V. QUESTIONS

ORDER OF REHEARSAL, AND METHOD OF EXAMINATION.

PART FOURTH, PROSODY.

[Fist][The following questions call the attention of the student to the main doctrines in the foregoing code of Prosody, and embrace or demand those facts which it is most important for him to fix in his memory; they may, therefore, serve not only to aid the teacher in the process of examining his classes, but also to direct the learner in his manner of preparation for recital.]

LESSON I.--OF PUNCTUATION.

1. Of what does Prosody treat? 2. What is Punctuation? 3. What are the principal points, or marks? 4. What pauses are denoted by the first four points? 5. What pauses are required by the other four? 6. What is the general use of the Comma? 7. How many rules for the Comma are there, and what are their heads? 8. What says Rule 1st of Simple Sentences? 9. What says Rule 2d of Simple Members? 10. What says Rule 3d of More than Two Words? 11. What says Rule 4th of Only Two Words? 12. What says Rule 5th of Words in Pairs? 13. What says Rule 6th of Words put Absolute? 14. What says Rule 7th of Words in Apposition? 15. What says Rule 8th of Adjectives? 16. What says Rule 9th of Finite Verbs? 17. What says Rule 10th of Infinitives? 18. What says Rule 11th of Participles? 19. What says Rule 12th of Adverbs? 20. What says Rule 13th of Conjunctions? 21. What says Rule 14th of Prepositions? 22. What says Rule 15th of Interjections? 23. What says Rule 16th of Words Repeated? 24. What says Rule 17th of Dependent Quotations?

LESSON II.--OF THE COMMA.

1. How many exceptions, or forms of exception, are there to Rule 1st for the comma? 2.--to Rule 2d? 3.--to Rule 3d? 4.--to Rule 4th? 5.--to Rule 5th? 6.--to Rule 6th? 7.--to Rule 7th? 8.--to Rule 8th? 9.--to Rule 9th? 10.--to Rule 10th? 11.--to Rule 11th? 12.--to Rule 12th? 13.--to Rule 13th? 14.--to Rule 14th? 15.--to Rule 15th? 16.--to Rule 16th? 17.--to Rule 17th? 18. What says the Exception to Rule 1st of a Long Simple Sentence? 19. What says Exception 1st to Rule 2d of Restrictive Relatives? 20. What says Exception 2d to Rule 2d of Short Terms closely Connected? 21. What says Exception 3d to Rule 2d of Elliptical Members United? 22. What says Exception 1st to Rule 4th of Two Words with Adjuncts? 23. What says Exception 2d to Rule 4th of Two Terms Contrasted? 24. What says Exception 3d to Rule 4th of a mere Alternative of Words? 25. What says Exception 4th to Rule 4th of Conjunctions Understood?

LESSON III.--OF THE COMMA.

1. What rule speaks of the separation of Words in Apposition? 2. What says Exception 1st to Rule 7th of Complex Names? 3. What says Exception 2d to Rule 7th of Close Apposition? 4. What says Exception 3d to Rule 7th of a Pronoun without a Pause? 5. What says Exception 4th to Rule 7th of Names Acquired? 6. What says the Exception to Rule 8th of Adjectives Restrictive? 7. What is the rule which speaks of a finite Verb Understood? 8. What says the Exception to Rule 9th of a Very Slight Pause? 9. What is the Rule for the pointing of Participles? 10. What says the Exception to Rule 11th of Participles Restrictive?

[Now, if you please, you may correct orally, according to the formules given, some or all of the various examples of False Punctuation, which are arranged under the rules for the Comma in Section First.]

LESSON IV.--OF THE SEMICOLON.

1. What is the general use of the Semicolon? 2. How many rules are there for the Semicolon? 3. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Complex Members? 5. What says Rule 2d of Simple Members? 6. What says Rule 3d of Apposition, &c.?

LESSON V.--OF THE COLON.

1. What is the general use of the Colon? 2. How many rules are there for the Colon? 3. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Additional Remarks? 5. What says Rule 2d of Greater Pauses? 6. What says Rule 3d of Independent Quotations?

LESSON VI.--OF THE PERIOD.

1. What is the general use of the Period? 2. How many rules are there for the Period? 3. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Distinct Sentences? 5. What says Rule 2d of Allied Sentences? 6. What says Rule 3d of Abbreviations?

LESSON VII.--OF THE DASH.

1. What is the general use of the Dash? 2. How many rules are there for the Dash? 3. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Abrupt Pauses? 5. What says Rule 2d of Emphatic Pauses? 6. What says Rule 3d of Faulty Dashes?

LESSON VIII.--OF THE EROTEME.

1. What is the use of the Eroteme, or Note of Interrogation? 2. How many rules are there for this mark? 3. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Questions Direct? 5. What says Rule 2d of Questions United? 6. What says Rule 3d of Questions Indirect?

LESSON IX--OF THE ECPHONEME.

1. What is the use of the Ecphoneme, or Note of Exclamation? 2. How many rules are there for this mark? 2. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Interjections? 5. What says Rule 2d of Invocations? 6. What says Rule 3d of Exclamatory Questions?

LESSON X.--OF THE CURVES.

1. What is the use of the Curves, or Marks of Parenthesis? 2. How many rules are there for the Curves? 3. What are their titles, or heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of the Parenthesis? 5. What says Rule 2d of Included Points?

LESSON XI.--OF THE OTHER MARKS.

1. What is the use of the Apostrophe? 2. What is the use of the Hyphen? 3. What is the use of the Diæresis, or Dialysis? 4. What is the use of the Acute Accent? 5. What is the use of the Grave Accent? 6. What is the use of the Circumflex? 7. What is the use of the Breve, or Stenotone? 8. What is the use of the Macron, or Macrotone? 9. What is the use of the Ellipsis, or Suppression? 10. What is the use of the Caret? 11. What is the use of the Brace? 12. What is the use of the Section? 13. What is the use of the Paragraph? 14. What is the use of the Guillemets, or Quotation Points? 15. How do we mark a quotation within a quotation? 16. What is the use of the Crotchets, or Brackets? 17. What is the use of the Index, or Hand? 18. What are the six Marks of Reference in their usual order? 19. How can references be otherwise made? 20. What is the use of the Asterism, or the Three Stars? 21. What is the use of the Cedilla?

[Having correctly answered the foregoing questions, the pupil should be taught to apply the principles of punctuation; and, for this purpose, he may be required to read a portion of some accurately pointed book, or may be directed to turn to the Fourteenth Praxis, beginning on p. 821,--and to assign a reason for every mark he finds.]

LESSON XII.--OF UTTERANCE.

1. What is Utterance? 2. What does it include? 3. What is articulation? 4. How does articulation differ from pronunciation? 5. How does Comstock define it? 6. What, in his view, is a good articulation? 7. How does Bolles define articulation? 8. Is a good articulation important? 9. What are the faults opposite to it? 10. What says Sheridan, of a good articulation? 11. Upon what does distinctness depend? 13. Why is just articulation better than mere loudness? 13. Do we learn to articulate in learning to speak or read?

LESSON XIII.--OF PRONUNCIATION.

1. What is pronunciation? 2. What is it that is called Orthoëpy? 3. What knowledge does pronunciation require? 4. What are the just powers of the letters? 5. How are these learned? 6. Are the just powers of the letters in any degree variable? 7. What is quantity? 8. Are all long syllables equally long, and all short ones equally short? 9. What has stress of voice to do with quantity? 10. What is accent? 11. Is every word accented? 12. Do we ever lay two equal accents on one word? 13. Have we more than one sort of accent? 14. Can any word have the secondary accent, and not the primary? 15. Can monosyllables have either? 16. What regulates accent? 17. What four things distinguish the elegant speaker?

LESSON XIV.--OF ELOCUTION.

1. What is elocution? 2. What does elocution require? 3. What is emphasis? 4. What comparative view is taken of accent and emphasis? 5. How does L. Murray connect emphasis with quantity? 6. Does emphasis ever affect accent? 7. What is the guide to a right emphasis? 8. Can one read with too many emphases? 9. What are pauses? 10. How many and what kinds of pauses are there? 11. What is said of the duration of pauses, and the taking of breath? 12. After what manner should pauses be made? 13. What pauses are particularly ungraceful? 14. What is said of rhetorical pauses? 15. How are the harmonic pauses divided? 16. Are such pauses essential to verse?

LESSON XV.--OF ELOCUTION.

17. What are inflections? 18. What is called the rising or upward inflection? 19. What is called the falling or downward inflection? 20. How are these inflections exemplified? 21. How are they used in asking questions? 22. What is said of the notation of them? 23. What constitutes a circumflex? 24. What constitutes the rising, and what the falling, circumflex? 25. Can you give examples? 26. What constitutes a monotone, in elocution? 27. Which kind of inflection is said to be most common? 28. Which is the best adapted to strong emphasis? 29. What says Comstock of rules for inflections? 30. Is the voice to be varied for variety's sake? 31. What should regulate the inflections? 32. What is cadence? 33. What says Rippingham about it? 34. What says Murray? 35. What are tones? 36. Why do they deserve particular attention? 37. What says Blair about tones? 38. What says Hiley?

LESSON XVI.--OF FIGURES.

1. What is a Figure in grammar? 2. How many kinds of figures are there? 3. What is a figure of orthography? 4. What are the principal figures of orthography? 5. What is Mimesis? 6. What is an Archaism? 7. What is a figure of etymology? 8. How many and what are the figures of etymology? 9. What is Aphæresis? 10. What is Prosthesis? 11. What is Syncope? 12. What is Apocope? 13. What is Paragoge? 14. What is Diæresis? 15. What is Synæresis? 16. What is Tmesis? 17. What is a figure of syntax? 18. How many and what are the figures of syntax? 19. What is Ellipsis, in grammar? 20. Are sentences often elliptical? 21. What parts of speech can be omitted, by ellipsis? 22. What is Pleonasm? 23. When is this figure allowable? 24. What is Syllepsis? 25. What is Enallage? 26. What is Hyperbaton? 27. What is said of this figure?

LESSON XVII.--OF FIGURES.

28. What is a figure of rhetoric? 29. What peculiar name have some of these? 30. Do figures of rhetoric often occur? 31. On what are they founded? 32. How many and what are the principal figures of rhetoric? 33. What is a Simile? 34. What is a Metaphor? 35. What is an Allegory? 36. What is a Metonymy? 37. What is Synecdoche? 38. What is Hyperbole? 39. What is Vision? 40. What is Apostrophe? 41. What is Personification? 42. What is Erotesis? 43. What is Ecphonesis? 44. What is Antithesis? 45. What is Climax? 46. What is Irony? 47. What is Apophasis, or Paralipsis? 48. What is Onomatopoeia?

[Now, if you please, you may examine the quotations adopted for the Fourteenth Praxis, and may name and define the various figures of grammar which are contained therein.]

LESSON XVIII.--OF VERSIFICATION.

1. What is Versification? 2. What is verse, as distinguished from prose? 3. What is the rhythm of verse? 4. What is the quantity of a syllable? 5. How are poetic quantities denominated? 6. How are they proportioned? 7. What quantity coincides with accent or emphasis? 8. On what but the vowel sound does quantity depend? 9. Does syllabic quantity always follow the quality of the vowels? 10. Where is quantity variable, and where fixed, in English? 11. What is rhyme? 12. What is blank verse? 13. What is remarked concerning the rhyming syllables? 14. What is a stanza? 15. What uniformity have stanzas? 16. What variety have they?

LESSON XIX.--OF VERSIFICATION.

17. Of what does a verse consist? 18. Of what does a poetic foot consist? 19. How many feet do prosodists recognize? 20. What are the principal feet in English? 21. What is an Iambus? 22. What is a Trochee? 23. What is an Anapest? 24. What is a Dactyl? 25. Why are these feet principal? 26. What orders of verse arise from these? 27. Are these kinds to be kept separate? 28. What is said of the secondary feet? 29. How many and what secondary feet are explained in this code? 30. What is a Spondee? 31. What is a Pyrrhic? 32. What is a Moloss? 33. What is a Tribrach? 34. What is an Amphibrach? 35. What is an Amphimac? 36. What is a Bacchy? 37. What is an Antibachy? 38. What is a Cæsura?

LESSON XX.--OF VERSIFICATION.

39. What are the principal kinds, or orders, of verse? 40. What other orders are there? 41. Does the composite order demand any uniformity? 42. Do the simple orders admit any diversity? 43. What is meant by scanning or scansion? 44. What mean the technical words, catalectic, acatalectic, and hypermeter? 45. In scansion, why are the principal feet to be preferred to the secondary? 46. Can a single foot be a line? 47. What are the several combinations that form dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, and octometer? 48. What syllables have stress in a pure iambic line? 49. What are the several measures of iambic verse? 50. What syllables have stress in a pure trochaic line? 51. Can it be right, to regard as hypermeter the long rhyming syllables of a line? 52. Is the number of feet in a line to be generally counted by that of the long syllables? 53. What are the several measures of trochaic verse?

LESSON XXI.--OF VERSIFICATION.

54. What syllables have stress in a pure anapestic line? 55. What variation may occur in the first foot? 56. Is this frequent? 57. Is it ever uniform? 58. What is the result of a uniform mixture? 59. Is the anapest adapted to single rhyme? 60. May a surplus ever make up for a deficiency? 61. Why are the anapestic measures few? 62. How many syllables are found in the longest? 63. What are the several measures of anapestic verse? 64. What syllables have stress in a pure dactylic line? 65. With what does single-rhymed dactylic end? 66. Is dactylic verse very common? 67. What are the several measures of dactylic verse? 68. What is composite verse? 69. Must composites have rhythm? 70. Are the kinds of composite verse numerous? 71. Why have we no exact enumeration of the measures of this order? 72. Does this work contain specimens of different kinds of composite verse?

[It may now be required of the pupil to determine, by reading and scansion, the metrical elements of any good English poetry which may be selected for the purpose--the feet being marked by pauses, and the long syllables by stress of voice. He may also correct orally the few Errors of Metre which are given in the Fifth Section of Chapter IV.]

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

VI. FOR WRITING

EXERCISES IN PROSODY.

[Fist] [When the pupil can readily answer all the questions on Prosody, and apply the rules of punctuation to any composition in which the points are rightly inserted, he should write out the following exercises, supplying what is required, and correcting what is amiss. Or, if any teacher choose to exercise his classes orally, by means of these examples, he can very well do it; because, to read words, is always easier than to write them, and even points or poetic feet may be quite as readily named as written.]

EXERCISE I.--PUNCTUATION.

Copy the following sentences, and insert the COMMA where it is requisite.

EXAMPLES UNDER RULE I.--OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.

"The dogmatist's assurance is paramount to argument." "The whole course of his argumentation comes to nothing." "The fieldmouse builds her garner under ground."

EXC.--"The first principles of almost all sciences are few." "What he gave me to publish was but a small part." "To remain insensible to such provocation is apathy." "Minds ashamed of poverty would be proud of affluence." "To be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in character."--Wilson's Punctuation, p. 38.

UNDER RULE II.--OF SIMPLE MEMBERS.

"I was eyes to the blind and feet was I to the lame." "They are gone but the remembrance of them is sweet." "He has passed it is likely through varieties of fortune." "The mind though free has a governor within itself." "They I doubt not oppose the bill on public principles." "Be silent be grateful and adore." "He is an adept in language who always speaks the truth." "The race is not to the swift nor the battle to the strong."

EXC. I.--"He that has far to go should not hurry." "Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed." "Feeble are all pleasures in which the heart has no share." "The love which survives the tomb is one of the noblest attributes of the soul."--Wilson's Punctuation, p. 38.

EXC. II.--"A good name is better than precious ointment." "Thinkst thou that duty shall have dread to speak?" "The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns."

UNDER RULE III.--OF MORE THAN TWO WORDS.

"The city army court espouse my cause." "Wars pestilences and diseases are terrible instructors." "Walk daily in a pleasant airy and umbrageous garden." "Wit spirits faculties but make it worse." "Men wives and children stare cry out and run." "Industry, honesty, and temperance are essential to happiness."--Wilson's Punctuation, p. 29. "Honor, affluence, and pleasure seduce the heart."--Ib., p. 31.

UNDER RULE IV.--OF TWO TERMS CONNECTED.

"Hope and fear are essentials in religion." "Praise and adoration are perfective of our souls." "We know bodies and their properties most perfectly." "Satisfy yourselves with what is rational and attainable." "Slowly and sadly we laid him down."

EXC. I.--"God will rather look to the inward motions of the mind than to the outward form of the body." "Gentleness is unassuming in opinion and temperate in zeal."

EXC. II.--"He has experienced prosperity and adversity." "All sin essentially is and must be mortal." "Reprove vice but pity the offender."

EXC. III.--"One person is chosen chairman or moderator." "Duration or time is measured by motion." "The governor or viceroy is chosen annually."

EXC. IV.--"Reflection reason still the ties improve." "His neat plain parlour wants our modern style." "We are fearfully wonderfully made."

UNDER RULE V.--OF WORDS IN PAIRS.

"I inquired and rejected consulted and deliberated." "Seed-time and harvest cold and heat summer and winter day and night shall not cease."

EXERCISE II.--PUNCTUATION.

Copy the following sentences, and insert the COMMA where it is requisite.

EXAMPLES UNDER RULE VI.--OF WORDS PUT ABSOLUTE.

"The night being dark they did not proceed." "There being no other coach we had no alternative." "Remember my son that human life is the journey of a day." "All circumstances considered it seems right." "He that overcometh to him will I give power." "Your land strangers devour it in your presence." "Ah sinful nation a people laden with iniquity!"

"With heads declin'd ye cedars homage pay; Be smooth ye rocks ye rapid floods give way!"

UNDER RULE VII.--OF WORDS IN APPOSITION.

"Now Philomel sweet songstress charms the night." "'Tis chanticleer the shepherd's clock announcing day." "The evening star love's harbinger appears." "The queen of night fair Dian smiles serene." "There is yet one man Micaiah the son of Imlah." "Our whole company man by man ventured down." "As a work of wit the Dunciad has few equals."

"In the same temple the resounding wood All vocal beings hymned their equal God."

EXC. I.--"The last king of Rome was Tarquinius Superbus." "Bossuet highly eulogizes Maria Theresa of Austria." "No emperor has been more praised than Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus."

EXC. II.--"For he went and dwelt by the brook Cherith." "Remember the example of the patriarch Joseph." "The poet, Milton, excelled in prose as well as in verse."

EXC. III.--"I wisdom dwell with prudence." "Ye fools be ye of an understanding heart." "I tell you that which you yourselves do know."

EXC. IV.--"I crown thee king of intimate delights" "I count the world a stranger for thy sake." "And this makes friends such miracles below." "God has pronounced it death to taste that tree." "Grace makes the slave a freeman."

UNDER RULE VIII.--OF ADJECTIVES.

"Deaf with the noise I took my hasty flight." "Him piteous of his youth soft disengage." "I played a while obedient to the fair." "Love free as air spreads his light wings and flies." "Physical science separate from morals parts with its chief dignity."

"Then active still and unconfined his mind Explores the vast extent of ages past."

"But there is yet a liberty unsung By poets and by senators unpraised."

EXC.--"I will marry a wife beautiful as the Houries." "He was a man able to speak upon doubtful questions." "These are the persons, anxious for the change." "Are they men worthy of confidence and support?" "A man, charitable beyond his means, is scarcely honest."

UNDER RULE IX.--OF FINITE VERBS.

"Poverty wants some things--avarice all things." "Honesty has one face--flattery two." "One king is too soft and easy--an other too fiery."

"Mankind's esteem they court--and he his own: Theirs the wild chase of false felicities; His the compos'd possession of the true."

EXERCISE III.--PUNCTUATION.

Copy the following sentences, and insert the COMMA where it is requisite.

EXAMPLES UNDER RULE X.--OF INFINITIVES.

"My desire is to live in peace." "The great difficulty was to compel them to pay their debts." "To strengthen our virtue God bids us trust in him." "I made no bargain with you to live always drudging." "To sum up all her tongue confessed the shrew." "To proceed my own adventure was still more laughable."

"We come not with design of wasteful prey To drive the country force the swains away."

UNDER RULE XI.--OF PARTICIPLES.

"Having given this answer he departed." "Some sunk to beasts find pleasure end in pain." "Eased of her load subjection grows more light." "Death still draws nearer never seeming near." "He lies full low gored with wounds and weltering in his blood." "Kind is fell Lucifer compared to thee." "Man considered in himself is helpless and wretched." "Like scattered down by howling Eurus blown." "He with wide nostrils snorting skims the wave." "Youth is properly speaking introductory to manhood."

EXC.--"He kept his eye fixed on the country before him." "They have their part assigned them to act." "Years will not repair the injuries done by him."

UNDER RULE XII.--OF ADVERBS.

"Yes we both were philosophers." "However Providence saw fit to cross our design." "Besides I know that the eye of the public is upon me." "The fact certainly is much otherwise." "For nothing surely can be more inconsistent."

UNDER RULE XIII.--OF CONJUNCTIONS.

"For in such retirement the soul is strengthened." "It engages our desires; and in some degree satisfies them also." "But of every Christian virtue piety is an essential part." "The English verb is variable--as love lovest loves."

UNDER RULE XIV.--OF PREPOSITIONS.

"In a word charity is the soul of social life." "By the bowstring I can repress violence and fraud." "Some by being too artful forfeit the reputation of probity." "With regard to morality I was not indifferent." "Of all our senses sight is the most perfect and delightful."

UNDER RULE XV.--OF INTERJECTIONS.

"Behold I am against thee O inhabitant of the valley!" "O it is more like a dream than a reality," "Some wine ho!" "Ha ha ha; some wine eh?"

"When lo the dying breeze begins to fail, And flutters on the mast the flagging sail."

UNDER RULE XVI.--OF WORDS REPEATED.

"I would never consent never never never." "His teeth did chatter chatter chatter still." "Come come come--to bed to bed to bed."

UNDER RULE XVII.--OF DEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

"He cried 'Cause every man to go out from me.'" "'Almet' said he 'remember what thou hast seen.'" "I answered 'Mock not thy servant who is but a worm before thee.'"

EXERCISE IV.--PUNCTUATION.

I. THE SEMICOLON.--Copy the following sentences, and insert the Comma and the SEMICOLON where they are requisite.

EXAMPLES UNDER RULE I.--OF COMPOUND MEMBERS.

"'Man is weak' answered his companion 'knowledge is more than equivalent to force.'" "To judge rightly of the present we must oppose it to the past for all judgement is compartive [sic--KTH] and of the future nothing can be known." "'Contentment is natural wealth' says Socrates to which I shall add 'luxury is artificial poverty.'"

"Converse and love mankind might strongly draw When love was liberty and nature law."

UNDER RULE II.--OF SIMPLE MEMBERS.

"Be wise to-day 'tis madness to defer." "The present all their care the future his." "Wit makes an enterpriser sense a man." "Ask thought for joy grow rich and hoard within." "Song soothes our pains and age has pains to soothe." "Here an enemy encounters there a rival supplants him." "Our answer to their reasons is; 'No' to their scoffs nothing."

"Here subterranean works and cities see There towns aerial on the waving tree."

UNDER RULE III.--OF APPOSITION.

"In Latin there are six cases namely the nominative the genitive the dative the accusative the vocative and the ablative." "Most English nouns form the plural by taking s; as boy boys nation nations king kings bay bays." "Bodies are such as are endued with a vegetable soul as plants a sensitive soul as animals or a rational soul as the body of man."

II. THE COLON.--Copy the following sentences, and insert the Comma, the Semicolon, and the COLON, where they are requisite.

UNDER RULE I.--OF ADDITIONAL REMARKS.

"Indulge not desires at the expense of the slightest article of virtue pass once its limits and you fall headlong into vice." "Death wounds to cure we fall we rise we reign." "Beware of usurpation God is the judge of all."

"Bliss!--there is none but unprecarious bliss That is the gem sell all and purchase that."

UNDER RULE II.--OF GREATER PAUSES.

"I have the world here before me I will review it at leisure surely happiness is somewhere to be found." "A melancholy enthusiast courts persecution and when he cannot obtain it afflicts himself with absurd penances but the holiness of St. Paul consisted in the simplicity of a pious life."

"Observe his awful portrait and admire Nor stop at wonder imitate and live."

UNDER RULE III.--OF INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

"Such is our Lord's injunction 'Watch and pray.'" "He died praying for his persecutors 'Father forgive them they know not what they do.'" "On the old gentleman's cane was inscribed this motto 'Festina lente.'"

III.--THE PERIOD.--Copy the following sentences, and insert the Comma, the Semicolon, the Colon, and the PERIOD, where they are requisite.

UNDER RULE I.--OF DISTINCT SENTENCES.

"Then appeared the sea and the dry land the mountains rose and the rivers flowed the sun and moon began their course in the skies herbs and plants clothed the ground the air the earth and the waters were stored with their respective inhabitants at last man was made in the image of God"

"In general those parents have most reverence who most deserve it for he that lives well cannot be despised"

UNDER RULE II.--OF ALLIED SENTENCES.

"Civil accomplishments frequently give rise to fame but a distinction is to be made between fame and true honour the statesman the orator or the poet may be famous while yet the man himself is far from being honoured"

UNDER RULE III.--OF ABBREVIATIONS.

"Glass was invented in England by Benalt a monk A D 664" "The Roman era U C commenced A C 1753 years" "Here is the Literary Life of S T Coleridge Esq" "PLATO a most illustrious philosopher of antiquity died at Athens 348 B C aged 81 his writings are very valuable his language beautiful and correct and his philosophy sublime"--See Univ. Biog. Dict.

EXERCISE V.--PUNCTUATION.

I. THE DASH.--Copy the following sentences, and insert, in their proper places, the DASH, and such other points as are necessary.

EXAMPLES UNDER RULE I.--OF ABRUPT PAUSES.

"You say famous very often and I don't know exactly what it means a famous uniform famous doings What does famous mean"

"O why famous means Now don't you know what famous means It means It is a word that people say It is the fashion to say it It means it means famous."

UNDER RULE II.--OF EMPHATIC PAUSES.

"But this life is not all there is there is full surely another state abiding us And if there is what is thy prospect O remorseless obdurate Thou shalt hear it would be thy wisdom to think thou now nearest the sound of that trumpet which shall awake the dead Return O yet return to the Father of mercies and live"

"The future pleases Why The present pains But that's a secret yes which all men know"

II. THE EROTEME.--Copy the following sentences, and insert rightly the EROTEME, or NOTE OF INTERROGATION, and such other points as are necessary.

UNDER RULE I.--OF QUESTIONS DIRECT.

"Does Nature bear a tyrant's breast Is she the friend of stern control Wears she the despot's purple vest Or fetters she the freeborn soul"

"Why should a man whose blood is warm within Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster"

"Who art thou courteous stranger and from whence Why roam thy steps to this abandon'd dale"

UNDER RULE II.--OF QUESTIONS UNITED.

"Who bid the stork Columbus-like explore Heav'ns not his own and worlds unknown before Who calls the council states the certain day Who forms the phalanx and who points the way"

UNDER RULE III.--OF QUESTIONS INDIRECT.

"They asked me who I was and whither I was going." "St. Paul asked king Agrippa if he believed the prophets? But he did not wait for an answer."

"Ask of thy mother Earth why oaks are made Taller and stronger than the weeds they shade"

III. THE ECPHONEME.--Copy the following sentences, and insert rightly the ECPHONEME, or NOTE OF EXCLAMATION, and such other points as are necessary.

UNDER RULE I.--OF INTERJECTIONS.

"Oh talk of hypocrisy after this Most consummate of all hypocrites After instructing your chosen official advocate to stand forward with such a defence such an exposition of your motives to dare utter the word hypocrisy and complain of those who charged you with it" Brougham

"Alas how is that rugged heart forlorn"

"Behold the victor vanquish'd by the worm"

"Bliss sublunary Bliss proud words and vain"

UNDER RULE II.--OF INVOCATIONS.

"O Popular Applause what heart of man Is proof against thy sweet seducing charms"

"More than thy balm O Gilead heals the wound"

UNDER RULE III.--OF EXCLAMATORY QUESTIONS.

With what transports of joy shall I be received In what honour in what delightful repose shall I pass the remainder of my life What immortal glory shall I have acquired" Hooke's Roman History.

"How often have I loiter'd o'er thy green Where humble happiness endear'd each scene"

IV.--THE CURVES.--Copy the following sentences, and insert rightly the CURVES, or MARKS OF PARENTHESIS, and such other points as are necessary.

UNDER RULE I.--OF THE PARENTHESIS.

"And all the question wrangle e'er so long Is only this If God has plac'd him wrong"

"And who what God foretells who speaks in things Still louder than in words shall dare deny"

UNDER RULE II.--OF INCLUDED POINTS.

"Say was it virtue more though Heav'n ne'er gave Lamented Digby sunk thee to the grave"

"Where is that thrift that avarice of time O glorious avarice thought of death inspires"

"And oh the last last what can words express Thought reach the last last silence of a friend"

EXERCISE VI.--PUNCTUATION.

Copy the following MIXED EXAMPLES, and insert the points which they require.

"As one of them opened his sack he espied his money" "They cried out the more exceedingly Crucify him" "The soldiers' counsel was to kill the prisoners" "Great injury these vermin mice and rats do in the field" "It is my son's coat an evil beast hath devoured him" "Peace of all worldly blessings is the most valuable" "By this time the very foundation was removed" "The only words he uttered were I am a Roman citizen" "Some distress either felt or feared gnaws like a worm" "How then must I determine Have I no interest If I have not I am stationed here to no purpose" Harris "In the fire the destruction was so swift sudden vast and miserable as to have no parallel in story" "Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily was far from being happy" "I ask now Verres what thou hast to advance" "Excess began and sloth sustains the trade" "Fame can never reconcile a man to a death bed" "They that sail on the sea tell of the danger" "Be doers of the word and not hearers only" "The storms of wintry time will quickly pass" "Here Hope that smiling angel stands" "Disguise I see thou art a wickedness" "There are no tricks in plain and simple faith" "True love strikes root in reason passion's foe" "Two gods divide them all Pleasure and Gain" "I am satisfied My son has done his duty" "Remember Almet the vision which thou hast seen" "I beheld an enclosure beautiful as the gardens of paradise" "The knowledge which I have received I will communicate" "But I am not yet happy and therefore I despair" "Wretched mortals said I to what purpose are you busy" "Bad as the world is respect is always paid to virtue" "In a word he views men as the clear sunshine of charity" "This being the case I am astonished and amazed" "These men approached him and saluted him king" "Excellent and obliging sages these undoubtedly" "Yet at the same time the man himself undergoes a change" "One constant effect of idleness is to nourish the passions" "You heroes regard nothing but glory" "Take care lest while you strive to reach the top you fall" "Proud and presumptuous they can brook no opposition" "Nay some awe of religion may still subsist" "Then said he Lo I come to do thy will O God" Bible "As for me behold I am in your hand" Ib. "Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him saith the Lord" Jer xxiii 24 "Now I Paul myself beseech you" "Now for a recompense in the same I speak as unto my children be ye also enlarged" 2 Cor vi 13 "He who lives always in public cannot live to his own soul whereas he who retires remains calm" "Therefore behold I even I will utterly forget you" "This text speaks only of those to whom it speaks" "Yea he warmeth himself and saith Aha I am warm" "King Agrippa believest thou the prophets"

EXERCISE VII.--PUNCTUATION.

Copy the following MIXED EXAMPLES, and insert the points which they require.

To whom can riches give repute or trust Content or pleasure but the good and just Pope

To him no high no low no great no small He fills he bounds connects and equals all Id

Reasons whole pleasure all the joys of sense Lie in three words health peace and competence Id

Not so for once indulged they sweep the main Deaf to the call or hearing hear in vain Anon

Say will the falcon stooping from above Smit with her varying plumage spare the dove Pope

Throw Egypts by and offer in its stead Offer the crown on Berenices head Id

Falsely luxurious will not man awake And springing from the bed of sloth enjoy The cool the fragrant and the silent hour Thomson

Yet thus it is nor otherwise can be So far from aught romantic what I sing Young

Thyself first know then love a self there is Of virtue fond that kindles at her charms Id

How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a naughty world Shakspeare

You have too much respect upon the world They lose it that do buy it with much care Id

How many things by season seasoned are To their right praise and true perfection Id

Canst thou descend from converse with the skies And seize thy brothers throat For what a clod Young

In two short precepts all your business lies Would you be great--be virtuous and be wise Denham

But sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed What then is the reward of virtue bread Pope

A life all turbulence and noise may seem To him that leads it wise and to be praised But wisdom is a pearl with most success Sought in still waters and beneath clear skies Cowper

All but the swellings of the softened heart That waken not disturb the tranquil mind Thomson

Inspiring God who boundless spirit all And unremitting energy pervades Adjusts sustains and agitates the whole Id

Ye ladies for indifferent in your cause I should deserve to forfeit all applause Whatever shocks or gives the least offence To virtue delicacy truth or sense Try the criterion tis a faithful guide Nor has nor can have Scripture on its side. Cowper

EXERCISE VIII.--SCANNING.

Divide the following VERSES into the feet which compose them, and distinguish by marks the long and the short syllables.

Example I.--"Our Daily Paths"--By F. Hemans.

"There's Beauty all around our paths, if but our watchful eyes Can trace it 'midst familiar things, and through their lowly guise; We may find it where a hedgerow showers its blossoms o'er our way, Or a cottage-window sparkles forth in the last red light of day."

Example II.--"Fetching Water"--Anonymous.

"Early on a sunny morning, while the lark was singing sweet, Came, beyond the ancient farmhouse, sounds of lightly-tripping feet. 'Twas a lowly cottage maiden, going,--why, let young hearts tell,-- With her homely pitcher laden, fetching water from the well."

Example III.--Deity.

Alone thou sitst above the everlasting hills And all immensity of space thy presence fills: For thou alone art God;--as God thy saints adore thee; Jehovah is thy name;--they have no gods before thee.--G. Brown.

Example IV.--Impenitence.

The impenitent sinner whom mercy empowers, Dishonours that goodness which seeks to restore; As the sands of the desert are water'd by showers. Yet barren and fruitless remain as before.--G. Brown.

Example V.--Piety.

Holy and pure are the pleasures of piety, Drawn from the fountain of mercy and love; Endless, exhaustless, exempt from satiety, Rising unearthly, and soaring above.--G. Brown.

Example VI.--A Simile.

The bolt that strikes the tow'ring cedar dead, Oft passes harmless o'er the hazel's head.--G. Brown.

Example VII.--A Simile.

"Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd Innumerable. As when the potent rod Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day, Wav'd round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind, That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung Like night, and darken'd all the land of Nile."--Milton.

Example VIII.--Elegiac Stanza.

Thy name is dear--'tis virtue balm'd in love; Yet e'en thy name a pensive sadness brings. Ah! wo the day, our hearts were doom'd to prove, That fondest love but points affliction's stings!--G. Brown.

Example IX.--Cupid.

Zephyrs, moving bland, and breathing fragrant With the sweetest odours of the spring, O'er the winged boy, a thoughtless vagrant, Slumb'ring in the grove, their perfumes fling.--G. Brown.

Example X.--Divine Power.

When the winds o'er Gennesaret roar'd, And the billows tremendously rose, The Saviour but utter'd the word, They were hush'd to the calmest repose.--G. Brown.

Example XI.--Invitation.

Come from the mount of the leopard, spouse, Come from the den of the lion; Come to the tent of thy shepherd, spouse, Come to the mountain of Zion.--G. Brown.

Example XII.--Admonition.

In the days of thy youth, Remember thy God: O! forsake not his truth, Incur not his rod.--G. Brown.

Example XIII.--Commendation.

Constant and duteous, Meek as the dove, How art thou beauteous, Daughter of love!--G. Brown.

EXERCISE IX.--SCANNING.

Mark the feet and syllables which compose the following lines--or mark a sample of each metre.

Edwin, an Ode.

I. STROPHE.

Led by the pow'r of song, and nature's love, Which raise the soul all vulgar themes above, The mountain grove Would Edwin rove, In pensive mood, alone; And seek the woody dell, Where noontide shadows fell, Cheering, Veering, Mov'd by the zephyr's swell. Here nurs'd he thoughts to genius only known, When nought was heard around But sooth'd the rest profound Of rural beauty on her mountain throne. Nor less he lov'd (rude nature's child) The elemental conflict wild; When, fold on fold, above was pil'd The watery swathe, careering on the wind. Such scenes he saw With solemn awe, As in the presence of the Eternal Mind. Fix'd he gaz'd, Tranc'd and rais'd, Sublimely rapt in awful pleasure undefin'd.

II. ANTISTROPHE

Reckless of dainty joys, he finds delight Where feebler souls but tremble with affright. Lo! now, within the deep ravine, A black impending cloud Infolds him in its shroud, And dark and darker glooms the scene. Through the thicket streaming, Lightnings now are gleaming; Thunders rolling dread, Shake the mountain's head; Nature's war Echoes far, O'er ether borne, That flash The ash Has scath'd and torn! Now it rages; Oaks of ages, Writhing in the furious blast, Wide their leafy honours cast; Their gnarled arms do force to force oppose Deep rooted in the crevic'd rock, The sturdy trunk sustains the shock, Like dauntless hero firm against assailing foes.

III. EPODE.

'0 Thou who sitst above these vapours dense, And rul'st the storm by thine omnipotence! Making the collied cloud thy ear, Coursing the winds, thou rid'st afar, Thy blessings to dispense. The early and the latter rain, Which fertilize the dusty plain, Thy bounteous goodness pours. Dumb be the atheist tongue abhorr'd! All nature owns thee, sovereign Lord! And works thy gracious will; At thy command the tempest roars, At thy command is still. Thy mercy o'er this scene sublime presides; 'Tis mercy forms the veil that hides The ardent solar beam; While, from the volley'd breast of heaven, Transient gleams of dazzling light, Flashing on the balls of sight, Make darkness darker seem. Thou mov'st the quick and sulphurous leven-- The tempest-driven Cloud is riven; And the thirsty mountain-side Drinks gladly of the gushing tide.' So breath'd young Edwin, when the summer shower, From out that dark o'erchamb'ring cloud, With lightning flash and thunder loud, Burst in wild grandeur o'er his solitary bower.--G. Brown.

THE END OF PART FOURTH.

KEY TO THE IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION, CONTAINED IN THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS, AND DESIGNED FOR ORAL EXERCISES UNDER ALL THE RULES AND NOTES OF THE WORK.

[Fist][The various examples of error which are exhibited for oral correction, in the Grammar of English Grammars, are all here explained, in their order, by full amended readings, sometimes with authorities specified, and generally with references of some sort. They are intended to be corrected orally by the pupil, according to the formules given under corresponding heads in the Grammar. Some portion, at least, under each rule or note, should be used in this way; and the rest, perhaps, may be read and compared more simply.]

THE KEY.--PART I.--ORTHOGRAPHY.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

I. OF LETTERS. CORRECTIONS RESPECTING CAPITALS

UNDER RULE I.--OF BOOKS.

"Many a reader of the Bible knows not who wrote the Acts of the Apostles"--G. B. "The sons of Levi, the chief of the fathers, were written in the book of the Chronicles."--ALGER'S BIBLE: Neh., xii, 23. "Are they not written in the book of the Acts of Solomon?"--FRIENDS' BIBLE: I Kings, xi, 41. "Are they not written in the book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?"--ALGER CORRECTED: I Kings, xxii, 39. "Are they not written in the book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah."--See ALGER: ib., ver. 45. "Which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the Psalms."--ALGER, ET AL.: Luke, xxiv, 44. "The narrative of which maybe seen in Josephus's History of the Jewish War"--Dr. Scott cor. [Obs.--The word in Josephus is "War," not "Wars."--G. Brown.] "This History of the Jewish War was Josephus's first work, and published about A. D. 75."--Whiston cor. "'I have read,' says Photius, 'the Chronology of Justus of Tiberias.'"--Id. "A Philosophical Grammar, written by James Harris, Esquire."--Murray cor. "The reader is referred to Stroud's Sketch of the Slave Laws"--A. S. Mag. cor. "But God has so made the Bible that it interprets itself."--Idem. "In 1562, with the help of Hopkins, he completed the Psalter."--Gardiner cor. "Gardiner says this of Sternhold; of whom the Universal Biographical Dictionary and the American Encyclopedia affirm, that he died in 1549."--G. B. "The title of a book, to wit: 'English Grammar in Familiar Lectures,'" &c.--Kirkham cor. "We had not, at that time, seen Mr. Kirkham's 'Grammar in Familiar Lectures.'"--Id. "When you parse, you may spread the Compendium before you."--Id. right.[516] "Whenever you parse, you may spread the Compendium before you."--Id. cor. "Adelung was the author of a Grammatical and Critical Dictionary of the German Language, and other works." Biog. Dict. cor. "Alley, William, author of 'The Poor Man's Library,' and a translation of the Pentateuch, died in 1570."--Id.

UNDER RULE II.--OF FIRST WORDS.

"Depart instantly;"--"Improve your time;"--"Forgive us our sins."--Murray corrected. EXAMPLES:--"Gold is corrupting;"--"The sea is green;"--"A lion is bold."--Mur. et al. cor. Again: "It may rain;"--"He may go or stay;"--"He would walk;;"--"They should learn."--Iidem. Again: "Oh! I have alienated my friend;"--"Alas! I fear for life."--Iidem. See Alger's Gram., p. 50. Again: "He went from London to York;"--"She is above disguise;" "They are supported by industry."--Iidem. "On the foregoing examples, I have a word to say. They are better than a fair specimen of their kind. Our grammars abound with worse illustrations. Their models of English are generally spurious quotations. Few of their proof-texts have any just parentage. Goose-eyes are abundant, but names scarce. Who fathers the foundlings? Nobody. Then let their merit be nobody's, and their defects his who could write no better."--Author. "Goose-eyes!" says a bright boy; "pray, what are they? Does this Mr. Author make new words when he pleases? Dead-eyes are in a ship. They are blocks, with holes in them. But what are goose-eyes in grammar?" ANSWER: "Goose-eyes are quotation points. Some of the Germans gave them this name, making a jest of their form. The French call them guillemets, from the name of their inventor."--Author. "It is a personal pronoun, of the third person singular."--Comly cor. "Ourselves is a personal pronoun, of the first person plural."--Id. "Thee is a personal pronoun, of the second person singular."--Id. "Contentment is a common noun, of the third person singular."--Id. "Were is a neuter verb, of the indicative mood, imperfect tense."--Id.

UNDER RULE III.--OF DEITY.

"O thou Dispenser of life! thy mercies are boundless."--Allen cor. "Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?"--ALGER, FRIENDS, ET AL.: Gen., xviii, 25. "And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."--SCOTT, ALGER, FRIENDS, ET AL.: Gen., i, 2. "It is the gift of Him, who is the great Author of good, and the Father of mercies."--Murray cor. "This is thy God that brought thee up out of Egypt."--FRIENDS' BIBLE: Neh., ix, 18. "For the LORD is our defence; and the Holy One of Israel is our King."--Psal.. lxxxix, 18. "By making him the responsible steward of Heaven's bounties."--A. S. Mag. cor. "Which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall give me at that day."--ALGER: 2 Tim., iv, 8. "The cries of them ... entered into the ears of the Lord of Sabaoth."--ALGER, FRIENDS: James, v, 4. "In Horeb, the Deity revealed himself to Moses, as the Eternal 'I AM,' the Self-existent One; and, after the first discouraging interview of his messengers with Pharaoh, he renewed his promise to them, by the awful name, JEHOVAH--a name till then unknown, and one which the Jews always held it a fearful profanation to pronounce."--G. Brown. "And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the LORD: and I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty; but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them."--SCOTT, ALGER, FRIENDS: Exod., vi, 2. "Thus saith the LORD[517] the King of Israel, and his Redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the First, and I am the Last; and besides me there is no God."--See Isa., xliv, 6.

"His impious race their blasphemy renew'd, And nature's King, through nature's optics view'd."--Dryden cor.

UNDER RULE IV.--OF PROPER NAMES.

"Islamism prescribes fasting during the month Ramadan."--Balbi cor. "Near Mecca, in Arabia, is Jebel Nor, or the Mountain of Light, on the top of which the Mussulmans erected a mosque, that they might perform their devotions where, according to their belief, Mohammed received from the angel Gabriel the first chapter of the Koran."--G. Brown. "In the Kaaba at Mecca there is a celebrated block of volcanic basalt, which the Mohammedans venerate as the gift of Gabriel to Abraham, but their ancestors once held it to be an image of Remphan, or Saturn; so 'the image which fell down from Jupiter,' to share with Diana the homage of the Ephesians, was probably nothing more than a meteoric stone."--Id. "When the Lycaonians at Lystra took Paul and Barnabas to be gods, they called the former Mercury, on account of his eloquence, and the latter Jupiter, for the greater dignity of his appearance."--Id. "Of the writings of the apostolic fathers of the first century, but few have come down to us; yet we have in those of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius, and Polycarp, very certain evidence of the authenticity of the New Testament, and the New Testament is a voucher for the Old."--Id. "It is said by Tatian, that Theagenes of Rhegium, in the time of Cambyses, Stesimbrotus the Thracian, Antimachus the Colophonian, Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Dionysius the Olynthian, Ephorus of Cumæ, Philochorus the Athenian, Metaclides and Chamæleon the Peripatetics, and Zenodotus, Aristophanes, Callimachus, Crates, Eratosthenes, Aristarchus, and Apollodorus, the grammarians, all wrote concerning the poetry, the birth, and the age of Homer."--See Coleridge's Introd., p. 57. "Yet, for aught that now appears, the life of Homer is as fabulous as that of Hercules; and some have even suspected, that, as the son of Jupiter and Alcmena has fathered the deeds of forty other Herculeses, so this unfathered son of Critheis, Themisto, or whatever dame--this Melesigenes, Mæonides, Homer--the blind schoolmaster, and poet, of Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos, Athens, or whatever place--has, by the help of Lycurgus, Solon, Pisistratus, and other learned ancients, been made up of many poets or Homers, and set so far aloft and aloof on old Parnassus, as to become a god in the eyes of all Greece, a wonder in those of all Christendom."--G. Brown.

"Why so sagacious in your guesses? Your Effs, and Tees, and Ars, and Esses?"--Swift corrected.

UNDER RULE V.--OF TITLES.

"The king has conferred on him the title of Duke."--Murray cor. "At the court of Queen Elizabeth."--Priestley's E. Gram., p. 99; see Bullions's, p. 24. "The laws of nature are, truly, what Lord Bacon styles his aphorisms, laws of laws."--Murray cor. "Sixtus the Fourth was, if I mistake not, a great collector of books."--Id. "Who at that time made up the court of King Charles the Second"--Id. "In case of his Majesty's dying without issue."--Kirkham cor. "King Charles the First was beheaded in 1649."--W. Allen cor. "He can no more impart, or (to use Lord Bacon's word) transmit convictions."--Kirkham cor. "I reside at Lord Stormont's, my old patron and benefactor." Better: "I reside with Lord Stormont, my old patron and benefactor."--Murray cor. "We staid a month at Lord Lyttelton's, the ornament of his country." Much better: "We stayed a month at the seat of Lord Lyttelton, who is the ornament of his country."--Id. "Whose prerogative is it? It is the King-of-Great- Britain's;" [518]--"That is the Duke-of-Bridgewater's canal;"--"The Bishop-of-Landaff's excellent book;"--"The Lord Mayor-of-London's authority."--Id. (See Murray's Note 4th on his Rule 10th.) "Why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say?"--Luke, vi, 46. "And of them he chose twelve, whom also he named Apostles."--ALGER, FRIENDS, ET AL.: Luke, vi, 13. "And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, Master; and kissed him."--Matt., xxvi, 49. "And he said, Nay, Father Abraham: but if one went unto them from the dead, they would repent."--Bible cor.

UNDER RULE VI.--OF ONE CAPITAL.

"Fallriver, a village in Massachusetts, population (in 1830) 3,431."--Williams cor. "Dr. Anderson died at Westham, in Essex, in 1808."--Biog. Dict. cor. "Madriver, the name of two towns in Clark and Champaign counties, Ohio."--Williams cor. "Whitecreek, a town of Washington county, New York."--Id. "Saltcreek, the name of four towns in different parts of Ohio."--Id. "Saltlick, a town of Fayette county, Pennsylvania."--Id. "Yellowcreek, a town of Columbiana county, Ohio."--Id. "Whiteclay, a hundred of Newcastle county, Delaware."-- Id. "Newcastle, a town and half-shire of Newcastle county, Delaware."--Id. "Singsing, a village of Westchester county, New York, situated in the town of Mountpleasant."--Id. "Westchester, a county of New York: East Chester and West Chester are towns in Westchester county."--Id. "Westtown, a village of Orange county, New York."--Id. "Whitewater, a town of Hamilton county, Ohio."--Worcester's Gaz. "Whitewater River, a considerable stream that rises in Indiana, and flowing southeasterly unites with the Miami in Ohio."--See ib. "Blackwater, a village of Hampshire, in England, and a town in Ireland."--See ib. "Blackwater, the name of seven different rivers, in England, Ireland, and the United States."--See ib. "Redhook, a town of Dutchess county, New York, on the Hudson."--Williams cor. "Kinderhook, a town of Columbia county, New York, on the Hudson."--Williams right. "Newfane, a town of Niagara county, New York."--Williams cor. "Lakeport, a town of Chicot county, Arkansas."--Id. "Moosehead Lake, the chief source of the Kennebeck, in Maine."--Id. (See Worcester's Gaz.) "Macdonough, a county of Illinois, population (in 1830) 2,959."--Williams's Univ. Gaz., p 408. "Macdonough, a county of Illinois, with a court-house at Macomb."--Williams cor. "Halfmoon, the name of two towns in New York and Pennsylvania; also of two bays in the West Indies."--S. Williams's Univ. Gaz. "Leboeuf, a town of Erie county, Pennsylvania, near a small lake of the same name."--See ib. "Charlescity, Jamescity, Eiizabethcity, names of counties in Virginia, not cities, nor towns."--See Univ. Gaz., p. 404.[519] "The superior qualities of the waters of the Frome, here called Stroudwater."--Balbi cor.

UNDER RULE VII.--OF TWO CAPITALS.

"The Forth rises on the north side of Ben Lomond, and runs easterly."--Glasgow Geog., 8vo, corrected. "The red granite of Ben Nevis is said to be the finest in the world."--Id. "Ben More, in Perthshire, is 3,915 feet above the level of the sea."--Id. "The height of Ben Cleagh is 2,420 feet."--Id. "In Sutherland and Caithness, are Ben Ormod, Ben Clibeg, Ben Grin, Ben Hope, and Ben Lugal."--Glas. Geog. right. "Ben Vracky is 2,756 feet high; Ben Ledi, 3,009; and Ben Voirloich, 3,300."--Glas. Geog. cor. "The river Dochart gives the name of Glen Dochart to the vale through which it runs."--Id. "About ten miles from its source, it [the Tay] diffuses itself into Loch Dochart."--Glasgow Geog., Vol. ii, p. 314. LAKES:--"Loch Ard, Loch Achray, Loch Con, Loch Doine, Loch Katrine, Loch Lomond, Loch Voil."--Scott corrected. GLENS:--"Glen Finlas, Glen Fruin, Glen Luss, Ross Dhu, Leven Glen, Strath Endrick, Strath Gartney. Strath Ire."--Id. MOUNTAINS:--"Ben An, Ben Harrow, Ben Ledi, Ben Lomond, Ben Voirlich, Ben Venue, or, (as some spell it,) Ben Ivenew."--Id.[520] "Fenelon died in 1715, deeply lamented by all the inhabitants of the Low Countries."--Murray cor. "And Pharaoh Necho[521] made Eliakim, the son of Josiah, king."--See ALGER: 2 Kings, xiii, 34. "Those who seem so merry and well pleased, call her Good Fortune; but the others, who weep and wring their hands, Bad Fortune."--Collier cor.

UNDER RULE VIII.--OF COMPOUNDS.

"When Joab returned, and smote Edom in the Valley of Salt"--FRIENDS' BIBLE: Ps. lx, title. "Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars Hill, and said," &c.--Scott cor. "And at night he went out, and abode in the mount that is called the Mount of Olives."--Bible cor. "Abgillus, son of the king of the Frisii, surnamed Prester John, was in the Holy Land with Charlemagne."--U. Biog. Dict. cor. "Cape Palmas, in Africa, divides the Grain Coast from the Ivory Coast."--Dict. of Geog. cor. "The North Esk, flowing from Loch Lee, falls into the sea three miles north of Montrose."--Id. "At Queen's Ferry, the channel of the Forth is contracted by promontories on both coasts."--Id. "The Chestnut Ridge is about twenty-five miles west of the Alleghanies, and Laurel Ridge, ten miles further west."--Balbi cor. "Washington City, the metropolis of the United States of America."--Williams, U. Caz., p. 380. "Washington City, in the District of Columbia, population (in 1830) 18,826."--Williams cor. "The loftiest peak of the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, is called Mount Washington."--G. Brown. "Mount's Bay, in the west of England, lies between the Land's End and Lizard Point."--Id. "Salamis, an island of the Egean Sea, off the southern coast of the ancient Attica."--Dict. of Geog. "Rhodes, an island of the Egean Sea, the largest and most easterly of the Cyclades."--Id. cor. "But he overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea."--SCOTT: Ps. cxxxvi, 15. "But they provoked him at the sea, even at the Red Sea."--ALGER, FRIENDS: Ps. cvi, 7.

UNDER RULE IX.--OF APPOSITION.

"At that time, Herod the tetrarch heard of the fame of Jesus."--SCOTT, FRIENDS, ET AL.: Matt., xiv, 1. "Who has been more detested than Judas the traitor?"--G. Brown. "St. Luke the evangelist was a physician of Antioch, and one of the converts of St. Paul."--Id. "Luther, the reformer, began his bold career by preaching against papal indulgences."--Id. "The poet Lydgate was a disciple and admirer of Chaucer: he died in 1440."--Id. "The grammarian Varro, 'the most learned of the Romans,'[522] wrote three books when he was eighty years old."--Id. "John Despauter, the great grammarian of Flanders, whose works are still valued, died in 1520."--Id. "Nero, the emperor and tyrant of Rome, slew himself to avoid a worse death."--Id. "Cicero the orator, 'the Father of his Country,' was assassinated at the age of 64."--Id. "Euripides, the Greek tragedian, was born in the island of Salamis, B. C. 476."--Id. "I will say unto God my rock, Why hast thou forgotten me?"--ALGER, ET AL.: Ps. xlii, 9. "Staten Island, an island of New York, nine miles below New York city."--Williams cor. "When the son of Atreus, king of men, and the noble Achilles first separated."--Coleridge cor.

"Hermes, his patron-god, those gifts bestow'd, Whose shrine with weanling lambs he wont to load."--Pope cor.

UNDER RULE X.--OF PERSONIFICATIONS.

"But Wisdom is justified of all her children."--FRIENDS' BIBLE: Luke, vii, 35. "Fortune and the Church are generally put in the feminine gender: that is, when personified." "Go to your Natural Religion; lay before her Mahomet and his disciples."--Bp. Sherlock. "O Death! where is thy sting? O Grave! where is thy victory."--Pope: 1 Cor., xv, 55; Merchant's Gram., p. 172. "Ye cannot serve God and Mammon."--Matt., vi, 24. "Ye cannot serve God and Mammon"--See Luke, xvi, 13. "This house was built as if Suspicion herself had dictated the plan."--Rasselas. "Poetry distinguishes herself from Prose, by yielding to a musical law."--Music of Nature, p. 501. "My beauteous deliverer thus uttered her divine instructions: 'My name is Religion. I am the offspring of Truth and Love, and the parent of Benevolence, Hope, and Joy. That monster, from whose power I have freed you, is called Superstition: she is called the child of Discontent, and her followers are Fear and Sorrow.'"--E. Carter. "Neither Hope nor Fear could enter the retreats; and Habit had so absolute a power, that even Conscience, if Religion had employed her in their favour, would not have been able to force an entrance."--Dr. Johnson.

"In colleges and halls in ancient days, There dwelt a sage called Discipline."--Cowper.

UNDER RULE XI.--OF DERIVATIVES.

"In English, I would have Gallicisms avoided."--Felton. "Sallust was born in Italy, 85 years before the Christian era."--Murray cor.; "Dr. Doddridge was not only a great man, but one of the most excellent and useful Christians, and Christian ministers."--Id. "They corrupt their style with untutored Anglicisms"--Milton. "Albert of Stade, author of a chronicle from the creation to 1286, a Benedictine of the 13th century."--Biog. Dict. cor. "Graffio, a Jesuit of Capua in the 16th century, author of two volumes on moral subjects."--Id. "They Frenchify and Italianize words whenever they can."--Bucke's Gram., p. 86. "He who sells a Christian, sells the grace of God."--Mag. cor. "The first persecution against the Christians, under Nero, began A. D. 64."--Gregory cor. "P. Rapin, the Jesuit, uniformly decides in favour of the Roman writers."--Blair's Rhet., p. 248. "The Roman poet and Epicurean philosopher Lucretius has said," &c.--Cohen cor. Spell "Calvinistic, Atticism, Gothicism, Epicurism, Jesuitism, Sabianism, Socinianism, Anglican, Anglicism, Anglicize, Vandalism, Gallicism, and Romanize."--Webster cor. "The large Ternate bat."--Id. and Bolles cor.

"Church-ladders are not always mounted best By learned clerks, and Latinists profess'd"--Cowper cor.

UNDER RULE XII.--OF I AND O.

"Fall back, fall back; I have not room:--O! methinks I see a couple whom I should know."--Lucian. "Nay, I live as I did, I think as I did, I love you as I did; but all these are to no purpose; the world will not live, think, or love, as I do."--Swift to Pope. "Whither, O! whither shall I fly? O wretched prince! O cruel reverse of fortune! O father Micipsa! is this the consequence of thy generosity?"--Tr. of Sallust. "When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things."--1 Cor., xiii, 11. "And I heard, but I understood not; then said I, O my Lord, what shall be the end of these things?"--Dan., xii, 8. "Here am I; I think I am very good, and I am quite sure I am very happy, yet I never wrote a treatise in my life."--Few Days in Athens, p. 127. "Singular, Vocative, O master! Plural, Vocative, O masters!"--Bicknell cor.

"I, I am he; O father! rise, behold Thy son, with twenty winters now grown old!" --Pope's Odyssey, B. 24, l. 375.

UNDER RULE XIII.--OF POETRY.

"Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words--health, peace, and competence; But health consists with temperance alone, And peace, O Virtue! peace is all thy own."--Pope.

"Observe the language well in all you write, And swerve not from it in your loftiest flight. The smoothest verse and the exactest sense Displease us, if ill English give offence: A barbarous phrase no reader can approve; Nor bombast, noise, or affectation love. In short, without pure language, what you write Can never yield us profit or delight. Take time for thinking; never work in haste; And value not yourself for writing fast."--Dryden.

UNDER RULE XIV.--OF EXAMPLES.

"The word rather is very properly used to express a small degree or excess of a quality; as, 'She is rather profuse in her expenses.'"--Murray cor. "Neither imports not either; that is, not one nor the other: as, 'Neither of my friends was there.'"--Id. "When we say, 'He is a tall man,'--'This is a fair day,' we make some reference to the ordinary size of men, and to different weather."--Id. "We more readily say, 'A million of men,' than, 'A thousand of men.'"--Id. "So in the instances, 'Two and two are four;'--'The fifth and sixth volumes will complete the set of books.'"--Id. "The adjective may frequently either precede or follow the verb: as, 'The man is happy;' or, 'Happy is the man;'--'The interview was delightful;' or, 'Delightful was the interview.'"--Id. "If we say, 'He writes a pen;'--'They ran the river;'--'The tower fell the Greeks;'--'Lambeth is Westminster Abbey;'--[we speak absurdly;] and, it is evident, there is a vacancy which must be filled up by some connecting word: as thus, 'He writes with a pen;'--'They ran towards the river;'--'The tower fell upon the Greeks;'--'Lambeth is over against Westminster Abbey.'"--Id. "Let me repeat it;--He only is great, who has the habits of greatness."--Id. "I say not unto thee, Until seven times; but, Until seventy times seven."--Matt., xviii, 22.

"The Panther smil'd at this; and, 'When,' said she, 'Were those first councils disallow'd by me?'"--Dryd. cor.

UNDER RULE XV.--OF CHIEF WORDS.

"The supreme council of the nation is called the Divan."--Balbi cor. "The British Parliament is composed of King, Lords, and Commons."--Comly's Gram., p. 129; and Jaudon's, 127. "A popular orator in the House of Commons has a sort of patent for coining as many new terms as he pleases."--See Campbell's Rhet., p. 169; Murray's Gram., 364. "They may all be taken together, as one name; as, 'The House of Commons.'"--Merchant cor. "Intrusted to persons in whom the Parliament could confide."--Murray cor. "For 'The Lords' House,' it were certainly better to say, 'The House of Lords;' and, in stead of 'The Commons' vote,' to say. 'The vote of the Commons.'"--Id. and Priestley cor. "The House of Lords were so much influenced by these reasons."--Iidem. "Rhetoricians commonly divide them into two great classes; Figures of Words, and Figures of Thought. The former, Figures of Words, are commonly called Tropes."--Murray's Gram., p. 337. "Perhaps, Figures of Imagination, and Figures of Passion, might be a more useful distribution."--Ib. "Hitherto we have considered sentences, under the heads of Perspicuity, Unity, and Strength."--See Murray's Gram., p. 356.

"The word is then depos'd; and, in this view, You rule the Scripture, not the Scripture you."--Dryd. cor.

UNDER RULE XVI.--OF NEEDLESS CAPITALS.

"Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid."--FRIENDS' BIBLE, AND SCOTT'S: Matt., xiv, 27. "Between passion and lying, there is not a finger's breadth."--Mur. cor. "Can our solicitude alter the course, or unravel the intricacy, of human events?" "The last edition was carefully compared with the original manuscript."--Id. "And the governor asked him, saying, Art thou the king of the Jews?"--SCOTT: Matt., xxvii, 11. "Let them be turned back for a reward of their shame, that say, Aha, aha!"--SCOTT ET AL.: Ps., lxx, 3. "Let them be desolate for a reward of their shame, that say unto me, Aha, aha!"--IIDEM: Ps., xl, 15. "What think ye of Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him, The son of David. He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord?"--ALGER: Matt., xxii, 42, 43. "Among all things in the universe, direct your worship to the greatest. And which is that? It is that Being who manages and governs all the rest."--Collier's Antoninus cor. "As for modesty and good faith, truth and justice, they have left this wicked world and retired to heaven; and now what is it that can keep you here?"--Idem.

"If pulse of verse a nation's temper shows, In keen iambics English metre flows."--Brightland cor.

PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS RESPECTING CAPITALS.

LESSON I.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"Come, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come."--Thomson's Seasons, p. 29. As, "He is the Cicero of his age;"--"He is reading the Lives of the Twelve Cæsars;"--or, if no particular book is meant,--"the lives of the twelve Cæsars;" (as it is in Fisk's Grammar, p. 57;) for the sentence, as it stands in Murray, is ambiguous. "In the History of Henry the Fourth, by Father Daniel, we are surprised at not finding him the great man."--Smollett's Voltaire, Vol. v, p. 82. "Do not those same poor peasants use the lever, and the wedge, and many other instruments?"--Harris and Mur. cor. "Arithmetic is excellent for the gauging of liquors; geometry, for the measuring of estates; astronomy, for the making of almanacs; and grammar, perhaps, for the drawing of bonds and conveyances."--See Murray's Gram., p. 288. "The [History of the] Wars of Flanders, written in Latin by Famianus Strada, is a book of some note."--Blair cor. "William is a noun. Why? Was is a verb. Why? A is an article. Why? Very is an adverb. Why?" &c.--Merchant cor. "In the beginning was the Word, and that Word was with God, and God was that Word."--See Gospel of John, i, 1. "The Greeks are numerous in Thessaly, Macedonia, Romelia, and Albania."--Balbi's Geog., p. 360. "He [the Grand Seignior] is styled by the Turks, Sultan, Mighty, or Padishah, Lord."--Balbi cor. "I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death. O Death! I will be thy plague; O Grave! I will be thy destruction."--Bible cor. "Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have, give I [unto] thee."--See Acts, iii, 6. "Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts! look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine."--See Psalm lxxx, 14. "In the Attic commonwealth, it was the privilege of every citizen to rail in public."--Murray's Gram., Vol. i, p. 316. "They assert, that in the phrases, 'GIVE me that,'--'This is John's,' and, 'Such were some of you,'--the words in Italics are pronouns; but that, in the following phrases, they are not pronouns: 'This book is instructive;'--'Some boys are ingenious;'--'My health is declining;'--'Our hearts are deceitful.'"--Murray partly corrected.[523] "And the coast bends again to the northwest, as far as Farout Head."--Geog. cor. "Dr. Webster, and other makers of spelling-books, very improperly write Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, without capitals."--G. Brown. "The commander in chief of the Turkish navy is styled the Capitan Pacha."--Balbi cor. "Shall we not much rather be in subjection unto the Father of spirits, and live?"--ALGER'S BIBLE: Heb., xii, 9. "He [Dr. Beattie] was more anxious to attain the character of a Christian hero."--Murray cor. "Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion."--W. Allen's Gram., p. 393. "The Lord is my helper, and I will not fear what man shall do unto me."--ALGER, FRIENDS, ET AL.: Heb., xiii, 6. "Make haste to help me, O LORD my salvation."--IIDEM: Psalms, xxxviii, 22.

"The city which thou seest, no other deem Than great and glorious Rome, queen of the earth." --Paradise Regained, B. iv.

LESSON II.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"That range of hills, known under the general name of Mount Jura."--Account of Geneva. "He rebuked the Red Sea also, and it was dried up."--FRIENDS' BIBLE: Ps. cvi, 9. "Jesus went unto the Mount of Olives."--Bible cor. "Milton's book in reply to the Defence of the King, by Salmasius, gained him a thousand pounds from the Parliament, and killed his antagonist with vexation."--G. B. "Mandeville, Sir John, an Englishman famous for his travels, born about 1300, died in 1372."--B. Dict. cor. "Ettrick Pen, a mountain in Selkirkshire, Scotland, height 2,200 feet."--G. Geog. cor. "The coast bends from Dungsby Head, in a northwest direction, to the promontory of Dunnet Head."--Id. "General Gaines ordered a detachment of nearly 300 men, under the command of Major Twiggs, to surround and take an Indian village, called Fowltown, about fourteen miles from Fort Scott."--Cohen Cor. "And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, 'Talitha, cumi.'"--Bible Editors cor. "On religious subjects, a frequent adoption of Scripture language is attended with peculiar force."--Murray cor. "Contemplated with gratitude to their Author, the Giver of all good."--Id. "When he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all [the] truth,"--SCOTT, ALGER, ET AL.: John, xvi, 13. "See the Lecture on Verbs, Rule XV, Note 4th."--Fisk cor. "At the commencement of Lecture 2d, I informed you that Etymology treats, thirdly, of derivation."--Kirkham cor. "This 8th Lecture is a very important one."--Id. "Now read the 11th and 12th lectures, four or five times over."--Id. "In 1752, he [Henry Home] was advanced to the bench, under the title of Lord Kames."--Murray cor. "One of his maxims was, 'Know thyself.'"--Lempriere cor. "Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?"--FRIENDS' BIBLE: Matt., xix, 16. "His best known works, however, [John Almon's] are, 'Anecdotes of the Life of the Earl of Chatham,' 2 vols. 4to, 3 vols. 8vo; and 'Biographical, Literary, and Political Anecdotes of several of the Most Eminent Persons of the Present Age; never before printed,' 3 vols. 8vo, 1797."--Biog. Dict. cor. "O gentle Sleep, Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee?"--SHAK.: Kames, El. of Crit., Vol. ii, p. 175. "And peace, O Virtue! peace is all thy own."--Pope et al. cor.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"Fenelon united the characters of a nobleman and a Christian pastor. His book entitled, 'An Explication of the Maxims of the Saints, concerning the Interior Life,' gave considerable offence to the guardians of orthodoxy."--Murray cor. "When Natural Religion, who before was only a spectator, is introduced as speaking by the Centurion's voice."--Murray's Gram., Vol. i, p. 347. "You cannot deny, that the great Mover and Author of nature constantly explaineth himself to the eyes of men, by the sensible intervention of arbitrary signs, which have no similitude to, or connexion with, the things signified."--Berkley cor. "The name of this letter is Double-u, its form, that of a double V."--Dr. Wilson cor. "Murray, in his Spelling-Book, wrote Charlestown with a hyphen and two capitals."--G. Brown. "He also wrote European without a capital."--Id. "They profess themselves to be Pharisees, who are to be heard and not imitated."--Calvin cor. "Dr. Webster wrote both Newhaven and New York with single capitals."--G. Brown. "Gay Head, the west point of Martha's Vineyard."--Williams cor. "Write Crab Orchard, Egg Harbour, Long Island, Perth Amboy, West Hampton, Little Compton, New Paltz, Crown Point, Fell's Point, Sandy Hook, Port Penn, Port Royal, Porto Bello, and Porto Rico.'"--G. Brown. "Write the names of the months: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December."--Id. "Write the following names and words properly: Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Saturn;--Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, Michaelmas, Indian, Bacchanals;--East Hampton, Omega, Johannes, Aonian, Levitical, Deuteronomy, European."--Id.

"Eight letters in some syllables we find, And no more syllables in words are join'd."--Brightland cor.

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II. OF SYLLABLES

CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SYLLABICATION.

LESSON I.--CONSONANTS.

1. Correction of Murray, in words of two syllables: civ-il, col-our, cop-y, dam-ask, doz-en, ev-er, feath-er, gath-er, heav-en, heav-y, hon-ey, lem-on, lin-en, mead-ow, mon-ey, nev-er, ol-ive, or-ange, oth-er, pheas-ant, pleas-ant, pun-ish, rath-er, read-y, riv-er, rob-in, schol-ar, shov-el, stom-ach, tim-id, whith-er.

2. Correction of Murray, in words of three syllables: ben-e-fit, cab-i-net, can-is-ter, cat-a-logue, char-ac-ter, char-i-ty, cov-et-ous, dil-i-gence, dim-i-ty, el-e-phant, ev-i-dent, ev-er-green, friv-o-lous, gath-er-ing, gen-er-ous, gov-ern-ess, gov-ern-or, hon-est-y, kal-en-dar, lav-en-der, lev-er-et, lib-er-al, mem-or-y, min-is-ter, mod-est-ly, nov-el-ty, no-bod-y, par-a-dise, pov-er-ty, pres-ent-ly, prov-i-dence, prop-er-ly, pris-on-er, rav-en-ous, sat-is-fy, sev-er-al, sep-ar-ate, trav-el-ler, vag-a-bond;--con-sid-er, con-tin-ue, de-liv-er, dis-cov-er, dis-fig-ure, dis-hon-est, dis-trib-ute, in-hab-it, me-chan-ic, what-ev-er;--rec-om-mend, ref-u-gee, rep-ri-mand.

3. Correction of Murray, in words of four syllables: cat-er-pil-lar, char-i-ta-ble, dil-i-gent-ly, mis-er-a-ble, prof-it-a-ble, tol-er-a-ble;--be-nev-o-lent, con-sid-er-ate, di-min-u-tive, ex-per-i-ment, ex-trav-a-gant, in-hab-i-tant, no-bil-i-ty, par-tic-u-lar, pros-per-i-ty, ri-dic-u-lous, sin-cer-i-ty;--dem-on-stra-tion, ed-u-ca-tion, em-u-la-tion, ep-i-dem-ic, mal-e-fac-tor, man-u-fac-ture, mem-o-ran-dum, mod-er-a-tor, par-a-lyt-ic, pen-i-ten-tial, res-ig-na-tion, sat-is-fac-tion, sem-i-co-lon.

4. Correction of Murray, in words of five syllables: a-bom-i-na-ble, a-poth-e-ca-ry, con-sid-er-a-ble, ex-plan-a-to-ry, pre-par-a-to-ry;-- ac-a-dem-i-cal, cu-ri-os-i-ty, ge-o-graph-i-cal, man-u-fac-tor-y, sat-is-fac-tor-y, mer-i-to-ri-ous;--char-ac-ter-is-tic, ep-i-gram-mat-ic, ex-per-i-ment-al, pol-y-syl-la-ble, con-sid-er-a-tion.

5. Correction of Murray, in the division of proper names: Hel-en, Leon-ard, Phil-ip, Rob-ert, Hor-ace, Thom-as;--Car-o-line, Cath-a-rine, Dan-i-el, Deb-o-rah, Dor-o-thy, Fred-er-ick, Is-a-bel, Jon-a-than, Lyd-i-a, Nich-o-las, Ol-i-ver, Sam-u-el, Sim-e-on, Sol-o-mon, Tim-o-thy, Val-en-tine;--A-mer-i-ca, Bar-thol-o-mew, E-liz-a-beth, Na-than-i-el, Pe-nel-o-pe, The-oph-i-lus.

LESSON II.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

1. Correction of Webster, by Rule 1st:--ca-price, e-steem, dis-e-steem, o-blige;--a-zure, ma-tron, pa-tron, pha-lanx, si-ren, trai-tor, tren-cher, bar-ber, bur-nish, gar-nish, tar-nish, var-nish, mar-ket, mus-ket, pam-phlet;--bra-ver-y, kna-ver-y, sla-ver-y, e-ven-ing, sce-ner-y, bri-ber-y, ni-ce-ty, chi-ca-ner-y, ma-chin-er-y, im-a-ger-y;--a-sy-lum, ho-ri-zon,--fin-an-cier, her-o-ism, sar-do-nyx, scur-ri-lous,--co-me-di-an, pos-te-ri-or.

2. Correction of Webster, by Rule 2d: o-yer, fo-li-o, ge-ni-al, ge-ni-us, ju-ni-or, sa-ti-ate, vi-ti-ate;--am-bro-si-a, cha-me-le-on, par-he-li-on, con-ve-ni-ent, in-ge-ni-ous, om-nis-ci-ence, pe-cu-li-ar, so-ci-a-ble, par-ti-al-i-ty, pe-cu-ni-a-ry;--an-nun-ci-ate, e-nun-ci-ate, ap-pre-ci-ate, as-so-ci-ate, ex-pa-ti-ate, in-gra-ti-ate, in-i-ti-ate, li-cen-ti-ate, ne-go-ti-ate, no-vi-ti-ate, of-fi-ci-ate, pro-pi-ti-ate, sub-stan-ti-ate.

3. Correction of Cobb and Webster, by each other, under Rule 3d: "dress-er, hast-y, past-ry, seiz-ure, roll-er, jest-er, weav-er, vamp-er, hand-y, dross-y, gloss-y, mov-er, mov-ing, ooz-y, full-er, trust-y, weight-y, nois-y, drows-y, swarth-y."--Webster. Again: "east-ern, ful-ly, pul-let, ril-let, scant-y, need-y."--Cobb.

4. Correction of Webster and Cobb, under Rule 4th: a-wry, a-thwart´, pros-pect´-ive, pa-ren´-the-sis, re-sist-i-bil´-i-ty, hem-i-spher´-ic, mon´-o-stich, hem´-i-stich, to´-wards.

5. Correction of the words under Rule 5th; Eng-land, an oth-er,[524] Beth-es´-da, Beth-ab´-a-ra.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

1. Correction of Cobb, by Rule 3d: bend-er, bless-ing, brass-y, chaff-y, chant-er, clasp-er, craft-y, curd-y, fend-er, film-y, fust-y, glass-y, graft-er, grass-y, gust-y, hand-ed, mass-y, musk-y, rust-y, swell-ing, tell-er, test-ed, thrift-y, vest-ure.

2. Corrections of Webster, mostly by Rule 1st: bar-ber, bur-nish, bris-ket, can-ker, char-ter, cuc-koo, fur-nish, gar-nish, guilt-y, han-ker, lus-ty, por-tal, tar-nish, tes-tate, tes-ty, trai-tor, trea-ty, var-nish, ves-tal, di-ur-nal, e-ter-nal, in-fer-nal, in-ter-nal, ma-ter-nal, noc-tur-nal, pa-ter-nal.

3. Corrections of Webster, mostly by Rule 1st: ar-mor-y, ar-ter-y, butch-er-y, cook-er-y, eb-on-y, em-er-y, ev-er-y, fel-on-y, fop-per-y, frip-per-y, gal-ler-y, his-tor-y, liv-er-y, lot-ter-y, mock-er-y, mys-ter-y,[525] nun-ner-y, or-rer-y, pil-lor-y, quack-er-y, sor-cer-y, witch-er-y.

4. Corrections of Cobb, mostly by Rule 1st: an-kle, bas-ket, blan-ket, buc-kle, cac-kle, cran-kle, crin-kle, Eas-ter, fic-kle, frec-kle, knuc-kle, mar-ket, mon-key, por-tress, pic-kle, poul-tice, pun-cheon, quad-rant, quad-rate, squad-ron, ran-kle, shac-kle, sprin-kle, tin-kle, twin-kle, wrin-kle.

5. Corrections of Emerson, by Rules 1st and 3d: as-cribe, blan-dish, branch-y, cloud-y, dust-y, drear-y, e-ven-ing, fault-y, filth-y, frost-y, gaud-y, gloom-y, health-y, heark-en, heart-y, hoar-y, leak-y, loun-ger, marsh-y, might-y, milk-y, naught-y, pass-ing, pitch-er, read-y, rock-y, speed-y, stead-y, storm-y, thirst-y, thorn-y, trust-y, vest-ry, west-ern, wealth-y.

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III. OF WORDS

CORRECTIONS RESPECTING THE FIGURE, OR FORM, OF WORDS.

RULE I.--COMPOUNDS.

"Professing to imitate Timon, the manhater."--Goldsmith corrected. "Men load hay with a pitchfork."--Webster cor. "A peartree grows from the seed of a pear."--Id. "A toothbrush is good to brush your teeth."--Id. "The mail is opened at the post-office."--Id. "The error seems to me twofold."--Sanborn cor. "To preëngage means to engage beforehand."--Webster cor. "It is a mean act to deface the figures on a milestone."--Id. "A grange is a farm, with its farm- house."--Id. "It is no more right to steal apples or watermelons, than [to steal] money."--Id. "The awl is a tool used by shoemakers and harness-makers."--Id. "Twenty-five cents are equal to one quarter of a dollar."--Id. "The blowing-up of the Fulton at New York, was a terrible disaster."--Id. "The elders also, and the bringers-up of the children, sent to Jehu."--ALGER, FRIENDS, ET AL.: 2 Kings, x, 5. "Not with eyeservice as menpleasers."--Col., iii, 22. "A good-natured and equitable construction of cases."--Ash cor. "And purify your hearts, ye double-minded."--James, iv, 8. "It is a mean-spirited action to steal; i.e., To steal is a mean-spirited action."--A. Murray cor. "There is, indeed, one form of orthography which is akin to the subjunctive mood of the Latin tongue."--Booth cor. "To bring him into nearer connexion with real and everyday life."--Philological Museum, Vol. i, p. 459. "The commonplace, stale declamation of its revilers would be silenced."--Id. cor. "She [Cleopatra] formed a very singular and unheard-of project."--Goldsmith cor. "He [William Tell] had many vigilant, though feeble-talented and mean-spirited enemies."--R. Vaux cor. "These old-fashioned people would level our psalmody," &c.--Gardiner cor. "This slow-shifting scenery in the theatre of harmony."--Id. "So we are assured from Scripture itself."--Harris cor. "The mind, being disheartened, then betakes itself to trifling."--R. Johnson cor. "Whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them."--Bible cor. "Tarry we ourselves how we will."--W. Walker cor. "Manage your credit so, that you need neither swear yourself, nor seek a voucher."--Collier cor. "Whereas song never conveys any of the abovenamed sentiments."--Dr. Rush cor. "I go on horseback."--Guy cor. "This requires purity, in opposition to barbarous, obsolete, or new-coined words."--Adam cor. "May the ploughshare shine."--White cor. "Whichever way we consider it."--Locke cor.

"Where'er the silent e a place obtains, The voice foregoing, length and softness gains."--Brightland cor.

RULE II.--SIMPLES.

"It qualifies any of the four parts of speech above named."--Kirkham cor. "After a while they put us out among the rude multitude."--Fox cor. "It would be a shame, if your mind should falter and give in."--Collier cor. "They stared a while in silence one upon an other."--Johnson cor. "After passion has for a while exercised its tyrannical sway."--Murray cor. "Though set within the same general frame of intonation."--Rush cor. "Which do not carry any of the natural vocal signs of expression."--Id. "The measurable constructive powers of a few associable constituents."--Id. "Before each accented syllable or emphatic monosyllabic word."--Id. "One should not think too favourably of one's self."--Murray's Gram., i, 154. "Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you?"--2 Cor., xiii, 5. "I judge not my own self, for I know nothing of my own self."--See 1 Cor., iv, 3. "Though they were in such a rage, I desired them to tarry a while."--Josephus cor. "A, in stead of an, is now used before words beginning with u long."--Murray cor. "John will have earned his wages by next new year's day."--Id. "A new year's gift is a present made on the first day of the year."--Johnson et al. cor. "When he sat on the throne, distributing new year's gifts."--Id. "St. Paul admonishes Timothy to refuse old wives' fables."--See 1 Tim., iv, 7. "The world, take it all together, is but one."--Collier cor. "In writings of this stamp, we must accept of sound in stead of sense."--Murray cor. "A male child, a female child; male descendants, female descendants."--Goldsbury et al. cor. "Male servants, female servants; male relations, female relations."--Felton cor.

"Reserved and cautious, with no partial aim, My muse e'er sought to blast an other's fame."--Lloyd cor.

RULE III.--THE SENSE.

"Our discriminations of this matter have been but four-footed instincts."--Rush cor. "He is in the right, (says Clytus,) not to bear free-born men at his table."--Goldsmith cor. "To the short-seeing eye of man, the progress may appear little."--The Friend cor. "Knowledge and virtue are, emphatically, the stepping-stones to individual distinction."--Town cor. "A tin-peddler will sell tin vessels as he travels."--Webster cor. "The beams of a wooden house are held up by the posts and joists."--Id. "What you mean by future-tense adjective, I can easily understand."--Tooke cor. "The town has been for several days very well-behaved."--Spectator cor. "A rounce is the handle of a printing-press."--Webster cor. "The phraseology [which] we call thee-and-thouing [or, better, thoutheeing,] is not in so common use with us, as the tutoyant among the French."--Walker cor. "Hunting and other outdoor sports, are generally pursued."--Balbi cor. "Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy-laden."--Scott et al. cor. "God so loved the world, that he gave his only-begotten Son to save it."--See ALGER'S BIBLE, and FRIENDS': John, iii, 16. "Jehovah is a prayer-hearing God: Nineveh repented, and was spared."--Observer cor. "These are well-pleasing to God, in all ranks and relations."--Barclay cor. "Whosoever cometh anything near unto the tabernacle."--Bible cor. "The words coalesce, when they have a long-established association."--Mur. cor. "Open to me the gates of righteousness: I will go into them."--MODERN BIBLE: Ps. cxviii, 19. "He saw an angel of God coming in to him."--Acts, x, 3. "The consequences of any action are to be considered in a twofold light."--Wayland cor. "We commonly write twofold, threefold, fourfold, and so on up to tenfold, without a hyphen; and, after that, we use one."--G. Brown. "When the first mark is going off, he cries, Turn! the glassholder answers, Done!"--Bowditch cor. "It is a kind of familiar shaking-hands (or shaking of hands) with all the vices."--Maturin cor. "She is a good-natured woman;"--"James is self-opinionated;"--"He is broken-hearted."--Wright cor. "These three examples apply to the present-tense construction only."--Id. "So that it was like a game of hide-and-go-seek."--Gram. cor.

"That lowliness is young ambition's ladder, Whereto the climber-upward turns his face."--Shak.

RULE IV.--ELLIPSES.

"This building serves yet for a schoolhouse and a meeting-house."--G. Brown. "Schoolmasters and schoolmistresses, if honest friends, are to be encouraged."--Discip. cor. "We never assumed to ourselves a faith-making or a worship-making power."--Barclay cor. "Potash and pearlash are made from common ashes."--Webster cor. "Both the ten-syllable and the eight-syllable verses are iambics."--Blair cor. "I say to myself, thou say'st to thyself, he says to himself, &c."--Dr. Murray cor. "Or those who have esteemed themselves skillful, have tried for the mastery in two-horse or four-horse chariots."--Ware cor. "I remember him barefooted and bareheaded, running through the streets."--Edgeworth cor. "Friends have the entire control of the schoolhouse and dwelling-house." Or:--"of the schoolhouses and dwelling-houses" Or:--"of the schoolhouse and the dwelling-houses" Or:--"of the schoolhouses and the dwelling-house." Or:--"of the school, and of the dwelling-houses." [For the sentence here to be corrected is so ambiguous, that any of these may have been the meaning intended by it.]--The Friend cor. "The meeting is held at the first-mentioned place in Firstmonth; at the last-mentioned, in Secondmonth; and so on."--Id. "Meetings for worship are held, at the same hour, on Firstday and Fourthday." Or:--"on Firstdays and Fourthdays."--Id. "Every part of it, inside and outside, is covered with gold leaf."--Id. "The Eastern Quarterly Meeting is held on the last Seventhday in Secondmonth, Fifthmonth, Eighthmonth, and Eleventhmonth."--Id. "Trenton Preparative Meeting is held on the third Fifthday in each month, at ten o'clock; meetings for worship [are held,] at the same hour, on Firstdays and Fifthdays."--Id. "Ketch, a vessel with two masts, a mainmast and a mizzenmast."--Webster cor. "I only mean to suggest a doubt, whether nature has enlisted herself [either] as a Cis-Atlantic or [as a] Trans-Atlantic partisan."--Jefferson cor. "By large hammers, like those used for paper-mills and fulling-mills, they beat their hemp."--Johnson cor. "ANT-HILL, or ANT-HILLOCK, n. A small protuberance of earth, formed by ants, for their habitation."-- Id. "It became necessary to substitute simple indicative terms called pronames or pronouns."

"Obscur'd, where highest woods, impenetrable To light of star or sun, their umbrage spread."--Milton cor.

RULE V.--THE HYPHEN.

"Evil-thinking; a noun, compounded of the noun evil and the imperfect participle thinking; singular number;" &c.--Churchill cor. "Evil-speaking; a noun, compounded of the noun evil and the imperfect participle speaking."--Id. "I am a tall, broad-shouldered, impudent, black fellow."--Spect, or Joh. cor. "Ingratitude! thou marble-hearted fiend."--Shak. or Joh. cor. "A popular license is indeed the many-headed tyranny."--Sydney or Joh. cor. "He from the many-peopled city flies."--Sandys or Joh. cor. "He many-languaged nations has surveyed."--Pope or Joh. cor. "The horse-cucumber is the large green cucumber, and the best for the table."--Mort. or Joh. cor. "The bird of night did sit, even at noon-day, upon the market-place."--Shak. or Joh. cor. "These make a general gaol-delivery of souls not for punishment."--South or Joh. cor. "Thy air, thou other gold-bound brow, is like the first."--Shak. or Joh. cor. "His person was deformed to the highest degree; flat-nosed and blobber-lipped."--L'Estr. or Joh. cor. "He that defraudeth the labourer of his hire, is a blood-shedder."--Ecclus., xxxiv, 22. "Bloody-minded, adj., from bloody and mind; Cruel, inclined to bloodshed."--Johnson cor. "Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanour."--Shak. or Joh. cor. "A young fellow, with a bob-wig and a black silken bag tied to it."--Spect. or Joh. cor. "I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of this age."--Bramhall or Joh. cor. "Before milk-white, now purple with love's wound."--Joh. Dict., w. Bolt. "For what else is a red-hot iron than fire? and what else is a burning coal than red-hot wood?"--Newton or Joh. cor. "Poll-evil is a large swelling, inflammation, or imposthume, in the horse's poll, or nape of the neck, just between the ears."--Far. or Joh. cor.

"Quick-witted, brazen-fac'd, with fluent tongues, Patient of labours, and dissembling wrongs."--Dryden cor.

RULE VI.--NO HYPHEN.

"From his fond parent's eye a teardrop fell."--Snelling cor. "How great, poor jackdaw, would thy sufferings be!"--Id. "Placed, like a scarecrow in a field of corn."--Id. "Soup for the almshouse at a cent a quart."--Id. "Up into the watchtower get, and see all things despoiled of fallacies."--Donne or Joh. cor. "In the daytime she [Fame] sitteth in a watchtower, and flieth most by night."--Bacon or Joh. cor. "The moral is the first business of the poet, as being the groundwork of his instruction."--Dryd. or Joh. cor. "Madam's own hand the mousetrap baited."--Prior or Joh. cor. "By the sinking of the airshaft, the air has liberty to circulate."--Ray or Joh. cor. "The multiform and amazing operations of the airpump and the loadstone."--Watts or Joh. cor. "Many of the firearms are named from animals."--Johnson cor. "You might have trussed him and all his apparel into an eelskin"--Shak. or Joh. cor. "They may serve as landmarks, to show what lies in the direct way of truth."--Locke or Joh. cor. "A packhorse is driven constantly in a narrow lane and dirty road."--Locke or Joh. cor. "A millhorse, still bound to go in one circle."--Sidney or Joh. cor. "Of singing birds, they have linnets, goldfinches, ruddocks, Canary birds, blackbirds, thrushes, and divers others."--Carew or Joh. cor. "Cartridge, a case of paper or parchment filled with gunpowder; [or, rather, containing the entire charge of a gun]."--Joh. cor.

"Deep night, dark night, the silent of the night, The time of night when Troy was set on fire, The time when screechowls cry, and bandogs howl." SHAKSPEARE: in Johnson's Dict., w. Screechowl.

PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS IN THE FIGURE OF WORDS.

LESSON I.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"They that live in glass houses, should not throw stones."--Adage. "If a man profess Christianity in any manner or form whatsoever."--Watts cor. "For Cassius is aweary of the world." Better: "For Cassius is weary of the world."--Shak. cor. "By the coming-together of more, the chains were fastened on."--W. Walker cor. "Unto the carrying-away of Jerusalem captive in the fifth month."--Bible cor. "And the goings-forth of the border shall be to Zedad."--Id. "And the goings-out of it shall be at Hazar Enan."--See Walker's Key "For the taking-place of effects, in a certain particular series."--West cor. "The letting-go of which was the occasion of all that corruption."--Owen cor. "A falling-off at the end, is always injurious."--Jamieson cor. "As all holdings-forth were courteously supposed to be trains of reasoning."--Dr. Murray cor. "Whose goings-forth have been from of old, from everlasting."--Bible cor. "Sometimes the adjective becomes a substantive."--Bradley cor. "It is very plain, that I consider man as visited anew."--Barclay cor. "Nor do I anywhere say, as he falsely insinuates."--Id. "Everywhere, anywhere, elsewhere, somewhere, nowhere"--L. Murray's Gram., Vol. i, p. 115. "The world hurries off apace, and time is like a rapid river."--Collier cor. "But to new-model the paradoxes of ancient skepticism."--Dr. Brown cor. "The southeast winds from the ocean invariably produce rain."--Webster cor. "Northwest winds from the highlands produce cold clear weather."--Id. "The greatest part of such tables would be of little use to Englishmen."--Priestley cor. "The ground-floor of the east wing of Mulberry-street meeting-house was filled."--The Friend cor. "Prince Rupert's Drop. This singular production is made at the glasshouses."--Barnes cor.

"The lights and shades, whose well-accorded strife Gives all the strength and colour of our life."--Pope.

LESSON II.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"In the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, did Zimri reign seven days in Tirzah."--Bible cor. "In the thirty-first year of Asa king of Judah, began Omri to reign over Israel."--Id. "He cannot so deceive himself as to fancy that he is able to do a rule-of-three sum." Better--"a sum in the rule of three."--Qr. Rev. cor. "The best cod are those known under the name of Isle-of-Shoals dun-fish."--Balbi cor. "The soldiers, with downcast eyes, seemed to beg for mercy."--Goldsmith cor. "His head was covered with a coarse, wornout piece of cloth."--Id. "Though they had lately received a reinforcement of a thousand heavy-armed Spartans."--Id. "But he laid them by unopened; and, with a smile, said, 'Business to-morrow.'"--Id. "Chester Monthly Meeting is held at Moorestown, on the Thirdday following the second Secondday"--The Friend cor. "Eggharbour Monthly Meeting is held on the first Secondday."--Id. "Little-Eggharbour Monthly Meeting is held at Tuckerton on the second Fifthday in each month."--Id. "At three o'clock, on Firstday morning, the 24th of Eleventhmonth, 1834," &c.--Id. "In less than one fourth part of the time usually devoted."--Kirkham cor. "The pupil will not have occasion to use it one tenth part so much."--Id. "The painter dips his paintbrush in paint, to paint the carriage."--Id. "In an ancient English version of the New Testament."--Id. "The little boy was bareheaded."--Red Book cor. "The man, being a little short-sighted, did not immediately know him."--Id. "Picture-frames are gilt with gold."--Id. "The parkkeeper killed one of the deer."--Id. "The fox was killed near the brickkiln."--Id. "Here comes Esther, with her milkpail"--Id. "The cabinet-maker would not tell us."--Id. "A fine thorn-hedge extended along the edge of the hill."--Id. "If their private interests should be everso little affected."--Id. "Unios are fresh-water shells, vulgarly called fresh-water clams."--Id.

"Did not each poet mourn his luckless doom, Jostled by pedants out of elbow-room."--Lloyd cor.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"The captive hovers a while upon the sad remains."--Johnson cor. "Constantia saw that the hand-writing agreed with the contents of the letter."--Id. "They have put me in a silk night-gown, and a gaudy foolscap"--Id. "Have you no more manners than to rail at Hocus, that has saved that clod-pated, numb-skulled ninny-hammer of yours from ruin, and all his family?"--Id. "A noble, (that is, six shillings and eight pence,) is [paid], and usually hath been paid."--Id. "The king of birds, thick-feathered, and with full-summed wings, fastened his talons east and west."--Id. "To-morrow. This--supposing morrow to mean morning, as it did originally--is an idiom of the same kind as to-night, to-day."--Johnson cor. "To-day goes away, and to-morrow comes."--Id. "Young children, who are tried in Gocarts, to keep their steps from sliding."--Id. "Which, followed well, would demonstrate them but goers-backward"--Id. "Heaven's golden-winged herald late he saw, to a poor Galilean virgin sent."--Id. "My pent-house eyebrows and my shaggy beard offend your sight."--Id. "The hungry lion would fain have been dealing with good horseflesh."--Id. "A broad-brimmed hat ensconsed each careful head."--Snelling cor. "With harsh vibrations of his three-stringed lute."--Id. "They magnify a hundred-fold an author's merit."--Id. "I'll nail them fast to some oft-opened door."--Id. "Glossed over only with saintlike show, still thou art bound to vice."--Johnson's Dict., w. Saintlike. "Take of aqua-fortis two ounces, of quicksilver two drachms."--Id. cor. "This rainbow never appears but when it rains in the sunshine."--Id. cor.

"Not but there are, who merit other palms; Hopkins and Sternhold glad the heart with psalms."--Pope.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

IV. OF SPELLING

CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SPELLING.

RULE I.--FINAL F, L, OR S.

"He will observe the moral law, in his conduct."--Webster corrected. "A cliff is a steep bank, or a precipitous rock."--Walker cor. "A needy man's budget is full of schemes."--Maxim cor. "Few large publications, in this country, will pay a printer."--N. Webster cor. "I shall, with cheerfulness, resign my other papers to oblivion."--Id. "The proposition was suspended till the next session of the legislature."--Id. "Tenants for life will make the most of lands for themselves."--Id. "While every thing is left to lazy negroes, a state will never be well cultivated."--Id. "The heirs of the original proprietors still hold the soil."--Id. "Say my annual profit on money loaned shall be six per cent."--Id. "No man would submit to the drudgery of business, if he could make money as fast by lying still."--Id. "A man may as well feed himself with a bodkin, as with a knife of the present fashion."--Id. "The clothes will be ill washed, the food will be badly cooked; you will be ashamed of your wife, if she is not ashamed of herself."--Id. "He will submit to the laws of the state while he is a member of it."--Id. "But will our sage writers on law forever think by tradition?"--Id. "Some still retain a sovereign power in their territories."--Id. "They sell images, prayers, the sound of bells, remission of sins, &c."--Perkins cor. "And the law had sacrifices offered every day, for the sins of all the people."--Id. "Then it may please the Lord, they shall find it to be a restorative."--Id. "Perdition is repentance put off till a future day."--Maxim cor. "The angels of God, who will good and cannot will evil, have nevertheless perfect liberty of will."--Perkins cor. "Secondly, this doctrine cuts off the excuse of all sin."--Id. "Knell, the sound of a bell rung at a funeral."--Dict. cor.

"If gold with dross or grain with chaff you find, Select--and leave the chaff and dross behind."--G. Brown.

RULE II.--OTHER FINALS.

"The mob hath many heads, but no brains."--Maxim cor. "Clam; to clog with any glutinous or viscous matter."--See Webster's Dict. "Whur; to pronounce the letter r with too much force." "Flip; a mixed liquor, consisting of beer and spirit sweetened." "Glyn; a hollow between two mountains, a glen."--See Walker's Dict. "Lam, or belam; to beat soundly with a cudgel or bludgeon."--See Red Book. "Bun; a small cake, a simnel, a kind of sweet bread."--See Webster's Dict. "Brunet, or Brunette; a woman with a brown complexion."--See ib., and Scott's Dict. "Wadset; an ancient tenure or lease of land in the Highlands of Scotland."--Webster cor. "To dod sheep, is to cut the wool away about their tails."--Id. "In aliquem arietare. Cic. To run full butt at one."--W. Walker cor. "Neither your policy nor your temper would permit you to kill me."--Phil. Mu. cor. "And admit none but his own offspring to fulfill them."--Id. "The sum of all this dispute is, that some make them Participles."--R. Johnson cor. "As the whistling winds, the buzz and hum of insects, the hiss of serpents, the crash of falling timber."--Murray's Gram., p. 331. "Van; to winnow, or a fan for winnowing."--See Scott. "Creatures that buzz, are very commonly such as will sting."--G. Brown. "Beg, buy, or borrow; but beware how yon find."--Id. "It is better to have a house to let, than a house to get." "Let not your tongue cut your throat."--Precept cor. "A little wit will save a fortunate man."--Adage cor. "There is many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip."--Id. "Mothers' darlings make but milksop heroes."--Id. "One eye-witness is worth ten hearsays."--Id.

"The judge shall job, the bishop bite the town, And mighty dukes pack cards for half a crown." POPE: in Johnson's Dict., w. Job.

RULE III.--DOUBLING.

"Friz, to curl; frizzed, curled; frizzing, curling."--Webster cor. "The commercial interests served to foster the principles of Whiggism."--Payne cor. "Their extreme indolence shunned every species of labour."--Robertson cor. "In poverty and strippedness, they attend their little meetings."--The Friend cor. "In guiding and controlling the power you have thus obtained."--Abbott cor. "I began, Thou begannest or beganst, He began, &c."--A. Murray cor. "Why does began change its ending; as, I began, Thou begannest or beganst?"--Id. "Truth and conscience cannot be controlled by any methods of coercion."--Hints cor. "Dr. Webster nodded, when he wrote knit, knitter, and knitting-needle, without doubling the t."--G. Brown. "A wag should have wit enough to know when other wags are quizzing him." "Bonny; handsome, beautiful, merry."--Walker cor. "Coquettish; practising coquetry; after the manner of a jilt."--See Worcester. "Pottage; a species of food made of meat and vegetables boiled to softness in water."--See Johnson's Dict. "Pottager; (from pottage;) a porringer, a small vessel for children's food." "Compromit, compromitted, compromitting; manumit, manumitted, manumitting."--Webster cor. "Inferrible; that may be inferred or deduced from premises."--Walker. "Acids are either solid, liquid, or gasseous."--Gregory cor. "The spark will pass through the interrupted space between the two wires, and explode the gasses."--Id. "Do we sound gasses and gasseous like cases and caseous? No: they are more like glasses and osseous."--G. Brown. "I shall not need here to mention Swimming, when he is of an age able to learn."--Locke cor. "Why do lexicographers spell thinnish and mannish with two Ens, and dimmish and rammish with one Em, each?"--G. Brown. "Gas forms the plural regularly, gasses."--Peirce cor. "Singular, gas; Plural, gasses."--Clark cor. "These are contractions from shedded, bursted."--Hiley cor. "The Present Tense denotes what is occurring at the present time."--Day cor. "The verb ending in eth is of the solemn or antiquated style; as, He loveth, He walketh, He runneth."--Davis cor.

"Thro' Freedom's sons no more remonstrance rings, Degrading nobles and controlling kings."--Johnson.

RULE IV--NO DOUBLING.

"A bigoted and tyrannical clergy will be feared."--See Johnson, Walker, &c. "Jacob worshiped his Creator, leaning on the top of his staff."--Murray's Key, 8vo, p. 165. "For it is all marvellously destitute of interest."--See Johnson, Walker, and Worcester. "As, box, boxes; church, churches; lash, lashes; kiss, kisses; rebus, rebuses."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 40. "Gossiping and lying go hand in hand."--See Webster's Dict., and Worcester's, w. Gossiping. "The substance of the Criticisms on the Diversions of Purley was, with singular industry, gossiped by the present precious Secretary at [of] war, in Payne the bookseller's shop."--Tooke's Diversions, Vol. i, p. 187. "Worship makes worshiped, worshiper, worshiping; gossip, gossiped, gossiper, gossiping; fillip, filliped, filliper, filliping."--Web. Dict. "I became as fidgety as a fly in a milk-jug."--See ib. "That enormous error seems to be riveted in popular opinion." "Whose mind is not biased by personal attachments to a sovereign."--See ib. "Laws against usury originated in a bigoted prejudice against the Jews."--Webster cor. "The most critical period of life is usually between thirteen and seventeen."--Id. "Generalissimo, the chief commander of an army or military force."--Every Dict. "Tranquilize, to quiet, to make calm and peaceful."--Webster's Dict. "Pommelled, beaten, bruised; having pommels, as a sword-hilt."--Webster et al. cor. "From what a height does a jeweller look down upon his shoemaker!"--Red Book cor. "You will have a verbal account from my friend and fellow traveller."--Id. "I observe that you have written the word counselled with one l only."--Ib. "They were offended at such as combated these notions."--Robertson cor. "From libel, come libelled, libeller, libelling, libellous; from grovel, grovelled, groveller, grovelling; from gravel, gravelled, and gravelling."--Webster cor. "Woolliness, the state of being woolly."--Worcester's Dict. "Yet he has spelled chapelling, bordeller, medalist, metaline, metalist, metalize, clavellated, etc, with ll, contrary to his rule."--Webster cor. "Again, he has spelled cancellation and snivelly with single l, and cupellation, pannellation wittolly, with ll."--Id. "Oily, fatty, greasy, containing oil, glib."--Walker cor. "Medalist, one curious in medals; Metalist, one skilled in metals."--Walker's Rhym. Dict. "He is benefited."--Webster. "They travelled for pleasure."--Clark cor.

"Without you, what were man? A grovelling herd, In darkness, wretchedness, and want enchain'd."--Beattle cor.

RULE V.--FINAL CK.

"He hopes, therefore, to be pardoned by the critic."--Kirkham corrected. "The leading object of every public speaker should be, to persuade."--Id. "May not four feet be as poetic as five; or fifteen feet as poetic as fifty?"--Id. "Avoid all theatrical trick and mimicry, and especially all scholastic stiffness."--Id. "No one thinks of becoming skilled in dancing, or in music, or in mathematics, or in logic, without long and close application to the subject."--Id. "Caspar's sense of feeling, and susceptibility of metallic and magnetic excitement, were also very extraordinary."--Id. "Authorship has become a mania, or, perhaps I should say, an epidemic."--Id. "What can prevent this republic from soon raising a literary standard?"--Id. "Courteous reader, you may think me garrulous upon topics quite foreign to the subject before me."--Id. "Of the Tonic, Subtonic, and Atonic elements."--Id. "The subtonic elements are inferior to the tonics, in all the emphatic and elegant purposes of speech."--Id. "The nine atonics and the three abrupt subtonics cause an interruption to the continuity of the syllabic impulse." [526]--Id. "On scientific principles, conjunctions and prepositions are [not] one [and the same] part of speech."--Id. "That some inferior animals should be able to mimick human articulation, will not seem wonderful."--L. Murray cor.

"When young, you led a life monastic, And wore a vest ecclesiastic; Now, in your age, you grow fantastic."--Denham's Poems, p. 235.

RULE VI.--RETAINING.

"Fearlessness; exemption from fear, intrepidity."--Johnson cor. "Dreadlessness; fearlessness, intrepidity, undauntedness."--Id. "Regardlessly, without heed; Regardlessness, heedlessness."--Id. "Blamelessly, innocently; Blamelessness, innocence."--Id. "That is better than to be flattered into pride and carelessness."--Id. "Good fortunes began to breed a proud recklessness in them."--Id. "See whether he lazily and listlessly dreams away his time."--Id. "It maybe, the palate of the soul is indisposed by listlessness or sorrow."--Id. "Pitilessly, without mercy; Pitilessness, unmercifulness."--Id. "What say you to such as these? abominable, accordable, agreeable, etc."-- Tooke cor. "Artlessly; naturally, sincerely, without craft."--Johnson cor. "A chillness, or shivering of the body, generally precedes a fever."--See Webster. "Smallness; littleness, minuteness, weakness."--Walker's Dict., et al. "Galless, adj. Free from gall or bitterness."--Webster cor. "Tallness; height of stature, upright length with comparative slenderness."--Webster's Dict. "Willful; stubborn, contumacious, perverse, inflexible."--See ib. "He guided them by the skillfulness of his hands."--See ib. "The earth is the Lord's, and the fullness thereof."--FRIENDS' BIBLE: Ps. xxiv, 1. "What is now, is but an amassment of imaginary conceptions."--Glanville cor. "Embarrassment; perplexity, entanglement."--Walker. "The second is slothfulness, whereby they are performed slackly and carelessly."-- Perkins cor. "Installment; induction into office, part of a large sum of money, to be paid at a particular time."--See Webster's Dict. "Inthrallment; servitude, slavery, bondage."--Ib.

"I, who at some times spend, at others spare, Divided between carelessness and care."--Pope cor.

RULE VII.--RETAINING.

"Shall, on the contrary, in the first person, simply foretells."--Lowth's Gram., p. 41; Comly's, 38; Cooper's, 51; Lennie's, 26. "There are a few compound irregular verbs, as befall, bespeak, &c."--Ash cor. "That we might frequently recall it to our memory."--Calvin cor. "The angels exercise a constant solicitude that no evil befall us."--Id. "Inthrall; to enslave, to shackle, to reduce to servitude."--Johnson. "He makes resolutions, and fulfills them by new ones."--See Webster. "To enroll my humble name upon the list of authors on Elocution."--See Webster. "Forestall; to anticipate, to take up beforehand."--Johnson. "Miscall; to call wrong, to name improperly."--Webster. "Bethrall; to enslave, to reduce to bondage."--Id. "Befall; to happen to, to come to pass."--Walkers Dict. "Unroll; to open what is rolled or convolved."--Webster's Dict. "Counterroll; to keep copies of accounts to prevent frauds."--See ib. "As Sisyphus uprolls a rock, which constantly overpowers him at the summit."--G. Brown. "Unwell; not well, indisposed, not in good health."--Webster. "Undersell; to defeat by selling for less, to sell cheaper than an other."--Johnson. "Inwall; to enclose or fortify with a wall."--Id. "Twibill; an instrument with two bills, or with a point and a blade; a pickaxe, a mattock, a halberd, a battleaxe."--Dict. cor. "What you miscall their folly, is their care."--Dryden cor. "My heart will sigh when I miscall it so."--Shak. cor. "But if the arrangement recalls one set of ideas more readily than an other."--Murray's Gram., Vol. i, p. 334.

"'Tis done; and since 'tis done, 'tis past recall And since 'tis past recall, must be forgotten."--Dryden cor.

RULE VIII.--FINAL LL.

"The righteous is taken away from the evil to come."--Isaiah, lvii, 1. "Patrol; to go the rounds in a camp or garrison, to march about and observe what passes."--See Joh. Dic. "Marshal; the chief officer of arms, one who regulates rank and order."--See ib. "Weevil; a destructive grub that gets among corn."--See ib. "It much excels all other studies and arts."--W. Walker cor. "It is essential to all magnitudes, to be in one place."--Perkins cor. "By nature I was thy vassal, but Christ hath redeemed me."--Id. "Some being in want, pray for temporal blessings."--Id. "And this the Lord doth, either in temporal or in spiritual benefits."--Id. "He makes an idol of them, by setting his heart on them." "This trial by desertion serveth for two purposes."--Id. "Moreover, this destruction is both perpetual and terrible."--Id. "Giving to several men several gifts, according to his good pleasure." "Until; to some time, place, or degree, mentioned."--See Dict. "Annul; to make void, to nullify, to abrogate, to abolish."--See Dict. "Nitric acid combined with argil, forms the nitrate of argil."--Gregory cor.

"Let modest Foster, if he will, excel Ten metropolitans in preaching well."--Pope cor.

RULE IX.--FINAL E.

"Adjectives ending in able signify capacity; as, comfortable, tenable, improvable."--Priestly cor. "Their mildness and hospitality are ascribable to a general administration of religious ordinances."-- Webster cor. "Retrench as much as possible without obscuring the sense."--J. Brown cor. "Changeable, subject to change; Unchangeable, immutable."--Walker cor. "Tamable, susceptive of taming; Untamable, not to be tamed."--Id. "Reconcilable, Unreconcilable, Reconcilableness; Irreconcilable, Irreconcilably, Irreconcilableness."--Johnson cor. "We have thought it most advisable to pay him some little attention."-- Merchant cor. "Provable, that may be proved; Reprovable, blamable, worthy of reprehension."--Walker cor. "Movable and Immovable, Movably and Immovably, Movables and Removal, Movableness and Improvableness, Unremovable and Unimprovable, Unremovably and Removable, Provable and Approvable, Irreprovable and Reprovable, Unreprovable and Improvable, Unimprovableness and Improvably."--Johnson cor. "And with this cruelty you are chargeable in some measure yourself."--Collier cor. "Mothers would certainly resent it, as judging it proceeded from a low opinion of the genius of their sex."--Brit. Gram. cor. "Tithable, subject to the payment of tithes; Salable, vendible, fit for sale; Losable, possible to be lost; Sizable, of reasonable bulk or size."--See Webster's Dict. "When he began this custom, he was puting and very tender."--Locke cor.

"The plate, coin, revenues, and movables, Whereof our uncle Gaunt did stand possess'd."--Shak. cor.

RULE X.--FINAL E.

"Diversely; in different ways, differently, variously."--See Walker's Dict. "The event thereof contains a wholesome instruction."--Bacon cor. "Whence Scaliger falsely concluded that Articles were useless."--Brightland cor. "The child that we have just seen is wholesomely fed."--Murray cor. "Indeed, falsehood and legerdemain sink the character of a prince."--Collier cor. "In earnest, at this rate of management, thou usest thyself very coarsely."--Id. "To give them an arrangement and a diversity, as agreeable as the nature of the subject would admit."--Murray cor. "Alger's Grammar is only a trifling enlargement of Murray's little Abridgement."--G. Brown. "You ask whether you are to retain or to omit the mute e in the words, judgement, abridgement, acknowledgement, lodgement, adjudgement, and prejudgement."--Red Book cor. "Fertileness, fruitfulness; fertilely, fruitfully, abundantly."--Johnson cor. "Chastely, purely, without contamination; Chasteness, chastity, purity."--Id. "Rhymester, n. One who makes rhymes; a versifier; a mean poet."--Walker, Chalmers, Maunder, Worcester. "It is therefore a heroical achievement to disposess [sic--KTH] this imaginary monarch."--Berkley cor. "Whereby is not meant the present time, as he imagines, but the time past."--R. Johnson cor. "So far is this word from affecting the noun, in regard to its definiteness, that its own character of definiteness or indefiniteness, depends upon the name to which it is prefixed."--Webster cor.

"Satire, by wholesome lessons, would reclaim, And heal their vices to secure their fame "--Brightland cor.

RULE XI.--FINAL Y.

"Solon's the veriest fool in all the play."--Dryden cor. "Our author prides himself upon his great sliness and shrewdness."--Merchant cor. "This tense, then, implies also the signification of debeo."--R. Johnson cor. "That may be applied to a subject, with respect to something accidental."--Id. "This latter author accompanies his note with a distinction."--Id. "This rule is defective, and none of the annotators have sufficiently supplied its deficiencies."--Id. "Though the fancied supplement of Sanctius, Scioppius, Vossius, and Mariangelus, may take place."--Ib. "Yet, as to the commutableness of these two tenses, which is denied likewise, they [the foregoing examples] are all one [; i.e., exactly equivalent]"--Id. "Both these tenses may represent a futurity, implied by the dependence of the clause."--Id. "Cry, cries, crying, cried, crier, decrial; Shy, shier, shiest, shily, shiness; Fly, flies, flying, flier, high-flier; Sly, slier, sliest, slily, sliness; Spy, spies, spying, spied, espial; Dry, drier, driest, drily, driness."--Cobb, Webster, and Chalmers cor. "I would sooner listen to the thrumming of a dandizette at her piano."--Kirkham cor. "Send her away; for she crieth after us."--Matt., v, 23. "IVIED, a. overgrown with ivy."--Cobb's Dict., and Maunders.

"Some drily plain, without invention's aid, Write dull receipts how poems may be made."--Pope cor.

RULE XII.--FINAL Y.

"The gayety of youth should be tempered by the precepts of age."--Murray cor. "In the storm of 1703, two thousand stacks of chimneys were blown down in and about London."--Red Book cor. "And the vexation was not abated by the hackneyed plea of haste."--Id. "The fourth sin of our days is lukewarmness."--Perkins cor. "God hates the workers of iniquity, and destroys them that speak lies."--Id. "For, when he lays his hand upon us, we may not fret."--Id. "Care not for it; but if thou mayst be free, choose it rather."--Id. "Alexander Severus saith, 'He that buyeth, must sell; I will not suffer buyers and sellers of offices.'"--Id. "With these measures, fell in all moneyed men."--See Johnson's Dict. "But rattling nonsense in full volleys breaks."--Murray's Reader, q. Pope. "Valleys are the intervals betwixt mountains."--Woodward cor. "The Hebrews had fifty-two journeys or marches."--Wood cor. "It was not possible to manage or steer the galleys thus fastened together."--Goldsmith cor. "Turkeys were not known to naturalists till after the discovery of America."--Gregory cor. "I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys."--SHAK.: in Johnson's Dict. "Men worked at embroidery, especially in abbeys."--Constable cor. "By which all purchasers or mortgagees may be secured of all moneys they lay out."--Temple cor. "He would fly to the mines or the galleys, for his recreation."--South cor. "Here pulleys make the pond'rous oak ascend."--Gay cor.

------"You need my help, and you say, Shylock, we would have moneys."--Shak. cor.

RULE XIII.--IZE AND ISE.

"Will any able writer authorize other men to revise his works?"--G. B. "It can be made as strong and expressive as this Latinized English."--Murray cor. "Governed by the success or failure of an enterprise."--Id. "Who have patronized the cause of justice against powerful oppressors."--Id., et al. "Yet custom authorizes this use of it."--Priestley cor. "They surprise myself, ****; and I even think the writers themselves will be surprised."--Id. "Let the interest rise to any sum which can be obtained."--Webster cor. "To determine what interest shall arise on the use of money."--Id. "To direct the popular councils and check any rising opposition,"--Id. "Five were appointed to the immediate exercise of the office."--Id. "No man ever offers himself as a candidate by advertising."--Id. "They are honest and economical, but indolent, and destitute of enterprise."--Id. "I would, however, advise you to be cautious."--Id. "We are accountable for what we patronize in others."--Murray cor. "After he was baptized, and was solemnly admitted into the office."--Perkins cor. "He will find all, or most, of them, comprised in the exercises."--Brit. Gram. cor. "A quick and ready habit of methodizing and regulating their thoughts."--Id. "To tyrannize over the time and patience of his readers."--Kirkham cor. "Writers of dull books, however, if patronized at all, are rewarded beyond their deserts."--Id. "A little reflection will show the reader the reason for emphasizing the words marked."--Id. "The English Chronicle contains an account of a surprising cure."--Red Book cor. "Dogmatize, to assert positively; Dogmatizer, an assertor, a magisterial teacher."--Chalmers cor. "And their inflections might now have been easily analyzed."--Murray cor. "Authorize, disauthorize, and unauthorized; Temporize, contemporize, and extemporize."--Walker cor. "Legalize, equalize, methodize, sluggardize, womanize, humanize, patronize, cantonize, gluttonize, epitomize, anatomize, phlebotomize, sanctuarize, characterize, synonymize, recognize, detonize, colonize."--Id. cor.

"This beauty sweetness always must comprise, Which from the subject, well express'd, will rise."--Brightland cor.

RULE XIV.--COMPOUNDS.

"The glory of the Lord shall be thy rear-ward."--SCOTT, ALGER: Isa., lviii, 8. "A mere van-courier to announce the coming of his master."--Tooke cor. "The party-coloured shutter appeared to come close up before him."--Kirkham cor. "When the day broke upon this handful of forlorn but dauntless spirits."--Id. "If, upon a plumtree, peaches and apricots are engrafted, nobody will say they are the natural growth of the plumtree.'--Berkley cor. "The channel between Newfoundland and Labrador is called the Straits of Belleisle."--Worcester cor. "There being nothing that more exposes to the headache:"--or, (perhaps more accurately,) "headake."--Locke cor. "And, by a sleep, to say we end the heartache:"--or, "heartake."--Shak. cor. "He that sleeps, feels not the toothache:"--or, "toothake."--Id. "That the shoe must fit him, because it fitted his father and grandfather."--Phil. Museum cor. "A single word misspelled [or misspelt] in a letter is sufficient to show that you have received a defective education."--C. Bucke cor. "Which misstatement the committee attributed to a failure of memory."--Professors cor. "Then he went through the Banqueting-House to the scaffold."--Smollet cor. "For the purpose of maintaining a clergyman and a schoolmaster."--Webster cor. "They however knew that the lands were claimed by Pennsylvania."--Id. "But if you ask a reason, they immediately bid farewell to argument."--Barnes cor. "Whom resist, steadfast in the faith."--Alger's Bible. "And they continued steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine."--Id. "Beware lest ye also fall from your own steadfastness."--Ib. "Galiot, or Galliot, a Dutch vessel carrying a main-mast and a mizzen-mast."--Webster cor. "Infinitive, to overflow; Preterit, overflowed; Participle, overflowed."--Cobbett cor. "After they have misspent so much precious time."--Brit. Gram. cor. "Some say, 'two handsful;" some, 'two handfuls; and others, 'two handful.' The second expression is right."--G. Brown. "Lapful, as much as the lap can contain."--Webster cor. "Dareful, full of defiance."--Walker cor. "The road to the blissful regions is as open to the peasant as to the king."--Mur. cor. "Misspell is misspelled [or misspelt] in every dictionary which I have seen."--Barnes cor. "Downfall; ruin, calamity, fall from rank or state."--Johnson cor. "The whole legislature likewise acts as a court."--Webster cor. "It were better a millstone were hanged about his neck."--Perkins cor. "Plumtree, a tree that produces plums; Hogplumtree, a tree."--Webster cor. "Trissyllables ending in re or le, accent the first syllable."--Murray cor.

"It happened on a summer's holyday, That to the greenwood shade he took his way."--Dryden.

RULE XV.--USAGE.

"Nor are the moods of the Greek tongue more uniform."--Murray cor. "If we analyze a conjunctive preterit, the rule will not appear to hold."--Priestley cor. "No landholder would have been at that expense."--Id. "I went to see the child whilst they were putting on its clothes."--Id. "This style is ostentatious, and does not suit grave writing."--Id. "The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah, sat each on his throne."--1 Kings, xxii, 10; 2 Chron., xviii, 9. "Lysias, speaking of his friends, promised to his father never to abandon them."--Murray cor. "Some, to avoid this error, run into its opposite."--Churchill cor. "Hope, the balm of life soothes us under every misfortune."--Jaudon's Gram., p. 182. "Any judgement or decree might be heard and reversed by the legislature."--N. Webster cor. "A pathetic harangue will screen from punishment any knave."--Id. "For the same reason the women would be improper judges."--Id. "Every person is indulged in worshiping as he pleases."--Id. "Most or all teachers are excluded from genteel company."--Id. "The Christian religion, in its purity, is the best institution on earth."--Id. "Neither clergymen nor human laws have the least authority over the conscience."--Id. "A guild is a society, fraternity, or corporation."--Barnes cor. "Phillis was not able to untie the knot, and so she cut it."--Id. "An acre of land is the quantity of one hundred and sixty perches."--Id. "Ochre is a fossil earth combined with the oxyd of some metal."--Id. "Genii, when denoting aërial spirits; geniuses, when signifying persons of genius."--Murray cor.; also Frost; also Nutting. "Acrisius, king of Argos, had a beautiful daughter, whose name was Danäe."--Classic Tales cor. "Phäeton was the son of Apollo and Clymene."--Id.--"But, after all, I may not have reached the intended goal."--Buchanan cor. "'Pittacus was offered a large sum.' Better: 'To Pittacus was offered a large sum.'"--Kirkham cor. "King Micipsa charged his sons to respect the senate and people of Rome."--Id. "For example: 'Galileo greatly improved the telescope.'"--Id. "Cathmor's warriors sleep in death."--Macpherson's Ossian. "For parsing will enable you to detect and correct errors in composition."--Kirkham cor.

"O'er barren mountains, o'er the flow'ry plain, Extends thy uncontrolled and boundless reign."--Dryden cor.

PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SPELLING.

LESSON I.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic."--Pope (or Johnson) cor. "Produce a single passage, superior to the speech of Logan, a Mingo chief, to Lord Dunmore, governor of this state."--Jefferson's Notes, p. 94. "We have none synonymous to supply its place."--Jamieson cor. "There is a probability that the effect will be accelerated."--Id. "Nay, a regard to sound has controlled the public choice."--Id. "Though learnt [better, learned] from the uninterrupted use of guttural sounds."--Id. "It is by carefully filing off all roughness and all inequalities, that languages, like metals, must be polished."--Id. "That I have not misspent my time in the service of the community."--Buchanan cor. "The leaves of maize are also called blades."--Webster cor. "Who boast that they know what is past, and can foretell what is to come."--Robertson cor. "Its tasteless dullness is interrupted by nothing but its perplexities."--Abbott, right. "Sentences constructed with the Johnsonian fullness and swell."--Jamieson, right. "The privilege of escaping from his prefatory dullness and prolixity."--Kirkham, right. "But, in poetry, this characteristic of dullness attains its full growth."--Id. corrected. "The leading characteristic consists in an increase of the force and fullness."--Id cor. "The character of this opening fullness and feebler vanish."--Id. cor. "Who, in the fullness of unequalled power, would not believe himself the favourite of Heaven?"--Id. right. "They mar one an other, and distract him."--Philol. Mus. cor. "Let a deaf worshiper of antiquity and an English prosodist settle this."--Rush cor. "This Philippic gave rise to my satirical reply in self-defence."--Merchant cor. "We here saw no innuendoes, no new sophistry, no falsehoods."--Id. "A witty and humorous vein has often produced enemies."--Murray cor. "Cry hollo! to thy tongue, I pray thee:[527] it curvets unseasonably."--Shak. cor. "I said, in my sliest manner, 'Your health, sir.'"--Blackwood cor. "And attorneys also travel the circuit in pursuit of business."--Barnes cor. "Some whole counties in Virginia would hardly sell for the value of the debts due from the inhabitants."--Webster cor. "They were called the Court of Assistants, and exercised all powers, legislative and judicial."--Id. "Arithmetic is excellent for the gauging of liquors."--Harris's Hermes, p. 295. "Most of the inflections may be analyzed in a way somewhat similar."--Murray cor.

"To epithets allots emphatic state, While principals, ungrac'd, like lackeys wait." --T. O. Churchill's Gram., p. 326.

LESSON II.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"Hence less is a privative suffix, denoting destitution; as in fatherless, faithless, penniless."--Webster cor. "Bay; red, or reddish, inclining to a chestnut colour."--Id. "To mimick, to imitate or ape for sport; a mimic, one who imitates or mimicks."--Id. "Counterroll, a counterpart or copy of the rolls; Counterrollment, a counter account."--Id. "Millennium, [from mille and annus,] the thousand years during which Satan shall be bound."--See Johnson's Dict. "Millennial, [like septennial, decennial, &c.,] pertaining to the millennium, or to a thousand years."--See Worcester's Dict. "Thralldom; slavery, bondage, a state of servitude."--Webster's Dict. "Brier, a prickly bush; Briery, rough, prickly, full of briers; Sweetbrier, a fragrant shrub."--See Ainsworth's Dict., Scott's, Gobb's, and others. "Will, in the second and third persons, barely foretells."--Brit. Gram. cor. "And therefore there is no word false, but what is distinguished by Italics."--Id. "What should be repeated, is left to their discretion."--Id. "Because they are abstracted or separated from material substances."--Id. "All motion is in time, and therefore, wherever it exists, implies time as its concomitant."-- Harris's Hermes, p. 95. "And illiterate grown persons are guilty of blamable spelling."--Brit. Gram. cor. "They will always be ignorant, and of rough, uncivil manners."--Webster cor. "This fact will hardly be believed in the northern states."--Id. "The province, however, was harassed with disputes."--Id. "So little concern has the legislature for the interest of learning."--Id. "The gentlemen will not admit that a schoolmaster can be a gentleman."--Id. "Such absurd quid-pro-quoes cannot be too strenuously avoided."--Churchill cor. "When we say of a man, 'He looks slily;' we signify, that he takes a sly glance or peep at something."--Id. "Peep; to look through a crevice; to look narrowly, closely, or slily"--Webster cor. "Hence the confession has become a hackneyed proverb."--Wayland cor. "Not to mention the more ornamental parts of gilding, varnish, &c."--Tooke cor. "After this system of self-interest had been riveted."--Dr. Brown cor. "Prejudice might have prevented the cordial approbation of a bigoted Jew."--Dr. Scott cor.

"All twinkling with the dewdrop sheen, The brier-rose fell in streamers green."--Sir W. Scott cor.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"The infinitive mood has, commonly, the sign to before it."--Harrison cor. "Thus, it is advisable to write singeing, from the verb to singe, by way of distinction from singing, the participle of the verb to sing."--Id. "Many verbs form both the preterit tense and the preterit participle irregularly."--Id. "Much must be left to every one's taste and judgement."--Id. "Verses of different lengths, intermixed, form a Pindaric poem."--Priestley cor. "He'll surprise you."--Frost cor. "Unequalled archer! why was this concealed?"-- Knowles. "So gayly curl the waves before each dashing prow."--Byron cor. "When is a diphthong called a proper diphthong?"--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "How many Esses would the word then end with? Three; for it would be goodness's."--Id. "Qu. What is a triphthong? Ans. A triphthong is a coalition of three vowels in one syllable."--Bacon cor. "The verb, noun, or pronoun, is referred to the preceding terms taken separately."--Murray. "The cubic foot of matter which occupies the centre of the globe."--Cardell cor. "The wine imbibes oxygen, or the acidifying principle, from the air."--Id. "Charcoal, sulphur, and nitre, make gunpowder."--Id. "It would be readily understood, that the thing so labelled was a bottle of Madeira wine."--Id. "They went their ways, one to his farm, an other to his merchandise."--Matt., xxii, 5. "A diphthong is the union of two vowels, both in one syllable."--Russell cor. "The professors of the Mohammedan religion are called Mussulmans."--Maltby cor. "This shows that let is not a mere sign of the imperative mood, but a real verb."--Id. "Those preterits and participles which are first mentioned in the list, seem to be the most eligible."--Murray's Gram., p. 107; Fisk's, 81; Ingersoll's, 103. "Monosyllables, for the most part, are compared by er and est, and dissyllables, by more and most."--Murray's Gram., p. 47. "This termination, added to a noun or an adjective, changes it into a verb: as, modern, to modernize; a symbol, to symbolize."-- Churchill cor. "An Abridgement of Murray's Grammar, with additions from Webster, Ash, Tooke, and others."--Maltby's Gram., p. 2. "For the sake of occupying the room more advantageously, the subject of Orthography is merely glanced at."--Nutting cor. "So contended the accusers of Galileo."--O. B. Peirce cor. Murray says, "They were travelling post when he met them."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 69. "They fulfill the only purposes for which they were designed."--Peirce cor.--See Webster's Dict. "On the fulfillment of the event."--Peirce, right. "Fullness consists in expressing every idea."--Id. "Consistently with fullness and perspicuity."--Peirce cor. "The word veriest is a regular adjective; as, 'He is the veriest fool on earth.'"--Wright cor. "The sound will recall the idea of the object."--Hiley cor. "Formed for great enterprises."--Hiley's Gram., p. 113. "The most important rules and definitions are printed in large type, Italicized."--Hart cor. "HAMLETED, a., accustomed to a hamlet, countrified."--Webster, and Worcester. "Singular, spoonful, cupful, coachful, handful; plural, spoonfuls, cupfuls, coachfuls, handfuls."--Worcester's Universal and Critical Dictionary.

"Between superlatives and following names, Of, by grammatic right, a station claims."--Brightland cor.

THE KEY.--PART II.--ETYMOLOGY.

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I. PARTS OF SPEECH

The first chapter of Etymology, as it exhibits only the distribution of words into the ten Parts of Speech, contains no false grammar for correction. And it may be here observed, that as mistakes concerning the forms, classes, or modifications of words, are chiefly to be found in sentences, rather than in any separate exhibition of the terms; the quotations of this kind, with which I have illustrated the principles of etymology, are many of them such as might perhaps with more propriety be denominated false syntax. But, having examples enough at hand to show the ignorance and carelessness of authors in every part of grammar, I have thought it most advisable, so to distribute them as to leave no part destitute of this most impressive kind of illustration. The examples exhibited as false etymology, are as distinct from those which are called false syntax, as the nature of the case will admit.

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II. ARTICLES

CORRECTIONS RESPECTING A, AN, AND THE.

LESSON I.--ARTICLES ADAPTED.

"Honour is a useful distinction in life."--Milnes cor. "No writer, therefore, ought to foment a humour of innovation."--Jamieson cor. "Conjunctions [generally] require a situation between the things of which they form a union."--Id. "Nothing is more easy than to mistake a u for an a."--Tooke cor. "From making so ill a use of our innocent expressions."--Penn cor. "To grant thee a heavenly and incorruptible crown of glory."--Sewel cor. "It in no wise follows, that such a one was able to predict."--Id. "With a harmless patience, they have borne most heavy oppressions."--Id. "My attendance was to make me a happier man."--Spect. cor. "On the wonderful nature of a human mind."--Id. "I have got a hussy of a maid, who is most craftily given to this."--Id. "Argus is said to have had a hundred eyes, some of which were always awake."--Stories cor. "Centiped, having a hundred feet; centennial, consisting of a hundred years."--Town cor. "No good man, he thought, could be a heretic."--Gilpin cor. "As, a Christian, an infidel, a heathen."--Ash cor. "Of two or more words, usually joined by a hyphen."--Blair cor. "We may consider the whole space of a hundred years as time present."--Ingersoll's Gram., p. 138. "In guarding against such a use of meats and drinks."--Ash cor. "Worship is a homage due from man to his Creator."--Monitor cor. "Then a eulogium on the deceased was pronounced."--Grimshaw cor. "But for Adam there was not found a help meet for him."--Bible cor. "My days are consumed like smoke, and my bones are burned as a hearth."--Id. "A foreigner and a hired servant shall not eat thereof."--Id. "The hill of God is as the hill of Bashan; a high hill, as the hill of Bashan."--Id. "But I do declare it to have been a holy offering, and such a one too as was to be once for all."--Penn cor. "A hope that does not make ashamed those that have it."--Barclay cor. "Where there is not a unity, we may exercise true charity."--Id. "Tell me, if in any of these such a union can be found?"--Dr. Brown cor.

"Such holy drops her tresses steeped, Though 'twas a hero's eye that weeped."--Sir W. Scott cor.

LESSON II.--ARTICLES INSERTED.

"This veil of flesh parts the visible and the invisible world."--Sherlock cor. "The copulative and the disjunctive conjunctions operate differently on the verb."--L. Murray cor. "Every combination of a preposition and an article with the noun."--Id. "Either signifies, 'the one or the other:' neither imports, 'not either;' that is, 'not the one nor the other.'"--Id. "A noun of multitude may have a pronoun or a verb agreeing with it, either of the singular number or of the plural."--Bucke cor. "The principal copulative conjunctions are, and, as, both, because, for, if, that, then, since."--Id. "The two real genders are the masculine and the feminine."--Id. "In which a mute and a liquid are represented by the same character, th."--Gardiner cor. "They said, John the Baptist hath sent us unto thee."--Bible cor. "They indeed remember the names of an abundance of places."--Spect. cor. "Which created a great dispute between the young and the old men."--Goldsmith cor. "Then shall be read the Apostles' or the Nicene Creed."--Com. Prayer cor. "The rules concerning the perfect tenses and the supines of verbs are Lily's."--K. Henry's Gr. cor. "It was read by the high and the low, the learned and the illiterate."--Dr. Johnson cor. "Most commonly, both the pronoun and the verb are understood."--Buchanan cor. "To signify the thick and the slender enunciation of tone."--Knight cor. "The difference between a palatial and a guttural aspirate is very small."--Id. "Leaving it to waver between the figurative and the literal sense."--Jamieson cor. "Whatever verb will not admit of both an active and a passive signification."--Alex. Murray cor. "The is often set before adverbs in the comparative or the superlative degree."--Id. and Kirkham cor. "Lest any should fear the effect of such a change, upon the present or the succeeding age of writers."--Fowle cor. "In all these measures, the accents are to be placed on the even syllables; and every line is, in general, the more melodious, as this rule is the more strictly observed."--L. Murray et al. cor. "How many numbers do nouns appear to have? Two: the singular and the plural."--R. C. Smith cor. "How many persons? Three; the first, the second, and the third."--Id. "How many cases? Three; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."--Id.

"Ah! what avails it me, the flocks to keep, Who lost my heart while I preserv'd the sheep:"--or, "my sheep."

LESSON III.--ARTICLES OMITTED.

"The negroes are all descendants of Africans."--Morse cor. "Sybarite was applied as a term of reproach to a man of dissolute manners."--Id. "The original signification of knave was boy."--Webster cor. "The meaning of these will be explained, for greater clearness and precision."--Bucke cor. "What sort of noun is man? A noun substantive, common."--Buchanan cor. "Is what ever used as three kinds of pronoun?"--Kirkham's Question cor. [Answer: "No; as a pronoun, it is either relative or interrogative."--G. Brown.] "They delighted in having done it, as well as in the doing of it."--R. Johnson cor. "Both parts of this rule are exemplified in the following sentences."--Murray cor. "He has taught them to hope for an other and better world."--Knapp cor. "It was itself only preparatory to a future, better, and perfect revelation."--Keith cor. "Es then makes an other and distinct syllable."--Brightland cor. "The eternal clamours of a selfish and factious people."--Dr. Brown cor. "To those whose taste in elocution is but little cultivated."--Kirkham cor. "They considered they had but a sort of gourd to rejoice in."--Bennet cor. "Now there was but one such bough, in a spacious and shady grove."--Bacon cor. "Now the absurdity of this latter supposition will go a great way towards making a man easy."--Collier cor. "This is true of mathematics, with which taste has but little to do."--Todd cor. "To stand prompter to a pausing yet ready comprehension."--Rush cor. "Such an obedience as the yoked and tortured negro is compelled to yield to the whip of the overseer."--Chalmers cor. "For the gratification of a momentary and unholy desire."--Wayland cor. "The body is slenderly put together; the mind, a rambling sort of thing."--Collier cor. "The only nominative to the verb, is officer."--Murray cor. "And though in general it ought to be admitted, &c."--Blair cor. "Philosophical writing admits of a polished, neat, and elegant style."--Id. "But notwithstanding this defect, Thomson is a strong and beautiful describer."--Id. "So should he be sure to be ransomed, and many poor men's lives should be saved."--Shak. cor.

"Who felt the wrong, or feared it, took alarm, Appealed to law, and Justice lent her arm."--Pope cor.

LESSON IV.--ARTICLES CHANGED.

"To enable us to avoid too frequent a repetition of the same word."--Bucke cor. "The former is commonly acquired in a third part of the time."--Burn cor. "Sometimes an adjective becomes a substantive; and, like other substantives, it may have an adjective relating to it: as, 'The chief good.'"--L. Murray cor. "An articulate sound is a sound of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech."--Id. "A tense is a distinction of time: there are six tenses."--Maunder cor. "In this case, an ellipsis of the last article would be improper."--L. Hurray cor. "Contrast always has the effect to make each of the contrasted objects appear in a stronger light."--Id. et al. "These remarks may serve to show the great importance of a proper use of the articles."--Lowth et al. cor. "'Archbishop Tillotson,' says the author of a history of England, 'died in this year.'"--Dr. Blair cor. "Pronouns are used in stead of substantives, to prevent too frequent a repetition of them."--A. Murray cor. "THAT, as a relative, seems to be introduced to prevent too frequent a repetition of WHO and WHICH."--Id. "A pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun, to prevent too frequent a repetition of it."--L. Murray cor. "THAT is often used as a relative, to prevent too frequent a repetition of WHO and WHICH."--Id. et al. cor. "His knees smote one against the other."--Logan cor. "They stand now on one foot, then on the other."--W. Walker cor. "The Lord watch between thee and me, when we are absent one from the other."--Bible cor. "Some have enumerated ten parts of speech, making the participle a distinct part."--L. Murray cor. "Nemesis rides upon a hart because the hart is a most lively creature."--Bacon cor. "The transition of the voice from one vowel of the diphthong to the other."--Dr. Wilson cor. "So difficult it is, to separate these two things one from the other."--Dr. Blair cor. "Without a material breach of any rule."--Id. "The great source of looseness of style, in opposition to precision, is an injudicious use of what are termed synonymous words."--Blair cor.; also Murray. "Sometimes one article is improperly used for the other."--Sanborn cor.

"Satire of sense, alas! can Sporus feel? Who breaks a butterfly upon the wheel?"--Pope cor.

LESSON V.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"He hath no delight in the strength of a horse."--Maturin cor. "The head of it would be a universal monarch."--Butler cor. "Here they confound the material and the formal object of faith."--Barclay cor. "The Irish [Celtic] and the Scottish Celtic are one language; the Welsh, the Cornish, and the Armorican, are an other."--Dr. Murray cor. "In a uniform and perspicuous manner."--Id. "SCRIPTURE, n. Appropriately, and by way of distinction, the books of the Old and the New Testament; the Bible."--Webster cor. "In two separate volumes, entitled, 'The Old and New Testaments.'"--Wayland cor. "The Scriptures of the Old and the New Testament, contain a revelation from God."--Id. "Q has always a u after it; which, in words of French origin, is not sounded."--Wilson cor. "What should we say of such a one? that he is regenerate? No."--Hopkins cor. "Some grammarians subdivide the vowels into simple and compound."--L. Murray cor. "Emphasis has been divided into the weaker and the stronger emphasis."--Id. "Emphasis has also been divided into the superior and the inferior emphasis."--Id. "Pronouns must agree with their antecedents, or the nouns which they represent, in gender, number, and person."--Merchant cor. "The adverb where is often used improperly, for a relative pronoun and a preposition": as, "Words where [in which] the h is not silent."--Murray, p. 31. "The termination ish imports diminution, or a lessening of the quality."--Merchant cor. "In this train, all their verses proceed: one half of a line always answering to the other."--Dr. Blair cor. "To a height of prosperity and glory, unknown to any former age."--L. Murray cor. "Hwilc, who, which, such as, such a one, is declined as follows."--Gwilt cor. "When a vowel precedes the y, s only is required to form the plural; as, day, days."--Bucke cor. "He is asked what sort of word each is; whether a primitive, a derivative, or a compound."--British Gram. cor. "It is obvious, that neither the second, the third, nor the fourth chapter of Matthew, is the first; consequently, there are not 'four first chapters.'"--Churchill cor. "Some thought, which a writer wants the art to introduce in its proper place."--Dr. Blair cor. "Groves and meadows are the most pleasing in the spring."--Id. "The conflict between the carnal and the spiritual mind, is often long."--Gurney cor. "A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful"--Burke cor.

"Silence, my muse! make not these jewels cheap, Exposing to the world too large a heap."--Waller cor.

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III. NOUNS

CORRECTIONS IN THE MODIFICATIONS OF NOUNS.

LESSON I.--NUMBERS.

"All the ablest of the Jewish rabbies acknowledge it."--Wilson cor. "Who has thoroughly imbibed the system of one or other of our Christian rabbies."--Campbell cor. "The seeming singularities of reason soon wear off."--Collier cor. "The chiefs and arikies, or priests, have the power of declaring a place or object taboo."--Balbi cor. "Among the various tribes of this family, are the Pottawatomies, the Sauks and Foxes, or Saukies and Ottogamies."--Id. "The Shawnees, Kickapoos, Menom'onies, Miamies, and Delawares, are of the same region."--Id. "The Mohegans and Abenaquies belonged also to this family."--Id. "One tribe of this family, the Winnebagoes, formerly resided near lake Michigan."--Id. "The other tribes are the Ioways, the Otoes, the Missouries, the Quapaws."--Id." The great Mexican family comprises the Aztecs, the Toltecs, and the Tarascoes."--Id." The Mulattoes are born of negro and white parents; the Zamboes, of Indians and Negroes."--Id. "To have a place among the Alexanders, the Cæsars, the Louises, or the Charleses,--the scourges and butchers of their fellow-creatures."--Burgh cor." Which was the notion of the Platonic philosophers and the Jewish rabbies."--Id. "That they should relate to the whole body of virtuosoes."--Cobbeti cor." What thanks have ye? for sinners also love those that love them."--Bible cor." There are five ranks of nobility; dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons."--Balbi cor." Acts which were so well known to the two Charleses."--Payne cor. "Courts-martial are held in all parts, for the trial of the blacks."--Observer cor. "It becomes a common noun, and may have the plural number; as, the two Davids, the two Scipios, the two Pompeys."--Staniford cor. "The food of the rattlesnake is birds, squirrels, hares, rats, and reptiles."--Balbi cor. "And let fowls multiply in the earth."--Bible cor. "Then we reached the hillside, where eight buffaloes were grazing."--Martineau cor. "CORSET, n. a bodice for a woman."--Worcester cor. "As, the Bees, the Cees, the Double-ues."--Peirce cor. "Simplicity is the mean between ostentation and rusticity."--Pope cor. "You have disguised yourselves like tipstaffs."--Gil Bias cor. "But who, that has any taste, can endure the incessant quick returns of the alsoes, and the likewises, and the moreovers, and the howevers, and the notwithstandings?"--Campbell cor.

"Sometimes, in mutual sly disguise, Let ays seem noes, and noes seem ays."--Gay cor.

LESSON II.--CASES.

"For whose name's sake, I have been made willing."--Penn cor. "Be governed by your conscience, and never ask any body's leave to be honest."--Collier cor. "To overlook nobody's merit or misbehaviour."-- Id. "And Hector at last fights his way to the stern of Ajax's ship."--Coleridge cor. "Nothing is lazier, than to keep one's eye upon words without heeding their meaning."--Museum cor. "Sir William Jones's division of the day."--Id. "I need only refer here to Voss's excellent account of it."--Id. "The beginning of Stesichorus's palinode has been preserved."--Id. "Though we have Tibullus's elegies, there is not a word in them about Glyc~era."--Id. "That Horace was at Thaliarchus's country-house."--Id. "That Sisyphus's foot-tub should have been still in existence."--Id. "How everything went on in Horace's closet, and Mecenas's antechamber."--Id. "Who, for elegant brevity's sake, put a participle for a verb."--W. Walker cor. "The country's liberty being oppressed, we have no more to hope."--Id. "A brief but true account of this people's principles."--Barclay cor. "As, The Church's peace, or, The peace of the Church; Virgil's Æneid, or, The Æneid of Virgil."--Brit. Gram. cor. "As, Virgil's Æneid, for, The Æneid of Virgil; The Church's peace, for, The peace of the Church."--Buchanan cor. "Which, with Hubner's Compend, and Well's Geographia Classica, will be sufficient."--Burgh cor. "Witness Homer's speaking horses, scolding goddesses, and Jupiter enchanted with Venus's girdle."--Id. "Dr. Watts's Logic may with success be read to them and commented on."--Id. "Potter's Greek, and Kennet's Roman Antiquities, Strauchius's and Helvicus's Chronology."--Id. "SING. Alice's friends, Felix's property; PLUR. The Alices' friends, the Felixes' property."--Peirce cor. "Such as Bacchus's company--at Bacchus's festivals."--Ainsworih cor. "Burns's inimitable Tam o' Shanter turns entirely upon such a circumstance."--Scott cor. "Nominative, men; Genitive, [or Possessive,] men's; Objective, men."--Cutler cor. "Men's happiness or misery is mostly of their own making."--Locke cor. "That your son's clothes be never made strait, especially about the breast."--Id. "Children's minds are narrow and weak."--Id. "I would not have little children much tormented about punctilios, or niceties of breeding."--Id. "To fill his head with suitable ideas."--Id. "The Burgusdisciuses and the Scheiblers did not swarm in those days, as they do now."--Id. "To see the various ways of dressing--a calf's head!"--Shenstone cor.

"He puts it on, and for decorum's sake Can wear it e'en as gracefully as she."--Cowper cor.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"Simon the wizard was of this religion too"--Bunyan cor. "MAMMODIES, n. Coarse, plain, India muslins."--Webster cor. "Go on from single persons to families, that of the Pompeys for instance."--Collier cor. "By which the ancients were not able to account for phenomena."--Bailey cor. "After this I married a woman who had lived at Crete, but a Jewess by birth."--Josephus cor. "The very heathens are inexcusable for not worshiping him."--Todd cor. "Such poems as Camoens's Lusiad, Voltaire's Henrinde, &c."--Dr. Blair cor. "My learned correspondent writes a word in defence of large scarfs."--Sped. cor. "The forerunners of an apoplexy are dullness, vertigoes, tremblings."--Arbuthnot cor." Vertigo, [in Latin,] changes the o into ~in=es, making the plural vertig~in=es:" [not so, in English.]--Churchill cor. "Noctambulo, [in Latin,] changes the o into =on=es, making the plural noctambul=on=es:" [not so in English.]--Id. "What shall we say of noctambuloes? It is the regular English plural."--G. Brown. "In the curious fretwork of rocks and grottoes."--Blair cor. "Wharf makes the plural wharfs, according to the best usage."--G. Brown. "A few cents' worth of macaroni supplies all their wants."--Balbi cor. "C sounds hard, like k, at the end of a word or syllable."--Blair cor. "By which the virtuosoes try The magnitude of every lie."--Butler cor. "Quartoes, octavoes, shape the lessening pyre."--Pope cor. "Perching within square royal roofs"--Sidney cor. "Similes should, even in poetry, be used with moderation."--Dr. Blair cor. "Similes should never be taken from low or mean objects."--Id. "It were certainly better to say, 'The House of Lords,' than, 'The Lords' House.'"--Murray cor. "Read your answers. Units' figure? 'Five.' Tens'? 'Six.' Hundreds'? 'Seven.'"--Abbott cor. "Alexander conquered Darius's army."--Kirkham cor. "Three days' time was requisite, to prepare matters."--Dr. Brown cor. "So we say, that Cicero's style and Sallust's were not one; nor Cæsar's and Livy's; nor Homer's and Hesiod's; nor Herodotus's and Thucydides's; nor Euripides's and Aristophanes's; nor Erasmus's and Budæus's."--Puttenham cor. "LEX (i.e., legs, a law,) is no other than our ancestors' past participle loeg, laid down"--Tooke cor. "Achaia's sons at Ilium slain for the Atridoe's sake."--Cowper cor. "The corpses of her senate manure the fields of Thessaly."--Addison cor.

"Poisoning, without regard of fame or fear; And spotted corpses load the frequent bier."--Dryden cor.

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IV. ADJECTIVES

CORRECTIONS IN THE FORMS OF COMPARISON, &c.

LESSON I.--DEGREES.

"I have the real excuse of the most honest sort of bankrupts."--Cowley corrected. "The most honourable part of talk, is, to give the occasion."--Bacon cor. "To give him one of the most modest of his own proverbs."--Barclay cor. "Our language is now, certainly, more proper and more natural, than it was formerly."--Burnet cor. "Which will be of the greatest and most frequent use to him in the world."--Locke cor. "The same is notified in the most considerable places in the diocese."--Whitgift cor. "But it was the most dreadful sight that ever I saw."--Bunyan cor. "Four of the oldest, soberest, and discreetest of the brethren, chosen for the occasion, shall regulate it."--Locke cor. "Nor can there be any clear understanding of any Roman author, especially of more ancient time, without this skill."--W. Walker cor. "Far the most learned of the Greeks."--Id. "The more learned thou art, the humbler be thou."--Id. "He is none of the best, or most honest."--Id. "The most proper methods of communicating it to others."--Burn cor. "What heaven's great King hath mightiest to send against us."--Milton cor. "Benedict is not the most unhopeful husband that I know."--Shakspeare cor. "That he should immediately do all the meanest and most trifling things himself."--Ray cor. "I shall be named among the most renowned of women."--Milton cor. "Those have the most inventive heads for all purposes."--Ascham cor. "The more wretched are the contemners of all helps."--B. Johnson cor. "I will now deliver a few of the most proper and most natural considerations that belong to this piece."--Wotton cor. "The most mortal poisons practised by the West Indians, have some mixture of the blood, fat, or flesh of man."--Bacon cor. "He so won upon him, that he rendered him one of the most faithful and most affectionate allies the Medes ever had."--Rollin cor. "'You see before you,' says he to him, 'the most devoted servant, and the most faithful ally, you ever had.'"--Id. "I chose the most flourishing tree in all the park."--Cowley cor. "Which he placed, I think, some centuries earlier than did Julius Africanus afterwards."--Bolingbroke cor. "The Tiber, the most noted river of Italy."--Littleton cor.

"To farthest shores th' ambrosial spirit flies."--Pope.

----"That what she wills to do or say, Seems wisest, worthiest, discreetest, best."--Milton cor.

LESSON II.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"During the first three or four years of its existence."--Taylor cor. "To the first of these divisions, my last ten lectures have been devoted."--Adams cor. "There are, in the twenty-four states, not fewer than sixty thousand common schools."--J. O. Taylor cor. "I know of nothing which gives teachers more trouble, than this want of firmness."--Id. "I know of nothing else that throws such darkness over the line which separates right from wrong."--Id. "None need this purity and this simplicity of language and thought, more than does the instructor of a common school."--Id. "I know of no other periodical that is so valuable to the teacher, as the Annals of Education."--Id. "Are not these schools of the highest importance? Should not every individual feel a deep interest in their character and condition?"--Id. "If instruction were made a liberal profession, teachers would feel more sympathy for one an other."--Id. "Nothing is more interesting to children, than novelty, or change."--Id. "I know of no other labour which affords so much happiness as the teacher's."--Id. "Their school exercises are the most pleasant and agreeable duties, that they engage in."--Id. "I know of no exercise more beneficial to the pupil than that of drawing maps."--Id. "I know of nothing in which our district schools are more defective, than they are in the art of teaching grammar."--Id. "I know of no other branch of knowledge, so easily acquired as history."--Id. "I know of no other school exercise for which pupils usually have such an abhorrence, as for composition."--Id. "There is nothing belonging to our fellow-men, which we should respect more sacredly than their good name."--Id. "Surely, never any other creature was so unbred as that odious man."--Congreve cor. "In the dialogue between the mariner and the shade of the deceased."--Phil. Museum cor. "These master-works would still be less excellent and finished."--Id. "Every attempt to staylace the language of polished conversation, renders our phraseology inelegant and clumsy."--Id. "Here are a few of the most unpleasant words that ever blotted paper."--Shakespeare cor. "With the most easy and obliging transitions."--Broome cor. "Fear is, of all affections, the least apt to admit any conference with reason."--Hooker cor. "Most chymists think glass a body less destructible than gold itself."--Boyle cor. "To part with unhacked edges, and bear back our barge undinted."--Shak. cor. "Erasmus, who was an unbigoted Roman Catholic, was transported with this passage."--Addison cor. "There are no fewer than five words, with any of which the sentence might have terminated."--Campbell cor. "The ones preach Christ of contention; but the others, of love." Or, "The one party preach," &c.--Bible cor. "Hence we find less discontent and fewer heart-burnings, than where the subjects are unequally burdened."--H. Home, Ld. Kames, cor.

"The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field." --Milton, P. L., B. ix, l. 86.

"Thee, Serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, I knew, but not with human voice indued." --Id., P. L., B. ix, l. 560.

"How much more grievous would our lives appear. To reach th' eight-hundredth, than the eightieth year!" --Denham cor.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"Brutus engaged with Aruns; and so fierce was the attack, that they pierced each other at the same time."--Lempriere cor. "Her two brothers were, one after the other, turned into stone."--Kames cor. "Nouns are often used as adjectives; as, A gold ring, a silver cup."--Lennie cor. "Fire and water destroy each other"--Wanostrocht cor. "Two negatives, in English, destroy each other, or are equivalent to an affirmative."--Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. "Two negatives destroy each other, and are generally equivalent to an affirmative."--Kirkham and Felton cor. "Two negatives destroy each other, and make an affirmative."--Flint cor. "Two negatives destroy each other, being equivalent to an affirmative."--Frost cor. "Two objects, resembling each other, are presented to the imagination."--Parker cor. "Mankind, in order to hold converse with one an other, found it necessary to give names to objects."--Kirkham cor. "Derivative words are formed from their primitives in various ways."--Cooper cor. "There are many different ways of deriving words one from an other."--Murray cor. "When several verbs have a joint construction in a sentence, the auxiliary is usually expressed with the first only."--Frost cor. "Two or more verbs, having the same nominative case, and coming in immediate succession, are also separated by the comma."--Murray et al. cor. "Two or more adverbs, coming in immediate succession, must be separated by the comma."--Iidem. "If, however, the two members are very closely connected, the comma is unnecessary."--Iidem. "Gratitude, when exerted towards others, naturally produces a very pleasing sensation in the mind of a generous man."--L. Murray cor. "Several verbs in the infinitive mood, coming in succession, and having a common dependence, are also divided by commas."--Comly cor. "The several words of which it consists, have so near a relation one to an other."--Murray et al. cor. "When two or more verbs, or two or more adverbs,[528] occur in immediate succession, and have a common dependence, they must be separated by the comma."--Comly cor. "One noun frequently follows an other, both meaning the same thing."--Sanborn cor. "And these two tenses may thus answer each other."--R. Johnson cor. "Or some other relation which two objects bear to each other."--Jamieson cor. "That the heathens tolerated one an other is allowed."--A. Fuller cor. "And yet these two persons love each other tenderly."--E. Reader cor. "In the six hundred and first year."--Bible cor. "Nor is this arguing of his, any thing but a reiterated clamour."--Barclay cor. "In several of them the inward life of Christianity is to be found."--Ib. "Though Alvarez, Despauter, and others, do not allow it to be plural."--R. Johnson cor. "Even the most dissipated and shameless blushed at the sight."--Lempriere cor. "We feel a higher satisfaction in surveying the life of animals, than [in contemplating] that of vegetables."-- Jamieson cor. "But this man is so full-fraught with malice."--Barclay cor. "That I suggest some things concerning the most proper means."--Dr. Blair cor.

"So, hand in hand, they passed, the loveliest pair That ever yet in love's embraces met."--Milton cor.

"Aim at supremacy; without such height, Will be for thee no sitting, or not long."--Id. cor.

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V. PRONOUNS

CORRECTIONS IN THE FORMS AND USES OF PRONOUNS.

LESSON I.--RELATIVES.

"While we attend to this pause, every appearance of singsong must be carefully avoided."--Murray cor. "For thou shalt go to all to whom I shall send thee."--Bible cor. "Ah! how happy would it have been for me, had I spent in retirement these twenty-three years during which I have possessed my kingdom."--Sanborn cor. "In the same manner in which relative pronouns and their antecedents are usually parsed."--Id. "Parse or explain all the other nouns contained in the examples, after the very manner of the word which is parsed for you."--Id. "The passive verb will always have the person and number that belong to the verb be, of which it is in part composed."--Id. "You have been taught that a verb must always agree in person and number with it subject or nominative."--Id. "A relative pronoun, also, must always agree in person, in number, and even in gender, with its antecedent."--Id. "The answer always agrees in case with the pronoun which asks the question."--Id. "One sometimes represents an antecedent noun, in the definite manner of a personal pronoun." [529]--Id. "The mind, being carried forward to the time at which the event is to happen, easily conceives it to be present." "SAVE and SAVING are [seldom to be] parsed in the manner in which EXCEPT and EXCEPTING are [commonly explained]."--Id. "Adverbs qualify verbs, or modify their meaning, as adjectives qualify nouns [and describe things.]"--Id. "The third person singular of verbs, terminates in s or es, like the plural number of nouns."--Id. "He saith further: that, 'The apostles did not baptize anew such persons as had been baptized with the baptism of John.'"--Barclay cor. "For we who live,"--or, "For we that are alive, are always delivered unto death for Jesus' sake."--Bible cor. "For they who believe in God, must be careful to maintain good works."--Barclay cor. "Nor yet of those who teach things that they ought not, for filthy lucre's sake."--Id. "So as to hold such bound in heaven as they bind on earth, and such loosed in heaven as they loose on earth."--Id. "Now, if it be an evil, to do any thing out of strife; then such things as are seen so to be done, are they not to be avoided and forsaken?"--Id. "All such as do not satisfy themselves with the superfices of religion."--Id. "And he is the same in substance, that he was upon earth,--the same in spirit, soul, and body."--Id. "And those that do not thus, are such, as the Church of Rome can have no charity for." Or: "And those that do not thus, are persons toward whom the Church of Rome can have no charity."--Id. "Before his book, he places a great list of what he accounts the blasphemous assertions of the Quakers."--Id. "And this is what he should have proved."--Id. "Three of whom were at that time actual students of philosophy in the university."--Id. "Therefore it is not lawful for any whomsoever * * * to force the consciences of others."--Id. "Why were the former days better than these?"--Bible cor. "In the same manner in which"--or, better, "Just as--the term my depends on the name books."--Peirce cor. "Just as the term HOUSE depends on the [preposition to, understood after the adjective] NEAR."--Id. "James died on the day on which Henry returned."--Id.

LESSON II.--DECLENSIONS.

"OTHER makes the plural OTHERS, when it is found without its substantive."--Priestley cor. "But his, hers, ours, yours, and theirs, have evidently the form of the possessive case."--Lowth cor. "To the Saxon possessive cases, hire, ure, eower, hira, (that is, hers, ours, yours, theirs,) we have added the s, the characteristic of the possessive case of nouns."--Id. "Upon the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, both theirs and ours."--Friends cor. "In this place, His is clearly preferable either to Her or to Its."--Harris cor. "That roguish leer of yours makes a pretty woman's heart ache."--Addison cor. "Lest by any means this liberty of yours become a stumbling-block."--Bible cor. "First person: Sing. I, my or mine, me; Plur. we, our or ours, us."--Wilbur and Livingston cor. "Second person: Sing, thou, thy or thine, thee; Plur. ye or you, your or yours, you."--Iid. "Third person: Sing, she, her or hers, her; Plur. they, their or theirs, them."--Iid. "So shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not yours."--ALGER, BRUCE, ET AL.; Jer., v, 19. "Second person, Singular: Nom. thou, Poss. thy or thine, Obj. thee."--Frost cor. "Second person, Dual; Nom. Gyt, ye two; Gen. Incer, of you two; Dat. Inc, incrum, to you two; Acc. Inc, you two; Voc. Eala inc, O ye two; Abl. Inc, incrum, from you two."--Gwilt cor. "Second person, Plural: Nom. Ge, ye; Gen. Eower, of you; Dat. Eow, to you; Acc. Eow, you; Voc Eala ge, O ye; Abl. Eow, from you."--Id. "These words are, mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, and whose."--Cardell cor. "This house is ours, and that is yours. Theirs is very commodious."--Murray's Gram., p. 55. "And they shall eat up thy harvest, and thy bread; they shall eat up thy flocks and thy herds."--Bible cor. "Whoever and Whichever are thus declined: Sing. Nom. whoever, Poss. whosever, Obj. whomever; Plur. Nom. whoever, Poss. whosever, Obj. whomever. Sing. Nom. whichever, Poss. (wanting,) Obj. whichever; Plur. Nom. whichever, Poss. (wanting,) Obj. whichever."--Cooper cor. "The compound personal pronouns are thus declined: Sing. Nom. myself, Poss. (wanting,) Obj. myself; Plur. Nom. ourselves, Poss. (wanting,) Obj. ourselves. Sing. Nom. thyself or yourself, Poss. (wanting,) Obj. thyself, &c."--Perley cor. "Every one of us, each for himself, laboured to recover him."--Sidney cor. "Unless when ideas of their opposites manifestly suggest themselves."--Wright cor. "It not only exists in time, but is itself time." "A position which the action itself will palpably confute."--Id. "A difficulty sometimes presents itself."--Id. "They are sometimes explanations in themselves."--Id. "Ours, Yours, Theirs, Hers, Its."--Barrett cor.

"Theirs, the wild chase of false felicities; His, the composed possession of the true." --Young, N. Th., N. viii, l. 1100.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"It is the boast of Americans, without distinction of parties, that their government is the most free and perfect that exists on the earth."--Dr. Allen cor. "Children that are dutiful to their parents, enjoy great prosperity."--Sanborn cor. "The scholar that improves his time, sets an example worthy of imitation."--Id. "Nouns and pronouns that signify the same person, place, or thing, agree in case."--Cooper cor. "An interrogative sentence is one that asks a question."--Id. "In the use of words and phrases that in point of time relate to each other, the order of time should be duly regarded."--Id. "The same observations that show the effect of the article upon the participle, appear to be applicable [also] to the pronoun and participle."--Murray cor. "The reason why they have not the same use of them in reading, may be traced to the very defective and erroneous method in which the art of reading is taught."--Id. "Ever since reason began to exert her powers, thought, during our waking hours, has been active in every breast, without a moment's suspension or pause."--Id. et al. cor. "In speaking of such as greatly delight in the same."--Pope cor. "Except him to whom the king shall hold out the golden sceptre, that he may live."--Bible cor. "But the same day on which Lot went out of Sodom, it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all."--Bible cor. "In the next place, I will explain several constructions of nouns and pronouns, that have not yet come under our notice."--Kirkham cor. "Three natural distinctions of time are all that can exist."--Hall cor. "We have exhibited such only as are obviously distinct; and these seem to be sufficient, and not more than sufficient."--Murray et al. cor. "The parenthesis encloses a phrase or clause that may be omitted without materially injuring the connexion of the other members."--Hall cor. "Consonants are letters that cannot be sounded without the aid of a vowel."--Bucke cor. "Words are not mere sounds, but sounds that convey a meaning to the mind."--Id. "Nature's postures are always easy; and, what is more, nothing but your own will can put you out of them."--Collier cor. "Therefore ought we to examine our own selves, and prove our own selves."--Barclay cor. "Certainly, it had been much more natural, to have divided Active verbs into Immanent, or those whose action is terminated within itself, and Transient, or those whose action is terminated in something without itself."--R. Johnson cor. "This is such an advantage as no other lexicon will afford."--Dr. Taylor cor. "For these reasons, such liberties are taken in the Hebrew tongue, with those words which are of the most general and frequent use."--Pike cor. "While we object to the laws which the antiquarian in language would impose on us, we must also enter our protest against those authors who are too fond of innovations."--L. Murray cor.

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VI. VERBS

CORRECTIONS IN THE FORMS OF VERBS.

LESSON I.--PRETERITS.

"In speaking on a matter which touched their hearts."--Phil. Museum cor. "Though Horace published it some time after."--Id. "The best subjects with which the Greek models furnished him."--Id. "Since he attached no thought to it."--Id. "By what slow steps the Greek alphabet reached its perfection."--Id. "Because Goethe wished to erect an affectionate memorial."--Id. "But the Saxon forms soon dropped away."--Id. "It speaks of all the towns that perished in the age of Philip."--Id. "This enriched the written language with new words."--Id. "He merely furnished his friend with matter for laughter."--Id. "A cloud arose, and stopped the light."--Swift cor. "She slipped spadillo in her breast."--Id. "I guessed the hand."--Id. "The tyrant stripped me to the skin; My skin he flayed, my hair he cropped; At head and foot my body lopped."--Id. "I see the greatest owls in you, That ever screeched or ever flew."--Id. "I sat with delight, From morning till night."--Id. "Dick nimbly skipped the gutter."--Id. "In at the pantry door this morn I slipped."--Id." Nobody living ever touched me, but you."--W. Walker cor. "Present, I ship; Preterit, I shipped; Perf. Participle, shipped."--A. Murray cor. "Then the king arose, and tore his garments."--Bible cor. "When he lifted up his foot, he knew not where he should set it next."--Bunyan cor. "He lifted up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time."--Bible cor. "Upon this chaos rode the distressed ark."--Burnet cor. "On whose foolish honesty, my practices rode easy."--Shakspeare cor. "That form of the first or primogenial Earth, which rose immediately out of chaos."--Burnet cor. "Sir, how came it, you have helped to make this rescue?"--Shak. cor. "He swore he would rather lose all his father's images, than that table."--Peacham cor. "When our language dropped its ancient terminations."--Dr. Murray cor. "When themselves they vilified."--Milton cor. "But I chose rather to do thus."--Barclay cor. "When he pleaded (or pled) against the parsons."--Hist. cor. "And he that saw it, bore record." Or: "And he that saw it, bare record."--John, xix, 35. "An irregular verb has one more variation; as, drive, drivest, [driveth,] drives, drove, drovest, driving, driven."--Matt. Harrison cor. "Beside that village, Hannibal pitched his camp."--W. Walker cor. "He fetched it from Tmolus."--Id. "He supped with his morning-gown on."--Id. "There stamped her sacred name."--Barlow cor.

"Fix'd[530] on the view the great discoverer stood; And thus address'd the messenger of good."--Barlow cor.

LESSON II.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"Three freemen were on trial"--or, "were receiving their trial--at the date of our last information."--Editor cor. "While the house was building, many of the tribe arrived."--Cox cor. "But a foundation has been laid in Zion, and the church is built--(or, continues to be built--) upon it."--The Friend cor. "And one fourth of the people are receiving education."--E. I. Mag. cor. "The present [tense,] or that [form of the verb] which [expresses what] is now doing."--Beck cor. "A new church, called the Pantheon, is about being completed, in an expensive style."--Thompson cor. "When I last saw him, he had grown considerably."--Murray cor. "I know what a rugged and dangerous path I have got into."--Duncan cor. "You might as well preach ease to one on the rack."--Locke cor. "Thou hast heard me, and hast become my salvation."--Bible cor. "While the Elementary Spelling-Book was preparing (or, was in progress of preparation) for the press."--Cobb cor. "Language has become, in modern times, more correct."--Jamieson cor. "If the plan has been executed in any measure answerable to the author's wishes."--Robbins cor. "The vial of wrath is still pouring out on the seat of the beast."--Christian Ex. cor. "Christianity had become the generally-adopted and established religion of the whole Roman Empire."--Gurney cor. "Who wrote before the first century had elapsed."--Id. "The original and analogical form has grown quite obsolete."--Lowth cor. "Their love, and their hatred, and their envy, have perished."--Murray cor. "The poems had got abroad, and were in a great many hands."--Waller cor. "It is more harmonious, as well as more correct, to say, 'The bubble is ready to burst.'"--Cobbett cor. "I drove my suitor from his mad humour of love."--Shak. cor. "Se viriliter expedivit."--Cic. "He has played the man."--Walker cor. "Wilt thou kill me, as thou didst the Egyptian yesterday?"--Bible cor. "And we, methought, [or thought I] looked up to him from our hill"--Cowley cor. "I fear thou dost not think so much of the best things as thou ought."--Memoir cor. "When this work was commenced."--Wright cor. "Exercises and a Key to this work are about being prepared."--Id. "James is loved by John."--Id. "Or that which is exhibited."--Id. "He was smitten."--Id. "In the passive voice we say, 'I am loved.'"--Id. "Subjunctive Mood: If I be smitten, If thou be smitten, If he be smitten."--Id. "I shall not be able to convince you how superficial the reformation is."--Chalmers cor. "I said to myself, I shall be obliged to expose the folly."--Chazotte cor. "When Clodius, had he meant to return that day to Rome, must have arrived."--J. Q. Adams cor. "That the fact has been done, is doing, or will be done."--Peirce cor. "Am I to be instructed?"--Wright cor. "I choose him."--Id. "John, who respected his father, was obedient to his commands."--Barrett cor.

"The region echoes to the clash of arms."--Beattie cor.

"And sitst on high, and mak'st creation's top Thy footstool; and beholdst below thee--all."--Pollok cor.

"And see if thou canst punish sin and let Mankind go free. Thou failst--be not surprised."--Idem.

LESSON III--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"What follows, might better have been wanting altogether."--Dr. Blair cor. "This member of the sentence might much better have been omitted altogether."--Id. "One or the other of them, therefore, might better have been omitted."--Id. "The whole of this last member of the sentence might better have been dropped."--Id. "In this case, they might much better be omitted."--Id. "He might better have said 'the productions.'"--Id. "The Greeks ascribed the origin of poetry to Orpheus, Linus, and Musæus."--Id. "It was noticed long ago, that all these fictitious names have the same number of syllables."--Phil. Museum cor. "When I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, I determined to send him."--Bible cor. "I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God."--Id. "As for such, I wish the Lord would open their eyes." Or, better: "May the Lord open (or, I pray the Lord to open) their eyes."--Barclay cor. "It would have made our passage over the river very difficult."--Walley cor. "We should not have been able to carry our great guns."--Id. "Others would have questioned our prudence, if we had."--Id. "Beware thou be not BECÆSARED; i.e., Beware that thou do not dwindle--or, lest thou dwindle--into a mere Cæsar."--Harris cor. "Thou raisedst (or, familiarly, thou raised) thy voice to record the stratagems of needy heroes."--Arbuthnot cor. "Life hurries off apace; thine is almost gone already."--Collier cor. "'How unfortunate has this accident made me!' cries such a one."--Id. "The muse that soft and sickly woos the ear."--Pollok cor. "A man might better relate himself to a statue."--Bacon cor. "I heard thee say but now, thou liked not that."--Shak. cor. "In my whole course of wooing, thou criedst, (or, familiarly, thou cried,) Indeed!"--Id. "But our ears have grown familiar with 'I have wrote, 'I have drank,' &c., which are altogether as ungrammatical."--Lowth et al. cor. "The court was in session before Sir Roger came"--Addison cor. "She needs--(or, if you please, need,--) be no more with the jaundice possessed"--Swift cor. "Besides, you found fault with our victuals one day when you were here."--Id. "If spirit of other sort, So minded, hath (or has) o'erleaped these earthy bounds."--Milton cor. "It would have been more rational to have forborne this."--Barclay cor. "A student is not master of it till he has seen all these."--Dr. Murray cor. "The said justice shall summon the party."--Brevard cor. "Now what has become of thy former wit and humour?"--Spect. cor. "Young stranger, whither wanderst thou?"--Burns cor. "SUBJ. Pres. If I love, If thou love, If he love. Imp. If I loved, If thou loved, If he loved."--Merchant cor. "SUBJ. If I do not love, If thou do not love, If he do not love."--Id. "If he has committed sins, they shall be forgiven him."--Bible cor. "Subjunctive Mood of the verb to call, second person singular: If thou call, (rarely, If thou do call,) If thou called."--Hiley cor. "Subjunctive Mood of the verb to love, second person singular: If thou love, (rarely, If thou do love,) If thou loved."--Bullions cor. "I was; thou wast; he, she, or it, was: We, you or ye, they, were."--White cor. "I taught, thou taughtest, (familiarly, thou taught,) he taught."-- Coar cor. "We say, 'If it rain,' 'Suppose it rain?' 'Lest it rain,' 'Unless it rain.' This manner of speaking is called the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD."--Weld cor. "He has arrived at what is deemed the age of manhood."--Priestley cor. "He might much better have let it alone."--Tooke cor. "He were better without it. Or: He would be better without it."--Locke cor. "Hadst thou not been by. Or: If thou hadst not been by. Or, in the familiar style: Had not thou been by,"--Shak. cor. "I learned geography. Thou learned arithmetic. He learned grammar."--Fuller cor. "Till the sound has ceased."--Sheridan cor. "Present, die; Preterit, died; Perf. Participle, died."--Six English Grammars corrected.

"Thou bow'dst thy glorious head to none, fear'dst none." Or:-- "Thou bowed thy glorious head to none, feared none." --Pollok cor.

"Thou lookst upon thy boy as though thou guess'd it." --Knowles cor.

"As once thou slept, while she to life was formed." --Milton cor.

"Who finds the partridge in the puttock's nest, But may imagine how the bird was killed?" --Shak. cor.

"Which might have well become the best of men." --Idem cor.

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VII. PARTICIPLES

CORRECTIONS IN THE FORMS OF PARTICIPLES.

LESSON I.--IRREGULARS.

"Many of your readers have mistaken that passage."--Steele cor. "Had not my dog of a steward run away."--Addison cor. "None should be admitted, except he had broken his collarbone thrice."--Id. "We could not know what was written at twenty."--Waller cor. "I have written, thou hast written, he has written; we have written, you have written, they have written."--Ash cor. "As if God had spoken his last words there to his people."--Barclay cor. "I had like to have come in that ship myself."--Observer cor. "Our ships and vessels being driven out of the harbour by a storm."--Hutchinson cor. "He will endeavour to write as the ancient author would have written, had he written in the same language."--Bolingbroke cor. "When his doctrines grew too strong to be shaken by his enemies."--Atterbury cor. "The immortal mind that hath forsaken her mansion."--Milton cor. "Grease that's sweated (or sweat) from the murderer's gibbet, throw into the flame."--Shak. cor. "The court also was chidden (or chid) for allowing such questions to be put."--Stone cor. "He would have spoken."--Milton cor. "Words interwoven (or interweaved) with sighs found out their way."--Id. "Those kings and potentates who have strived (or striven.)"--Id. "That even Silence was taken."--Id. "And envious Darkness, ere they could return, had stolen them from me."--Id. "I have chosen this perfect man."--Id. "I shall scarcely think you have swum in a gondola."--Shak. cor. "The fragrant brier was woven (or weaved) between."--Dryden cor. "Then finish what you have begun."--Id. "But now the years a numerous train have run."--Pope cor. "Repeats your verses written (or writ) on glasses."--Prior cor. "Who by turns have risen."--Id. "Which from great authors I have taken."--Id. "Even there he should have fallen."--Id.

"The sun has ris'n, and gone to bed. Just as if Partridge were not dead."--Swift cor.

"And, though no marriage words are spoken, They part not till the ring is broken."--Swift cor.

LESSON II.--REGULARS.

"When the word is stripped of all the terminations."--Dr. Murray cor. "Forgive him, Tom; his head is cracked."--Swift cor. "For 'tis the sport, to have the engineer hoised (or hoisted) with his own petar."--Shak. cor. "As great as they are, I was nursed by their mother."--Swift cor. "If he should now be cried down since his change."--Id. "Dipped over head and ears--in debt."--Id. "We see the nation's credit cracked."--Id. "Because they find their pockets picked."--Id. "O what a pleasure mixed with pain!"--Id. "And only with her brother linked."--Id. "Because he ne'er a thought allowed, That might not be confessed."--Id. "My love to Sheelah is more firmly fixed."--Id. "The observations annexed to them will be intelligible."--Phil. Mus. cor. "Those eyes are always fixed on the general principles."--Id. "Laborious conjectures will be banished from our commentaries."--Id. "Tiridates was dethroned, and Phraates was reestablished, in his stead."--Id. "A Roman who was attached to Augustus."--Id. "Nor should I have spoken of it, unless Baxter had talked about two such."--Id. "And the reformers of language have generally rushed on."--Id. "Three centuries and a half had then elapsed since the date,"--Ib. "Of such criteria, as has been remarked already, there is an abundance."--Id. "The English have surpassed every other nation in their services."--Id. "The party addressed is next in dignity to the speaker."--Harris cor. "To which we are many times helped."--W. Walker cor. "But for him, I should have looked well enough to myself."--Id. "Why are you vexed, Lady? why do frown?"--Milton cor. "Obtruding false rules pranked in reason's garb."--Id. "But, like David equipped in Saul's armour, it is encumbered and oppressed."--Campbell cor.

"And when their merchants are blown up, and cracked, Whole towns are cast away in storms, and wrecked."--Butler cor.

LESSON III.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"The lands are held in free and common soccage."--Trumbull cor. "A stroke is drawn under such words."--Cobbett's Gr., 1st Ed. "It is struck even, with a strickle."--W. Walker cor. "Whilst I was wandering, without any care, beyond my bounds."--Id. "When one would do something, unless hindered by something present."--B. Johnson cor. "It is used potentially, but not so as to be rendered by these signs."--Id. "Now who would dote upon things hurried down the stream thus fast?"--Collier cor. "Heaven hath timely tried their growth."--Milton cor. "O! ye mistook, ye should have snatched his wand."--Id. "Of true virgin here distressed."--Id. "So that they have at last come to be substituted in the stead of it."--Barclay cor. "Though ye have lain among the pots."--Bible cor. "And, lo! in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off."--Scott's Bible, and Alger's. "Brutus and Cassius Have ridden, (or rode,) like madmen, through the gates of Rome."--Shak. cor. "He shall be spit upon."--Bible cor. "And are not the countries so overflowed still situated between the tropics?"--Bentley. "Not tricked and frounced as she was wont, But kerchiefed in a comely cloud."--Milton cor. "To satisfy his rigour, Satisfied never."--Id. "With him there crucified."--Id. "Th' earth cumbered, and the wing'd air darked with plumes."--Id. "And now their way to Earth they had descried."--Id. "Not so thick swarmed once the soil Bedropped with blood of Gorgon."--Id. "And in a troubled sea of passion tossed."--Id. "The cause, alas! is quickly guessed."--Swift cor. "The kettle to the top was hoised, or hoisted."--Id. "In chains thy syllables are linked."--Id. "Rather than thus be overtopped, Would you not wish their laurels cropped."--Id. "The HYPHEN, or CONJOINER, is a little line drawn to connect words, or parts of words."--Cobbett cor. "In the other manners of dependence, this general rule is sometimes broken."--R. Johnson cor. "Some intransitive verbs may be rendered transitive by means of a preposition prefixed to them."--Grant cor. "Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of Valerius, would set every body a laughing."--J. Walker cor. "Being mocked, scourged, spit upon, and crucified."--Gurney cor.

"For rhyme in Greece or Rome was never known, Till barb'rous hordes those states had overthrown."--Roscommon cor.

"In my own Thames may I be drowned, If e'er I stoop beneath the crowned." Or thus:-- "In my own Thames may I be drown'd dead, If e'er I stoop beneath a crown'd head."--Swift cor.

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VIII. ADVERBS

CORRECTIONS RESPECTING THE FORMS OF ADVERBS.

"We can much more easily form the conception of a fierce combat."--Blair corrected. "When he was restored agreeably to the treaty, he was a perfect savage."--Webster cor. "How I shall acquit myself suitably to the importance of the trial."--Duncan cor. "Can any thing show your Holiness how unworthily you treat mankind?"--Spect. cor. "In what other, consistently with reason and common sense, can you go about to explain it to him?"--Lowth cor. "Agreeably to this rule, the short vowel Sheva has two characters."--Wilson cor. "We shall give a remarkably fine example of this figure."--See Blair's Rhet., p. 156. "All of which is most abominably false."--Barclay cor. "He heaped up great riches, but passed his time miserably."--Murray cor. "He is never satisfied with expressing any thing clearly and simply."--Dr. Blair cor. "Attentive only to exhibit his ideas clearly and exactly, he appears dry."--Id. "Such words as have the most liquids and vowels, glide the most softly." Or: "Where liquids and vowels most abound, the utterance is softest."--Id. "The simplest points, such as are most easily apprehended."--Id. "Too historical to be accounted a perfectly regular epic poem."--Id. "Putting after them the oblique case, agreeably to the French construction."--Priestley cor. "Where the train proceeds with an extremely slow pace."--Kames cor. "So as scarcely to give an appearance of succession."--Id. "That concord between sound and sense, which is perceived in some expressions, independently of artful pronunciation."--Id. "Cornaro had become very corpulent, previously to the adoption of his temperate habits."--Hitchcock cor. "Bread, which is a solid, and tolerably hard, substance."--Day cor. "To command every body that was not dressed as finely as himself."--Id. "Many of them have scarcely outlived their authors."--J. Ward cor. "Their labour, indeed, did not penetrate very deeply."--Wilson cor. "The people are miserably poor, and subsist on fish."--Hume cor. "A scale, which I took great pains, some years ago, to make."--Bucke cor. "There is no truth on earth better established than the truth of the Bible."--Taylor cor. "I know of no work more wanted than the one which Mr. Taylor has now furnished."--Dr. Nott cor. "And therefore their requests are unfrequent and reasonable."--Taylor cor. "Questions are more easily proposed, than answered rightly."--Dillwyn cor. "Often reflect on the advantages you possess, and on the source from which they are all derived."--Murray cor. "If there be no special rule which requires it to be put further forward."--Milnes cor. "The masculine and the neuter have the same dialect in all the numbers, especially when they end alike."--Id.

"And children are more busy in their play Than those that wiseliest pass their time away."--Butler cor.

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IX. CONJUNCTIONS

CORRECTIONS IN THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS.

"A Verb is so called from the Latin verbum, a word."--Bucke cor. "References are often marked by letters or figures."--Adam and Gould cor. (1.) "A Conjunction is a word which joins words or sentences together."--Lennie, Bullions and Brace, cor. (2.) "A Conjunction is used to connect words or sentences together."--R. C. Smith cor. (3.) "A Conjunction is used to connect words or sentences."--Maunder cor. (4.) "Conjunctions are words used to join words or sentences."--Wilcox cor. (5.) "A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences."--M'Culloch, Hart, and Day, cor. (6.) "A Conjunction joins words or sentences together."--Macintosh and Hiley cor. (7.) "The Conjunction joins words or sentences together."--L. Murray cor. (8.) "Conjunctions connect words or sentences to each other."--Wright cor. (9.) "Conjunctions connect words or sentences."--Wells and Wilcox cor. (10.) "The conjunction is a part of speech, used to connect words or sentences."--Weld cor. (11.) "A conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences together."--Fowler cor. (12.) "Connectives are particles that unite words or sentences in construction."--Webster cor. "English Grammar is miserably taught in our district schools; the teachers know little or nothing about it."--J. O. Taylor cor. "Lest, instead of preventing diseases, you draw them on."--Locke cor. "The definite article the is frequently applied to adverbs in the comparative or the superlative degree."--Murray et al. cor. "When nouns naturally neuter are assumed to be masculine or feminine."--Murray cor. "This form of the perfect tense represents an action as completely past, though often as done at no great distance of time, or at a time not specified."--Id. "The Copulative Conjunction serves to connect words or clauses, so as to continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a supposition, a cause, or a consequence."--Id. "The Disjunctive Conjunction serves, not only to continue a sentence by connecting its parts, but also to express opposition of meaning, either real or nominal."--Id. "If we open the volumes of our divines, philosophers, historians, or artists, we shall find that they abound with all the terms necessary to communicate the observations and discoveries of their authors."--Id. "When a disjunctive conjunction occurs between a singular noun or pronoun and a plural one, the verb is made to agree with the plural noun or pronoun."--Murray et al. cor. "Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents, or the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number."--Murray cor. "Neuter verbs do not express action, and consequently do not govern nouns or pronouns."--Id. "And the auxiliary of the past imperfect as well as of the present tense."--Id. "If this rule should not appear to apply to every example that has been produced, or to others which might be cited."--Id. "An emphatical pause is made, after something of peculiar moment has been said, on which we desire to fix the hearer's attention."--Murray and Hart cor. "An imperfect[531] phrase contains no assertion, and does not amount to a proposition, or sentence."--Murray cor. "The word was in the mouth of every one, yet its meaning may still be a secret."--Id. "This word was in the mouth of every one, and yet, as to its precise and definite idea, this may still be a secret,"--Harris cor. "It cannot be otherwise, because the French prosody differs from that of every other European language."--Smollet cor. "So gradually that it may be engrafted on a subtonic."--Rush cor. "Where the Chelsea and Malden bridges now are." Or better: "Where the Chelsea or the Malden bridge now is."--Judge Parker cor. "Adverbs are words added to verbs, to participles, to adjectives, or to other adverbs."--R. C. Smith cor. "I could not have told you who the hermit was, or on what mountain he lived."--Bucke cor. "AM and BE (for they are the same verb) naturally, or in themselves, signify being."--Brightland cor. "Words are signs, either oral or written, by which we express our thoughts, or ideas."--Mrs. Bethune cor. "His fears will detect him, that he shall not escape."--Comly cor. "Whose is equally applicable to persons and to things"--Webster cor. "One negative destroys an other, so that two are equivalent to an affirmative."--Bullions cor.

"No sooner does he peep into the world, Than he has done his do."--Hudibras cor.

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X. PREPOSITIONS

CORRECTIONS IN THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS.

"Nouns are often formed from participles."--L. Murray corrected. "What tenses are formed from the perfect participle?"--Ingersoll cor. "Which tense is formed from the present, or root of the verb?"--Id. "When a noun or a pronoun is placed before a participle, independently of the rest of the sentence."--Churchill's Gram., p. 348. "If the addition consists of two or more words."--Mur. et al. cor. "The infinitive mood is often made absolute, or used independently of the rest of the sentence."--Lowth's Gram., 80; Churchill's, 143; Bucke's, 96; Merchant's, 92. "For the great satisfaction of the reader, we shall present a variety of false constructions."--Murray cor. "For your satisfaction, I shall present you a variety of false constructions."-- Ingersoll cor. "I shall here present [to] you a scale of derivation."-- Bucke cor. "These two manners of representation in respect to number."--Lowth and Churchill cor. "There are certain adjectives which seem to be derived from verbs, without any variation."--Lowth cor. "Or disqualify us for receiving instruction or reproof from others."--Murray cor. "For being more studious than any other pupil in the school."-- Id. "Misunderstanding the directions, we lost our way."--Id. "These people reduced the greater part of the island under their own power."-- Id. "The principal accent distinguishes one syllable of a word from the rest."--Id. "Just numbers are in unison with the human mind."--Id. "We must accept of sound in stead of sense."--Id. "Also, in stead of consultation, he uses consult."--Priestley cor. "This ablative seems to be governed by a preposition understood."--W. Walker cor. "Lest my father hear of it, by some means or other."--Id. "And, besides, my wife would hear of it by some means."--Id. "For insisting on a requisition so odious to them."--Robertson cor. "Based on the great self-evident truths of liberty and equality."--Manual cor. "Very little knowledge of their nature is acquired from the spelling-book."--Murray cor. "They do not cut it off: except from a few words; as, due, duly, &c."--Id. "Whether passing at such time, or then finished."--Lowth cor. "It hath disgusted hundreds with that confession."--Barclay cor. "But they have egregiously fallen into that inconveniency."--Id. "For is not this, to set nature at work?"--Id. "And, surely, that which should set all its springs at work, is God."--Atterbury cor. "He could not end his treatise without a panegyrie on modern learning."--Temple cor. "These are entirely independent of the modulation of the voice."--J. Walker cor. "It is dear at a penny. It is cheap at twenty pounds."--W. Walker cor. "It will be despatched, on most occasions, without resting."--Locke cor. "Oh the pain, the bliss of dying!"--Pope. "When the objects or the facts are presented to him."--R. C. Smith cor. "I will now present you a synopsis."--Id. "The disjunctive conjunction connects words or sentences, and suggests an opposition of meaning, more or less direct."--Id. "I shall now present to you a few lines."--Bucke cor. "Common names, or substantives, are those which stand for things assorted."--Id. "Adjectives, in the English language, are not varied by genders, numbers, or cases; their only inflection is for the degrees of comparison."--Id. "Participles are [little more than] adjectives formed from verbs."--Id. "I do love to walk out on a fine summer evening."--Id. "Ellipsis, when applied to grammar, is the elegant omission of one or more words of a sentence."--Merchant cor. "The preposition to is generally required before verbs in the infinitive mood, but after the following verbs it is properly omitted; namely, bid, dare, feel, need, let, make, hear, see: as, 'He bid me do it;' not, 'He bid me to do it.'"--Id. "The infinitive sometimes follows than, for the latter term of a comparison; as, ['Murray should have known better than to write, and Merchant, better than to copy, the text here corrected, or the ambiguous example they appended to it.']"--Id. "Or, by prefixing the adverb more or less, for the comparative, and most or least, for the superlative."--Id. "A pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun."--Id. "From monosyllables, the comparative is regularly formed by adding r or er."--Perley cor. "He has particularly named these, in distinction from others."--Harris cor. "To revive the decaying taste for ancient literature."--Id. "He found the greatest difficulty in writing."--Hume cor.

"And the tear, that is wiped with a little address, May be followed perhaps by a smile."--Cowper, i, 216.

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XI. INTERJECTIONS

CORRECTIONS IN THE USE OF INTERJECTIONS.

"Of chance or change, O let not man complain."--Beattie's Minstrel, B. ii, l. 1. "O thou persecutor! O ye hypocrites!"--Russell's Gram., p. 92. "O thou my voice inspire, Who touch'd Isaiah's hallow'd lips with fire!"--Pope's Messiah. "O happy we! surrounded by so many blessings!"--Merchant cor. "O thou who art so unmindful of thy duty!"--Id. "If I am wrong, O teach my heart To find that better way."--Murray's Reader, p. 248. "Heus! evocate huc Davum."--Ter. "Ho! call Davus out hither."--W. Walker cor. "It was represented by an analogy (O how inadequate!) which was borrowed from the ceremonies of paganism."--Murray cor. "O that Ishmael might live before thee!"--Friends' Bible, and Scott's. "And he said unto him, O let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak."--Alger's Bible, and Scott's. "And he said, O let not the Lord be angry."--Alger; Gen., xviii. 32. "O my Lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word."--Scott's Bible. "O Virtue! how amiable thou art!"--Murray's Gram., p. 128. "Alas! I fear for life."--See Ib. "Ah me! they little know How dearly I abide that boast so vain!"--See Bucke's Gram., p. 87. "O that I had digged myself a cave!"--Fletcher cor. "Oh, my good lord! thy comfort comes too late."--Shak. cor. "The vocative takes no article: it is distinguished thus: O Pedro! O Peter! O Dios! O God!"--Bucke cor. "Oho! But, the relative is always the same."--Cobbett cor. "All-hail, ye happy men!"--Jaudon cor. "O that I had wings like a dove!'--Scott's Bible. "O glorious hope! O bless'd abode!"--O. B. Peirce's Gram., p. 304. "Welcome friends! how joyous is your presence!"--T. Smith cor. "O blissful days!--but, ah! how soon ye pass!"--Parker and Fox cor.

"O golden days! O bright unvalued hours!-- What bliss, did ye but know that bliss, were yours!"--Barbauld cor.

"Ah me! what perils do environ The man that meddles with cold iron!"--Hudibras cor.

THE KEY.--PART III.--SYNTAX.

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I. SENTENCES

The first chapter of Syntax, being appropriated to general views of this part of grammar, to an exhibition of its leading doctrines, and to the several forms of sentential analysis, with an application of its principal rules in parsing, contains no false grammar for correction; and has, of course, nothing to correspond to it, in this Key, except the title, which is here inserted for form's sake.

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V. QUESTIONS…

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V. QUESTIONS

VI. FOR WRITING

I. OF LETTERS. CORRECTIONS RESPECTING CAPITALS

II. OF SYLLABLES

III. OF WORDS

IV. OF SPELLING

I. PARTS OF SPEECH

II. ARTICLES

III. NOUNS

IV. ADJECTIVES

V. PRONOUNS

VI. VERBS

VII. PARTICIPLES

VIII. ADVERBS

IX. CONJUNCTIONS

X. PREPOSITIONS

XI. INTERJECTIONS

I. SENTENCES