkham cor. "As it respects a choice of words and expressions, the just rules of grammar may materially aid the learner."--S. S. Greene cor. "The name of whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, is a noun."--Fowler cor. "As not all men are brave, brave is itself distinctive."--Id.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VI.--OF ABSURDITIES.

(1.) "And sometimes two unaccented syllables come together."--Dr. Blair cor. (2.) "What nouns frequently stand together?" Or: "What nouns are frequently used one after an other?"--Sanborn cor. (3.) "Words are derived from other words in various ways."--Idem et al. cor. (4.) "The name PREPOSITION is derived from the two Latin words præ and pono, which signify before and place."--Mack cor. (5.) "He was much laughed at for such conduct."--Bullions cor. (6.) "Every pronominal adjective belongs to some noun, expressed or understood."--Ingersoll cor. (7.) "If he [Addison] fails in any thing, it is in strength and precision; the want of which renders his manner not altogether a proper model."--Dr. Blair cor. (8.) "Indeed, if Horace is deficient in any thing his fault is this, of not being sufficiently attentive to juncture, or the connexion of parts."--Id. (9.) "The pupil is now supposed to be acquainted with the ten parts of speech, and their most usual modifications."--Taylor cor. (10.) "I could see, feel, taste, and smell the rose."--Sanborn cor. (11.) "The vowels iou are sometimes pronounced distinctly in two syllables; as in various, abstemious; but not in bilious."--Murray and Walker cor. (12.) "The diphthong aa generally sounds like a short; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac; in Baäl and Gaäl, we make no diphthong."--L. Mur. cor. (13.) "Participles cannot be said to be 'governed by the article;' for any participle, with an article before it, becomes a substantive, or an adjective used substantively: as, the learning, the learned."--Id. (14.) "From words ending with y preceded by a consonant, we form the plurals of nouns, the persons of verbs, agent nouns, perfect participles, comparatives, and superlatives, by changing the y into i, and adding es, ed, er, eth, or est."--Walker, Murray, et al. cor. (15.) "But y preceded by a vowel, remains unchanged, in the derivatives above named; as, boy, boys."--L. Murray et al. cor. (16.) "But when the final y is preceded by a vowel, it remains unchanged before an additional syllable; as, coy, coyly."--Iid. (17.) "But y preceded by a vowel, remains unchanged, in almost all instances; as, coy, coyly."--Kirkham cor. (18.) "Sentences are of two kinds, simple and compound."--Wright cor. (19.) "The neuter pronoun it may be employed to introduce a nominative of any person, number, or gender: as, 'It is he:'--'It is she;'--'It is they;'--'It is the land.'"--Bucke cor. (20 and 21.) "It is and it was, are always singular; but they may introduce words of a plural construction: as, 'It was the heretics that first began to rail.' SMOLLETT."--Merchant cor.; also Priestley et al. (22.) "W and y, as consonants, have each of them one sound."--Town cor. (23.) "The word as is frequently a relative pronoun."--Bucke cor. (24.) "From a series of clauses, the conjunction may sometimes be omitted with propriety."--Merchant cor. (25.) "If, however, the two members are very closely connected, the comma is unnecessary; as, 'Revelation tells us how we may attain happiness.'"--L. Murray et al. cor. (26-27.) "The mind has difficulty in taking effectually, in quick succession, so many different views of the same object."--Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Mur. (28.) "Pronominal adjectives are a kind of definitives, which may either accompany their nouns, or represent them understood."--Kirkham cor. (29.) "When the nominative or antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the verb or pronoun must agree with it in the plural number."--Id. et al. cor. (30-34.) "A noun or a pronoun in the possessive case, is governed by the name of the thing possessed."-- Brown's Inst., p. 176; Greenleaf cor.; also Wilbur and Livingston; also Goldsbury; also P. E. Day; also Kirkham, Frazee, and Miller. (35.) "Here the boy is represented as acting: the word boy is therefore in the nominative case."--Kirkham cor. (36.) "Do, be, have, and will, are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs."--Cooper cor. (37.) "Names of males are masculine. Names of females are feminine."--Adam's Gram., p. 10; Beck cor. (38.) "'To-day's lesson is longer than yesterday's.' Here to-day's and yesterday's are substantives."--L. Murray et al. cor. (39.) "In this example, to-day's and yesterday's are nouns in the possessive case."--Kirkham cor. (40.) "An Indian in Britain would be much surprised to find by chance an elephant feeding at large in the open fields."--Kames cor. (41.) "If we were to contrive a new language, we might make any articulate sound the sign of any idea: apart from previous usage, there would be no impropriety in calling oxen men, or rational beings oxen."--L. Murray cor. (42.) "All the parts of a sentence should form a consistent whole."--Id et al. cor.

(43.) "Full through his neck the weighty falchion sped, Along the pavement rolled the culprit's head."--Pope cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VII.--OF SELF-CONTRADICTION.

(1.) "Though 'The king, with the lords and commons,' must have a singular rather than a plural verb, the sentence would certainly stand better thus: 'The king, the lords, and the commons, form an excellent constitution.'"--Mur. and Ing. cor. (2-3.) "L has a soft liquid sound; as in love, billow, quarrel. This letter is sometimes silent; as in half, task [sic for 'talk'--KTH], psalm."--Mur. and Fisk cor.; also Kirkham. (4.) "The words means and amends, though regularly derived from the singulars mean and amend, are not now, even by polite writers, restricted to the plural number. Our most distinguished modern authors often say, 'by this means,' as well as, 'by these means.'"--Wright cor. (5.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy, his crimes."--Mur. cor. (6.) "The auxiliary have, or any form of the perfect tense, belongs not properly to the subjunctive mood. We suppose past facts by the indicative: as, If I have loved, If thou hast loved, &c."--Merchant cor. (7.) "There is also an impropriety in using both the indicative and the subjunctive mood with the same conjunction; as, 'If a man have a hundred sheep, and one of them is gone astray,' &c. [This is Merchant's perversion of the text. It should be, 'and one of them go astray:' or, 'be gone astray,' as in Matt., xviii. 12.]"--Id. (8.) "The rising series of contrasts conveys transcendent dignity and energy to the conclusion."--Jamieson cor. (9.) "A groan or a shriek is instantly understood, as a language extorted by distress, a natural language which conveys a meaning that words are not adequate to express. A groan or a shriek speaks to the ear with a far more thrilling effect than words: yet even this natural language of distress may be counterfeited by art."--Dr. Porter cor. (10.) "If these words [book and pen] cannot be put together in such a way as will constitute plurality, then they cannot be 'these words;' and then, also, one and one cannot be two."--James Brown cor. (11.) "Nor can the real pen and the real book be added or counted together in words, in such a manner as will not constitute plurality in grammar."--Id. (12.) "Our is a personal pronoun, of the possessive case. Murray does not decline it."--Mur. cor. (13.) "This and that, and their plurals these and those, are often opposed to each other in a sentence. When this or that is used alone, i.e., without contrast, this is applied to what is present or near; that, to what is absent or distant."--Buchanan cor. (14.) "Active and neuter verbs may be conjugated by adding their imperfect participle to the auxiliary verb be, through all its variations."--"Be is an auxiliary whenever it is placed before either the perfect or the imperfect participle of an other verb; but, in every other situation, it is a principal verb."--Kirkham cor. (15.) "A verb in the imperative mood is almost always of the second person."--"The verbs, according to a foreign idiom, or the poet's license, are used in the imperative, agreeing with a nominative of the first or third person."--Id. (16.) "A personal pronoun, is a pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is."--"Pronouns of the first person do not disagree in person with the nouns they represent."--Id. (17.) "Nouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."--"Personal pronouns have, like nouns, three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."--Beck cor. (18.) "In many instances the preposition suffers a change and becomes an adverb by its mere application."--L. Murray cor. (19.) "Some nouns are used only in the plural; as, ashes, literati, minutiæ. Some nouns have the same form in both numbers; as, sheep, deer, series, species. Among the inferior parts of speech, there are some pairs or couples."--Rev. D. Blair cor. (20.) "Concerning the pronominal adjectives, that may, or may not, represent their nouns."--O. B. Peirce cor. (21.) "The word a is in a few instances employed in the sense of a preposition; as, 'Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing;' i. e., I go to fishing."--Weld cor. (22.) "So, too, verbs that are commonly transitive, are used intransitively, when they have no object."--Bullions cor.

(23.) "When first young Maro, in his boundless mind, A work t' outlast imperial Rome design'd."--Pope cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VIII.--OF SENSELESS JUMBLING.

"There are two numbers, called the singular and the plural, which distinguish nouns as signifying either one thing, or many of the same kind."--Dr. H. Blair cor. "Here James Monroe is addressed, he is spoken to; the name is therefore a noun of the second person."--Mack cor. "The number and person of an English verb can seldom be ascertained until its nominative is known."--Emmons cor. "A noun of multitude, or a singular noun signifying many, may have a verb or a pronoun agreeing with it in either number; yet not without regard to the import of the noun, as conveying the idea of unity or plurality."--Lowth et al. cor. "To form the present tense and the past imperfect of our active or neuter verbs, the auxiliary do, and its preterit did, are sometimes used: as, I do now love; I did then love."--Lowth cor. "If these be perfectly committed to memory, the learner will be able to take twenty lines for his second lesson, and the task may be increased each day."--Osborn cor. "Ch is generally sounded in the same manner as if it were tch: as in Charles, church, cheerfulness, and cheese. But, in Latin or Greek words, ch is pronounced like k: as in Chaos, character, chorus, and chimera. And, in words derived from the French, ch is sounded like sh: as in Chagrin, chicanery, and chaise."--Bucke cor. "Some nouns literally neuter, are made masculine or feminine by a figure of speech."--L. Murray et al. cor. "In the English language, words may be classified under ten general heads: the sorts, or chief classes, of words, are usually termed the ten parts of speech."--Nutting cor. "'Mercy is the true badge of nobility.' Nobility is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case; and is governed by of."--Kirkham cor. "Gh is either silent, as in plough, or has the sound of f, as in laugh."--Town cor. "Many nations were destroyed, and as many languages or dialects were lost and blotted out from the general catalogue."--Chazotte cor. "Some languages contain a greater number of moods than others, and each exhibits its own as forms peculiar to itself."--L. Murray cor. "A SIMILE is a simple and express comparison; and is generally introduced by like, as, or so."--Id. See Inst., p. 233. "The word what is sometimes improperly used for the conjunction that."--Priestley, Murray, et al., cor. "Brown makes no ado in condemning the absurd principles of preceding works, in relation to the gender of pronouns."--O. B. Peirce cor. "The nominative usually precedes the verb, and denotes the agent of the action."--Wm. Beck cor. "Primitive words are those which are not formed from other words more simple."--Wright cor. "In monosyllables, the single vowel i always preserves its long sound before a single consonant with e final; as in thine, strive: except in give and live, which are short; and in shire, which has the sound of long e."--L. Murray, et al. cor. "But the person or thing that is merely spoken of, being frequently absent, and perhaps in many respects unknown to the hearer, it is thought more necessary, that the third person should be marked by a distinction of gender."--Lowth, Mur., et al., cor. "Both vowels of every diphthong were, doubtless, originally vocal. Though in many instances they are not so at present, the combinations in which one only is heard, still retain the name of diphthongs, being distinguished from others by the term improper."--L. Mur., et al. cor. "Moods are different forms of the verb, each of which expresses the being, action, or passion, in some particular manner."--Inst., p. 33; A. Mur. cor. "The word THAT is a demonstrative adjective, whenever it is followed by a noun to which it refers."--L. Mur. cor.

"The guilty soul by Jesus wash'd, Is future glory's deathless heir."--Fairfield cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IX.--OF WORDS NEEDLESS.

"A knowledge of grammar enables us to express ourselves better in conversation and in writing."--Sanborn cor. "And hence we infer, that there is no dictator here but use."--Jamieson cor. "Whence little is gained, except correct spelling and pronunciation."--Town cor. "The man who is faithfully attached to religion, may be relied on with confidence."--Merchant cor. "Shalt thou build me a house to dwell in?" Or: "Shalt thou build a house for me to dwell in?"--Bible cor. "The house was deemed polluted which was entered by so abandoned a woman."--Dr. Blair cor. "The farther he searches, the firmer will be his belief."--Keith cor. "I deny not that religion consists in these things."--Barclay cor. "Except the king delighted in her, and she were called by name."--Bible cor. "The proper method of reading these lines, is, to read them as the sense dictates."--Dr. Blair cor. "When any words become obsolete, or are used only in particular phrases, it is better to dispense with their service entirely, and give up the phrases."--Campbell and Mur cor. "Those savage people seemed to have no element but war."--L. Mur. cor. "Man is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case."--J. Flint cor. "The orator, as circumstances require, will employ them all."--Dr. Blair cor. "By deferring repentence [sic--KTH], we accumulate our sorrows."--L. Murray cor. "There is no doubt that public speaking became early an engine of government."--Dr. Blair cor. "The different meanings of these two words, may not at first occur."--Id. "The sentiment is well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solomon."--L. Murray et al. cor. "They have had a greater privilege than we."--L. Mur. cor. "Every thing should be so arranged, that what goes before, may give light and force to what follows."--Dr. Blair cor. "So that his doctrines were embraced by great numbers."--Hist. cor. "They have taken an other and shorter cut."--South cor. "The imperfect tense of a regular verb is formed from the present by adding d or ed; as, love, loved."--Frost cor. "The pronoun their does not agree in number with the noun 'man', for which it stands."--Kirkham cor. "This mark [!] denotes wonder, surprise, joy, grief, or sudden emotion."--Bucke cor. "We all are accountable, each for himself."--L. Mur. et al. cor. "If he has commanded it, I must obey."--R. C. Smith cor. "I now present him a form of the diatonic scale."--Barber cor. "One after an other, their favourite rivers have been reluctantly abandoned." Or: "One after an other of their favourite rivers have they reluctantly abandoned."--Hodgson cor. "Particular and peculiar are words of different import."--Dr. Blair cor. "Some adverbs admit of comparison; as, soon, sooner, soonest."--Bucke cor. "Having exposed himself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost his health."--L. Mur. cor. "The verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."--Buchanan cor. "Write twenty short sentences containing adjectives."--Abbott cor. "This general tendency of the language seems to have given occasion to a very great corruption."-- Churchill's Gram., p. 113. "The second requisite of a perfect sentence is unity."--L. Murray cor. "It is scarcely necessary to apologize for omitting their names."--Id. "The letters of the English alphabet are twenty-six."--Id. et al. cor. "He who employs antiquated or novel phraseology, must do it with design; he cannot err from inadvertence, as he may with respect to provincial or vulgar expressions."--Jamieson cor. "The vocative case, in some grammars, is wholly omitted; why, if we must have cases, I could never understand."--Bucke cor. "Active verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb have; passive verbs, with the auxiliary am or be."--Id. "What then may AND be called? A conjunction."--Smith cor. "Have they ascertained who gave the information?"--Bullions cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE X.--OF IMPROPER OMISSIONS.

"All words signifying concrete qualities of things, are called adnouns, or adjectives."--Rev. D. Blair cor. "The macron [[=]] signifies a long or accented syllable, and the breve [[~]] indicates a short or unaccented syllable."--Id. "Whose duty it is, to help young ministers."--Friends cor. "The passage is closely connected with what precedes and what follows."--Phil. Mu. cor. "The work is not completed, but it soon will be."--R. C. Smith cor. "Of whom hast thou been afraid, or whom hast thou feared?"--Bible cor. "There is a God who made, and who governs, the world."--Bp. Butler cor. "It was this that made them so haughty."--Goldsmith cor. "How far the whole charge affected him, it is not easy to determine."--Id. "They saw these wonders of nature, and worshiped the God that made them."--Bucke cor. "The errors frequent in the use of hyperboles, arise either from overstraining them, or from introducing them on unsuitable occasions."--L. Mur. cor. "The preposition in is set before the names of countries, cities, and large towns; as, 'He lives in France, in London, or in Birmingham.' But, before the names of villages, single houses, or foreign cities, at is used; as, 'He lives at Hackney.'"--Id. et al. cor. "And, in such recollection, the thing is not figured as in our view, nor is any image formed."--Kames cor. "Intrinsic beauty and relative beauty must be handled separately."--Id. "He should be on his guard not to do them injustice by disguising them or placing them in a false light."--Dr. Blair cor. "In perusing that work, we are frequently interrupted by the author's unnatural thoughts."--L. Murray cor. "To this point have tended all the rules which I have just given."--Dr. Blair cor. "To this point have tended all the rules which have just been given."--L. Murray cor. "Language, as written, or as oral, is addressed to the eye, or to the ear."--Journal cor. "He will learn, Sir, that to accuse and to prove are very different."--Walpole cor. "They crowded around the door so as to prevent others from going out."--Abbott cor. "A word denoting one person or thing, is of the singular number; a word denoting more than one person or thing: is of the plural number."--J. Flint cor. "Nouns, according to the sense or relation in which they are used, are in the nominative, the possessive, or the objective case: thus, Nom. man. Poss. man's, Obj. man."--Rev. D. Blair cor. "Nouns or pronouns in the possessive case are placed before the nouns which govern them, and to which they belong."--Sanborn cor. "A teacher is explaining the difference between a noun and a verb."--Abbott cor. "And therefore the two ends, or extremities, must directly answer to the north and the south pole."--Harris cor. "WALKS or WALKETH, RIDES or RIDETH, and STANDS or STANDETH, are of the third person singular."--Kirkham cor. "I grew immediately roguish and pleasant, to a high degree, in the same strain."--Swift cor. "An Anapest has the first two syllables unaccented, and the last one accented."--Rev. D. Blair cor.; also Kirkham et al.; also L. Mur. et al. "But hearing and vision differ not more than words spoken and words written." Or: "But hearing and vision do not differ more than spoken words and written."--Wilson cor. "They are considered by some authors to be prepositions."--Cooper cor. "When those powers have been deluded and have gone astray."--Phil Mu. cor. "They will understand this, and will like it."--Abbott cor. "They had been expelled from their native country Romagna."--Hunt cor. "Future time is expressed in two different ways."--Adam and Gould cor. "Such as the borrowing of some noted event from history."--Kames cor. "Every finite verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."--Bucke cor. "We are struck, we know not how, with the symmetry of any handsome thing we see."--L. Murray cor. "Under this head, I shall consider every thing that is necessary to a good delivery."--Sheridan cor. "A good ear is the gift of nature; it may be much improved, but it cannot be acquired by art."--L. Murray cor. "'Truth' is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case."--Bullions cor. by Brown's Form. "'Possess' is a regular active-transitive verb, found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and plural number."--Id. "'Fear' is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case: and is the subject of is: according to the Rule which says, 'A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case.' Because the meaning is--'fear is.'"--Id. "'Is' is an irregular neuter verb, from be, was, being, been; found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and singular number: and agrees with its nominative fear; according to the Rule which says, 'Every finite verb must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number' Because the meaning is--'fear is.'"--Id. "Ae in the word Gælic, has the sound of long a."--Wells cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XI.--OF LITERARY BLUNDERS.

"Repeat some adverbs that are composed of the prefix or preposition a and nouns."--Kirkham cor. "Participles are so called, because they participate or partake the properties of verbs and of adjectives or nouns. The Latin word participium, which signifies a participle, is derived from participo, to partake."--Merchant cor. "The possessive precedes an other noun, and is known by the sign 's, or by this ', the apostrophe only."--Beck cor. "Reciprocal pronouns, or compound personal pronouns, are formed by adding self or selves to the simple possessives of the first and second persons, and to the objectives of the third person; as, myself, yourselves, himself, themselves."--Id. "The word SELF, and its plural SELVES, when used separately as names, must be considered as nouns; but when joined to the simple pronouns, they are not nouns, but parts of the compound personal pronouns."--Wright cor. "The Spondee 'rolls round,' expresses beautifully the majesty of the sun in his course."--Webster and Frazee cor. "Active-transitive verbs govern the objective case; as, 'John learned his lesson.'"--Frazee cor. "Prosody primarily signified accent, or the modulation of the voice; and, as the name implies, related to poetry, or song."--Hendrick cor. "On such a principle of forming them, there would be as many moods as verbs; and, in stead of four moods, we should have four thousand three hundred, which is the number of verbs in the English language, according to Lowth." [556]--Hallock cor. "The phrases, 'To let out blood,'--'To go a hunting,' are not elliptical; for out is needless, and a is a preposition, governing hunting."--Bullions cor. "In Rhyme, the last syllable of every line corresponds in sound with that of some other line or lines."--Id. "The possessive case plural, where the nominative ends in s, has the apostrophe only; as, 'Eagles' wings,'--'lions' whelps,'--'bears' claws.'"--Weld cor. "'Horses-manes,' plural, should be written possessively, 'horses' manes:'" [one "mane" is never possessed by many "horses."]--Id. "W takes its usual form from the union of two Vees, V being the figure of the Roman capital letter which was anciently called U."--Fowler cor. "In the sentence, 'I saw the lady who sings,' what word is nominative to SINGS?"--J. Flint cor. "In the sentence, 'This is the pen which John made,' what word expresses the object of MADE?"--Id. "'That we fall into no sin:' no is a definitive or pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to sin."--Rev. D. Blair cor. "'That all our doings may be ordered by thy governance:' all is a pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to doings."--Id. "'Let him be made to study.' Why is the sign to expressed before study? Because be made is passive; and passive verbs do not take the infinitive after them without the preposition to."--Sanborn cor. "The following verbs have both the preterit tense and the perfect participle like the present: viz., Cast, cut, cost, shut, let, bid, shed, hurt, hit, put, &c."--Buchanan cor. "The agreement which any word has with an other in person, number, gender, or case, is called CONCORD; and the power which one word has over an other, in respect to ruling its case, mood, or form, is called GOVERNMENT."--Bucke cor. "The word ticks tells what the watch is doing."--Sanborn cor. "The Breve ([~]) marks a short vowel or syllable, and the Macron ([=]), a long one."--Bullions and Lennie cor. "'Charles, you, by your diligence, make easy work of the task given you by your preceptor.' The first you is in the nominative case, being the subject of the verb make."--Kirkham cor. "Uoy in buoy is a proper triphthong; eau in flambeau is an improper triphthong."--Sanborn cor. "'While I of things to come, As past rehearsing, sing.'--POLLOK. That is, 'While I sing of things to come, as if I were rehearsing things that are past.'"--Kirkham cor. "A simple sentence usually has in it but one nominative, and but one finite verb."--Folker cor. "An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed."--Brown's Inst., p. 75. "But, when the antecedent is used in a restricted sense, a comma is sometimes inserted before the relative; as, 'There is no charm in the female sex, which can supply the place of virtue.'"--L. Murray's Gram., p. 273. Or: "But, when the antecedent is used in a restricted sense, no comma is usually inserted before the relative; as, 'There is in the female sex no charm which can supply the place of virtue.'"--Kirkham cor. "Two capitals used in this way, denote different words; but one repeated, marks the plural number: as, L. D. Legis Doctor; LL. D. Legum Doctor."--Gould cor. "Was any person present besides the mercer? Yes; his clerk."--L. Murray cor. "The word adjective comes from the Latin adjectivum; and this, from ad, to, and jacio, I cast."--Kirkham cor. "Vision, or Imagery, is a figure by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination, as actually before his eyes, and present to his senses. Thus Cicero, in his fourth oration against Cataline: 'I seem to myself to behold this city, the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of citizens lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious countenance of Ceth[=e]'gus rises to my view, while with savage joy he is triumphing in your miseries.'"--Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "When two or more verbs follow the same nominative, an auxiliary that is common to them both or all, is usually expressed to the first, and understood to the rest: as, 'He has gone and left me;' that is, 'He has gone and has left me.'"--Comly cor. "When I use the word pillar to denote a column that supports an edifice, I employ it literally."--Hiley cor. "In poetry, the conjunction nor is often used for neither; as

'A stately superstructure, that nor wind, Nor wave, nor shock of falling years, could move.'--POLLOK."--Id.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XII--OF PERVERSIONS.

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."--Genesis, i, 1. "Canst thou by searching find out God?"--Job, xi, 7. "Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints."--Rev., xv. 3. "Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven."--Matt., vii, 21. "Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor."--2 Cor., viii, 9. "Whose foundation was overthrown with a flood."--SCOTT'S BIBLE: Job, xxii, 16. "Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me;" &c.--Matt., xi, 29. "I go to prepare a place for you."--John, xiv, 2. "And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins."--Ephesians, ii, 1. "Go, flee thee away into the land of Judah."--Amos, vii, 12; Lowth's Gram., p. 44. Or: "Go, flee away into the land of Judah."--Hart cor. "Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further."--Job, xxxviii, 11. "The day is thine, the night also is thine."--Psal., lxxiv, 16. "Tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope."--Romans, v, 4. "Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was; and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it."--Ecclesiastes, xii, 7. "At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thine heart shall utter perverse things: Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea."--Prov., xxiii, 32, 33, 34. "The memory of the just is blessed; but the name of the wicked shall rot."--Prov., x, 7. "He that is slow to anger, is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city."--Prov., xvi, 32. "For whom the Lord loveth, he correcteth; even as a father the son in whom he delighteth."--Prov., iii, 12. "The first-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter."--Brown's Inst. of E. Gram., p. 54. "Teach me to feel another's woe, To hide the fault I see."--Pope's Univ. Prayer. "Surely thou art one of them; for thou art a Galilean."--Mark, xiv, 70. "Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee."--Matt., xxvi, 73. "Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life."--Matt., vii, 14. "Thou buildest the wall, that thou mayest be their king."--Nehemiah, vi, 6. "There is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared."--Psalms, cxxx, 4. "But yesterday, the word of Cæsar might Have stood against the world."--Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 250. "The North-East spends his rage."--Thomson's Seasons, p. 34. "Tells how the drudging goblin swet."--Milton's Allegro, l. 105. "And to his faithful champion hath in place Borne witness gloriously."--Milton's Sam. Agon., l. 1752. "Then, if thou fall'st, O Cromwell, Thou fall'st a blessed martyr."--Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 173. Better: "Then, if thou fall, O Cromwell! thou fallst a blessed martyr."--Shak. and Kirk. cor. "I see the dagger-crest of Mar, I see the Moray's silver star, Wave o'er the cloud of Saxon war, That up the lake comes winding far!"--Scott's Lady of the Lake, p. 162. "Each beast, each insect, happy in its own."--Pope, on Man, Ep. i, l. 185. "And he that is learning to arrange his sentences with accuracy and order, is learning, at the same time, to think with accuracy and order."--Blair's Lect., p. 120. "We, then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain."--2 Cor., vi, 1. "And on the boundless of thy goodness calls."--Young's Last Day, B. ii, l. 320. "Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other men; Wisdom, in minds attentive to their own."--Cowper's Task, B. vi, l. 90. "O! let me listen to the words of life!"--Thomson's Paraphrase on Matt. vi. "Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower." &c.--Gray's Elegy, l. 9. "Weighs the men's wits against the Lady's hair."--Pope's Rape of the Lock, Canto v, l. 72. "Till the publication of Dr. Lowth's small Introduction, the grammatical study of our language formed no part of the ordinary method of instruction."--Hiley's Preface, p. vi. "Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee."--Gen., xiii, 8.

"What! canst thou not forbear me half an hour?"--Shakspeare.

"Till then who knew the force of those dire arms?"--Milton.

"In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold; Alike fantastic, if too new or old: Be not the first by whom the new are tried Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."--Pope, on Criticism, l. 333.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIII.--OF AWKWARDNESS.

"They slew Varus, whom I mentioned before."--L. Murray cor. "Maria rejected Valerius, whom she had rejected before." Or: "Maria rejected Valerius a second time."--Id. "In the English language, nouns have but two different terminations for cases."--Churchill's Gram., p. 64. "Socrates and Plato were the wisest men, and the most eminent philosophers in Greece."--Buchanan's Gram., Pref., p. viii. "Whether more than one were concerned in the business, does not yet appear." Or: "How many were concerned in the business, does not yet appear."--L. Murray cor. "And that, consequently, the verb or pronoun agreeing with it, can never with propriety be used in the plural number."--Id. et al. cor. "A second help may be, frequent and free converse with others of your own sex who are like minded."--Wesley cor. "Four of the semivowels, namely, l, m, n, and r, are termed LIQUIDS, on account of the fluency of their sounds."--See Brown's Inst., p. 16. "Some conjunctions are used in pairs, so that one answers to an other, as its regular correspondent."--Lowth et al. cor. "The mutes are those consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted; the semivowels have imperfect sounds of their own, which can be continued at pleasure."--Murray et al. cor. "HE and SHE are sometimes used as nouns, and, as such, are regularly declined: as, 'The hes in birds.'--BACON. 'The shes of Italy.'--SHAK."--Churchill cor. "The separation of a preposition from the word which it governs, is [censured by some writers, as being improper."--C. Adams cor. "The word WHOSE, according to some critics, should be restricted to persons; but good writers still occasionally use it with reference to things."--Priestley et al. cor. "New and surpassing wonders present themselves to our view."--Sherlock cor. "The degrees of comparison are often inaccurately applied and construed."--Alger's Murray. Or: "Passages are often found in which the degrees of comparison have not an accurate construction."--Campbell cor.; also Murray et al. "The sign of possession is placed too far from the name, to form a construction that is either perspicuous or agreeable."--L. Murray cor. "The simple tenses are those which are formed by the principal verb without an auxiliary."--Id. "The more intimate men are, the more they affect one another's happiness."--Id. "This is the machine that he invented."--Nixon cor. "To give this sentence the interrogative form, we must express it thus." Or: "This sentence, to have the interrogative form, should be expressed thus."--L. Murray cor. "Never employ words that are susceptible of a sense different from that which you intend to convey."--Hiley cor. "Sixty pages are occupied in explaining what, according to the ordinary method, would not require more than ten or twelve."--Id. "The participle in ing always expresses action, suffering, or being, as continuing, or in progress."--Bullions cor. "The first participle of all active verbs, has usually an active signification; as, 'James is building the house.' Often, however, it takes a passive meaning; as, 'The house is building.'"--Id. "Previously to parsing this sentence, the young pupil may be taught to analyze it, by such questions as the following: viz."--Id. "Since that period, however, attention has been paid to this important subject."--Id. and Hiley cor. "A definition of a word is a brief explanation of what it means."--G. BROWN: Hiley cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIV.--OF IGNORANCE.

"What is a verb? It is a word which signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon." Or thus: "What is an assertor? Ans. 'One who affirms positively; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator.'--WEBSTER'S DICT."--Peirce cor. "Virgil wrote the Æneid."--Kirkham cor. "Which, to a supercilious or inconsiderate native of Japan, would seem very idle and impertinent."--Locke cor. "Will not a look of disdain cast upon you throw you into a ferment?"--Say cor. "Though only the conjunction if is here set before the verb, there are several others, (as that, though, lest, unless, except,) which may be used with the subjunctive mood."--L. Murray cor. "When proper names have an article before them, they are used as common names."--Id. et al. cor. "When a proper noun has an article before it, it is used as a common noun."--Merchant cor. "Seeming to rob the death-field of its terrors."--Id. "For the same reason, we might, without any detriment to the language, dispense with the terminations of our verbs in the singular."--Kirkham cor. "It removes all possibility of being misunderstood."--Abbott cor. "Approximation to perfection is all that we can expect."--Id. "I have often joined in singing with musicians at Norwich."--Gardiner cor. "When not standing in regular prosaic order." Or:--"in the regular order of prose."--O. B. Peirce cor. "Regardless of the dogmas and edicts of the philosophical umpire."--Kirkham cor. "Others begin to talk before their mouths are open, prefixing the mouth-closing M to most of their words; as, 'M-yes,' for 'Yes.'"--Gardiner cor. "That noted close of his 'esse videatur,' exposed him to censure among his contemporaries."--Dr. Blair cor. "A man's own is what he has, or possesses by right; the word own being a past participle of the verb to owe, which formerly signified to have or possess."--Kirkham cor. "As requires so; expressing a comparison of manner; as, 'As the one dieth, so dieth the other.'"--L. Mur. et al. cor. "To obey our parents, is an obvious duty."--Parker and Fox cor. "Almost all the political papers of the kingdom have touched upon these things."--H. C. Wright cor. "I shall take the liberty to make a few observations on the subject."--Hiley cor. "His loss I have endeavoured to supply, so far as by additional vigilance and industry I could."--Id. "That they should make vegetation so exuberant as to anticipate every want."--Frazee cor. "The guillemets, or quotation points, [""] denote that one or more words are extracted from an other author."--P. E. Day cor. "Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, was one of the most noted cities of ancient times."--Id. "It may, however, be rendered definite by the mention of some particular time; as, yesterday, last week, &c."--Bullions cor. "The last is called heroic measure, and is the same that is used by Milton, Young, Thomson, Pollok. &c."--Id. "Perennial ones must be sought in the delightful regions above."--Hallock cor. "Intransitive verbs are those which are inseparable from the effect produced." Or better: "Intransitive verbs are those which express action without governing an object."--Cutler cor. "The Feminine gender belongs to women, and animals of the female kind."--Id. "Wo unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!"--ALGER'S BIBLE: Luke, xi, 44. "A pyrrhic, which has both its syllables short."--Day cor. "What kind of jessamine? A jessamine in flower, or a flowery jessamine."--Barrett cor. "LANGUAGE, a word derived from LINGUA, the tongue, now signifies any series of sounds or letters formed into words, and used for the expression of thought."--Id. See this Gram. of E. Grammars, p. 145. "Say 'none,' not 'ne'er a one.'"--Staniford cor. "'E'er a one,' [is sometimes used for 'any'] or 'either.'"--Pond cor.

"Earth loses thy pattern for ever and aye; O sailor-boy! sailor-boy! peace to thy soul." --Dymond.

"His brow was sad; his eye beneath Flashed like a falchion from its sheath." --Longfellow's Ballads, p. 129.

[Fist] [The examples exhibited for exercises under Critical Notes 15th and 16th, being judged either incapable of correction, or unworthy of the endeavour, are submitted to the criticism of the reader, without any attempt to amend them, or to offer substitutes in this place.]

PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SYNTAX.

LESSON I.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"Why is our language less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France?"--L. Murray cor. "Why is our language less refined than the French?"--Ingersoll cor. "I believe your Lordship will agree with me, in the reason why our language is less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France."--Swift cor. "Even in this short sentence, 'why our language is less refined than those of Italy, Spain, or France,' we may discern an inaccuracy; the pronominal adjective 'those' is made plural, when the substantive to which it refers, or the thing for which it stands, 'the language of Italy, Spain, or France,' is singular."--Dr. H. Blair cor. "The sentence would have run much better in this way:--'why our language is less refined than the Italian, the Spanish, or the French.'"--Id. "But when arranged in an entire sentence, as they must be to make a complete sense, they show it still more evidently."--L. Murray cor. "This is a more artificial and refined construction, than that in which the common connective is simply used."--Id. "I shall present to the reader a list of certain prepositions or prefixes, which are derived from the Latin and Greek languages."--Id. "A relative sometimes comprehends the meaning of a personal pronoun and a copulative conjunction."--Id. "Personal pronouns, being used to supply the places of nouns, are not often employed in the same clauses with the nouns which they represent."--Id. and Smith cor. "There is very seldom any occasion for a substitute where the principal word is present."--L. Mur. cor. "We hardly consider little children as persons, because the term person gives us the idea of reason, or intelligence."--Priestley et al. cor. "The occasions for exerting these two qualities are different."--Dr. Blair et al. cor. "I'll tell you with whom time ambles withal, with whom time trots withal, with whom time gallops withal, and with whom he stands still withal. I pray thee, with whom doth he trot withal?"--Buchanan's Gram., p. 122. "By greatness, I mean, not the bulk of any single object only but the largeness of a whole view."--Addison cor. "The question may then be put, What more does he than mean?"--Dr. Blair cor. "The question might be put, What more does he than mean?"--Id. "He is surprised to find himself at so great a distance from the object with which he set out."--Id.; also Murray cor. "Few rules can be given which will hold good in all cases."--Lowth and Mur. cor. "Versification is the arrangement of words into metrical lines, according to the laws of verse."--Johnson cor. "Versification is the arrangement of words into rhythmical lines of some particular length, so as to produce harmony by the regular alternation of syllables differing in quantity."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Amelia's friend Charlotte, to whom no one imputed blame, was too prompt in her own vindication."--L. Murray cor. "Mr. Pitt's joining of the war party in 1793, the most striking and the most fatal instance of this offence, is the one which at once presents itself."--Brougham cor. "To the framing of such a sound constitution of mind."--Lady cor. "'I beseech you,' said St. Paul to his Ephesian converts, 'that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called.' "--See Eph., iv, 1. "So as to prevent it from being equal to that."--Booth cor. "When speaking of an action as being performed." Or: "When speaking of the performance of an action."--Id. "And, in all questions of actions being so performed, est is added for the second person."--Id. "No account can be given of this, but that custom has blinded their eyes." Or: "No other account can be given of this, than that custom has blinded their eyes."--Dymond cor.

"Design, or chance, makes others wive; But nature did this match contrive."--Waller cor.

LESSON II.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"I suppose each of you thinks it is his own nail."--Abbott cor. "They are useless, because they are apparently based upon this supposition."--Id. "The form, or manner, in which this plan may be adopted is various."--Id. "The making of intellectual effort, and the acquiring of knowledge, are always pleasant to the human mind."--Id. "This will do more than the best lecture that ever was delivered."--Id. "The doing of easy things is generally dull work."--Id. "Such are the tone and manner of some teachers."--Id. "Well, the fault is, that some one was disorderly at prayer time."--Id. "Do you remember to have spoken on this subject in school?"--Id. "The course above recommended, is not the trying of lax and inefficient measures"--Id. "Our community agree that there is a God."--Id. "It prevents them from being interested in what is said."--Id. "We will also suppose that I call an other boy to me, whom I have reason to believe to be a sincere Christian."--Id. "Five minutes' notice is given by the bell."--Id. "The Annals of Education give notice of it." Or: "The work entitled 'Annals of Education' gives notice of it."--Id. "Teachers' meetings will be interesting and useful."--Id. "She thought a half hour's study would conquer all the difficulties."--Id. "The difference between an honest and a hypocritical confession."--Id. "There is no point of attainment at which we must stop."--Id. "Now six hours' service is as much as is expected of teachers."--Id. "How many are seven times nine?"--Id. "Then the reckoning proceeds till it comes to ten hundred."--Frost cor. "Your success will depend on your own exertions; see, then, that you be diligent."--Id. "Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense: If I be known, If thou be known, If he be known;" &c.--Id. "If I be loved, If thou be loved, If he be loved;" &c.--Frost right. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, without any reference to the structure of those parts."--Frost cor. "The Cardinal numbers are those which simply tell how many; as, one, two, three."--Id. "More than one organ are concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant." Or thus: "More organs than one are concerned in the utterance of almost any consonant."--Id. "To extract from them all the terms which we use in our divisions and subdivisions of the art."--Holmes cor. "And there were written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe."--Bible cor. "If I were to be judged as to my behaviour, compared with that of John."--Whiston's Jos. cor. "The preposition to, signifying in order to, was anciently preceded by for; as, 'What went ye out for to see?'"--L. Murray's Gram., p. 184. "This makes the proper perfect tense, which in English is always expressed by the auxiliary verb have; as, 'I have written.'"--Dr. Blair cor. "Indeed, in the formation of character, personal exertion is the first, the second, and the third virtue."--Sanders cor. "The reducing of them to the condition of the beasts that perish."--Dymond cor. "Yet this affords no reason to deny that the nature of the gift is the same, or that both are divine." Or: "Yet this affords no reason to aver that the nature of the gift is not the same, or that both are not divine."--Id. "If God has made known his will."--Id. "If Christ has prohibited them, nothing else can prove them right."--Id. "That the taking of them is wrong, every man who simply consults his own heart, will know."--Id. "From these evils the world would be spared, if one did not write."--Id. "It is in a great degree our own fault."--Id. "It is worthy of observation, that lesson-learning is nearly excluded."--Id. "Who spares the aggressor's life, even to the endangering of his own."--Id. "Who advocates the taking of the life of an aggressor."--Id. "And thence up to the intentionally and voluntarily fraudulent."--Id. "And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other."--SCOTT'S, FRIENDS', ALGER'S, BRUCE'S BIBLE, AND OTHERS: Acts, xv, 39. "Here the man is John, and John is the man; so the words are imagination and fancy; but THE imagination and THE fancy are not words: they are intellectual powers."--Rev. M. Harrison cor. "The article, which is here so emphatic in the Greek, is quite forgotten in our translation."--Id. "We have no fewer than twenty-four pronouns."--Id. "It will admit of a pronoun joined to it."--Id. "From intercourse and from conquest, all the languages of Europe participate one with an other."--Id. "It is not always necessity, therefore, that has been the cause of our introducing of terms derived from the classical languages."--Id. "The man of genius stamps upon it any impression that pleases him." Or: "any impression that he chooses."--Id. "The proportion of names ending in SON preponderates greatly among the Dano-Saxon population of the North."--Id. "As a proof of the strong similarity between the English language and the Danish."--Id. "A century from the time when (or at which) Hengist and Horsa landed on the Isle of Thanet."--Id.

"I saw the colours waving in the wind, And them within, to mischief how combin'd."--Bunyan cor.

LESSON III.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"A ship excepted: of which we say, 'She sails well.'"--Jonson cor. "Honesty is reckoned of little worth."--Lily cor. "Learn to esteem life as you ought."--Dodsley cor. "As the soundest health is less perceived than the lightest malady, so the highest joy toucheth us less sensibly than the smallest sorrow."--Id. "Youth is no apology for frivolousness."--Whiting cor. "The porch was of the same width as the temple."--Milman cor. "The other tribes contributed neither to his rise nor to his downfall."--Id. "His whole religion, with all its laws, would have been shaken to its foundation."--Id. "The English has most commonly been neglected, and children have been taught only in the Latin syntax."--J. Ward cor. "They are not noticed in the notes."-- Id. "He walks in righteousness, doing what he would have others do to him."--Fisher cor. "They stand independent of the rest of the sentence."--Ingersoll cor. "My uncle and his son were in town yesterday."--Lennie cor. "She and her sisters are well."--Id. "His purse, with its contents, was abstracted from his pocket."--Id. "The great constitutional feature of this institution being, that directly after the acrimony of the last election is over, the acrimony of the next begins."--Dickens cor. "His disregarding of his parents' advice has brought him into disgrace."--Farnum cor. "Can you tell me why his father made that remark?"--Id. "Why does our teacher detain us so long?"--Id. "I am certain that the boy said so."--Id. "WHICH means any thing or things before named; and THAT may represent any person or persons, thing or things, that have been speaking, spoken to, or spoken of."--Perley cor. "A certain number of syllables occurring in a particular order, form a foot. Poetic feet are so called because it is by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Questions asked by a principal verb only--as, 'Teach I?' 'Burns he?' &c.,--are archaisms, and now peculiar to the poets."--A. Murray cor. "Tell whether the 18th, the 19th, the 20th, the 21st, the 22d, or the 23d rule is to be used, and repeat the rule."--Parker and Fox cor. "The resolution was adopted without much deliberation, and consequently caused great dissatisfaction." Or: "The resolution, which caused great dissatisfaction, was adopted without much deliberation."-- Iid. "The man is now much noticed by the people thereabouts."--Webb's Edward's Gram. cor. "The sand prevents them from sticking to one an other."--Id. "Defective verbs are those which are used only in some of the moods and tenses."--Greenleaf's Gram., p. 29; Ingersoll's, 121; Smith's, 90; Merchant's, 64; Nutting's, 68; L. Murray, Guy, Russell, Bacon, Frost, Alger, S. Putnam, Goldsbury, Felton, et al. cor. "Defective verbs are those which want some of the moods or tenses."--Lennie et al. cor. "Defective verbs want some of the parts common to other verbs."--Bullions cor. "A Defective verb is one that wants some of the parts common to verbs."--Id. "To the irregular verbs may be added the defective; which are not only irregular, but also wanting in some parts."--Lowth cor. "To the irregular verbs may be added the defective; which are not only wanting in some parts, but are, when inflected, irregular."--Churchill cor. "When two or more nouns occur together in the possessive case."--Farnum cor. "When several short sentences come together"--Id. "Words are divided into ten classes, called Parts of Speech."--L. Ainsworth cor. "A passive verb has its agent or doer always in the objective case, governed by a preposition."--Id. "I am surprised at your inattention."--Id. "SINGULAR: Thou lovest, not You love. You has always a plural verb."--Bullions cor. "How do you know that love is of the first person? Ans. Because we, the pronoun, is of the first person."--Id. and Lennie cor. "The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea."--Gray's Elegy, l. 2: Bullions cor. "Iambic verses have their second, fourth, and other even syllables accented."--Bullions cor. "Contractions that are not allowable in prose, are often made in poetry."--Id. "Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd"-- Milton. "It never presents to his mind more than one new subject at the same time."--Felton cor. "An abstract noun is the name of some particular quality considered apart from its substance."--Brown's Inst. of E. Gram., p. 32. "A noun is of the first person when it denotes the speaker."--Felton cor. "Which of the two brothers is a graduate?"-- Hallock cor. "I am a linen-draper bold, As all the world doth know."--Cowper. "Oh the pain, the bliss of dying!"--Pope. "This do; take to you censers, thou, Korah, and all thy company."--Bible cor. "There are three participles; the imperfect, the perfect, and the preperfect: as, reading, read, having read. Transitive verbs have an active and passive participle: that is, their form for the perfect is sometimes active, and sometimes passive; as, read, or loved."--S. S. Greene cor.

"O Heav'n, in my connubial hour decree My spouse this man, or such a man as he."--Pope cor.

LESSON IV.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"The past tenses (of Hiley's subjunctive mood) represent conditional past facts or events, of which the speaker is uncertain."--Hiley cor. "Care also should be taken that they be not introduced too abundantly."--Id. "Till they have become familiar to the mind." Or: "Till they become familiar to the mind."--Id. "When once a particular arrangement and phraseology have become familiar to the mind."--Id. "I have furnished the student with the plainest and most practical directions that I could devise."--Id. "When you are conversant with the Rules of Grammar, you will be qualified to commence the study of Style."--Id. "C before e, i, or y, always has a soft sound, like s."--L. Murray cor. "G before e, i, or y, is generally soft; as in genius, ginger, Egypt."--Id. "C before e, i, or y, always sounds soft, like s."--Hiley cor. "G is generally soft before e, i, or y; as in genius, ginger, Egypt."--Id. "A perfect alphabet must always contain just as many letters as there are elementary sounds in the language: the English alphabet, having fewer letters than sounds, and sometimes more than one letter for the same sound, is both defective and redundant."--Id. "A common noun is a name, given to a whole class or species, and is applicable to every individual of that class."--Id. "Thus an adjective has usually a noun either expressed or understood."--Id. "Emphasis is extraordinary force used in the enunciation of such words as we wish to make prominent in discourse." Or: "Emphasis is a peculiar stress of voice, used in the utterance of words specially significant."--Dr. H. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "So simple a question as. 'Do you ride to town to-day?' is capable of as many as four different acceptations, the sense varying as the emphasis is differently placed."--Iid. "Thus, bravely, for 'in a brave manner.' is derived from brave-like."--Hiley cor. "In this manner, several different parts of speech are often formed from one root by means of different affixes."--Id. "Words derived from the same root, are always more or less allied in signification."--Id. "When a noun of multitude conveys the idea of unity, the verb and pronoun should be singular; but when it conveys the idea of plurality, the verb and pronoun must be plural."--Id. "They have spent their whole time to make the sacred chronology agree with the profane."--Id. "I have studied my lesson, but you have not looked at yours."--Id. "When words are connected in pairs, there is usually a comma after each pair."-- Hiley, Bullions, and Lennie, cor. "When words are connected in pairs, the pairs should be marked by the comma."--Farnum cor. "His book entitled, 'Studies of Nature,' is deservedly a popular work."--Biog. Dict. cor.

"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown."--GRAY.

"'Youth,' here, is in the nominative case, (the verb 'rests' being, in this instance, transitive,) and is the subject of the sentence. The meaning is, 'A youth here rests his head,' &c."--Hart cor. "The pronoun I, as well as the interjection O, should be written with a capital." Or: "The pronoun I, and the interjection O, should be written with capitals"--Weld cor. "The pronoun I should always be written with a capital."--Id. "He went from London to York."--Id. "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify its meaning."--Id. (See Lesson 1st under the General Rule.) "SINGULAR signifies, 'expressing only one;' denoting but one person or thing. PLURAL, (Latin pluralis, from plus, more,) signifies, 'expressing more than one.'"--Weld cor. "When the present ends in e, d only is added to form the imperfect tense and the perfect participle of regular verbs."--Id. "Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables into one; as, seest for seëst, drowned for drown-ed."--Id. (See Brown's Inst. p. 230.) "Words ending in ee are often inflected by mere consonants, and without receiving an additional syllable beginning with e: as, see, seest, sees; agree, agreed, agrees."--Weld cor. "In monosyllables, final f, l, or s, preceded by a single vowel, is doubled; as in staff, mill, grass."--Id. "Before ing, words ending in ie drop the e, and change the i into y; as, die, dying."--Id." One number may be used for the other--or, rather, the plural may be used for the singular; as, we for I, you for thou."--S. S. Greene cor. "STR~OB'ILE, n. A pericarp made up of scales that lie one over an other."--Worcester cor.

"Yet ever, from the clearest source, hath run Some gross alloy, some tincture of the man."--Lowth cor.

LESSON V.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"The possessive case is usually followed by a noun, expressed or understood, which is the name of the thing possessed."--Felton cor. "Hadmer of Aggstein was as pious, devout, and praying a Christian, as was Nelson, Washington, or Jefferson; or as is Wellington, Tyler, Clay, or Polk."--H. C. Wright cor. "A word in the possessive case is not an independent noun, and cannot stand by itself."--J. W. Wright cor. "Mary is not handsome, but she is good-natured; and good-nature is better than beauty."--St. Quentin cor. "After the practice of joining all words together had ceased, a note of distinction was placed at the end of every word."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Neither Henry nor Charles dissipates his time."--Hallock cor. "'He had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles.' KNOLLES:"--Brown's Institutes, p. 200; Johnson's Quarto Dict., w. What. "In what character Butler was admitted, is unknown." Or: "In whatever character Butler was admitted, that character is unknown."--Hallock cor. "How are the agent of a passive and the object of an active verb often left?"--Id. "By SUBJECT, is meant the word of whose object something is declared." Or: "By SUBJECT, is meant the word which has something declared of the thing signified."--Chandler cor. "Care should also be taken that a transitive verb be not used in stead of a neuter or intransitive; as, lay for lie, raise for rise, set for sit, &c."--Id. "On them depends the duration of our Constitution and our country."--Calhoun cor. "In the present sentence, neither the sense nor the measure requires WHAT."--Chandler cor. "The Irish thought themselves oppressed by the law that forbid them to draw with their horses' tails."--Brightland cor. "So and willingly are adverbs. So is an adverb of degree, and qualifies willingly. Willingly is an adverb of manner, and qualifies deceives."--Cutler cor. "Epicurus, for experiment's sake, confined himself to a narrower diet than that of the severest prisons."--Id. "Derivative words are such as are formed from other words by prefixes or suffixes; as, injustice, goodness, falsehood."--Id. "The distinction here insisted on is as old as Aristotle, and should not be lost from sight." Or: "and it should still be kept in view."--Hart cor. "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and Potential Moods." Or: "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and the Potential Mood."--Id. "A triphthong is a union of three vowels, uttered by a single impulse of the voice; as, uoy in buoy"--Pardon Davis cor. "A common noun is the name of a species or kind."--Id. "The superlative degree implies a comparison either between two or among more."--Id. "An adverb is a word serving to give an additional idea to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb."--Id. "When several nouns in the possessive case occur in succession, each showing possession of things of the same sort, it is generally necessary to add the sign of the possessive case to each of them: as, 'He sells men's, women's, and children's shoes.'--'Dogs', cats', and tigers' feet are digitated.'"--Id. "'A rail-road is being made,' should be, 'A railroad is making;' 'A school-house is being built,' should be, 'A schoolhouse is building.'"--Id. "Auxiliaries are of themselves verbs; yet they resemble, in their character and use, those terminational or other inflections which, in other languages, serve to express the action in the mood, tense, person, and number desired."--Id. "Please to hold my horse while I speak to my friend."--Id. "If I say, 'Give me the book,' I demand some particular book."--Noble Butler cor. "Here are five men."--Id. "After the active verb, the object may be omitted; after the passive, the name of the agent may be omitted."--Id. "The Progressive and Emphatic forms give, in each case, a different shade of meaning to the verb."--Hart cor. "THAT may be called a Redditive Conjunction, when it answers to so or SUCH."--Ward cor. "He attributes to negligence your want of success in that business."--Smart cor. "Do WILL and GO express but one action?" Or: "Does 'will go' express but one action?"--Barrett cor. "Language is the principal vehicle of thought."--G. Brown's Inst., Pref., p. iii. "Much is applied to things weighed or measured; many, to those that are numbered. Elder and eldest are applied to persons only; older and oldest, to either persons or things."--Bullions cor. "If there are any old maids still extant, while misogynists are so rare, the fault must be attributable to themselves."--Kirkham cor. "The second method, used by the Greeks, has never been the practice of any other people of Europe."--Sheridan cor. "Neither consonant nor vowel is to be dwelt upon beyond its common quantity, when it closes a sentence." Or: "Neither consonants nor vowels are to be dwelt upon beyond their common quantity, when they close a sentence." Or, better thus: "Neither a consonant nor a vowel, when it closes a sentence, is to be protracted beyond its usual length."--Id. "Irony is a mode of speech, in which what is said, is the opposite of what is meant."--McElligott's Manual, p. 103. "The person speaking, and the person or persons spoken to, are supposed to be present."--Wells cor.; also Murray. "A Noun is a name, a word used to express the idea of an object."--Wells cor. "A syllable is such a word, or part of a word, as is uttered by one articulation."--Weld cor.

"Thus wond'rous fair; thyself how wond'rous then! Unspeakable, who sitst above these heavens."--Milton, B. v, l. 156.

"And feel thy sovran vital lamp; but thou Revisitst not these eyes, that roll in vain."--Id., iii, 22.

"Before all temples th' upright heart and pure."--Id., i, 18.

"In forest wild, in thicket, brake, or den."--Id., vii, 458.

"The rogue and fool by fits are fair and wise; And e'en the best, by fits, what they despise."--Pope cor.

THE KEY.--PART IV.--PROSODY.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us