The flowering plants of Africa An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms (part 4 of 5)

The flowering plants of Africa An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms (part 4 of 5)

Petals or staminodes present. Stamens obviously united at the base. Disc distinct. Ovules inserted in rows on slightly thickened placentas, horizontal with the micropyle turned inwards, or ascending, or pendulous. Flowers racemose, rarely solitary, but then leaves scattered. 2

2. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens and staminodes united to different heights, in 4 concentric rows, the inner row partly fertile, the rest barren. Anthers 1-celled. Disc thick. Ovary 5-20-celled. Style short; stigmas 5. Seeds 5 or more. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary. Leaves scattered.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits. [Subfamily =NAPOLEONOIDEAE=.] =Napoleona= Beauv.

Sepals 2-4. Petals 4-6. Stamens all fertile or the innermost barren, all united to the same height. Anthers 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped.

Ovary 2-4-celled. Style long; stigma 1, entire or 2-4-lobed. Seeds 1-4. Flowers in racemes. Leaves clustered. [Subfamily =PLANCHONIOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Ovary long, winged. Ovules inserted along the inner angle of the cells or in the middle of the partitions. Fruit a nut. Embryo with distinct cotyledons. Bracteoles in the middle of the long pedicels.--Species 2. West Africa. =Petersia= Welw.

Ovary short, ovate. Ovules suspended from the apex of the inner angle of the cells. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Embryo undivided. Bracteoles at the base of the pedicels.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. East and South-east Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, vegetables, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. (Plate 111.) =Barringtonia= Forst.

FAMILY 177. RHIZOPHORACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, induplicate-valvate in bud, usually lobed or fringed. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many as the petals or more, rarely (Anisophyllea) some of them barren. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Seeds usually germinating in the still attached fruit.--Genera 10, species 45. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 112.)

1. Styles 3-4. Ovary inferior, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 6-8, several of them sometimes barren. Flowers 3-4-merous, polygamous. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. [Subfamily =ANISOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 2

Style 1. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. [Subfamily =RHIZOPHOROIDEAE=.] 3

2. Flowers in few-flowered spikes or racemes. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits. =Anisophyllea= R. Br.

Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Style ovate. Fruit 2-4-seeded.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Yields edible, oily seeds. =Poga= Pierre

3. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Placentas usually passing into the style. Ovules without appendages. Petals yellow, brown, red, or greenish. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Tribe GYNOTROCHEAE.] 4

Ovary superior or nearly so. Placentas not reaching to the base of the style. Ovules with appendages. Petals 4-6, toothed or split, usually white. [Tribe MACARISIEAE.] 7

4. Ovary inferior. Receptacle (flower-tube) deeply concave, bell-or funnel-shaped, distinctly prolonged above the ovary. Petals 5-14. Calyx crowning the fruit. 5

Ovary half-inferior. Receptacle slightly concave, saucer-shaped, scarcely prolonged above the ovary. Petals 4-6. Calyx at the base of the fruit. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Plants with aerial roots. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes. 6

5. Receptacle funnel-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a long tube. Flowers 8-14-merous. Petals red or brown, 2-lobed, with thread-like appendages. Antesepalous stamens curved sideways at the base, becoming opposite to the antepetalous. Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields timber and bark used for tanning and dyeing. =Bruguiera= Lam.

Receptacle bell-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a short tube. Flowers 5-8-merous. Petals yellowish, irregularly lobed. Antesepalous stamens not opposite to the antepetalous. Disc usually double. Fruit 1-or 3-6-celled. Seeds germinating after the fruit has fallen. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Carallia= Roxb.

6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire, yellowish or green. Anthers with numerous cells (pollen-sacks). Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Mangrove.” =Rhizophora= L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Petals 2-lobed, brownish. Anthers with 4 cells. Disc deeply lobed. Ovary 3-celled above, 1-celled below. Stigma entire.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields timber and tanning bark. =Ceriops= Arn.

7. Ovary 2-4-celled, adnate to the receptacle by the broad base. Leaves opposite. 8

Ovary 5-celled, sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous, in few-flowered inflorescences. Seeds winged. 9

8. Disc distinctly 8-15-lobed. Stamens 10-15. Stigma entire. Placentas reaching the middle of the ovary only. Flowers in many-flowered inflorescences, frequently in glomerules.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under Cassipourea Aubl.) =Dactylopetalum= Benth.

Disc not distinctly lobed. Stamens 10-30. Stigma 2-4-lobed. Placentas reaching the base of the style. Fruit fleshy. Seeds with an aril. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, solitary or in few-flowered inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 112.) =Weihea= Spreng.

9. Ovary sessile. Tall trees. Leaves whorled.--Species 2. West Africa. =Anopyxis= Pierre

Ovary short-stalked. Low trees. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Macarisia= Thouars

FAMILY 178. ALANGIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 6-10-toothed. Petals 6-10, free or slightly cohering at the base, narrow, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more. Filaments short, free or nearly so, hairy. Anthers long, adnate, opening inwards or laterally by two longitudinal slits. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a large central embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under CORNACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Marlea Roxb. and Stylidium Lour.) =Alangium= Lam.

FAMILY 179. COMBRETACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers in spikes heads or panicles, regular or nearly so, 4-6-merous. Petals free or wanting. Stamens usually twice as many as the sepals. Anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovules 2-3, rarely 4-6, pendulous from the apex of the cavity, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded drupe or nut, rarely incompletely dehiscent, usually angled or winged. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 12, species 330. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 113.)

1. Ovary half-inferior. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovules 2, with a short funicle. Fruit dorsally compressed, dry, indehiscent. Embryo with very thick, almost hemispherical cotyledons.--Species 2. West Africa. [Subfamily =STREPHONEMATOIDEAE=.] =Strephonema= Hook. fil.

Ovary inferior. Ovules usually with a long funicle. Fruit winged, angled, laterally compressed, or terete. Embryo with flat, folded, or twisted cotyledons. [Subfamily =COMBRETOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers with bracteoles adnate to the ovary, arranged in spikes or racemes. Sepals persistent. Petals 5. Cotyledons twisted. [Tribe LAGUNCULARIEAE.] 3

Flowers without bracteoles. Sepals deciduous, rarely persistent, but then flowers in heads. 4

3. Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile. Stamens 10. Ovules 2; funicle short.--Species 1. Coasts of West Africa. Yields timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. =Laguncularia= Gaertn.

Leaves alternate. Flowers stalked. Ovules 4-6; funicle long.--Species 1. Coast of East Africa and Madagascar. =Lumnitzera= Willd.

4. Petals 4-5, rarely none; in this case, as usually, leaves opposite. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite. Funicle usually tubercled. Cotyledons flat or folded, more rarely twisted. [Tribe COMBRETEAE.] 5

Petals none. Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite. Flowers mostly polygamous. Sepals deciduous. Funicle usually smooth. Cotyledons twisted. Trees or erect shrubs. [Tribe TERMINALIEAE.] 10

5. Petals absent. Sepals 5. 6

Petals present, sometimes minute, rarely absent, but then sepals 4. 7

6. Calyx campanulate, divided down to the ovary, wing-like in fruit. Cotyledons twisted. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in panicled spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Calycopteris= Lam.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, lobed or cleft, net-veined, corolla-like, deciduous. Fruit woody. Cotyledons flat. Flowers in heads or short spikes.--Species 9. Madagascar. (Under Combretum L.) =Calopyxis= Tul.

7. Flowers ebracteate, arranged in heads which are subtended by 4 involucral bracts. Sepals persistent. Petals 5, strap-shaped. Stamens 10. Ovules 4-6. Fruit elongate, spindle-shaped, obscurely 5-angled, clothed with long hairs. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, dotted.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Guiera= Adans.

Flowers bracteate, arranged in spikes or racemes. Sepals deciduous. Fruit winged or angled. 8

8. Flowers polygamous (hermaphrodite and male). Fruit 2-, rarely 3-4-winged, indehiscent. Trees or erect shrubs.--Species 5. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Under Combretum L.) =Pteleopsis= Engl.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit 4-5-winged or 4-5-angled. 9

9. Calyx-tube above the ovary very long and thin, filiform; style adnate to it. Ovules 3-4. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit dehiscing at the top along the 5 angles. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper opposite.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Quisqualis= L.

Calyx-tube not elongate-filiform. Ovules 2-3; funicles equal in length. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes intermixed with alternate ones.--Species 230. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, arrow-poison, medicaments, and fatty seeds; several serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cacoucia Aubl., Campylochiton Welw., Campylogyne Welw., and Poivrea Comm.) (Plate 113.) =Combretum= L.

10. (4.) Flowers and fruits in globose heads. Receptacle (calyx-tube) prolonged above the ovary into a stalk. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed. Ovules 2. Fruits erect or spreading, flat, 2-winged, produced into a long beak; pericarp corky. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber, dyes, a substitute for soap, and medicaments. =Anogeissus= Wall.

Flowers and fruits in sometimes ovate, usually panicled spikes. Receptacle not much prolonged. Fruit not long-beaked but sometimes acuminate; pericarp leathery or drupaceous. 11

11. Fruits crowded in a cone, bent downwards, flat, 2-winged, acuminate; pericarp leathery. Flowers in short panicled spikes, 5-merous. Calyx-lobes erect. Ovules 2.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber, tanning materials, and medicaments. =Conocarpus= Gaertn.

Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth. Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants. =Terminalia= L.

FAMILY 180. MYRTACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, rarely (Psiloxylon) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 10, species 85. (Plate 114.)

1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons. Trees. [Subfamily =LEPTOSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.] 2

Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite. [Subfamily =MYRTOIDEAE=, tribe MYRTEAE.] 5

2. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as a whole. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly alternate.--Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions. They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino), and an ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [Subtribe EEUCALYPTINAE.] =Eucalyptus= L’Hér.

Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free. 3

3. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.] =Metrosideros= Banks

Stamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate. 4

4. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 2. South Africa. =Heteropyxis= Harv.

Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (Fropiera Hook. fil.) =Psiloxylon= Thouars

5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers usually 4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled. [Subtribe EUGENIINAE.] 6

Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [Subtribe MYRTINAE.] 8

6. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting distinctly with the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary. Petals free.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including Chloromyrtus Pierre). (Plate 114.) =Eugenia= L.

Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually narrowed into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary. 7

7. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc. Sepals comparatively large.--Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in Madagascar and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning, spices (cloves from J. caryophyllus Nied.), medicaments, and edible fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Caryophyllus L., under Eugenia L.) =Jambosa= DC.

Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together. Staminiferous disc none. Sepals usually small.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, spices, medicaments, and edible fruits. (Including Acmena DC., under Eugenia L.) =Syzygium= Gaertn.

8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6 ovules each. Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds 1-2, with a membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Pimenta= Lindl.

Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules each. Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds numerous, with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral. 9

9. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit completely or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large cotyledons.--Species 1 (M. communis L., myrtle). North Africa and Abyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and medicine. =Myrtus= L.

Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually 4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments. =Psidium= L.

FAMILY 181. MELASTOMATACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, usually with an enlarged connective and opening at the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 115.)

1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central placenta. Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals white or blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with a posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits. Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [Subfamily =MEMECYLOIDEAE=, tribe MEMECYLEAE.] 2

Ovary completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon axile placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [Subfamily =MELASTOMATOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish. Flowers in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.--Species 1. East Africa. =Warneckea= Gilg

Connective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at the back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences, more rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence glabrous.--Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits. =Memecylon= L.

3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a membranous, 4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit. Connective of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [Tribe OSBECKIEAE.] 4

Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then fruit bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and behind. 17

4. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly lengthened at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the smaller ones with a not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or trees. 5

Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length. 8

5. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger with two bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a membranous skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 2. West Africa. =Dinophora= Benth.

Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5 valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin. 6

6. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthened at the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 20. Madagascar. =Dichaetanthera= Endl.

Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the smaller stamens not or scarcely lengthened. 7

7. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or fleshy. Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly leaves.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Melastoma= Burm.

Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary adnate to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous. Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 50. Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots of some species. (Including Argyrella Naud.) (Plate 115.) =Dissotis= Benth.

8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 9

Connective with two bosses or without any appendage. 12

9. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles at the top. Shrubs.--- Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Barbeyastrum= Cogn.

Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the base. 10

10. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Amphorocalyx= Bak.

Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube bell-shaped. Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or herbs. 11

11. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves 5-11-nerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Dionychia= Naud.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Rhodosepala= Bak.

12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals. Stamens equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top. 13

Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. 15

13. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily hairy. Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Nerophila= Naud.

Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy. Petals usually red. 14

14. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. Tropics. (Under Osbeckia L.) =Antherotoma= Hook. fil.

Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then connective not distinctly lengthened at the base.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Osbeckia= L.

15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base, provided with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length. Calyx-tube bristly. Shrubs.--Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments. =Tristemma= Juss.

Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers solitary. 16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers terminal.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under Guyonia Naud.) =Afzeliella= Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.--Species 2. West Africa. =Guyonia= Naud.

17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or leathery, rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in front and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.] 18

Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery. Connective usually furnished with appendages only behind. 25

18. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens equal or nearly so. 19

Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. Calyx-lobes tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes, umbels, or panicles. 20

19. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the base. Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Tetraphyllaster= Gilg

Calyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit a capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Sakersia= Hook. fil.

20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in front, that of the shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in front. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube top-or urn-shaped; lobes short, alternating with accessory teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the middle. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.--Species 3. West Africa. =Dicellandra= Hook. fil.

Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the connective of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened at the base. 21

21. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly so. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at the base of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed of cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Myrianthemum= Gilg

Stamens equal or subequal, rarely (Medinilla) distinctly unequal, but then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not many-flowered and springing from the base of the stem. 22

22. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished with a spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Preussiella= Gilg

Connective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. 23

23. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Medinilla= Gaud.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in terminal umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and one behind. 24

24. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half adhering to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the base. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Phaeoneuron= Gilg

Flowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.--Species 1. East Africa. =Orthogoneuron= Gilg

25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top. Stamens equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without any appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.] 26

Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat or concave at the top, rarely (Calvoa) slightly convex, but then the connective appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe SONERILEAE.] 29

26. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and two glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.--Species 1. East Africa. =Petalonema= Gilg

Stem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 27

27. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the base, tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Phornothamnus= Bak.

Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged. 28

28. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth. Connective unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by several dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rousseauxia= DC.

Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube all round.--Species 20. Madagascar. =Veprecella= Naud.

29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly prolonged at the base. 30

Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or unappendaged. Flowers 5-merous. 32

30. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock. Leaves cordate, 9-nerved.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Cincinnobotrys= Gilg

Stamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous. 31

31. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.--Species 1. East Africa. =Urotheca= Gilg

Calyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or climbing shrubs.--Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Gravesia= Naud.

32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front, spurred or unappendaged behind.--Species 8. West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Amphiblemma= Naud.

Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss behind.--Species 9. Central Africa. =Calvoa= Hook. fil.

FAMILY 182. OENOTHERACEAE

Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, rarely (Ludwigia) absent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 10, species 40. (ONAGRACEAE, including HYDROCARYACEAE.) (Plate 116.)

1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent. Floating herbs, with filiform branched side-roots and broad radical leaves.--Species 2. The seeds are edible and are used for preparing meal and medicaments. “Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.] =Trapa= L.

Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules. 2

2. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds 2. Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North Africa. [Tribe CIRCAEEAE.] =Circaea= L.

Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous. Fruit a capsule or a berry. 3

3. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not prolonged beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white, rarely absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.] 4

Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less prolonged above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers somewhat irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit loculicidal or indehiscent. 5

4. Stamens 3-6.--Species 5. (Including Isnardia L.) =Ludwigia= L.

Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or cushion-shaped.--Species 10. Some of them are used medicinally and for dyeing. (Plate 116.) =Jussieua= L.

5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured, with a long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit a berry.--Species 1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An ornamental plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.] =Fuchsia= L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruit a capsule. 6

6. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft of hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.] 7

Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma 4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.] 8

7. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down, broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma 4-partite.--Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments, and serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (Under Epilobium L.) =Chamaenerium= Spach

Flowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.--Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Willow-herb.” =Epilobium= L.

8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than the lobes). Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at the angles, with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated funicle. Leaves pinnatifid.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under Oenothera L.) =Xylopleurum= Spach Calyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled, with a more or less membranous or leathery rind. 9

9. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves dentate.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental plants; one species (O. biennis Scop.) has edible roots. (Under Oenothera L.) =Onagra= Tourn.

Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top. Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants. “Evening primrose.” =Oenothera= Spach

SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE

FAMILY 183. HALORRHAGACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles, small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous, inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 117.)

1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Sepals 2. Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants. Leaves radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or panicles.--Species 1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Subfamily =GUNNEROIDEAE=.] =Gunnera= L.

Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Sepals 4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals 4 or in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long embryo. [Subfamily =HALORRHAGOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit one-seeded, dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 9. (Serpicula L.) (Plate 117.) [Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.] =Laurembergia= Berg

Ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps. Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal spikes.--Species 5. North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.] =Myriophyllum= L.

SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE

FAMILY 184. CYNOMORIACEAE

Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like. Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cynomorium= Mich.

ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE

FAMILY 185. ARALIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more. Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled, rarely (Polyscias) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.)

1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not jointed. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.--Species 1 (H. Helix L., ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are poisonous. =Hedera= L.

Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely undivided or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted. Fruit a drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous, or bony. 2

2. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly developed. Pedicels not jointed. 3

Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with uniform albumen. 5

3. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below. Stylopod convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp crustaceous. Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely in umbels.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Seemannaralia Viguier). (Plate 118.) =Cussonia= Thunb.

Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap. Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes. Leaves digitate. 4

4. Stamens as many as the petals.--Species 13. Tropics. (Including Astropanax Seem., Heptapleurum Gaertn., and Sciadophyllum P. Browne) =Schefflera= Forst.

Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of a cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Geopanax= Hemsl.

5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in spikes or heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens as many as the petals. 6

Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. 7

6. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded on the surface.--Species 30. Tropics. (Including Cuphocarpus Decne. et Planch. and Tieghemopanax Viguier, under Panax L.) =Polyscias= Forst.

Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary 2-celled. Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Panax L.) =Sciadopanax= Seem.

7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals, 10-15; filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.--Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. =Gastonia= Comm.

Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous; filaments awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Indokingia= Hemsl.

FAMILY 186. UMBELLIFERAE

Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (Drusa) opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc (stylopod), rarely (Lagoecia) style simple. Fruit dry, usually separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely 2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat cotyledons.--Genera 92, species 410. (APIACEAE.) (Plate 119.)

1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels wanting, more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs. Seeds rather flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent inwards at the point and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or fascicled simple umbels or in racemed false-whorls, rarely (Hermas) in compound umbels. Leaves undivided, lobed, or 3-parted. [Subfamily =HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE=.] 2 Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely (tribe Coriandreae) with a woody one, but then oil-channels situated on the inner surface of the mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this side. Flowers usually in compound umbels. 6

2. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and a much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting. Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point. [Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.] 3

Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [Tribe MULINEAE.] 4

3. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish, stipulate.--Species 15. Some are used medicinally. =Hydrocotyle= L.

Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under Hydrocotyle L.) =Centella= L.

4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or lanceolate, with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts. Leaves 3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple umbels.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. =Azorella= Lam.

Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent. Calyx-teeth large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed. 5

5. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with barbed prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite, clothed with barbed bristles.--Species 1. Canary Islands. (Under Bowlesia Ruiz et Pav.) =Drusa= DC.

Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted or wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels. Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.--Species 5. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Hermas= L.

6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather long, rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles, or tubercles. Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the primary ribs, scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes large. Petals with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or spikes, which are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [Subfamily =SANICULOIDEAE=.] 7

Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc (stylopod). Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in the furrows of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels. [Subfamily =APIOIDEAE=.] 11

7. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or containing a rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious and fruit with faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels. Oil-channels indistinct or wanting; in the former case style single. [Tribe LAGOECIEAE.] 8

Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.] 9

8. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in simple umbels with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica). =Lagoecia= L.

Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts. Leaves lobed.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Arctopus= L.

9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without distinct ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.--Species 2. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. =Sanicula= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small oil-channels or without distinct oil-channels. 10

10. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually 10 bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels indistinct. Leaves undivided.--Species 8. South and Central Africa. =Alepidea= Laroch.

Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several or many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each flower. Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. =Eryngium= L.

11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit distinctly developed, similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more or less distinctly winged or beset with rows of prickles. 12

Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting. 23

12. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [Tribe LASERPITIEAE.] 13

Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more rarely with bristles or tubercles. 17

13. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so on the inner face. [Subtribe THAPSIINAE.] 14

Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on the inner face. [Subtribe ELAEOSELINAE.] 16

14. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly notched.--Species 3. Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally. =Tornabenea= Parl.

Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire. 15

15. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Petals white or reddish.--Species 2. Island of Madeira. The roots are edible. (Including Monizia Lowe, under Thapsia L.) =Melanoselinum= Hoffm.

Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs. Petals yellow.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Thapsia= L.

16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels distant. Petals narrow, yellow.--Species 5. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Elaeoselinum= Koch

Fruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly contiguous. Petals broad, white,.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under Elaeoselinum Koch) =Margotia= Boiss.

17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe CAUCALINAE.] 18

Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds. 21

18. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.--Species 5. North Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Turgenia Hoffm.) =Caucalis= L.

Albumen flat at the edge. 19

19. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps). Primary ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under Daucus L.) =Orlaya= Hoffm.

Fruit with a narrow commissure. 20

20. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure. Umbels of many rays.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Ammiopsis= Boiss.

Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.--Species 9. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. (Under Caucalis L.) =Torilis= Adans.

21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure. Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong, white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.--Species 1 (C. Cyminum L.). North Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment and a medicament. =Cuminum= L.

Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [Tribe DAUCEAE.] 22

22. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly glabrous. Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4 rays.--Species 1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (Under Daucus L.) =Ammodaucus= Coss. & Dur.

Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs clothed with short bristles.--Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia; one species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially D. Carota L., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and medicaments. =Daucus= L.

23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner face. 24

Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face. 44

24. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each by several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [Tribe ECHINOPHOREAE.] 25

Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded. 26

25. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of the male, which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow.--Species 1. North Africa. The root is edible. =Echinophora= L.

Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels of the male; no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Pycnocycla= Lindl.

26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Fruit laterally compressed.--Species 25. North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Bupleurum= Tourn.

Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected. 27

27. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe SCANDICINAE.] 28

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 35

28. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and under the primary ribs. 29

Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards and notched at the tip. 31

29. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few rays.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Scandix= L.

Fruit with a short beak. 30

30. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower part. Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip.--Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them, the chervil (A. Cerefolium Hoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also used medicinally. =Anthriscus= Hoffm.

Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed. Petals broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts numerous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under Athamantha L.) =Tinguarra= Parl.

31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from front to back, clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, narrow; besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Petals minute, white.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under Caucalis L.) =Chaetosciadium= Boiss.

Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting. 32

32. Fruit with thread-or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather thin. Root tuberous. 33

Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large, solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous. 34

33. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to a single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels numerous.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Geocaryum Coss. et Dur., under Chaerophyllum L.) =Conopodium= Koch

Leaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre and involucels of 1-4 bracts.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Including Balansaea Boiss. et Reut., under Chaerophyllum L. or Bunium Koch). =Biasolettia= Koch

34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels few-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under Chaerophyllum L.) =Physocaulis= Tausch.

Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.--Species 3. North Africa. One species is poisonous. =Chaerophyllum= L.

35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure. Oil-channels only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.] 36

Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.] 37

36. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct ribs. Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe. Calyx not toothed.--Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. =Bifora= Hoffm.

Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs. Commissure large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx toothed.--Species 1 (C. sativum L.). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil. =Coriandrum= L.

37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad, more or less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent. 38

Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, more or less biglobose. 41

38. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible. Fruit ovoid, glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.--Species 3. North-west Africa. =Cachrys= L.

Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed. 39

39. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very narrow, each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not compressed, hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments broad.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Magydaris= Koch

Ribs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow. 40

40. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much compressed. Oil-channels 1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed by the pericarp. Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.--Species 1. East Africa. =Trachydium= Link

Fruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Hippomarathrum= Lindl.

41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid. Pericarp thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.--Species 2. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.” =Conium= L.

Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin. Petals long inflexed. 42

42. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx toothed. Petals white.--Species 1. North Africa. =Physospermum= Cuss.

Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous. 43

43. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed. Petals white. Involucre wanting.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica). (Under Conopodium Koch). =Scaligeria= DC.

Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments. =Smyrnium= L.

44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the dorsal and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much compressed from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.] 45

Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and seeds slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.] 57

45. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of the mericarps, distant from the seed. 46

Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed. 52

46. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge. 47

Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge or not distinctly developed. 50

47. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal ribs. Petals white.--Species 1. South Africa. (Pappea Sond. & Harv.) =Choritaenia= Benth. & Hook.

Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of the mericarps. 48

48. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin. Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments. =Tordylium= L.

Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels distinctly developed. 49

49. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a broad oil-channel. Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the top.--Species 7. East and North Africa. =Malabaila= Hoffm.

Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals white, hairy.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Heracleum L.) =Zozimia= Hoffm.

50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually ending at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the furrows. Dorsal ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of many bractlets.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield edible roots, fodder, and medicaments. =Heracleum= L.

Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the fruit. Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow greenish or reddish. 51

51. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in. Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely in pairs.--Species 2. One growing wild in South Africa, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.” (Under Peucedanum L.) =Pastinaca= L.

Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad. Marginal wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.--Species 10. North and East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African ammoniacum) used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables or as ornamental plants. =Ferula= L.

52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few rays. Petals white.--Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have edible roots. (Krubera Hoffm., including Sclerosciadium Koch). =Capnophyllum= Gaertn.

Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less filiform. 53

53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed. 54

Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous. 55

54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Astydamia= DC.

Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.--Species 1. Egypt. =Ducrosia= Boiss.

55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral umbels male.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under Ferula L.) =Ferulago= Koch

Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels sometimes male. 56

56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an involucre.--Species 1. (A. graveolens L., dill). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in Central and South Africa. Used as a pot-herb. (Under Peucedanum L.) =Anethum= Tourn.

Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing. Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.--Species 50. Some of them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including Bubon L., Imperatoria Tourn., and Lefeburia A. Rich.) =Peucedanum= L.

57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe SESELINAE.] 58

Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs usually slender, filiform, rarely keel-or wing-like. [Subtribe CARINAE.] 73

58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel-or wing-like. 59

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad. 69

59. Ribs wing-like. 60

Ribs keel-or ridge-like. 62

60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under Meum Jacq.) =Ligusticum= L.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. 61

61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx toothed.--Species 10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. (Including Stenosemis E. Mey.) (Plate 119.) =Annesorrhiza= Cham. & Schlechtd.

Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or spongy. Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under Selinum L.) =Cnidium= Cuss.

62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened, spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a pot-herb. “Samphire.” =Crithmum= Tourn.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (Seseli) accompanied by a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib. 63

63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present. 64

Calyx not toothed. 67

64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed point. Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves once or twice dissected.--Species 2. South Africa. =Polemannia= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stem herbaceous. 65

65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Todaroa= Parl.

Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval. 66

66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Physotrichia= Hiern

Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect and with narrow segments.--Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Libanotis Crantz). =Seseli= L.

67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear segments.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also naturalized in other regions. They yield vegetables, condiments, perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. “Fennel”. =Foeniculum= L.

Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments. 68

68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc conical. Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Phellolophium= Bak.

Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid; furrows broad.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Fools parsley.” =Aethusa= L.

69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.--Species 10. North and South Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. =Oenanthe= L.

Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present. 70

70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner face. Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.--Species 1. North Africa. (Brignolia Bertol.) =Kundmannia= Scop.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish. 71

71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate. Disc depressed. (See 66.) =Seseli= L.

Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected. 72

72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx toothed.--Species 4. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Athamanta= L.

Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels thickened.--Species 2. East Africa. =Diplolophium= Turcz.

73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (Heteromorpha) toothed to dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like. 74

Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like. 77

74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Hohenackeria= Fisch. & Mey.

Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Carpophore free. 75

75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (Franchetella O. Ktze.). =Heteromorpha= Cham. et Schlechtd.

Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal. 76

76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, leathery. Umbels of few rays, involucrate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Nirarathamnus= Balf.

Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, entire. Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.) =Bupleurum= Tourn.

77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx toothed. Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.--Species 7. South Africa. =Lichtensteinia= Cham. & Schlechtd.

Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs. 78

78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs slender. Petals white or reddish. 79

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 83

79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre and involucels present.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Falcaria= Host.

Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting. 80

80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Lereschia Boiss., under Anthriscus L.) =Cryptotaenia= DC.

Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral. 81

81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.--Species 5. North and Central Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots. =Ammi= L.

Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally notched. 82

82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with a single cotyledon.--Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible. (Including Diaphycarpus Calestani, partly under Carum L.) =Bunium= L.

Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa; one species (C. Carvi L., caraway) also cultivated elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are poisonous. Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including Selinopsis Coss. et Dur., partly under Bunium L.) =Carum= L.

83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected or the lower lobed. 84

Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (Rhyticarpus) 3, large, but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided. 85

84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, persistent.--Species 7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Including Berula Koch) =Sium= L.

Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.--Species 25. The fruits of P. anisum L., anise, serve as a condiment; other species are used in medicine. (Including Reutera Boiss.) =Pimpinella= L.

85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform. 86

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy. 87

86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected with very narrow segments.--Species 7. South and North Africa and Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some species yield condiments. (Tragiopsis Pomel, under Carum L. or Ptychotis L.) =Trachypermum= Link

Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs. Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to the sheath. Umbels of few rays.--Species 10. North and South Africa. (Deverra DC.) =Pituranthos= Viv.

87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of 1-3 bracts or wanting.--Species 7. One of them (A. graveolens L., celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including Helosciadium Koch). =Apium= L.

Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond. 88

88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad segments.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Sison= L.

Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed, more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched. 89

89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip. 90

Calyx distinctly toothed. 91

90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species 2. North Africa; also naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (P. sativum Hoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (Under Apium L. or Carum L.). =Petroselinum= Hoffm.

Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels narrow. Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under Carum L.) =Ridolfia= Moris.

91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels involucrate.--Species 3. South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (Glia Sond., under Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schlechtd.) =Ruthea= Bolle

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip, rarely shortly inflexed, but then red. 92

92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly inflexed at the tip.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anisopoda= Bak.

Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed at the tip. 93

93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from a transverse fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an involucre.--Species 4. North and South Africa. (Under Carum L., Petroselinum Hoffm., or Seseli L.) =Ptychotis= Koch

Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Rhyticarpus= Sond.

FAMILY 187. CORNACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo long.--Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma 4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. [Subfamily =CURTISIOIDEAE=.] =Curtisia= Ait.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple, or styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [Subfamily =CORNOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in panicles.--Species 3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.] =Melanophylla= Bak.

Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.] 3

3. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate. Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). =Cornus= L.

Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick. Anthers oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Kaliphora= Hook. fil.

SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE

(SYMPETALAE)

ORDER ERICALES

FAMILY 188. CLETHRACEAE

Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the base, opening by

Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant. =Clethra= L.

FAMILY 189. ERICACEAE

Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow. Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely (Ficalhoa) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so. Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.--Genera 17, species 720. (Including VACCINIACEAE.) (Plate 120.)

1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.--Species 8. Azores, Madeira, East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits. [Subfamily =VACCINIOIDEAE=, tribe VACCINIEAE.] =Vaccinium= L.

Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to the corolla-tube at the base. 2

2. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 10-15 inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a berry. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =ARBUTOIDEAE=.] 3

Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (Erica) 5-merous, but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent. Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very rarely trees. 5

3. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like appendages. Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.] =Arbutus= L.

Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct. Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.] 4

4. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma finally 5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Ficalhoa= Hiern

Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire. Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.--Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are poisonous or yield wood and medicaments. =Agauria= DC.

5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal racemes.--Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subfamily =RHODODENDROIDEAE=, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.] =Daboecia= Don

Fruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but then few-seeded and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla usually persistent after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled and linear. [Subfamily =ERICOIDEAE=.] 6

6. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules, but then 1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.] 7

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.] 12

7. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. Corolla-lobes 4. 8

Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3. 10

8. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx unequally 4-cleft or 4-parted.--Species 15. South Africa. (Including Coccosperma Klotzsch, Lagenocarpus Klotzsch, and Lepterica N. E. Brown). =Salaxis= Salisb.

Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or-cleft. 9

9. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Syndesmanthus Klotzsch). =Codonostigma= Klotzsch

Anthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.--Species 20. South Africa. (Including Coilostigma Klotzsch). =Scyphogyne= Brongn.

10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.--Species 9. South Africa. (Including Aniserica N. E. Brown) =Sympieza= Lichtenst.

Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted. 11

11. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary 1-2-celled.--Species 50. South Africa. (Including Anomalanthus Klotzsch and Syndesmanthus Klotzsch). =Simochilus= Hook. & Benth.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.--Species 40. South Africa. (Including Acrostemon Klotzsch, Eremiopsis N. E. Brown, Grisebachia Klotzsch, Hexastemon Klotzsch, Platycalyx N. E. Brown, Thamnus Klotzsch, and Thoracosperma Klotzsch). =Eremia= Don

12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal. 13

Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12. 14

13. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others. Disc distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. =Ericinella= Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Blaeria= L.

14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted nearly to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla. Anthers spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, few-seeded.--Species 1 (C. vulgaris Salisb., ling). North-west Africa (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and food for bees. =Calluna= Salisb.

Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally, usually many-seeded. 15

15. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts and bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers terminal.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 120.) =Philippia= Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc usually distinctly developed. 16

16. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including the other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Erica L.) =Macnabia= Benth.

Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.--Species 480. South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa. Many species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes. (Including Pentapera Klotzsch). “Heath.” =Erica= L.

ORDER PRIMULALES

FAMILY 190. MYRSINACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (Afrardisia) herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous. Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary superior, rarely (Maesa) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a long radicle and small cotyledons.--Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface of the placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white. Stigma broadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.) [Subfamily =MAESOIDEAE=.] =Maesa= Forsk.

Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded. [Subfamily =MYRSINOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under Ardisia Swartz or Myrsine L.) [Tribe ARDISIEAE.] =Heberdenia= Banks

Ovules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.] 3

3. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore at the apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments short. Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious, 5-merous.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under Ardisia Swartz). =Monoporus= A. DC.

Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4.

4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous. Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so. 5

Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick. 6

5. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation; petals white, equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral dwarf-shoots.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under Myrsine L.) =Pleiomeris= A. DC.

Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red, unequal-sided. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels or racemes, 5-merous.--Species 10. West Africa. (Under Ardisia Swartz). =Afrardisia= Mez

6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers unisexual.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Samara L., Pattara Adans.) =Embelia= Burm.

Petals obviously united below. 7

7. Filaments wanting. 8

Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present. 9

8. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible dwarf-shoots.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Myrsine L.) =Rapanea= Aubl.

Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (Under Ardisia Swartz or Icacorea Aubl.) =Badula= Juss.

9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals imbricate in bud. Anthers free.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and Azores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder plants. =Myrsine= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or panicles.--Species 55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Oncostemon= A. Juss.

FAMILY 191. PRIMULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, 3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; embryo small, axile.--Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular, imbricate in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. Used as vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.] =Samolus= L.

Ovary superior. 2

2. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.] =Coris= L.

Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly. 3

3. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white. Ovules numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers solitary, radical.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.] =Cyclamen= L.

Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous. 4

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.] 5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.] 9

5. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. 6

Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below. 8

6. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under Asterolinum Link & Hoffmsg.) =Pelletiera= St. Hil.

Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded. 7

7. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.--Species 1. North and East Africa. =Centuneulus= L.

Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. North and East Africa. =Asterolinum= Link & Hoffmsg.

8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.” =Anagallis= L.

Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.--Species 12. North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Lubinia Vent.) =Lysimachia= L.

9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the corolla. Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped, deeply cleft, ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves. Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem creeping.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.) =Ardisiandra= Hook.

Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical. Stem erect, sometimes very short. 10

10. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short tube, whitish or reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical, subsessile.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Androsace= L.

Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves spatulate.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Primrose.” =Primula= L.

FAMILY 192. PLUMBAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, 5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle. Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.--Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.)

1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla. Inflorescence usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which usually bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.] 2

Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the corolla. Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2 bracteoles, one of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.] 4

2. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens free from the corolla. Undershrubs.--Species 9. Some of them yield arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Plumbago= L.

Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs. 3

3. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 2. Abyssinia. =Ceratostigma= Bunge

Stamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence spicate-paniculate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (Vogelia Lam.) (Plate 123.) =Dyerophyton= O. Ktze.

4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles united nearly halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Undershrubs.--Species 3. North Africa. (Bubania Gir.) =Limoniastrum= Moench

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. 5

5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid. Inflorescence paniculate. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an ornamental plant. =Goniolimon= Boiss.

Stigmas cylindrical or filiform. 6

6. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the base. Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.” =Armeria= Willd.

Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 60. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are used for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Limonium Boiss.) =Statice= L.

ORDER EBENALES

SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE

FAMILY 193. SAPOTACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple. Fruit a berry.--Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.)

1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages, rarely with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.] 2

Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.] 4

2. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none. Appendages of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Northea= Hook. fil.

Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as many staminodes, or more. 3

3. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. =Labourdonnesia= Boj.

Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark, a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including Baillonella Pierre, Dumoria A. Chev., Imbricaria Commers., Labramia A. DC., and Tieghemella Pierre). (Plate 124.) =Mimusops= L.

4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.] 5

Fertile stamens more than petals. 17

5. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small. 6

Staminodes 5 or more. 11

6. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of the branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older branches.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cryptogyne= Hook. fil.

Filaments without a leaf-like appendage. 7

7. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped auricles at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat distant, connected by numerous transverse veins.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Delpydora= Pierre

Anthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted. 8

8. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually approximate.--Species 20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Chrysophyllum= L.

Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves of the leaves somewhat distant. Trees. 9

9. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate; primary side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse veins.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Malacantha= Pierre

Sepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network of veins. 10

10. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the middle.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under Sideroxylon L.) =Sersalisia= R. Br.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.--Species 4. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. =Pachystela= Pierre

11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled. 12

Ovary 8-12-celled. 16

12. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style long. Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves lanceolate, stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under Sideroxylon L.) =Bakerisideroxylon= Engl.

Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovules attached by the middle or below it. 13

13. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards. Staminodes lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small stigma. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Including Stironcurum Radlk.) =Synsepalum= A. DC.

Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards. 14

14. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate, albuminous. Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco. Yields timber (iron-wood) and oil. =Argania= Roem. & Schult.

Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually 5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary. 15

15. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with leaf-like cotyledons.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. (Including Calvaria Commers. and Sapota A. DC.) =Sideroxylon= L.

Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. (See 10.) =Sersalisia= R. Br.

16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (A. Sapota L., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Sapota Plum.) =Achras= L.

Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or-parted. Ovary 8-10-celled. Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular, with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with rusty-brown hairs.--Species 1 (B. Parkii Kotschy). Central Africa. Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat (shea-butter) from the seeds. (Bassia L.) =Butyrospermum= Kotschy

17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15, 20, or more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone-or club-shaped. [Subtribe OMPHALOCARPINAE.] 18

Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile. Anthers opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [Subtribe ILLIPINAE.] 19

18. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary 10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes fallen leaves.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Tridesmostemon= Engl.

Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped, Flowers springing from the old wood.--Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber and a sort of guttapercha. =Omphalocarpum= Beauv.

19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds albuminous.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha. =Payena= A. DC.

Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding guttapercha. =Palaquium= Blanco

SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE

FAMILY 194. HOPLESTIGMATACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4 lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens 23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty albumen. (Under FLACOURTIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Hoplestigma= Pierre

FAMILY 195. EBENACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile embryo.--Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.)

1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers 4-merous, dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tetraclis= Hiern

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 2

2. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla 3-4-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique at the base.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhaphidanthe= Hiern

Stamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and anthers oblong or lanceolate. 3

3. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, 5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber. =Royena= L.

Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only 3. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy. 4

4. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; in the latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers 3-merous, more rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.) =Maba= Forst.

Ovary 4-or 8-16-celled, rarely 2-or 6-celled; in the latter case female flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous. Stamens usually 12-20. 5

5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.--Species 35. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Euclea= L.

Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-, usually 8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently enlarged after flowering. Stamens usually 16.--Species 75. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including Thespesocarpus Pierre). =Diospyros= Dalech.

FAMILY 196. STYRACACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs, hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into 2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10, free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short radicle and thin cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Afrostyrax= Perkins & Gilg

ORDER CONTORTAE

SUBORDER OLEINEAE

FAMILY 197. OLEACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels, rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc none. Ovary superior, rarely (Fraxinus) naked, 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.--Genera 11, species 120. (Including JASMINEAE.) (Plate 126.)

1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit 2-parted, but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous, white or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments; in the latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs. [Subfamily =JASMINOIDEAE=, tribe JASMINEAE.] 2

Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not 2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud or stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but then petals valvate in bud. [Subfamily =OLEOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped, with a short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided or pinnatifid.--Species 3. South Africa. =Menodora= Humb. & Bonpl.

Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs. Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.--Species 60. Some of them are used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine). =Jasminum= L.

3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.--Species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Ash.” [Tribe FRAXINEAE.] =Fraxinus= L.

Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present. 4

4. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers in panicles. Trees.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Nathusia Hochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.] =Schrebera= Roxb.

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate segments; in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers. Leaves undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.] 5

5. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation. 6

Petals all united at the base. 7

6. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a long radicle.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber. (Picconia DC.) =Notelaea= Vent.

Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short radicle.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. (Mayepea Aubl.) =Linociera= Swartz

7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple spikes or racemes. Shrubs.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Phillyrea= L.

Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation. 8

8. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some have edible fruits. =Noronhia= Stadtmann

Corolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons. Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters. 9

9. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the margins. Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in clusters. Low trees.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa. =Dekindtia= Gilg

Corolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes. 10

10. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells, and 2-4 seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also the wood is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.” =Ligustrum= L.

Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely 2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.--Species 15. Some of them, especially the olive (O. europaea L.), yield timber, edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Olea= L.

SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE

FAMILY 198. LOGANIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals, inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-, rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 14, species 240. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 127.)

1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4. Style simple. [Subfamily =BUDDLEIOIDEAE=.] 2

Glandular hairs absent. [Subfamily =LOGANIOIDEAE=.] 8

2. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several cells.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Plate 127.) =Nuxia= Lam.

Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of 2 cells. 3

3. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Trees.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. =Chilianthus= Burch.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting. 4

4. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal simple racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Gomphostigma= Turcz.

Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences composed of cymes. 5

5. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit a globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Buddleia L.) =Adenoplea= Radlk.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 6

6. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely 2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform. Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Adenoplusia= Radlk.

Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule. 7

7. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate. Shrubs.--Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. =Nicodemia= Ten.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute for soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Buddleia= L.

8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit a capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath. [Tribe GELSEMIEAE.] 9

Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud. 10

9. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral bracts united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Under Mostuea Didr.) =Coinochlamys= Anders.

Flowers without an involucre.--Species 25. Tropics. =Mostuea= Didr.

10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16. Stamens the same in number. 11

Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences terminal and lateral. 12

11. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and narrow. Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit a berry. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe FRAGRAEEAE.]. =Anthocleista= Afz.

Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.--Species 10 Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.] =Geniostoma= Forst.

12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the others and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary 2-celled with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.] =Usteria= Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5. 13

13. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule. Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in the upper leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa. =Retzia= Thunb.

Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, 3-5-nerved--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others edible fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including Brehmia Harv. and Ignatia L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.] =Strychnos= L.

FAMILY 199. GENTIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (Canscora) somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely (Erythraea) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Chironia) a berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.--Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.)

1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or yellow. Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with little intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all radical, broad-cordate. [Subfamily =MENYANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not compressed from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so. [Subfamily =GENTIANOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical. Flowers panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Villarsia= Vent.

Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Limnanthemum= Gmel.

3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary, terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under Voyria Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.] =Leiphaimos= Cham. & Schlechtd.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted. Seeds with copious albumen. 4

4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface. Calyx 4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Filaments inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the base. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.--Species 1. West Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.] =Schultesia= Mart.

Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.] 5

5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small. 6

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather large. 9

6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with a short and wide tube. Calyx winged.--Species 12. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants. =Exacum= L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less elongated tube. 7

7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes.--Species 80. South Africa and tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Sebaea= R. Br.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the corolla-tube. Flowers 5-merous. 8

8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not winged. Small plants with small flowers.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Sebaea R. Br.) =Lagenias= E. Mey.

Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube, Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Parasia Rafin., including Exochaenium Griseb., under Sebaea R. Br.) =Belmontia= E. Mey.

9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the placentas. Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5. 10

Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas. 12

10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains smooth.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants. =Erythraea= L. C. Rich.

Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside. 11

11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted. Pollen-grains tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered panicles with large bracts.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Ixanthus= Griseb.

Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside. Anthers included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are used in medicine. =Tachiadenus= Griseb.

12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment; tube very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Sweertia= L.

Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion of the stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted. 13

13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Canscora= Lam.

Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation. 14

14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small, decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under Canscora Lam.) =Schinziella= Gilg

Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more. 15

15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched branches. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Chlora= L.

Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches. 16

16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube, usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.--Species 3. Southern Central Africa. =Pycnosphaera= Gilg

Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal. 17

17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains smooth. Herbs. 18

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear. 21

18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx 8-12-ribbed. Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes or corymbs.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Neurotheca= Salisb.

Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers small. 19

19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below the middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Faroa= Welw.

Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf herbs. 20

20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long tube and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Cicendia= Adans.

Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla with a rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or notched.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Microcala= Link & Hoffmsg.

21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles. Herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. (Hippion Spreng.) =Enicostemma= Blume

Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary. 22

22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth. Herbs. (See 10.) =Erythraea= L. C. Rich.

Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather short. 23

23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. =Orphium= E. Mey.

Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla absent.--Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including Plocandra E. Mey.) (Plate 128.) =Chironia= L.

FAMILY 200. APOCYNACEAE

Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma. Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled, or 2, rarely (Pleiocarpa) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided with a wing or a tuft of hairs.--Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.)

1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily =ECHITIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers without tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged into tails, but then fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the left. Seeds usually without a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily =PLUMIEROIDEAE=.] 22

2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe PARSONSIEAE.] 3

Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the corolla-tube. [Tribe ECHITIDEAE.] 7

3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short tube without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments twisted around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewevrella= De Wild.

Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting. 4

4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10 confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right. Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.--Species 1. Northern West Africa. =Malouetia= A. DC.

Disc absent. Seeds hairy. 5

5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10--20 glands. Corolla glabrous at the throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right. Seeds with a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining shrubs.--Species 3. West Africa. =Isonema= R. Br.

Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs or trees. 6

6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the base.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under Wrightia R. Br.) =Pleioceras= Baill.

Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft of hairs.--Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar. =Wrightia= R. Br.

7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx without glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually funnel-shaped; segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior. 8

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody. 9

8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc 5-lobed or replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the apex.--Species 15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola. =Pachypodium= Lindl.

Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered cymes.--Species 13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an arrow-poison. (Idaneum O. Ktze.) =Adenium= Roem. & Schult.

9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat. 10

Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings lower down in the tube. 13

10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular, 15-crenate corona. Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to the left. Calyx without glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stephanostema= K. Schum.

Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the base. Corolla-segments nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary almost superior or half-inferior. 11

11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx without glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands. Flowers small.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Oncinotis= Benth.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with usually numerous glands within. Disc none. 12

12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not tailed segments, white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective. Mericarps at first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled, narrow, densely veined. Flowers large.--Species 1 (N. Oleander L.). North Africa. A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used as an ornamental plant. =Nerium= L.

Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed segments. Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually opposite, with axillary glands.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Roupellia Baill. and Zygonerion Baill.) =Strophanthus= P. DC.

13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with scales in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at the base. Twining shrubs. 14

Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth, usually large and without scales in the tube. 18

14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube, the segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head conical. Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in terminal cymes.--Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar. =Beaumontia= Wall.

Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case corolla-segments long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands, or with closely set nerves and with axillary glands. 15

15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with 10 longitudinal ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none. Ovules 4 in each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary glands.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pycnobotrya= Benth.

Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules numerous in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary glands. 16

16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small, feathery mucro at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5 longitudinal ridges inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic head spindle-shaped, with 2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species 5. West Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species yields rubber. =Motandra= A. DC.

Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the insertion of the stamens. 17

17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical, crowned by a 2-cleft point.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Zygodia= Benth.

Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in few-flowered cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube, usually narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields rubber. (Including Codonura K. Schum., Guerkea K. Schum., and Perinerion Baill.) =Baissea= A. DC.

18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs. Stipules usually present. 19

Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees. Stipules absent. 20

19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled--Species 1. West Africa. (Under Alafia Thouars). =Holalafia= Stapf

Ovaries 2, free.--Species 15. Tropics. (Including Ectinocladus Benth.) =Alafia= Thouars

20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments. Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ochronerium= Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free. 21

21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white or yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid. Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal awn.--Species 3. Central Africa. One of them (F. elastica Stapf, Ireh-tree) yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under Kickxia Blume) =Funtumia= Stapf

Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy, usually red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head oblong. Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species 30. Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and rubber. =Mascarenhasia= A. DC.

22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe ARDUINEAE.] 23

Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part only, styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.] 33

23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe LANDOLPHIINAE.] 24

Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.] 29

24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below, much widened above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens inserted somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody, spinous, 2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Allamanda= L.

Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit a berry. 25

25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate albumen. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 5. West Africa. Used medicinally. (Iboga Schum.) =Tabernanthe= Baill.

Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining shrubs, more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs. 26

26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long, usually hairy. Calyx without glands.--Species 35. Central Africa. Some species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including Sclerodictyon Pierre) =Carpodinus= R. Br.

Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style short or rather short, usually glabrous. 27

27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or bent back in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting. Pericarp woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). (Under Landolphia Beauv.) =Vahadenia= Stapf

Calyx small, without glands on the inside. 28

28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16; placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.--Species 25. Central Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including Aphanostylis Pierre and Cylindropsis Pierre). (Plate 129.) =Clitandra= Benth.

Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren shoots and then apparently lateral.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including Ancylobothrys Pierre and Vahea Lam.) =Landolphia= Beauv.

29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules numerous, in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading berries. Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands. Flowers in terminal false umbels.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) =Picralima= Pierre

Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire. 30

30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands. Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Craspidosperma= Boj.

Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows. 31

31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear. Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Cyclocotyla= Stapf

Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few axillary glands or without glands. 32

32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental plants. (Toxicophloea Harv.) =Acocanthera= Don

Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal or pseudo-axillary.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge plants. (Arduina Mill., Carandas Adans.) =Carissa= L.

33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel. 34

Ovules 8 or more in each carpel. 42

34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe CERBERINAE.] 35

Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Leaves opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.] 38

35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves opposite or whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments. =Ochrosia= Juss.

Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Calyx-segments pointed. Leaves alternate. 36

36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a carpel.--Species 1 (Th. neriifolia Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield oil. =Thevetia= L.

Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4 in a carpel. 37

37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent. Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp not fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison. =Tanghinia= Thouars Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud, deciduous. Corolla-tube constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed. Pericarp fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields oil, poison, and medicaments. =Cerbera= L.

38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the calyx obscure or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves remotely-nerved, usually whorled.--Species 4. Madagascar. (Gynopogon Forst.) =Alyxia= R. Br.

Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved. 39

39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the base. Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at the base. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with numerous axillary glands, usually whorled.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. =Rauwolfia= L.

Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly perceptible axillary glands or without glands. 40

40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in a 2-cleft point. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous albumen. Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Hunteria= Roxb.

Calyx without basal glands. 41

41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point. Carpels 2. Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged, exalbuminous; embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 5. Central Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish. =Diplorrhynchus= Welw.

Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels 2-5. Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous albumen; embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in axillary, rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.--Species 13. Central Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison. =Pleiocarpa= Benth.

42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually indehiscent. [Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.] 43

Calyx without basal glands, rarely (Holarrhena) the inner sepals with glands, the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe ALSTONIINAE.] 52

43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base. Anthers more or less sagittate. 44

Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed at the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 48

44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Orchipeda Blume, Piptolaena Harv., under Tabernaemontana L.) =Voacanga= Thouars

Sepals free or nearly so. 45

45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc adnate to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell, in two rows. Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. =Schizozygia= Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves stipulate. 46

46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers large, white.--Species 6. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) =Callichilia= Stapf

Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting. 47

47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near its base. Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.--Species 8. West Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) =Gabunia= K. Schum.

Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, rubber, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants; some are poisonous. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) =Conopharyngia= Don

48. Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards in the bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary. 49

Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc none. 50

49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming an involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Calocrater= K. Schum.

Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an involucre. Erect or twining shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Crioceras= Pierre

50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps 3-winged, not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands and stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) =Pterotaberna= Stapf

Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point. 51

51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands and stipules present.--Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) =Ervatamia= Stapf

Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules absent.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under Carpodinus R. Br. or Picralima Pierre) =Polyadoa= Stapf

52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels. Ovules in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. 53

Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 54

53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament inflexed; connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of hairs. Corolla blue.--Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the other naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.” =Vinca= L.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head glabrous. Corolla white or pink.--Species 3; two natives of Madagascar, the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under Vinca L.) =Lochnera= Reichb.

54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with long, curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. East Africa. =Carvalhoa= K. Schum.

Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short tails or without tails. 55

55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve also as ornamental plants. (Plumeria Willd.) =Plumeria= L.

Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled. 56

56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments. =Plectaneia= Thouars

Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion of the stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a continuous ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows. 57

57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a membranous margin at the base. Small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal, many-flowered panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stephanostegia= Baill.

Corolla without a ring, but sometimes with a crown of hairs at the throat. 58

58. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments narrow. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, herbaceous, exstipulate.--Species 6. Tropics. Some of them yield timber or medicaments. =Holarrhena= R.Br.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 59

59. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Anthers with short, pointed tails at the base. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, stipulate, without axillary glands. (See 46.) =Gabunia= K. Schum,.

Stamens inserted at the middle or in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Anthers not tailed. 60

60. Stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers acuminate. Stigmatic head elliptical. Seeds winged. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral, few-flowered cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Ellertonia= Wight

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 61

61. Ovules in two rows. Corolla yellow, glabrous at the throat; lobes auricled at the base. Seeds winged. Leaves with few or obscure side-nerves. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic oil. =Gonioma= E. Mey.

Ovules in 3 or more rows. Seeds hairy. Leaves with numerous side-nerves. Flowers in many-flowered, whorled panicles.--Species 1. Central Africa. Poisonous and yielding cork-wood, a guttapercha-like resin, and medicaments. =Alstonia= R. Br.

FAMILY 201. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Stem usually twining and woody at the base. Juice mostly milky. Leaves simple, without stipules, usually opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals united below, with contorted or valvate aestivation. Stamens 5, usually adnate to the style. Filaments short or wanting. Pollen-grains united in waxy masses or in granules of 3-5 grains. Corona formed of appendages of the petals or stamens, rarely wanting. Disc none. Ovaries 2, free, superior, rarely half-inferior, with many pendulous inverted ovules on a ventral placenta, very rarely (Emicocarpus) with 1-2 ovules. Styles 2, united above into a thickened, sometimes 2-parted head bearing on its under surface 5 stigmatic dots and on its flanks between the anthers 5 small, usually horny bodies (“pollen-carriers”) to which the pollen is attached. Fruit of one or two follicles. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs and scanty albumen. Embryo with flat cotyledons and a short radicle.--Genera 118, species 1100. (Including PERIPLOCACEAE). (Plate 130.)

1. Pollen in loosely cohering granules formed of 3-5 grains each. Pollen-carriers spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of the concave blade holding the pollen, the stalk, and the adhesive gland at its base. Filaments usually free. [Subfamily =PERIPLOCOIDEAE=, tribe PERIPLOCEAE.] 2

Pollen of each anther-half closely united into 1-2 waxy masses. Pollen-carriers not spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of a central body and two lateral, rarely obsolete arms (“caudicles”) to which the pollen-masses are attached. Filaments nearly always united or wanting. [Subfamily =CYNANCHOIDEAE=.] 29

2. Corona inserted on the stamens or at their base. 3

Corona inserted on the corolla remote from the stamens, but sometimes decurrent nearly to the insertion of the stamens. 16

3. Corona consisting of free scales or threads. 4

Corona consisting of scales or threads united at their base. 9

4. Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. 5

Corona distinctly developed. 6

5. Corona adnate to the filaments. Corolla-lobes oval. Anthers ovate-oblong. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in dense, long-stalked cymes or panicles.--Species 2. East Africa. (Including Macropelma Schum. and Sacleuxia Baill.) =Gymnolaema= Benth.

Corona free from the filaments. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Anthers linear-oblong. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Baseonema= Schlecht. & Rendle

6. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Calyx without glands. Corona-lobes broad, contiguous, usually with a linear, 2-cleft dorsal appendage. Stem twining. Leaves cordate, connected by a toothed stipular sheath. Inflorescences axillary.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. =Chlorocodon= Hook. fil.

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. Sepals alternating with glands, very rarely without, but then stem erect. 7

7. Anthers hairy. Corona-lobes thread-like, sometimes broadened at the base or cleft at the top.--Species 5. Some of them yield fibre, rubber, poison, or medicaments. (Including Parquetina Baill. and Socotora Balf. fil.) =Periploca= L.

Anthers glabrous. 8

8. Stem woody, twining. Leaves linear. Inflorescences axillary or on axillary dwarf-shoots. Corolla white, rotate, divided nearly to the base. Corona-lobes thread-like, 3-cleft.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. (Pleurostelma Schlecht., under Tacazzea Decne.) =Schlechterella= K. Schum.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually erect; underground part tuberous. Corolla with a distinct tube, rarely divided nearly to the base, but then inflorescences terminal.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Raphionacme Harv., including Gonocrypta Baill., Kompitsia Cost. et Gall., and Mafekingia Baill.) =Raphiacme= Harv.

9. (3.) Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. Corolla dark purple. Seeds hairy all round. Leaves oblong-cordate, connected by a large toothed stipular sheath. Flowers in axillary panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Including Perithrix Pierre). =Batesanthus= N. E. Brown

Corona distinctly developed. 10

10. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. 11

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. 13

11. Corona-lobes united high up, usually 10. Anthers with a leaf-like appendage at the top. Pollen-carriers at first hooded, subsequently spreading reniform. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 7. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. (Including Baroniella Cost. et Gall.) =Camptocarpus= Decne.

Corona-lobes united at the base only, lanceolate, 5. Anthers with a small appendage or without any. Pollen-carriers spatulate or spoon-shaped. Leaves lanceolate. 12

12. Corona-lobes rather blunt. Anthers ending in a membranous, trigonous appendage. Stigmatic head 5-angled. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Tanulepis= Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes tailed. Anthers without an appendage. Stigmatic head conical. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Symphytonema= Schlecht.

13. Anthers hairy. (See 7.) =Periploca= L.

Anthers glabrous. Corona-lobes 5, filiform or linear. 14

14. Stigmatic head flat, 5-lobed. Corona-lobes shortly and unequally two-cleft at the top. Corolla yellow. Flowers small, in axillary panicles. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Harpanema= Decne.

Stigmatic head short-conical. Corona-lobes entire or divided into 2-3 filiform branches. 15

15. Corona-lobes provided with 2 lateral teeth at the base; no lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with an oval, entire blade. Corolla greenish. Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Leaves oblong-obovate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under Raphionacme Harv,.) =Chlorocyathus= Oliv.

Corona-lobes without basal teeth; 5 small lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with a notched blade. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or panicles.--Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some species are used medicinally, one of them produces a kind of rubber. (Including Leptopaetia Harv.) (Plate 130.) =Tacazzea= Decne.

16. (2.) Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the segments. Corona-lobes awl-shaped. 17

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. 18

17. Sepals linear, without basal glands. Corolla salver-shaped, with scales at the throat. Anthers hairy, with a tailed connective. Ovary superior. Mericarps cylindrical, smooth. Leaves linear or lanceolate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Ectadium= E. Mey.

Sepals oval, with numerous basal glands. Corolla funnel-shaped, red or violet, with scales in the tube. Anthers with an acute appendage. Ovary half-inferior. Mericarps ribbed lengthwise or winged. Leaves oblong to ovate.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes; also cultivated in Central Africa. They yield rubber, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. =Cryptostegia= R. Br.

18. Corona double, the outer of 5 triangular, the inner of 5 obcordate scales. Filaments rather long. Anthers with a bristle-like point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Omphalogonus= Baill.

Corona simple. 19

19. Corona-lobes 2-cleft, short and thick. Corolla bell-shaped. Sepals acuminate, with toothed glands at the base. Anthers ending in a long, awl-shaped appendage. Leaves broad-ovate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Socotranthus O. Ktze.) =Cochlanthus= Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes entire or 3-cleft. 20

20. Corona-lobes three-cleft or broadened at the base. 21

Corona-lobes entire, not broadened at the base. 23

21. Filaments united below. Stigmatic head flat. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves whorled or alternate, linear. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under Tacazzea Decne.) =Aechmolepis= Decne.

Filaments free. Stigmatic head short-conical. 22

22. Sepals blunt, with basal glands. Corolla bell-shaped, with narrow segments. Corona-lobes thread-or spindle-shaped. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters, linear. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Mitolepis= Balf. fil.

Sepals pointed. Corona-lobes usually 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs; underground part of the stem tuberous. Flowers in cymes. (See 8.) =Raphiacme= Harv.

23. Corona-lobes short and broad, arising from the very short corolla-tube opposite the segments. Stem twining.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Pentopetia Decne.) =Pentopetiopsis= Cost. & Gall.

Corona-lobes long and narrow. 24

24. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Sepals pointed. Flowers in cymes. 25

Corona-lobes club-shaped. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped. 26

25. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers with a short mucro. Erect tuberous shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ischnolepis= Jum. & Perr.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a long ciliate process. Twining shrubs.--Species 10. Madagascar. Used medicinally; one species yields rubber. (Under Tacazzea Decne.) =Pentopetia= Decne.

26. Corona-lobes arising from the sinuses between the corolla-segments. Corolla bell-shaped, with oblong segments. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal and axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa to Lake Ngami. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.) =Stomatostemma= N. E. Brown

Corona-lobes arising from the corolla-tube below the sinuses. 27

27. Sepals pointed, lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped with long and narrow segments. Filaments united at the base. Pollen-carriers with an orbicular blade. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.) =Curroria= Planch.

Sepals blunt. Corolla wheel-shaped. Pollen-carriers with a linear or oblong blade. Leaves scattered. Flowers in sometimes few-flowered cymes or panicles. 28

28. Corolla with long and narrow segments, beaked in bud. Filaments united at the base. Anthers almost erect. Pollen-carriers linear. Stem twining. Inflorescences lax.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. One species yields a dye. (Including Acustelma Baill.). =Cryptolepis= R. Br.

Corolla with oblong, rather short segments, hence not beaked in bud. Filaments free. Anthers inflexed. Pollen-carriers with an oblong blade. Stem usually erect. Inflorescences dense.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.) =Ectadiopsis= Benth.

29. (1.) Pollen-masses contained in the lower part of the anthers, pendulous from the arms of the pollen-carriers. [Tribe ASCLEPIADEAE.] 30

Pollen-masses contained in the upper part of the anthers and attached to the pollen-carriers in an erect, ascending, or horizontal, rarely (Tylophora) an almost pendulous position. 75

30. Corona obscure or wanting. [Subtribe ASTEPHANINAE.] 31

Corona distinctly developed. 34

31. Corolla shortly lobed, urceolate, hairy within. Calyx without glands. Corona arising from the corolla-tube or wanting. Filaments short. Stigmatic head conical, notched. Mericarps thin or rather thin. Twining shrubs. Leaves narrow. Flowers of medium size, in usually many-flowered cymes or umbels.--Species 10. South Africa. =Microloma= R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. Corona arising from the staminal tube or wanting; in the latter case filaments none and flowers small. 32

32. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers or wanting. Corolla campanulate or urceolate, glabrous or tubercled within. Stigmatic head more or less conical. Mericarps thick or rather thick. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in usually few-flowered cymes.--Species 10. Southern and tropical Africa. (Including Haemax E. Mey. and Microstephanus N. E. Brown). =Astephanus= R. Br.

Anthers stalked. Corona-lobes opposite to the anthers. Leaves oval. 33

33. Stigmatic head beaked. Calyx glandular. Corolla campanulate. Small shrubs. Flowers in few-flowered, sessile cymes or fascicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. =Podostelma= K. Schum.

Stigmatic head truncate or slightly convex. Corolla campanulate or rotate. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in racemosely arranged, umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under Tylophora R. Br.) =Tylophoropsis= N. E. Brown

34. (30.) Corona inserted on the corolla, free from the staminal tube, but sometimes approximate to it. [Subtribe GLOSSONEMATINAE.] 35

Corona, at least the inner, inserted on the staminal tube. 43

35. Corona double, the outer ring-shaped, the inner of 5 lanceolate scales. Anthers sessile. Calyx glandular within. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate, glabrous within, with valvate aestivation. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers conspicuous, in umbels or racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa and Egypt. Used as vegetables, as ornamental plants, and in medicine. =Oxystelma= R. Br.

Corona simple. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 36

36. Corona-lobes united about to the middle. 37

Corona-lobes free or united at the base only. Staminal tube short or wanting. 38

37. Sepals blunt. Corolla rotate, yellowish; segments velvety within, with distinctly contorted aestivation. Corona of 10 lobes, the alternating 2-cleft. Anthers without an apical appendage. Stigmatic head with 5 small points at the angles. Twining shrubs. Leaves wanting. Flowers small, in few-flowered umbels.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Vohemaria= Buchen.

Sepals pointed, with numerous glands within. Corolla almost campanulate; segments glabrous within, with subvalvate aestivation. Corona of 5 lobes. Staminal column long. Stigmatic head flat or slightly concave, 5-lobed. Mericarps short and thick. Erect shrubs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in many-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Nile-lands and Sahara. Used medicinally,. (Under Cynanchum L.) =Solenostemma= Hayne

38. Corona inserted at the base of the corolla. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. 39

Corona inserted below the sinuses of the corolla. Calyx with 5 glands at the base. Flowers in umbel-like inflorescences. Erect herbs. 41

39. Corolla-tube longer than the segments. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes strap-shaped, gibbous outside. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the island of Madeira. =Araujia= Brot.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Herbs or undershrubs. 40

40. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes petal-like. Twining undershrubs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Prosopostelma= Baill.

Calyx with 5 glands inside. Corona-lobes not petal-like. Mericarps thick, prickly. Erect or procumbent, downy or cottony plants.--Species 7. Central Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. =Glossonema= Decne.

41. Corona-lobes bristle-like, curved. Corolla with linear divisions. Stigmatic head elongate-conical. Leaves linear. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under Glossonema Decne.) =Conomitra= Fenzl

Corona-lobes broad. Corolla with lanceolate or ovate divisions. Leaves lanceolate or oblong. 42

42. Stigmatic head elongate-conical, 2-cleft, projecting beyond the anther-appendages.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Parapodium E. Mey.) =Rhombonema= Schlecht.

Stigmatic head obtuse-subconical, not projecting beyond the anther-appendages.--Species 2. South Africa. =Parapodium= E. Mey.

43. (34.) Corona-lobes united more or less, usually high up. Corolla with contorted, rarely with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe CYNANCHINAE.] 44

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining or shrubby. [Subtribe ASCLEPIADINAE]. 60

44. Corona double. 45

Corona simple, but sometimes with small accessory teeth between or within the lobes. 51

45. Leaves reduced to scales or absent. Flowers in umbels or fascicles. Twining or procumbent shrubs. 46

Leaves well developed. 49

46. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft to the middle, with valvate aestivation. Outer corona cupular, entire or lobed. 47

Corolla divided beyond the middle, with contorted aestivation, small, white or yellow. 48

47. Corolla shortly lobed, large, red. Outer corona entire or obscurely lobed. Stigmatic head 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Platykeleba= N. E. Brown

Corolla cleft to the middle. Outer corona distinctly lobed. Stigmatic head entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Decanemopsis= Cost. & Gall.

48. Outer corona of 5 long lobes united below, awl-shaped above. Corolla yellow. Mericarps very long.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mauritius. Used medicinally. =Decanema= Decne.

Outer corona short, ring-or cup-shaped, entire or shortly lobed.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. The stem and the milky juice of some species are edible or used medicinally; they also yield resin. (Including Sarcocyphula Harv.) =Sarcostemma= R. Br.

49. Outer corona lobed; lobes of the inner spurred. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla white or greenish, woolly. Twining shrubs. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.--Species 5. Used as medicinal and fibre-plants. (Pergularia L.) =Daemia= R. Br.

Outer corona nearly entire. Leaves linear, oblong, or ovate. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or fascicles. 50

50. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top and surrounded by a short 5-lobed cup. Erect shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 1. East Africa. =Diplostigma= K. Schum.

Sepals elliptical, with minute glands at the base. Stigmatic head without a distinct boss. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn.

51. (44.) Corona much lower than the stamens. 52

Corona equalling or exceeding the stamens. 54

52. Corona fleshy, crenate. Stigmatic head capitate, papillose. Mericarps linear. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Nanostelma= Baill.

Corona membranous, lobed. Stigmatic head with a boss or beak. Twining or procumbent undershrubs or shrubs. 53

53. Corolla campanulate. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers. Stigmatic head with a long, 2-lobed beak. Twining undershrubs. Leaves small. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pleurostelma= Baill.

Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head with a boss or a short beak. Twining or procumbent shrubs. Leaves none. Flowers in umbels. (See 48.) =Sarcostemma= R. Br.

54. Corona very large, campanulate, corolla-like. Stigmatic head conical. Corolla campanulate; lobes rolled back at the edge. Twining shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under Cynanchum L.) =Perianthostelma= Baill.

Corona not corolla-like. 55

55. Corona with concave or laterally compressed lobes. Herbs or undershrubs. 56

Corona with flat, but sometimes appendaged lobes, or entire. 58

56. Corona-lobes obviously united below, concave, 10. Stigmatic head pyramidal. Sepals blunt, without glands. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Cynanchum L.) =Flanagania= Schlecht.

Corona-lobes nearly free. Stigmatic head rounded or produced into a boss at the top. Sepals pointed, with small glands at the base. Flowers in umbels or racemes. Stem twining. 57

57. Corolla with broad divisions. Corona-lobes with an inflexed apical appendage. Leaves broad. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 5. South and Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. =Pentarrhinum= E. Mey.

Corolla with narrow divisions. Corona-lobes laterally compressed. Flowers in few-flowered umbels. (See 50.) =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn.

58. Staminal column long. Corona-lobes 10-15. Sepals lanceolate-oblong, with basal glands. Corolla rotate. Erect shrubs. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under Cynanchum L. or Vincetoxicum Moench). =Schizostephanus= Hochst.

Staminal column short or wanting. 59

59. Sepals subulate, with solitary glands at the base. Corolla campanulate or urceolate; lobes pointed, fleshy at the sinuses. Corona entire or 5-lobed. Stigmatic head lengthened, mushroom-shaped. Erect herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pycnoneurum= Decne.

Sepals lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in umbel-or raceme-like inflorescences.--Species 40. Some of them yield fibre, poison, or medicaments. (Including Cynoctonum E. Mey., Endotropis Endl., and Vincetoxicum Moench) =Cynanchum= L.

60. (43.) Corona-lobes distinctly concave, more or less hood-shaped. Erect plants. 61

Corona-lobes flat or rather flat, sometimes keeled. 66

61. Pollen-carriers with very large, broad and concave arms. Stigmatic head more or less ruminate. Sepals pointed, with numerous basal glands. Corolla rotate. Corona-lobes not spurred. Herbs. Leaves narrow. Inflorescences umbel-like.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. (Under Asclepias L.) =Stathmostelma= K. Schum.

Pollen-carriers with narrow and flat arms. Stigmatic head not ruminate. 62

62. Corona-lobes with a recurved spur at the base and two teeth at the apex. Anthers stalked. Stigmatic head depressed. Sepals pointed, with many glands at the base. Corolla green outside, red within. Mericarps inflated. Leaves broad. Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Central and North Africa. They yield a kind of rubber, bast-fibre, vegetable silk, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. =Calotropis= R. Br.

Corona-lobes not spurred. 63

63. Corona lobes with a more or less horn-like appendage arising from the cavity. Sepals pointed, with solitary or paired glands at the base. Corolla rotate. Mericarps thick. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescences umbel-like.--Species 40. Central and South Africa; besides one species naturalized in the tropics. Some species yield rubber, fibre from the bark, vegetable silk from the hairy seeds, or medicaments; several serve as ornamental plants. =Asclepias= L.

Corona-lobes without an appendage in the cavity, but sometimes with scale-or tooth-like appendages at the base. 64

64. Corona-lobes without appendages or alternating with small teeth. Sepals pointed, with basal glands. Stigmatic head usually flat.--Species 110. Some of them yield vegetable silk or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Krebsia Harv. and Pachycarpus E. Mey., under Asclepias L.) =Gomphocarpus= L.

Corona-lobes with rather large scale-like appendages at the base. Sepals without basal glands. Herbs. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences. 65

65. Corona-lobes curved inwards, attached to the stamens only by their basal appendages. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Leaves ovate.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Woodia= Schlecht.

Corona-lobes erect-connivent, inserted on the stamens. Stigmatic head elevate-conical, 2-lobed. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate; segments with recurved tips. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Schizoglossum E. Mey.) =Stenostelma= Schlecht.

66. (60.) Corona of 3 rows of 5 lobes each; those of the middle row 3-lobed or 3-parted. Corolla rotate; segments narrowly overlapping in the bud. Sepals with basal glands. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or corymbs. Erect or more frequently procumbent herbs or undershrubs. 67

Corona simple. 68

67. Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Mericarps triangular, ending in three spines. Seeds glabrous. Branches long. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Delagoa Bay). (Lobostephanus N. E. Brown). =Emicocarpus= K. Schum. & Schlecht.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Branches short. Leaves linear-filiform or linear-hastate.--Species 5. South Africa. =Eustegia= R. Br.

68. Corona-lobes petal-like, coloured, larger than the corolla-lobes, spatulate. Divisions of the corolla usually rolled back. Sepals with many glands at the base. Stigmatic head flat or short-conical. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers in umbels.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Margaretta= Oliv.

Corona-lobes not petal-like. 69

69. Corona-lobes very thick and fleshy, more rarely moderately fleshy, and then without an appendage and without a keel or with a single keel on the inner face, but sometimes alternating with small teeth. Stigmatic head low. Erect plants. 70

Corona-lobes thin, rarely somewhat fleshy, but then with 2 keels or 1-2 appendages on the inner face. Herbs or undershrubs. 71

70. Stem woody. Leaves narrow, with minute bristles in their axils. Flowers in sometimes very short racemes. Sepals with basal glands. Corolla campanulate, cleft to the middle or beyond; segments woolly within.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Kanahia= R. Br.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, tuberous under ground. Flowers in umbels. Corolla divided nearly to the base.--Species 45. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or are used in medicine. (Including Glossostelma Schlecht.) =Xysmalobium= R. Br.

71. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft half-way down. Sepals with glands at the base. Corona-lobes gibbous within. Stigmatic head truncate or umbonate. Stem twining. Flowers large, in axillary umbels or racemes. (See 34.) =Oxystelma= R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. 72

72. Stigmatic head produced much beyond the anthers into a long beak 2-lobed at the apex. Corona-lobes linear. Corolla-segments narrow. Sepals awl-shaped, without glands. Flowers in lateral cymes or racemes. Leaves linear. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. (Oncinema Arn.) =Glossostephanus= E. Mey.

Stigmatic head not or slightly projecting beyond the anthers. Sepals with glands at the base. Flowers in umbels. Stem erect, rarely procumbent. 73

73. Stigmatic head club-shaped. Corona-lobes somewhat fleshy, with a transverse ridge or a short scale on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate, with solitary glands. Inflorescences many-flowered. Leaves linear.--Species 5. South Africa and Southern East Africa. (Including Periglossum Decne.) =Cordylogyne= E. Mey.

Stigmatic head truncate or depressed and usually umbonate. 74

74. Inflorescences terminal. Sepals with many glands at the base. Corolla white, with long hairs on the edges of the segments. Connective fringed. Corona-lobes purple, with two linear appendages at the base, but without keels. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Fanninia= Harv.

Inflorescences lateral or terminal and lateral. Corona-lobes usually with 2 keels on the inner face.--Species 120. South and Central Africa (Including Aspidoglossum E. Mey., Lagarinthus E. Mey., and Mackenia Harv.) =Schizoglossum= E. Mey.

75. (29.) Pollen-masses 2 in each anther-half (4 on each pollen-carrier), very small. Pollen-carriers very small, broad, pale, rather soft. Anthers with a more or less fringed appendage at the top. Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. [Tribe SECAMONEAE.] 76

Pollen-masses solitary in each anther-half (2 on each pollen-carrier). Pollen-carriers hard, horny, usually of a dark colour. [Tribe TYLOPHOREAE.] 78

76. Pollen-carriers with well developed, narrow arms. Corolla yellow, urceolate, with short triangular lobes. Sepals oval.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields rubber. =Secamonopsis= Jum.

Pollen-carriers with short and broad or indistinct arms. Corolla rotate. 77

77. Stem erect, shrubby. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. Corolla adnate to the ovary at the base; segments very long, spatulate. Corona-lobes 5, filiform. Pollen-carriers without distinct arms.--Species 1. Madagascar. Poisonous. =Menabea= Baill.

Stem twining or procumbent, shrubby or half-shrubby.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.) =Secamone= R. Br.

78. Anthers with a distinct, membranous, flat or inflated appendage at the apex. Corolla usually with contorted aestivation. [Subtribe MARSDENIINAE.] 79

Anthers with a very short appendage or a small point, or without any appendage at the apex. Corolla nearly always with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe CEROPEGIINAE.] 93

79. Corona absent. Sepals blunt, with solitary glands. Shrubs. 80

Corona present. 81

80. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered. Corolla campanulate, woolly within; segments overlapping to the right. Stigmatic head obtuse-conical. Mericarps short, thick, covered with longitudinal ridges. Branches erect or procumbent, downy. Leaves fleshy, linear.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony.) =Rhyssolobium= E. Mey.

Inflorescence many-flowered. Sepals unequal. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left. Apical appendages of the anthers ciliate-laciniate. Stigmatic head hemispheric or conical. Mericarps long, smooth. Branches twining, glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Trichosandra= Decne.

81. Corona arising from the corolla below its sinuses and consisting of 5 scales. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate. Twining, hairy shrubs. Leaves ovate. Flowers small, in umbels.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. Yields fibre. =Gymnema= R. Br.

Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. 82

82. Corona double. Twining shrubs. Leaves herbaceous. 83

Corona simple; lobes in one row, but sometimes furnished with appendages on the inner face. 85

83. Outer and inner corona arising from the staminal column and consisting of 5 scales each. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Swynnertonia= S. Moore

Outer corona arising from the corolla, the inner from the stamens. 84

84. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Inner corona ring-shaped, slightly lobed. Pollen-masses horizontal. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Oncostemma= K. Schum.

Sepals ovate or subulate. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. Inner corona of oblong lobes. Pollen-masses erect. Flowers in globose, axillary, partly stalked, partly sessile umbels.--Species 2. West Africa. =Anisopus= N. E. Brown

85. Corona-lobes united high up, usually numerous. Anthers with a large inflated appendage. Pollen-masses flat and thin. Pollen-carriers very small, without distinct arms. Sepals lanceolate, with small solitary glands. Corolla rotate. Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers solitary or in fascicle-or corymb-like cymes.--Species 10. Southern and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. =Fockea= Endl.

Corona-lobes free or united at the base, 5, but sometimes appendaged. 86

86. Corona-lobes with a narrow appendage on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate, with solitary glands. Corolla salver-shaped. Mericarps thick. Twining shrubs. Flowers in dense umbels or racemes.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (Prageluria N. E. Brown, under Pergularia L.) =Telosma= Coville

Corona-lobes without an appendage on the inner face, but sometimes with a small, usually tubercle-like appendage at the base of the back. 87

87. Corona-lobes united at the base, linear, erect. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla with linear segments recurved from the base. Stigmatic head truncate. Mericarps slender. Erect herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves linear. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. Southeast Africa to Rhodesia. The tubers are edible. =Macropetalum= Burch.

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Twining plants, rarely erect shrubs or herbs without a tuberous rootstock. 88

88. Corona-lobes spreading, linear. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head flat or umbonate. Mericarps thick, villous. Twining, tomentose shrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers in cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pervillaea= Decne.

Corona-lobes spreading and tubercle-shaped, or erect, or converging. 89

89. Pollen-masses very small, disc-shaped. Corona-lobes short, usually tubercle-like. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head more or less flattened and usually provided with a central boss at the top. Mericarps slender.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Tylophora= R. Br.

Pollen-masses large or rather large, usually pear-shaped. Mericarps usually thick. 90

90. Filaments united at the base, free above. Stigmatic head produced into a long beak. Ovary glabrous. Sepals oblong or ovate, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate. Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under Secamone R. Br. or Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.) =Rhynchostigma= Benth.

Filaments united up to the anthers. 91

91. Anther-appendages cohering into a long tube. Stigmatic head beaked. Ovary hairy. Sepals elliptical, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate, with linear segments. Twining shrubs. Leaves elliptical, herbaceous. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under Marsdenia R. Br.) =Traunia= K. Schum.

Anther-appendages not cohering into a tube. 92

92. Sepals large, without glands. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped; tube widened below. Stigmatic head conical. Twining shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers large, in umbels.--Species 5. Madagascar. They are used as ornamental plants, and the hairs of the seeds as vegetable silk. =Stephanotis= Thouars Sepals small, usually with glands. Leaves herbaceous. Flowers small or of moderate size.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield rubber or serve as vegetables. (Including Dregea E. Mey. and Pterygocarpus Hochst.) =Marsdenia= R. Br.

93. (78.) Stem cactus-like, thick and fleshy, with 4 or more angles or rows of tubercles, usually low. Leaves more or less rudimentary or wanting. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, fleshy. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla-segments very rarely coherent at the tip. Stigmatic head flat or ending in a small boss. 94

Stem herbaceous or woody, rarely (Ceropegia) fleshy, but then leafy or obscurely 3-angled and corolla-segments cohering at the tip, at least when young. 106

94. Branches divided by longitudinal and transverse furrows into several-ranked areas, not spiny nor bristly. Corolla rotate or campanulate, cleft to the middle. Corona-lobes 5 or 10, united at the base.--Species 7. East Africa. =Echidnopsis= Hook. fil.

Branches angled or tubercled, but not divided into areas, usually spiny or bristly. 95

95. Branches with more than 6 angles or rows of tubercles, rarely with 6; in this case with 3-parted spines. 96

Branches with 4, more rarely with 5 or 6 angles or rows of tubercles. Spines or other appendages of the tubercles simple. 98

96. Spines 3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large. Corolla tube-or funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Corona double, the outer divided into 10 filiform segments terminating in knobs.--Species 2. South Africa and southern West Africa. (Tavaresia Welw.) =Decabelone= Decne.

Spines simple or absent. Corolla saucer-or cup-shaped. Outer corona of 5 two-lobed or two-parted pointed lobes or indistinct. 97

97. Tubercles of the stem united into continuous angles, spiny. Flowers large. Corolla slightly lobed.--Species 10. South and Central Africa. =Hoodia= Sweet

Tubercles of the stem not confluent. Flowers rather small. Corolla lobed to about halfway.--Species 12. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Trichocaulon= N. E. Brown

98. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip. Corona double.--Species 5. South Africa. Used as vegetables. =Pectinaria= Haw.

Corolla-segments free at the tip. 99

99. Corona simple, of 5 lobes. 100

Corona double or triple. 101

100. Sepals large. Corolla campanulate, divided half-way down, hairy, inside red mottled with yellow. Corona-lobes thick, without a dorsal crest:--Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. (Huerniopsis N. E. Brown). =Huerniopsis= N. E. Brown

Sepals small. Corolla rotate or campanulate, divided to beyond the middle. Corona-lobes with a dorsal transverse crest at the base.--Species 10. South Africa. =Piaranthus= R. Br.

101. Third (outermost) corona corolla-like, arising from the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla campanulate, hairy.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Diplocyathus= N. E. Brown

Third (outermost) corona not corolla-like, arising from the throat of the corolla, or wanting. 102

102. Second (intermediate) corona disc-shaped, entire; third (outermost) ring-shaped. Corolla rotate.--Species 20. South Africa to Lake Ngami. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Duvalia= Haw.

Second (intermediate or outer) corona ring-or cup-shaped and more or less deeply divided. 103

103. Corolla with accessory teeth between the lobes, campanulate, more or less distinctly lobed or cleft.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Huernia R. Br.) =Huernia= R. Br.

Corolla without accessory teeth between the lobes. 104

104. Corolla campanulate with broad lobes or rotate; in the latter case (as usually) outer corona divided to the base. Stem with soft spines or teeth, or without any. Flowers usually large, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in clusters.--Species 100. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Podanthes Decne.) =Stapelia= L.

Corolla campanulate with narrow lobes or rotate; in the latter case outer corona nearly entire or more or less deeply divided, but not to the base. 105

105. Inner corona-lobes bent inwards and broadened at the tip, beset with short spines on the back; outer short, united at the base. Corolla purple-brown, rotate, cleft half-way down, bearing club-shaped hairs. Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. Stem with hard, usually brown spines.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Edithcolea= N. E. Brown

Inner corona-lobes not broadened at the tip. Flowers of moderate size. Stem with soft, green spines or teeth.--Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental plants, or as vegetables, others are poisonous. (Including Apteranthes Mik. and Boucerosia Wight et Arn.) =Caralluma= R. Br.

106. (93.) Corolla tubular, rarely funnel-or salver-shaped; tube long and narrow, usually widened at the base; lobes usually cohering at the tip, at least when young. Flowers large or of moderate size, very rarely small. Herbs or undershrubs. 107

Corolla rotate or campanulate; tube short or rather long but wide; lobes rarely cohering at the tip. 109

107. Calyx without glands at the base. Corona of 5 lobes. Anthers with a small appendage at the apex. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes. Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (Barrowia Decne.) =Orthanthera= Wight

Calyx with glands at the base. Corolla more or less tubular; lobes cohering at the tip, at least in bud. Corona double, rarely simple, but then anthers without an apical appendage. 108

108. Corona double, the inner with short lobes. Anthers with a small appendage at the apex. Mericarps constricted between the seeds. Twining plants with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers long-stalked, in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles.--Species 8. South and East Africa. =Riocreuxia= Decne.

Corona double, the inner with long lobes, or simple. Anthers without an apical appendage. Mericarps not constricted. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, umbels, or racemes; if in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles, then short-stalked.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some species have edible tubers or stems, or serve as ornamental plants. =Ceropegia= L.

109. Corona of 5 lobes inserted on the corolla beneath the sinuses, sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal column. Anthers sometimes with a short apical appendage. Corolla hairy. Sepals ovate, without glands. Shrubs, sometimes leafless. Flowers small.--Species 6. Tropics, Sahara, and Egypt. Some species yield fibre. =Leptadenia= R. Br.

Corona inserted on the stamens. 110

110. Corona simple. 111

Corona double or triple. 114

111. Corona of 10 lobes united below. Sepals with glands at the base. Corolla almost rotate, deeply divided. Stigmatic head depressed. Erect herbs. Leaves broad. Flowers very small.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Natal). (Under Brachystelma R. Br.) =Aulostephanus= Schlecht.

Corona of 5 free lobes. 112

112. Corolla rotate. Sepals with glands at the base. Pollen-masses minute, orbicular. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Twining plants. (See 89.) =Tylophora= R. Br.

Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate. Erect herbs or undershrubs. 113

113. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stigmatic head flat. Leaves oblong or elliptic.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. =Sphaerocodon= Benth.

Sepals without glands. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Leaves linear.--Species 10. South Africa. =Sisyranthus= E. Mey.

114. Corona 3-ranked, the outermost lobes reflexed, the others erect, the innermost the largest. Corolla campanulate, deeply divided. Twining plants. Flowers in racemes, on long pedicels.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Neoschumannia= Schlecht.

Corona 2-ranked. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining, but then flowers in fascicles. 115

115. Inner corona-lobes broad, shorter than the outer. 116

Inner corona-lobes narrow, longer than the outer. 118

116. Outer corona cupular, entire; inner of 5 small lobes. Corolla campanulate, blackish-red, hairy within, with valvate aestivation. Flowers solitary, small. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Amboland). =Craterostemma= K. Schum.

Outer corona divided into 10 lobes. Flowers usually fascicled. 117

117. Corolla rotate, with valvate aestivation. Stem branched. Flowers small.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under Anisotome Fenzl or Brachystelma R. Br.) =Decaceras= Harv.

Corolla rotate-campanulate, with contorted aestivation. Stem simple.--Species 5. South and East Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br. or Tenaris E. Mey.) =Lasiostelma= Benth.

118. Outer corona-lobes 5, entire or 2-cleft. 119

Outer corona-lobes 10, free from each other or nearly so. Pollen-masses disciform. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or umbellate. 123

119. Corolla campanulate. Roots spindle-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers solitary or fascicled.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br., Dichaelia Harv., or Lasiostelma Benth.) =Brachystelmaria= Schlecht.

Corolla rotate. Roots fibrous, somewhat fleshy. 120

120. Stem erect, arising from a tuber. Leaves linear. Flowers usually in racemes or panicles, rather large. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers usually with a short appendage at the apex.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. =Tenaris= E. Mey.

Stem prostrate or twining. Leaves oblong or ovate. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. Anthers without an appendage. 121

121. Leaves ovate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small. Corolla yellow, with ovate segments. Stem prostrate, springing from a tuber.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br.) =Tapeinostelma= Schlecht.

Leaves cordate. Flowers in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. 122

122. Stem prostrate. Flowers small. Corolla-segments oblong-linear. Inner corona-lobes subulate.--Species 2. South Africa. (Lophostephus Harv.) =Anisotome= Fenzl

Stem twining. Inner corona-lobes oblong or linear-oblong.--Species 2. South Africa. =Emplectanthus= N. E. Brown

123. Outer corona-lobes erect. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip.--Species 15. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br.) =Dichaelia= Harv.

Outer corona-lobes spreading. Corolla-segments free at the tip.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. (Including Micraster Harv.) =Brachystelma= R. Br.

ORDER TUBIFLORAE

SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE

FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales, exstipulate, rarely (Ipomoea) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely (Humbertia) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.--Genera 34, species 450. (Plate 131.)

1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining. Leaves reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles. Corolla imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted, without cotyledons.--Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds, several are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.] =Cuscuta= L.

Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely (Cressa) imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or slightly curved, with 2 cotyledons. 2

2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit 1-seeded, ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (Nephrophyllum A. Rich.) =Hygrocharis= Hochst.

Calyx distinctly developed. 3

3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the lobes of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary. Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.] 4

Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (Rapona) united below, but then ovules 2, style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining. 5

4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly free. Leaves kidney-shaped.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Dichondra= Forst.

Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently united below.--Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia. =Falkia= L. f.

5. Styles 2, free or united below. 6

Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single stigma. 16

6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Twining shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.] 7

Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads. Ovules 4. [Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.] 10

7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with plicate aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc large, cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rapona= Baill.

Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the base. 8

8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style 2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Dipteropeltis= Hallier

Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas capitate or peltate. 9

9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit much enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud. Ovary incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.--Species 2. West Africa. =Neuropeltis= Wall.

Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the fruit. Stigmas capitate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Porana= Burm.

10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply cleft. Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves. 11

Flowers hermaphrodite. 12

11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much larger than the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.--Species 4. Northern East Africa. =Hildebrandtia= Vatke

Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base. Seeds 2. Branches stiff.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Cladostigma= Radlk.

12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves small.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. =Evolvulus= L.

Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs. 13

13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals subequal. Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit 1-seeded. Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers in terminal spikes.--Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cressa= L.

Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded in bud. 14

14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous, broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more or less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs. Leaves small.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Breweria R. Br.) =Seddera= Hochst.

Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves large or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. 15

15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat smaller, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit 4-seeded.--Species 10. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.) =Bonamia= Thouars Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the outer, enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell-or pitcher-shaped. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 12. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.) =Prevostea= Choisy

16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than the inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cardiochlamys= Oliv.

Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more. 17

17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much exserted. Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber. =Humbertia= Lam.

Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 18

18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included. Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.] 19

Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves. 26

19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition. 20

Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Merremia) 4-celled. 22

20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Hyalocystis= Hallier

Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved. 21

21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves ovate-cordate. Bracts small.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Shutereia Choisy). =Hewittia= Wight & Arn.

Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.--Species 5. North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Convolvulus L.) =Calystegia= R. Br.

22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without well-defined midpetaline areas.--Species 70. Some of them yield an essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including Rhodorrhiza Webb et Berth.) =Convolvulus= L.

Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose. 23

23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla with well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or reddish. Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs or under-shrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 131.) =Jacquemontia= Choisy

Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow. 24

24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and decurrent on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, entire, hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc obscure. Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under Ipomoea L.) =Aniseia= Choisy

Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like. 25

25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without dark lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.--Species 6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Merremia Dennst. or Ipomoea L.) =Operculina= Manso

Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a substitute for coffee. (Under Convolvulus L. or Ipomoea L.) =Merremia= Dennst.

26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty rind, indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical. Disc cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.] 27

Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing by 4-6 valves, rarely (Ipomoea) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.] 29

27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas 1-2, globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. =Argyreia= Lour.

Fruit dry. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or elliptical. 28

28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds glabrous.--Species 10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands. (Including Legendrea Webb, under Ipomoea L.) =Rivea= Choisy

Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by the adnate sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 4. Tropics. (Under Argyreia Lour., Rivea Choisy, or Ipomoea L.) =Stictocardia= Hallier

29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly lobed. Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes. 30

Filaments without a scale at the base. 31

30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved. Seed-coat granular. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lepistemonopsis= Dammer

Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat smooth. Flowers small.--Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to cattle. =Lepistemon= Blume

31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red or violet. Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. =Astrochlaena= Hallier

Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs. 32

32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit. Sepals cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular, salver-shaped, white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose. Seeds glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.--Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the young seeds are edible. (Under Ipomoea L.) =Calonyction= Choisy

Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit. 33

33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually somewhat irregular. Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds glabrous or downy. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately dissected. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and in South Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under Ipomoea L.) =Quamoclit= Tourn.

Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and salver-shaped. Corolla regular.--Species 220. Some of them (especially the sweet potato, I. Batatas Lam.) yield edible tubers from which also starch and brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder, and medicaments, others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing sand-dunes, or as ornamental plants. (Including Batatas Choisy and Pharbitis Choisy). =Ipomoea= L.

SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE

FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow, imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4 valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa.

Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from the pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous plants.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.] =Hydrolea= L.

Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below. Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery. Spinous plants.--Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe PHACELIEAE.] =Codon= L.

FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE

Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (Coldenia) 2 free styles. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, rarely (Wellstedia) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 37, species 370. (ASPERIFOLIACEAE.) (Plate 132.)

1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent drupe-like and entire. 2

Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily =BORRAGINOIDEAE=.] 9

2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 132.) [Subfamily =CORDIOIDEAE=.] =Cordia= L.

Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets, rarely a capsule. 3

3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. [Subfamily =HELIOTROPIOIDEAE=.] 4

Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire. 5

4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Tournefortia= L.

Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.--Species 60. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Messerschmiedia DC.) =Heliotropium= L.

5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous. Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Wellstedia= Balf. fil.

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily =EHRETIOIDEAE=.] 6

6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs. 7

Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles. 8

7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike like.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Poskea= Vatke

Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, corymb-like.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhabdia= Mart.

8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. =Ehretia= L.

Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Coldenia= L.

9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar receptacle by the ventral face.--Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe HARPAGONELLEAE.] =Rochelia= Reichb.

Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 10

10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.] 11

Flowers regular. 14

11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs. 12

Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle. 13

12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems and leaves clothed with white bristles.--Species 1. North Africa to Nubia. =Echiochilon= Desf.

Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under Lobostemon Lehm.) =Leurocline= S. Moore

13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost regular.--Species 50. South Africa. =Lobostemon= Lehm.

Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the base.--Species 45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.” =Echium= L.

14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle (gynobase). 15

Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar receptacle (gynobase). 26

15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.] 16

Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.] 22

16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants. Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Cerinthe= L.

Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled. 17

17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.--Species 15. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.” =Myosotis= L.

Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation. 18

18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire. 19

Anthers blunt or shortly pointed. 20

19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Cystistemon= Balf. fil.

Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including Podonosma Guerke) =Onosma= L.

20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or violet. Style 2-4-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants. =Arnebia= Forsk.

Corolla-tube without a glandular ring. 21

21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. Low shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). =Sericostoma= Stocks

Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas 2, more or less distinct.--Species 15. South, North, and East Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.” =Lithospermum= L.

22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the fruit. Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style simple with a 2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa. =Nonnea= Medik.

Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire. 23

23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner face. Filaments appendaged on the back.--Species 2. North Africa. They are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.” =Borrago= L.

Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back. 24

24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with small scales in the lower part of the tube.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield a dye and medicaments. =Alkanna= Tausch.

Corolla with hollow scales at the throat. 25

25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very short.--Species 2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.” =Symphytum= L.

Corolla with short scales at the throat.--Species 15. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including Stomotechium Lehm.) =Anchusa= L.

26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.] 27

Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.] 31

27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as their ventral surface. 28

Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their ventral surface. Prostrate herbs. 29

28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.--Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Echinospermum Swartz) =Lappula= Moench

Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Megastoma Coss. et Durieu) =Eritrichium= Schrad.

29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. =Asperugo= L.

Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin. Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit. 30

30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a slightly projecting margin.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Bothriospermum= Bunge

Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed margin.--Species 1. Egypt. =Gastrocotyle= Bunge

31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit. 32

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface. 34

32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.--Species 2. North Africa. =Solenanthus= Ledeb.

Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. 33

33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.--Species 1. Naturalized in North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine. =Omphalodes= Moench

Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.--Species 20. Some of them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.” =Cynoglossum= L.

34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves opposite.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally. (Borraginoides Boerh., Pollichia Medik.) =Trichodesma= R. Br.

Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales inside. Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate. 35

35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Nutlets 1-3.--Species 1. South Africa. =Tysonia= Bolus

Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the tube. 36

36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. Style long. Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire margin.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.). =Rindera= Pall.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or violet.--Species 3. Egypt. =Paracaryum= Boiss.

SUBORDER VERBENINEAE

FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (Tectona) 5-6. Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely (Duranta) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight embryo.--Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)

1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules basal, inverted. 2

Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally or at the apex, straight or half-inverted. 15

2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear. Low shrubs. [Subfamily =STILBOIDEAE=.]. 3

Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily =VERBENOIDEAE=.] 7

3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed. 4

Corolla regular or nearly so. 5

4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.--Species 1. South Africa. =Xeroplana= Briq.

Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of four.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Eurylobium= Hochst.

5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Euthystachys= A. DC.

Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel. 6

6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.--Species 1. South Africa. =Campylostachys= Kunth

Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.--Species 5. South Africa. =Stilbe= Berg

7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.] 8

Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2-or 4-celled. 9

8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. Style-apex 2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.--Species 2. Islands of Madagascar and Socotra. =Coelocarpus= Balf. fil.

Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. Style-apex 4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits. =Duranta= L.

9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.] 10

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled, or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs. 14

10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx 5-ribbed and 5-toothed. 11

Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel. 12

11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. Corolla 2-lipped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Cape Verde Islands. =Ubochea= Baill.

Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.--Species 6, one of them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Valerianodes Medik.) =Stachytarpheta= Vahl

12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit dry. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. =Bouchea= Cham.

Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed. 13

13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.--Species 17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them (L. citriodora Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a substitute for tea. (Including Zapania Scop.) =Lippia= L.

Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.--Species 10, 7 natives of Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary Islands. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Lantana= L.

14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.--Species 1. East and South Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.] =Priva= Adans.

Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or scarcely enlarged calyx.--Species 4, two of them natives of North and East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.] =Verbena= L.

5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly equally 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.--Species 2. Shores of tropical and South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and medicaments. [Subfamily =AVICENNIOIDEAE=.] =Avicennia= L.

Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into mericarps. 16

16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Subfamily =CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE=.] =Varangevillea= Baill.

Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into mericarps. 17

17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx 10-ribbed, 5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily =CHLOANTHOIDEAE=, tribe ACHARITEAE.] 18

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =VITICOIDEAE=.] 19

18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube included. Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, 1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each bract.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Acharitea= Benth.

Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube exserted. Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, incompletely 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Nesogenes= A. DC.

19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves undivided. 20

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length. 21

20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 stones. Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.] =Callicarpa= L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a 4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal panicle.--Species 1 (T. grandis L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe TECTONEAE.] =Tectona= L.f.

21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided. 22

Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or stigma 2-cleft. 23

22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under Holmskioldia Retz) =Cyclocheilon= Oliv.

Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly transformed into spines.--Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under Clerodendron L.) =Kalaharia= Baill.

23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.] 24

Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.] 25

24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a curved tube and an oblique limb.--Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Clerodendron L. or Cyclonema Hochst.) =Holmskioldia= Retz

Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.--Species 130. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Cyclonema Hochst. and Siphonantha L.) (Plate 133.) =Clerodendron= L.

25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, or medicaments. =Premna= L.

Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 26

26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Adelosa= Baill.

Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 100. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments. =Vitex= L.

FAMILY 206. LABIATAE

Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral and half-inverted or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Cleonia) 4-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (Prasium) drupe-like. Seeds without albumen or with a very scanty albumen.--Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate 134.)

1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens ascending. Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. [Subfamily =AJUGOIDEAE=.] 2

Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes. 5

2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-lipped, 11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.] =Rosmarinus= L.

Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.] 3

3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red or violet, 2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, furnished with a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves entire.--Species 20. Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used medicinally. =Tinnea= Peyr. & Kotschy

Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the back, wingless. 4

4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the stamens.--Species 35. North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.” =Teucrium= L.

Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.--Species 9. North Africa, northern Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.” =Ajuga= L.

5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous endocarp. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. Stamens 4, ascending. Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls two-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. [Subfamily =PRASIOIDEAE=.] =Prasium= L.

Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like. 6

6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. Corolla 2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens 4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous with 2-celled anthers. Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. Style-branches unequal.--Species 10. Tropical and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily =SCUTELLARIOIDEAE=.] =Scutellaria= L.

Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not prolonged into a stalk. 7

7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. Calyx 13-15-nerved. Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.--Species 15. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” [Subfamily =LAVANDULOIDEAE=.] =Lavandula= L.

Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment. 8

8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly always entire. [Subfamily =OCIMOIDEAE=, tribe OCIMEAE.] 9

Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped with a 3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily =STACHYOIDEAE=] 34

9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or-cleft. Stamens 4. [Subtribe MOSCHOSMINAE.] 10

Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, pouch-, or boat-shaped. 20

10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. False whorls 6-flowered, spicately arranged.--Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). =Hyperaspis= Briq.

Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed filaments. 11

11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. (Under Ocimum L.) =Endostemon= N. E. Brown

Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 12

12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the tube. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. 13

Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or subequally 5-toothed. 16

13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, unappendaged. Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx. 14

Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched. 15

14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost equal-sided. Shrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Erythrochlamys= Guerke

Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. Disc one-sided.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Orthosiphon= Benth.

15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all unappendaged.--Species 9. Central and South Africa. (Under Ocimum L. or Orthosiphon Benth.) =Hemizygia= Briq.

Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially O. Basilicum L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. (Including Becium Lindl.) =Ocimum= L.

16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting calyx subequally 5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 7. South Africa. =Syncolostemon= E. Mey.

Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads. Flowers small. 17

17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without transverse ribs at the base.--Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Acrocephalus= Benth.

False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base. 18

18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Platostoma= Beauv.

Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed. 19

19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Geniosporum= Wall.

Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Basilicum Moench, including Iboza N. E. Brown). =Moschosma= Reichb.

20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, saccate, narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.--Species 6, two of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (Maesosphaerum P. Br.) [Subtribe HYPTIDINAE.] =Hyptis= Jacq.

Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe PLECTRANTHINAE.] 21

21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx berry-like. Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. The fruits are edible. =Hoslundia= Vahl

Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry. 22

22. Filaments free. 23

Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split behind. 27

23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.--Species 50. Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants. (Including Icomum Hua). =Aeolanthus= Mart.

Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base. 24

24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Under Plectranthus L’Hér.) =Burnatastrum= Briq.

Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved. 25

25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Alvesia= Welw.

Fruiting calyx not inflated. 26

26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls arranged in spikes. Herbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Pycnostachys= Hook.

Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or two-lipped. Disc one-sided.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants or for keeping off insects. (Including Germanea Lam. and Symphostemon Welw.) (Plate 134.) =Plectranthus= L’Hér.

27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs. 28

Staminal tube closed. 31

28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, net-veined. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. Leaves fleshy. False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Capitanya= Schweinf.

Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax racemes. 29

29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more flowers.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under Plectranthus L’Hér.) =Solenostemon= Schum. & Thonn.

Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 30

30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or whorled. False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.) =Plectranthus= L’Hér.

Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in axillary racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Englerastrum= Briq.

31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Coleus= Lour.

Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs. 32

32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting; lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence dense, paniculate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Anisochilus= Wall.

Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at the base. 33

33. Inflorescence lax, panicle-or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.--Species 3. West Africa. =Neomuellera= Briq.

Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth narrow.--Species 1. West Africa. =Leocus= A. Chev.

34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged connective. Stamens usually 2. 35

Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4. 37

35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx 13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. (Mahya Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.] =Sphacele= Benth.

Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped. 36

36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short connective. Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.] =Meriandra= Benth.

Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or less one-sided. Corolla 2-lipped.--Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.] =Salvia= L.

37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally 5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.] 38

Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening. 40

38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 3. East Africa. =Elsholtzia= Willd.

Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed. 39

39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. Corolla-lobes 4. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Pogostemon= Desf.

Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla-lobes 5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in paniculately arranged spikes.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Tetradenia= Benth.

40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.] 41

Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 present. 42

41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Cedronella= Moench

Anther-halves spreading.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Nepeta= L.

42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely lobed. Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.] 43

Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually projecting beyond the calyx. 45

43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Acrotome= Benth.

Nutlets rounded at the apex. 44

44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.--Species 9. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.” =Marrubium= L.

Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Leucophae Webb et Berth.) =Sideritis= L.

45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.] 46

Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less regular. Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.] 59

46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves separate, divergent. Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.] 47

Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe LAMIINAE.] 48

47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts narrow, awned.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cleonia= L.

Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when wet. Bracts broad.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. (Prunella L.) =Brunella= L.

48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than the anterior. Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or undershrubs. 49

Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous. 51

49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx with 8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves toothed.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Leonotis= Pers.

Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one. 50

50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided. False whorls 6-or more-flowered, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Phlomis= L.

Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. Corolla white or red.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. (Including Lasiocorys Benth.) =Leucas= R. Br.

51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided. 52

Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex. 55

52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). (Under Tinnaea Peyr. et Kotschy). =Renschia= Vatke

Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs. 53

53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.--Species 1. North Africa (Tunisia). =Moluccella= L.

Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red. 54

54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc equal-sided.--Species 2. One a native of North Africa, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. =Leonurus= L.

Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves finally spreading.--Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.” =Lamium= L.

55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.--Species 15. Tropics. =Achyrospermum= Wall.

Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent. 56

56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc equal-sided. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Herbs.--Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. =Anisomeles= R. Br.

Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more or less hairy. 57

57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt. =Otostegia= Benth.

Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a 3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip. 58

58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.--Species 7. North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. =Ballota= L.

Calyx tube-or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.--Species 80. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for cattle. (Including Betonica L.) =Stachys= L.

59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe MELISSINAE.] 60

Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent. 63

60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally two-cleft. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 3. North Africa. =Ziziphora= L.

Stamens 4. 61

61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. “Balm.” =Melissa= L.

Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 62

62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False whorls 4-6-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under Satureia L.) =Saccocalyx= Coss.

Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.--Species 45. Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Calamintha Moench, Clinopodium L., and Micromeria Benth.) =Satureia= L.

63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish or white, 2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. False whorls 6-or more-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and medicaments. [Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.] =Hyssopus= L.

Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards from the base. 64

64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe THYMINAE.] 65

Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe MENTHINAE.] 69

65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire. 66

Calyx equally 5-toothed. 68

66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves spreading. Herbs. Bracts suborbicular.--Species 1 (M. hortensis Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of snuff, and in medicine. “Marjoram.” (Under Origanum L.) =Majorana= Moench

Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. 67

67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink; tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls 6-flowered, in heads.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under Thymus L.) =Coridothymus= Reichb. fil.

Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. Anthers with a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally 2-cleft.--Species 20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental plants. “Thyme.” =Thymus= L.

68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil. =Origanum= L.

Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel halves. Shrubs.--Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Bystropogon= L’Hér.

69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally 5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves toothed. False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Lycopus= L.

Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex. 70

70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the flowers.--Species 1. North-West Africa. Used medicinally. =Preslia= Opiz

Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like process on the back. Bracteoles small.--Species 9. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species (especially M. piperita L., peppermint) yield condiments, medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.” =Mentha= L.

SUBORDER SOLANINEAE

FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE

Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (Solanum) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (Capsicum) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 16, species 220. (Including ATROPACEAE.) (Plate 135.)

1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or yellow, tube-or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.] =Schwenkia= L.

Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4. 2

2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers solitary, large. 3

Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation. 4

3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (Pentagonia Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.] =Nicandra= Adams

Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.--Species 5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.” (Including Brugmansia Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.] =Datura= L.

4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.] 5

Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.] 6

5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.--Species 2. Naturalized in several islands. Ornamental and medicinal plants. [Subtribe CESTRINAE.] =Cestrum= L.

Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose, raceme-or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield tobacco (especially from N. tabacum L. and rustica L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.] =Nicotiana= L.

6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 8. North and Central Africa. They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.” [Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.] =Hyoscyamus= L.

Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or rotate. 7

7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft. Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.] =Mandragora= Juss.

Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well developed. Leaves alternate. 8

8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters. Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.] 9

Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.] 12

9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed. Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Triguera= Cav.

Corolla regular. Fruit succulent. 10

10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.--Species 25. Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or in medicine. =Lycium= L.

Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose. 11

11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud. Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs. Flowers in clusters.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 135.) =Discopodium= Hochst.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (A. Belladonna L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and medicaments. =Atropa= L.

12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences.--Species 150; three of them (S. tuberosum L., potato, S. Melongena L., egg-plant, and S. Lycopericum L., tomato) only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or hedge-plants; some are poisonous. (Including Lycopersicum Mill. and Normania Lowe). =Solanum= L.

Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 13

13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. Shrubs.--Species 6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates milk. (Physaloides Moench). =Withania= Pauq.

Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary. 14

14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.” =Capsicum= L.

Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit. 15

15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves undivided, covered with dense hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. =Melissea= Hook.

Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet. Herbs.--Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.” =Physalis= L.

FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens 2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled or (Bowkeria) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved embryo, rarely (Dintera) exalbuminous.--Genera 107, species 1150. (Including SELAGINEAE.) (Plate 136.)

1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by one or both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily =RHINANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral lobes in the bud. 45

2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip. Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Herbs. Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. [Tribe RHINANTHEAE.] 3

Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed. 8

3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.” =Euphrasia= L.

Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins. 4

4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, narrow. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). “Lousewort.” =Pedicularis= L.

Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 5

5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds ribbed.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under Bartsia L.) =Odontites= Pers.

Ovules many, horizontal. 6

6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule broad. Corolla blue or red.--Species 8. Central and North-west Africa. (Bartsia L.) =Bartschia= L.

Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red. 7

7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.--Species 2. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (Trixago Stev., under Bartsia L.) =Bellardia= All.

Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.--Species 3. North Africa. (Eufragia Griseb., under Bartsia L.) =Parentucellia= Viv.

8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely (Strigina) 2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe GERARDIEAE.] 9

Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.] 36

9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens. 10

Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and barren. 17

10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.--Species 5. South Africa. =Hyobanche= Thunb.

Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with well-developed leaves. 11

11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 12

Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal. 14

12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Eylesia= S. Moore

Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved. 13

13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under Buchnera L.) =Stellularia= Benth.

Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Buchnera L.) =Buechnera= L.

14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 15

Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved. 16

15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.--Species 3. East Africa. =Cycniopsis= Engl.

Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds. =Striga= Lour.

16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not beaked.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Cycnium= E. Mey.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely globose and not beaked.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Rhamphicarpa= Benth.

17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so. 18

Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile. 27

18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish. 19

Leaves well developed, green. 20

19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very small.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tetraspidium= Bak.

Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. (Aulaya Harv.) =Harveya= Hook.

20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren ones filiform. Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Strigina= Engl.

Fertile stamens 4. 21

21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided. 22

Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; in this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs. 23

22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Ghikaea= Schweinf. & Volk.

Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. East Africa. =Pseudosopubia= Engl.

23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Hiernia= S. Moore

Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly developed barren cell. 24

24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly imperceptible, of the shorter awn-or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Climbing undershrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. =Buttonia= Mac Ken

Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs. 25

25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a broad limb. Stem erect.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Sopubia= Hamilt.

Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow limb. 26

26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided, broad, coarsely toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. =Thunbergianthus= Engl.

Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Baumia= Engl. & Gilg

27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx. 28

Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx. 30

28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal halves. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Xylocalyx= Balf.

Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs. 29

29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence lax.--Species 3. Tropics. (Including Gerardianella Klotzsch). =Micrargeria= Benth.

Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or scale-like leaves.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Alectra Thunb. and Velvitsia Hiern). =Melasma= Berg

30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower. 31

Anther-halves equal. 33

31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than the other. Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa and Transvaal. =Gerardiina= Engl.

Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at least at the base. 32

32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules 2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leucosalpa= Scott Elliot

Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.--Species 3. South Africa and island of Socotra. (Bopusia Presl). =Graderia= Benth.

33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem herbaceous. 34

Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody. 35

34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla blue. Capsule 4-valved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Charadrophila= Marloth

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule 2-valved.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Seymeria= Pursh

35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Raphispermum Benth.) =Rhaphispermum= Benth.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Radamaea= Benth.

36. (8.) Stamens 2. 37

Stamens 4-8. 38

37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included; anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, many-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.--Species 3. Canary and Cape Verde Islands and Socotra. =Campylanthus= Roth

Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.--Species 30. Some of them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Speedwell.” =Veronica= L.

38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length. 39

Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal. 41

39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted, white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in West Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for tea. =Capraria= L.

Anther-halves separate. 40

40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, subsessile, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. Used medicinally. =Scoparia= L.

Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments. Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves alternate, stalked, broad.--Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands, Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Sibthorpia= L.

41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or racemes.--Species 1. Sahara. =Lafuentea= Lag.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate. 42

42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes.--Species 1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant. =Erinus= L.

Corolla with a funnel-or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above. Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 43

43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in terminal racemes.--Species 6. North Africa; one of them also naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including Callianassa Webb et Berth.) =Digitalis= L.

Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. Leaves broad. Undershrubs. 44

44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 1. South Africa. =Glumicalyx= Hiern

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary fascicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Camptoloma= Benth.

45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily =PSEUDOSOLANEAE=.] 46

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily =ANTIRRHINOIDEAE=.] 50

46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or 4. Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.] 47

Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell-or wheel-shaped. Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.] 49

47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.--Species 10. Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally. (Including Doratanthera Benth. and Gerardiopsis Engl.) =Anticharis= Endl.

Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 48

48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 5. South and Central Africa. =Peliostomum= E. Mey.

Fruit blunt. Shrubs.--Species 25. Central and South Africa. =Aptosimum= Burch.

49. Stamens 4.--Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Celsia= L.

Stamens 5.--Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Mullein.” =Verbascum= L.

50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.] 51

Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous. 56

51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers in spikes. 52

Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2 segments. 53

52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. =Hebenstreitia= L.

Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.--Species 10. South Africa. =Dischisma= Choisy

53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes. 54

Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal. 55

54. Sterile stamens present.--Species 1. South Africa. =Gosela= Choisy

Sterile stamens absent.--Species 3. South Africa. =Agathelpis= Choisy

55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 5. South Africa. =Microdon= Choisy

Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit 2-seeded.--Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Walafrida E. Mey.) =Selago= L.

56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and a very short tube. Stamens 2.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.] =Calceolaria= L.

Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular. 57

57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a capsule. 58

Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then calyx 5-lobed or 3-parted. 71

58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. Herbs. [Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.] 59

Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE.] 62

59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Hemimeris= Thunb.

Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 60

60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Alonsoa= Ruiz & Pav.

Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal. 61

61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.--Species 2. Naturalized in Madagascar. =Angelonia= Humb. & Bonpl.

Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.--Species 45. South Africa. =Diascia= Link & Otto.

62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or undershrubs. 63

Throat of the corolla open. 67

63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate. 64

Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base. 66

64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.--Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Toadflax.” =Linaria= Juss.

Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary. 65

65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under Linaria Juss.) =Cymbalaria= Baumg.

Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 17. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. (Under Linaria L.) =Elatinoides= Wettst.

66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed pores.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.” =Antirrhinum= L.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present. Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers small, axillary.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands. =Schweinfurthia= A. Braun

67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. =Colpias= E. Mey.

Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. 68

68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal cells. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. (Under Linaria Juss.) =Chaenorrhinum= (DC.) Lange

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. 69

69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.--Species 5. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Simbuleta Forsk.) =Anarrhinum= Desf.

Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves. 70

70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule globose, 4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. =Diclis= Benth.

Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule compressed, 2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous wing.--Species 50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Nemesia= Vent.

71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case shrubs or trees. Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal capsule or a berry. [Tribe CHELONEAE.] 72

Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. Stamens 2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 81

72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves confluent. Fruit a capsule.--Species 20. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Scrophularia= L.

Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely fertile. 73

73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule. 74

Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5. 76

74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or white. Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ixianthes= Benth.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens 4. 75

75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted upper lip. Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose beneath. Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Anastrabe= E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip. Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Leaves nearly always whorled.--Species 6. South Africa. =Bowkeria= Harv.

76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Dermatobotrys= Bolus

Fertile stamens 4. 77

77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous. 78

Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate. 79

78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Seychelles. Ornamental plant. =Russelia= Jacq.

Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The fruits are edible. =Halleria= L.

79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit a two-valved capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Phygelius= E. Mey.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or a berry. 80

80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.--Species 2. South Africa. =Teedia= Rudolphi

Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. =Freylinia= Pangelli

81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently 1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.] 82

Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.] 91

82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. 83

Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4. 84

83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.--Species 30. South Africa. =Zaluzianskia= Schmidt

Anthers 4, equal.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. =Polycarena= Benth.

84. Corolla-tube very short. 85

Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long. 86

85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all radical. (See 61.) =Diascia= Link & Otto

Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under Sutera Roth) =Sphenandra= Benth.

86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores or transverse slits. 87

Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening lengthwise, septicidal. 88

87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.--Species 1. Naturalized in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (Lophospermum Don) =Maurandia= Ort.

Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.) =Anarrhinum= Desf.

88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or dissected.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (Jamesbrittenia O. Ktze.) =Sutera= Roth.

Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed. 89

89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.--Species 20. South Africa. =Phyllopodium= Benth.

Bracts free from the pedicels. 90

90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in compound, rarely in simple racemes.--Species 35. South Africa to Angola. (Nemia Berg). =Manulea= L.

Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 120. South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Lyperia Benth., under Sutera Roth). (Plate 136.) =Chaenostoma= Benth.

91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2. 92

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3. 97

92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary. 93

Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 95

93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland) =Dintera= Stapf

Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or sub-equally 5-lobed. 94

94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Bryodes= Benth.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Egypt. =Peplidium= Del.

95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves spreading.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bonnaya Link et Otto) =Ilysanthes= Rafin.

Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. 96

96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Hydrotriche= Zucc.

Leaves entire.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Dopatrium= Hamilt.

97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. West Africa. =Hydranthelium= H. B. & Kunth

Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla. 98

98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla. 99

Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 102

99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Allocalyx= Cordem.

Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth-or bristle-like appendage at the base. 100

100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; segments subequal.--Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Vandellia L.) =Lindernia= All.

Calyx winged or with very prominent angles. 101

101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the base. Stem usually leafless.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. =Craterostigma= Hochst.

Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem leafy.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Torenia= L.

102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped. 103

Anther-halves contiguous or confluent. 105

103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or ascending.--Species 8. Northern East Africa and Egypt. =Lindenbergia= Lehm.

Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved. 104

104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water-or marsh-plants.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Ambulia Lam., Stemodiacra P. Browne) =Limnophila= R. Br.

Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. Glandular-pubescent land-plants.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Stemodia= L.

105. Sepals united high up. 106

Sepals united at the base only. 107

106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top. Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Two of them indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the Azores. Used as ornamental plants. =Mimulus= L.

Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers axillary.--Species 5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt. =Limosella= L.

107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.--Species 10. Tropics, South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Moniera P. Browne, including Herpestis Gaertn. and Bramia Lam.) =Bacopa= Aubl.

Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla 2-lipped. 108

108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in racemes, rather large.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Artanema= Don

Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage. Flowers solitary, very small.--Species 4. East Africa. =Stemodiopsis= Engl.

FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Colea) by one. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, exalbuminous.--Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 137.)

1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe TECOMEAE.] 2

Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (Colea) completely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.] 14

2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx 5-toothed. Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters. 3

Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (Stenolobium) unifoliolate. 4

3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Catophraetes= G. Don

Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Rhigozum= Burch.

4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 5

Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube. 6

5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. Leaflets entire.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African tulip-tree.” =Spathodea= Beauv.

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Tecoma Juss.) =Tecomaria= Fenzl

6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Trees. Flowers panicled. 7

Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. 8

7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each cell in 2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and medicaments. =Newbouldia= Seem.

Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Dolichandrone= Fenzl

8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. Anther-halves usually divergent. 9

Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate. 11

9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Perichlaena= Baill.

Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees. 10

10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Kigelianthe= Baill.

Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose beneath.--Species 2. Central Africa. (Ferdinandia Seem., under Heterophragma DC.) =Fernandia= Baill.

11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under Tecoma Juss.) =Stenolobium= D. Don

Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like. 12

12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy partition. Trees.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments. =Stereospermum= Cham.

Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell. 13

13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.--Species 10. Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (Under Dolichandrone Fenzl) =Markhamia= Seem.

Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally 5-toothed. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa (Under Pandorea Endl. or Tecoma Juss.) =Podranea= Sprague

14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting irregularly. Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular. Anther-halves parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees. Leaves pinnate.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Kigelkeia Rafin.) (Plate 137.) =Kigelia= DC.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 15

15. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. 16

Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers panicled. 18

16. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped, unequally 2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves divaricate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Paracolea= Baill.

Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes becoming spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-or bell-funnel-shaped. 17

17. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in panicles. Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Phylloctenium= Baill.

Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine. Flowers in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent, pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Tabebuia Gomez). =Zaa= Baill.

18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing sometimes 1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly irregular. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate at the base. Fruit succulent.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. (Arthrophyllum Boj.) =Phyllarthron= DC.

Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled. 19

19. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly regular. Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Siphocolea= Baill.

Calyx bell-shaped. 20

20. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped, red. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rhodocolea= Baill.

Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry.--Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species have edible fruits. =Colea= Boj.

FAMILY 210. PEDALIACEAE

Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2 or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (Linariopsis) 1-celled with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.--Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.)

1. Flowers in terminal, raceme-or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small trees. Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule. 2

Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with glands at the base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (Pretreothamnus) shrubs, but then ovules 3 in each ovary-cell. 4

2. Inflorescences umbel-or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither spurred nor curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc slightly one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered. Fruit beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large, broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under Harpagophytum DC.) =Uncarina= (Baill.) Stapf

Inflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels presente. Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved. Ovary-cell, nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced by spines. 3

3. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves. Disc one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Sesamothamnus= Welw.

Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted, with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened. Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Sigmatosiphon= Engl.

4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight. Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. =Linariopsis= Welw.

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. 5

5. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary. 6

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely divided into two chambers. 10

6. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 7

Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long slits. Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs. 9

7. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous at the base.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. =Pterodiscus= Hook.

Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent herbs. 8

8. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.--Species 1. East Africa and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine. =Pedalium= Royen

Fruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or tubercles on the flanks. Seeds winged.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under Pedalium Royen). =Pedaliophytum= Engl.

9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply saccate at the base.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Holubia= Oliv.

Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or slightly saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved spines.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple plant.” (Uncaria Burch.) =Harpagophytum= DC.

10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one ascending, the other descending. Fruit a nut. 11

Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones, descending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule. 12

11. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with 2 spines in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Pretrea= J. Gay

Ovules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Pretreothamnus= Engl.

12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an unequal number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit with 2-8 spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell dehiscent. Erect herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in cymes.--Species 3. Central Africa to Namaland. =Rogeria= J. Gay

Cells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary. 13

13. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet, or yellow.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Ceratotheca= Endl.

Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.--Species 20. Central and South Africa; one species (S. indicum L.) also cultivated in Egypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are used as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some species yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 138.) =Sesamum= L.

FAMILY 211. MARTYNIACEAE

Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red. Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns, 8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex; exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen. (Under PEDALINEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Martynia= L.

FAMILY 212. OROBANCHACEAE

Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided embryo.--Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.)

Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla almost equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.--Species 6. North and Central Africa. (Under Phelipaea E. Mey.) (Plate 139.) =Cistanche= Hoffm. & Link

Calyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals.--Species 25. North and East Africa; two species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. “Broomrape.” (Including Phelipaea E. Mey.) =Orobanche= (Tournef.) G. Beck

FAMILY 213. GESNERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and South Africa. (CRYTANDREAE.) (Plate 140.)

1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes indistinct. 2

Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (Saintpaulia) equal-sided. 3

2. Fruit twisted.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.) =Streptocarpus= Lindl.

Fruit not twisted.--Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (Roettlera Vahl, including Trachystigma C. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.] =Didymocarpus= Wall.

3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate. Leaves few.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.] =Epithema= Blume

Fruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise. 4

4. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including Carolofritschia Engl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.] =Acanthonema= Hook. fil.

Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.] 5

5. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary completely 1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Linnaeopsis= Engl.

Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or subglobose. Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.--Species 4. East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Saintpaulia= Wendl.

FAMILY 214. LENTIBULARIACEAE

Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.)

Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land-or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves tubular with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered racemes, with 2 bracteoles each.--Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Genlisea= St. Hil.

Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like, ovoid or globose.--Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.) =Utricularia= L.

FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 3, species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (Under SELAGINEAE.)

1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip similar to those of the lower.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Cockburnia= Balf.

Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip much shorter than those of the lower. 2

2. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the upper lip.--Species 2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Globularia L.) =Lytanthus= Wettst.

Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Globularia= L.

SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE

FAMILY 216. ACANTHACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (Afromendoncia) 1-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments, more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle usually with a hook-like outgrowth.--Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate 142.)

1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an outgrowth. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4, with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [Subfamily =MENDONCIOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit a 2-celled, 2-or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle-or hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length. Ovary 2-celled. 4

2. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 6. Tropics. (Including Liraya Pierre, under Mendoncia Vell.) =Afromendoncia= Gilg

Ovary 2-celled, at least when young. 3

3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous below. Fruit globose.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Gilletiella= De Wild. & Dur.

Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves oblong.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Monachochlamys= Bak.

4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large bracteoles. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing herbs. [Subfamily =THUNBERGIOIDEAE=.] 5

Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth; in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. 6

5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.) =Pseudocalyx= Radlk.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Hexacentris Nees). =Thunbergia= L. f.

6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, albuminous. Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx unequally 4-5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily =NELSONIOIDEAE=.] 7

Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (Synnema) thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily =ACANTHOIDEAE=.] 9

7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.--Species 1. Central Africa. (Ebermaiera Nees, Zenkerina Engl.) =Staurogyne= Wall.

Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked. 8

8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very short.--Species 1. Central Africa. (Tubiflora Gmel.) =Elytraria= Vahl

Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.--Species 1. Tropics. =Nelsonia= R. Br.

9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually hairy. 10

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually glabrous. 40

10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped. 11

Corolla nearly regular. 17

11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Eranthemum= L.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe HYGROPHILEAE.] 12

12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell of the ovary. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. Central Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Eremomastax Lindau) =Paulowilhelmia= Hochst.

Corolla 2-lipped. 13

13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or spikes.--Species 20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Brillantaisia= Beauv.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or wanting. 14

14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Cardanthera Ham.) =Synnema= Benth.

Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold. 15

15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite. Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each cell of the ovary.--Species 4. East Africa. =Mellera= S. Moore

Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred. 16

16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx 4-partite. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.--Species 2. Central Africa. Used for making salt. (Under Hygrophila R. Br.) =Asteracantha= Nees

Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Nomaphila Blume) =Hygrophila= R. Br.

17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 4, united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.] 18 Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and STROBILANTHEAE.] 22

18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; bracteoles smaller.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Disperma= C. B. Clarke

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large. 19

19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropics. (Under Petalidium Nees). =Pseudobarleria= T. Anders.

Calyx-segments 5, almost free. 20

20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like. Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Aetheilema R. Br., Micranthus Wendl., Phaylopsis Willd.) =Phaulopsis= Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. 21

21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal false umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Zygoruellia= Baill.

Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed below. Flowers solitary or in cymes.--Species 5. West and South Africa. =Petalidium= Nees

22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, 2-4-seeded. 23

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 30

23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its length. 24

Fertile stamens 4. 25

24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles. Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.--Species 5. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Lankesteria= Lindl.

Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, usually 4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.--Species 4. South and East Africa. (Under Calophanes Don). =Chaetacanthus= Nees

25. Filaments free from the base. 26

Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two ridges. 27

26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc very small. Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and narrow.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Satanocrater= Schweinf.

Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, membranous.--Species 15. Central Africa. (Including Stylarthropus Baill.) =Whitfieldia= Hook.

27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded. Flowers solitary or in spikes.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Strobilanthes= Blume

Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes. 28

28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, 4-seeded.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Calophanes Don, including Phillipsia Rolfe). =Dyschoriste= Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical. 29

29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Strobilanthopsis= S. Moore

Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.--Species 8. Tropics. (Under Dischistocalyx T. Anders.) =Acanthopale= C. B. Clarke

30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2. 31

Fertile stamens 4. 32

31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly 2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in the leaf-axils. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Ruttya Harv.) =Forsythiopsis= Bak.

Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ruelliola= Baill.

32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes or heads.--Species 3. West Africa. (Physacanthus Benth.) =Haselhoffia= Lindau

Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two ridges. Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. 33

33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed. 34

Staminal ridges separate. 35

34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.--Species 1. Island of St. Thomas. (Under Paulowilhelmia Hochst.) =Heteradelphia= Lindau

Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Hemigraphis= Nees

35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.--Species 15. Tropics. (Including Epiclastopelma Lindau) =Mimulopsis= Schweinf.

Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (Ruelliopsis) all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary. 36

36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped, toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Camarotea= Elliot

Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth. 37

37. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.--Species 9. Central Africa. (Dischistocalyx T. Anders.) =Distichocalyx= T. Anders.

Flowers solitary or in neither spike-nor head-like cymes or panicles. 38

38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube. Anthers included.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Endosiphon= T. Anders.

Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size. 39

39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.--Species 3. East and South Africa. =Ruelliopsis= C. B. Clarke

Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Dipteracanthus Nees). =Ruellia= L.

40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (Crabbea) 3-4. Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.] 41

Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation. 48

41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. Stamens 2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes 2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Somalia Oliv.) =Barleria= L.

Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. 42

42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens 1-celled. Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike-or head-like.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including Leucobarleria Lindau). =Neuracanthus= Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc ring-shaped. 43

43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow bracteoles. Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Periblema DC.) =Boutonia= DC.

Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without bracteoles, or in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Corolla two-lipped. 44

44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the calyx. Flowers in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Warpuria= Stapf

Bracteoles minute or absent. 45

45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers all 2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.--Species 2. South Africa. =Glossochilus= Nees

Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers partly 1-celled. 46

46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong, 4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 10. South and Central Africa. =Crabbea= Harv.

Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 47

47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed. Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered spikes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Lindauea= Rendle

Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma entire.--Species 30. Central Africa. (Including Volkensiophyton Lindau). =Lepidagathis= Willd.

48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a slit. Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.] 49

Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 55

49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. Leaves usually prickly. 50

Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided. 53

50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short. Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Crossandrella= C. B. Clarke

Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; bracteoles small and narrow or wanting. 51

51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube nearly globular. Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds hairy.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine; others are noxious weeds. =Blepharis= Juss.

Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely contracted at the base. 52

52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, glabrous. Spikes stalked.--Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acanthus= L.

Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 spines.--Species 7. South Africa. =Acanthopsis= Harv.

53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the anterior, 2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very long. Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as the calyx.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Crossandra= Salisb.

Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles shorter than the calyx. 54

54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted at the base.--Species 8. Tropics. (Including Butayea De Wild, and Pleuroblepharis Baill., under Sclerochiton Harv.) =Pseudoblepharis= Baill.

Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly contracted at the base.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. =Sclerochiton= Harv.

55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 56

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 64

56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. [Tribe PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.] 57

Fertile stamens 4. 59

57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Ruspolia= Lindau

Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer. 58

58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly smooth. Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.--Species 1. Natal. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under Asystasia Blume). =Mackaya= Harv.

Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds wrinkled.--Species 12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Eranthemum L.) =Pseuderanthemum= Radlk.

59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stenandriopsis= S. Moore

Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. [Tribe ASYSTASIEAE.] 60

60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 4. West Africa. (Scytanthus T. Anders.) =Thomandersia= Baill.

Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present. 61

61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and divergent. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Filetia= Miq.

Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same level. 62

62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under Asystasia Blume) =Parasystasia= Baill.

Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short. 63

63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. =Asystasiella= Lindau

Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Asystasia= Blume

64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes none. Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.] =Andrographis= Nees

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE, ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.] 65

65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. 66

Fertile stamens 2. 70

66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 67

Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 68

67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the corolla. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. Central Africa. (Styasasia S. Moore, under Asystasia Blume) =Isochoriste= Miq.

Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Bracteoles large.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Forcipella= Baill.

68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments unequal. Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves. Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Synchoriste= Baill.

Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad. 69

69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts incised.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Podorungia= Baill.

Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Chlamydacanthus= Lindau

70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and bracteoles small. 71

Staminodes none, rarely (Duvernoya) solitary. 73

71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, funnel-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Naturalized in West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Graptophyllum= Nees

Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed. 72

72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes or panicles.--Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar. =Ruttya= Harv.

Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Shrubs.--Species 4. Island of Socotra. =Ballochia= Balf. fil.

73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt. 74

Anthers 2-celled. 80

74. Stigma entire. 75

Stigma 2-lobed. 76

75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Lasiocladus= Boj.

Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long and narrow.--Species 9. Tropics. =Brachystephanus= Nees

76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Oreacanthus= Benth.

Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in its upper part or at the throat. 77

77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Monothecium= Hochst.

Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short stalk or not contracted. 78

78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Amphiestes= S. Moore

Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or-parted. 79

79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Periestes= Baill.

Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. =Hypoëstes= R. Br.

80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights. 81

Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base. 101

81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a spur-or tail-like appendage. 82

Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but neither spurred nor tailed. 92

82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, red. Bracts and bracteoles small.--Species 2. Island of Socotra. =Trichocalyx= Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped. 83

83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves. Bracts narrow. 84

Corolla-tube short or rather short. 85

84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under Siphonoglossa Oerst.) =Aulojusticia= Lindau

Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves elliptical to orbicular.--Species 3. South and East Africa. (Under Justicia L.) =Siphonoglossa= Oerst.

85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves at maturity.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Adhatoda Nees, Dianthera L., Gendarussa Nees, Monechma Hochst., and Rhytiglossa Nees). (Plate 142.) =Justicia= L.

Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles. 86

86. Calyx-segments 4. 87

Calyx-segments 5. 88

87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the branches. Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Corymbostachys= Lindau

Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk. Herbs.--Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under Justicia L.) =Anisostachya= Nees

88. Flowers in panicles. 89

Flowers in spikes. 90

89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into a short stalk.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Justicia L.) =Salviacanthus= Lindau Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences abundantly branched. Bracts broad. Lower anther-half spurred, the upper not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Justicia L.) =Rhaphidospora= Nees

90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, red.--Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under Macrorungia C. B. Clarke) =Symplectochilus= Lindau

Stem herbaceous. 91

91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers small. Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. Bracteoles large.--Species 9. Tropics. =Rungia= Nees

Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.) =Nicoteba= Lindau

92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell-or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much widened above. 93

Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above. 95

93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes or panicles.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Adhatoda Nees or Justicia L.) =Duvernoya= E. Mey.

Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the limb. Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or undershrubs. 94

94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its middle. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile and 2 sterile. Leaves sessile, lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Melittacanthus= S. Moore

Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. =Isoglossa= Oerst.

95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs. 96

Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed. Disc cup-shaped. 98

96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc cup-shaped. Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Populina= Baill.

Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped. Flowers in spikes or fascicles. 97

97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly free, 3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. Central Africa. =Anisotes= Nees

Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity.--Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (Macrorungia C. B. Clarke). =Himantochilus= T. Anders.

98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Rhinacanthus= Nees

Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs. 99

99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Chlamydocardia= Lindau

Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2 flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands. 100

100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; partition not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Peristrophe= Nees

Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating from the valves at maturity.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Diapedium Koenig). =Dicliptera= Juss.

101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and bracteoles very small.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Ancalanthus Balf. fil.) =Angkalanthus= Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Bracts not very small. 102

102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually 2. Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting. 103

Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. 104

103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under Ecbolium Kurz) =Schwabea= Endl.

Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under Dicliptera Juss.) =Megalochlamys= Lindau

104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Ecbolium= Kurz

Bracts narrow. Seeds 4. 105

105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. =Anisacanthus= Nees

Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Schaueria= Nees

SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE

FAMILY 217. MYOPORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo superior.--Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.

1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a 1-2-celled stone.--Species 2. South Africa. =Oftia= Adans.

Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by side. 2

2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. West Africa. =Zombiana= Baill.

Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled stone.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Myoporum= Banks & Sol.

ORDER PLANTAGINALES

FAMILY 218. PLANTAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; embryo straight or nearly so.--Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.)

Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed corolla. Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.--Species 1. Azores. =Litorella= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2-or more-flowered spikes or heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent, 2-or more-seeded.--Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.” (Plate 143.) =Plantago= L.

ORDER RUBIALES

FAMILY 219. RUBIACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Argostema) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary inferior, rarely (Gaertnera) superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.--Genera 150, species 1900. (Plate 144.)

1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =COFFEOIDEAE=.] 2

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CINCHONOIDEAE=.] 81

2. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the embryo superior. 3

Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior. 30

3. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 4

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 18

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary. [Tribe ALBERTEAE.] 5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 16

5. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles. 6

Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged after flowering. 7

6. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers bearded at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Nematostylis= Hook. fil.

Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Style-apex entire.--Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (Ernestimeyera O. Ktze.) =Alberta= E. Mey.

7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous, two-cleft at the apex.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Psilanthus= Hook. fil.

Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the fruit. 8

8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs. 9

Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles. 10

9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lamprothamnus= Hiern

Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Style-apex entire.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Exechostylus= K. Schum.

10. Style hairy. 11

Style glabrous. 12

11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.--Species 10. Tropics. =Polysphaeria= Hook. fil.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.--Species 13. Tropics. =Cremaspora= Benth.

12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees. Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of St. Thomas. =Belonophora= Hook. fil.

Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma. 13

13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes hairy below. 14

Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers more or less exserted. 15

14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of bracteoles.--Species 1. West Africa (Togoland). =Kerstingia= K. Schum.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers exserted.--Species 4. West Africa. =Aulacocalyx= Hook. fil.

15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very narrow. Species 2. East Africa. =Heinsenia= K. Schum.

Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules broad.--Species 3. East and South-east Africa. =Rhabdostigma= Hook. fil.

16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and copious albumen.--Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal. =Cephalanthus= L.

Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe GUETTARDEAE.] 17

17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-9-celled. Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.--Species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. =Guettarda= Blume

Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted. Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under Guettarda Blume). =Antirrhoea= Comm.

18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe KNOXIEAE.] 19

Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (Pachystigma) herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled. 22

19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without bracteoles. Stipules undivided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Calanda= K. Schum.

Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like. 20

20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Paragophyton= K. Schum.

Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or indehiscent. 21

21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely. Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Togo). =Baumannia= K. Schum.

Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Holocarpa Bak.) =Pentanisia= Harv.

22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, 4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Timonius= Rumph.

Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen. [Tribe VANGUERIEAE.] 23

23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma lobed.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (Fadogia Schweinf.) =Pachystigma= Hochst.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite. 24

24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat. 25

Inflorescences without an involucre. 26

25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or heads. Trees.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Scyphochlamys= Balf. fil.

Style simple, with a capitate stigma.--Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. They yield timber. =Pyrostria= Comm.

26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.--Species 6. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Ancylanthus= Desf.

Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. 27

27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. 28

Ovary 3-6-celled. 29

28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the throat. Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. Flowers in clusters.--Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some species yield dye-stuffs. =Craterispermum= Benth.

Stigma capitate, entire.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (Canthium Lam.) =Plectronia= L.

29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.--Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Cuviera= DC.

Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine. =Vangueria= Juss.

30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes near their base. 31

Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves. 54

31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or trees. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.] 32

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 38

32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.--Species 20. Tropics. =Rutidea= DC.

Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition. 33

33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. Anthers included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pleurocoffea= Baill.

Corolla with a straight tube. 34

34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft. 35

Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple. Ovary 2-celled. 36

35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx 2-partite. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.--Species 5. Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine. =Myonima= Comm.

Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary 2-celled.--Species 50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira. Several species (especially C. arabica L. and C. liberica L.) yield coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Solenixora Baill.) =Coffea= L.

36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5. Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united. Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Buseria Dur.) =Leiochilus= Hook. fil.

Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs. 37

37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.) =Pavetta= L.

Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate into a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not united.--Species 60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. =Ixora= L.

38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a sheath. Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.] =Morinda= L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled. 39

39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted, with head-or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.] 40

Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.] 46

40. Corolla funnel-shaped. 41

Corolla wheel-or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting. 43

41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens 4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields a dye-stuff. =Sherardia= Dill.

Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. 42

42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens 4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary.--Species 7. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Crucianella= L.

Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near the middle of the partition.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They (especially A. odorata L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Asperula= L.

43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell.--Species 2. North Africa. =Callipeltis= Stev.

Flowers without an involucral bract. 44

44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers, 4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Vaillantia= L.

Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit. 45

45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.--Species 10. Some of them yield dyes and medicaments. “Madder.” =Rubia= L.

Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.--Species 60. Some of them yield dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (Including Aspera Moench) =Galium= Tourn.

46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets. Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in medicine. (Richardia Bartl.) =Richardsonia= L.

Ovary 2-celled. 47

47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves. 48

Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps. 49

48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.--Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. =Hydrophylax= L. f.

Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Gomphocalyx= Bak.

49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps. 50

Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like. 51

50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. =Gaillonia= A. Rich.

Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. =Diodia= Gronov.

51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.--Species 2. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Mitracarpus= Zucc.

Fruit opening lengthwise. 52

52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the apex. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under Spermacoce Dill.) =Hypodematium= A. Rich.

Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base. 53

53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. (Spermacoceoides O. Ktze.) =Spermacoce= Dill.

Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.--Species 45. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Tardavel Adans., including Octodon Thonn., under Spermacoce Dill.) =Borreria= G. W. Mey.

54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when rubbed. [Tribe ANTHOSPERMEAE.] 55

Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 61

55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, polygamous. Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.--Species 3. South Africa. =Carpacoce= Sond.

Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 56

56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes 3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal and ornamental plant. =Serissa= Comm.

Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted. 57

57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers axillary, dioecious.--Species 6. South Africa. (Ambraria Cruse). =Nenax= Gaertn.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities. 58

58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes erect. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as ornamental plants. =Nertera= Banks & Sol.

Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into mericarps. 59

59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, 4-merous flowers.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Anthospermum= L.

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules and monoecious flowers. 60

60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. Undershrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Galopina= Thunb.

Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Phyllis= L.

61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves fetid when rubbed. 62

Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a schizocarp. 64

62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with a fragile rind.--Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including Lecontea A. Rich. and Siphomeris Boj.) [Tribe PAEDERIEAE.] =Paederia= L.

Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers exserted. Fruit separating into two nutlets. 63

63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes recurved. Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers in terminal, head-like fascicles.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Anthospermum L.) =Crocyllis= E. Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them leaf-like. Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Otiophora= Zucc.

64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps. 65

Fruit succulent, berry-or drupe-like. 66

65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Neoschimpera= Hemsl.

Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in cymes.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Cremocarpus= Boiv.

66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla funnel-shaped. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes. 67

Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely exhaling a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.] 68

67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly exserted. Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Putoria= Pers.

Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Plocama= Ait.

68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles or heads.--Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or are used in medicine. =Gaertnera= Lam.

Ovary inferior. 69

69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or heads. Shrubs or small trees. 70

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered inflorescences, hermaphrodite. 74

70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2. 71

Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12. 73

71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon) =Peripeplus= Pierre

Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or in glomerules. 72

72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers solitary,--Species 2. Madagascar. =Hymenocnemis= Hook. fil.

Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Saldinia= A. Rich.

73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on the limb of the corolla.--Species 15. Tropics. =Lasianthus= Jack.

Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Psathura= Comm.

74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2-4. 75

Inflorescences without an involucre. 77

75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly lobed. Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Megalopus= K. Schum.

Corolla with a straight tube. 76

76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.--Species 18. Central Africa. (Under Uragoga L.) =Cephaëlis= Swartz

Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked, heart-or kidney-shaped.--Species 13. Tropics. =Geophila= Don.

77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.--Species 20. Tropics. (Under Psychotria L.) =Chasalia= Blume

Corolla-tube straight. 78

78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. =Triainolepis= Hook. fil.

Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes 2, rarely 3-5. 79

79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. Inflorescences capitate.--Species 12. Central Africa. =Trichostachys= Benth. & Hook.

Seeds grooved on the ventral face. 80

80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Psychotria L.). =Grumilea= Gaertn.

Seeds with a uniform albumen.--Species 200. Tropical and South Africa. (Myrstiphyllum P. Br., including Uragoga L. partly). =Psychotria= L.

81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 82

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 124

82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.] 83

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 88

83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate. 84

Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or breaking up into two mericarps. 85

84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral bracts.--Species 10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Breonia= A. Rich.

Inflorescences without involucral bracts.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and medicaments. =Sarcocephalus= Afzel.

85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating into two nutlets. (See 16.) =Cephalanthus= L.

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 86

86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules collected in heads. Stem erect.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paracephaëlis= Baill.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads. 87

87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.--Species 2. Madagascar. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Nauclea= L.

Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.--Species 2. Tropics. (Ourouparia Aubl.) =Uncaria= Schreb.

88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine. =Crossopteryx= Fenzl

Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. [Tribe GARDENIEAE.] 89

89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-or more-celled. Anthers included or slightly exserted. 90

Ovary completely 2-5-celled. 93

90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous. 91

Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 4-5-merous, axillary. 92

91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit globose.--Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Macrosphyra= Hook. fil.

Stipules not glume-like.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Genipa L. partly.) =Gardenia= Ellis

92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 4. Mascarene Islands. =Fernelia= Comm.

Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Pouchetia= A. Rich.

93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled. 94

Ovary 4-5-celled. 122

94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. 95

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 102

95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk in them. 96

Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them. 99

96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. Flowers in terminal corymbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Chomelia L., Webera Schreb., including Coptosperma Hook, fil.) =Tarenna= Gaertn.

Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted. 97

97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine. =Santalina= Baill.

Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped. 98

98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply lobed.--Species 3. East and South Africa. =Empogona= Hook. fil.

Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the base.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bunburya Meissn., Diplocrater Benth. & Hook., Diplospora DC., and Kraussia Harv.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich.

99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped. 100

Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences lateral. 101

100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Enterospermum= Hiern

Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.--Species 1. East Africa. =Zygoon= Hiern

101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before the leaves. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds without an aril; albumen uniform.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Feretia= Del.

Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Galiniera= Del.

102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex. 103

Style more or less deeply cleft. 113

103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers hermaphrodite. 104

Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation. 105

104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Sherbournia Don) =Amaralia= Welw.

Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.--Species 25. Central and South-east Africa. =Leptactinia= Hook. fil.

105. Flowers unisexual. 106

Flowers hermaphrodite. 108

106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Byrsophyllum= Hook. fil.

Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs. 107

107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem climbing.--Species 2. West Africa. =Atractogyne= Pierre

Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches thickened and hollow at the nodes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Epitaberna= K. Schum.

108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. 109

Inflorescences lateral. 111

109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose corymbs. (See 96.) =Tarenna= Gaertn.

Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 110

110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in clusters, yellowish-red.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Burchellia= R. Br.

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.--Species 85. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Genipa L. partly, Mitriostigma Hochst., and Stylocoryne Cav.) =Randia= Houst.

111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.) =Randia= Houst.

Seed-coat fibrous. 112

112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including Tamatavia Hook. fil.) =Chapeliera= A. Rich

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 35. Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. =Oxyanthus= DC.

113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. 114

Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 119

114. Placentas thick. 115

Placentas thin. 117

115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Flagenium= Baill.

Flowers with an epicalyx. 116

116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Canephora= Juss.

Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers exserted. (See 98.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich.

117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far exserted.--Species 1. West Africa. =Probletostemon= K. Schum.

Flowers small, without an epicalyx. 118

118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Hypobathrum= Blume

Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules short.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paragenipa= Baill.

119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.--Species 25. Tropics. =Bertiera= Aubl.

Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments. 120

120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.--Species 2. West Africa. =Dictyandra= Welw.

Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered halves. Corolla salver-shaped. 121

121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.) =Leptactinia= Hook. fil.

Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Heinsia= DC.

122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under Randia Houst.) =Morelia= A. Rich.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 123

123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Chalazocarpus= Hiern

Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly toothed. Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very large.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Tetrastigma K. Schum.) =Schumanniophyton= Harms

124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous, small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.] 125

Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (Oldenlandia) an achene or nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Pentacarpaea) 5-celled. Flowers small. 133

125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or trees. Inflorescences without an involucre. 126

Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft. 128

126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Justenia= Hiern

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed. 127

127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Pauridiantha= Hook. fil.

Corolla wheel-or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled. Flowers in panicles or heads.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield dyes. =Urophyllum= Wall.

128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, enlarged and brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 30. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Spallanzania DC.) =Mussaenda= L.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 129

129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. 130

Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an involucre. 131

130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5. Fruit globose. Erect herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Temnopteryx= Hook. fil.

Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong. Shrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Stipularia= Beauv.

131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent herbs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Pentaloncha= Hook. fil.

Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it. Shrubs. 132

132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Ecpoma= K. Schum.

Corolla tube-or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.--Species 35. Tropics. =Sabicea= Aubl.

133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs. Stipules entire or toothed. 134

Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.] 143

134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous. 135

Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.] 137

135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas ascending. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Payera= Baill.

Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 136

136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.--Species 4. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Mamboga Blanco, Stephegyne Korth., under Nauclea L.) =Mitragyne= Korth.

Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head-or club-shaped.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber. =Adina= Salisb.

137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or less distinctly stalked. 138 Placentas adnate to the partition of the ovary throughout their whole length or almost so. 141

138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes unappendaged. Fruit globose. Shrubs.--Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous. =Danais= Comm.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread-or club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees. 139

139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. West Africa. Used medicinally. =Pseudocinchona= A. Chev.

Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous. 140

140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.--Species 3. West Africa. =Corynanthe= Welw.

Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn-or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under Corynanthe Welw.) =Pausinystalia= Pierre

141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.--Species 8. Tropics. =Hymenodictyon= Wall.

Fruit septicidal. 142

142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Schismatoclada= Bak.

Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth. Placentas thick.--Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield medicaments (especially quinine). =Cinchona= L.

143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube. Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Pentacarpaea= Hiern

Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2. 144

144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, few-ovuled. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous. 145

Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary. 147

145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules lacerated.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under Carphalea Juss.) =Dirichletia= Klotzsch

Calyx-segments equal. 146

146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Carphalea= Juss.

Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Placopoda= Balf.

147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged. 148

Calyx-segments equal or nearly so. 151

148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Virecta= Afzel.

Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft. 149

149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropics. =Otomeria= Benth.

Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. 150

150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or bristle-like segments.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Neurocarpaea R. Br.) =Pentas= Benth.

Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs or trees. (See 128.) =Mussaenda= L.

151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike-or umbel-like cymes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Argostema= Wall.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth. Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise. 152

152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Dolichometra= K. Schum.

Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often collected in false racemes or panicles. 153

153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules lanceolate.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Hekistocarpa= Hook. fil.

Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary. 154

154. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Style 2-cleft. Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex. Herbs. Stipules entire or toothed. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under Oldenlandia Plum.) =Pentodon= Hochst.

Flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs or style simple. 155

155. Fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla rotate. Placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules. Undershrubs. Flowers in terminal fascicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Mitratheca= K. Schum.

Fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.--Species 120. Some of them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments. (Including Hedyotis L. and Pentanopsis Rendle). =Oldenlandia= Plum.

FAMILY 220. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior. Ovules axile, pendulous. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen.--Genera 4, species 15. North and East Africa. (Plate 145.)

1. Ovary 1-celled when fully developed. Ovule 1. Style very short, 3-parted. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers in corymbs, regular, at least the inner ones. Fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone. Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so especially the guelder-rose (V. Opulus L.) and the laurustinus (V. tinus L.); the latter has poisonous fruits. (Plate 145.) [Tribe VIBURNEAE.] =Viburnum= L.

Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones or a several-seeded berry. 2

2. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Style very short, 3-5-parted. Anthers turned outwards. Corolla rotate. Flowers regular, in panicles or corymbs. Fruit a drupe. Leaves pinnately dissected.--Species 4. North and East Africa; one species (S. nigra L.) only naturalized. The latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments; another species is poisonous. “Elder.” [Tribe SAMBUCEAE.] =Sambucus= L.

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style long. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers more or less irregular. Fruit a berry. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Shrubs. [Tribe LONICEREAE.] 3

3. Ovary 2-3-celled.--Species 6. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Honeysuckle.” =Lonicera= L.

Ovary 5-celled. Fruit many-seeded.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Azores. An ornamental plant. =Leycesteria= Wall.

FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules. Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time of flowering. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 1-3, attached to the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells, two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 4, species 35. (Plate 146.)

1. Stamen 1. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 5. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Centranthus= DC.

Stamens 2-3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous. 2

2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped; tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed. Branches of the inflorescence thickened.--Species 4. North-west Africa. =Fedia= Moench

Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped. 3

3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing afterwards into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit 1-celled. Corolla-tube usually gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves divided.--Species 5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Plate 146.) =Valeriana= L.

Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct gibbosity. Annual herbs.--Species 20. North and South Africa and northern East Africa. Some species, especially V. olitoria Poll., are used as salad. “Cornsalad.” =Valerianella= Haller

FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in heads; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the ovary. Petals 4-5, united below. Stamens 2-4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.)

1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller than the scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma entire.--Species 15. (Plate 147.) =Cephalaria= Schrad.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows. 2

2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under Scabiosa L.) =Pycnocomon= Hoffmsg. & Link

Involucral bracts free. 3

3. Scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed. Calyx-teeth usually 4. Stem prickly or bristly.--Species 5. North and East Africa. Several species are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine. “Teasel.” =Dipsacus= L.

Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs. Stem glabrous or hairy, rarely bristly. 4

4. Scales of the receptacle nearly as large as the flowers. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species 2. North-west Africa and Cameroons. They yield dyes and medicaments. (Under Scabiosa L.) =Succisa= Coult.

Scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by hairs. 5

5. Calyx-teeth 4-6. Stigma 2-parted. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb. Receptacle scaly.--Species 18. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Scabiosa= L.

Calyx-teeth 8-24. 6

6. Calyx-teeth 8. Epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a narrow, toothed limb. Receptacle hairy.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Scabiosa L.) =Knautia= Coult.

Calyx-teeth 12-24. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a saucer-shaped limb.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under Scabiosa L.) =Pterocephalus= Vaill.

ORDER CAMPANULATAE

SUBORDER CUCURBITINEAE

FAMILY 223. CUCURBITACEAE

Nearly always prostrate or climbing and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves broad, usually with pedate nervation. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Stamens 4-5, four of them united in pairs, rarely all united or all free. Anthers usually opening outwards. Ovary inferior. Ovules inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more rarely dry and indehiscent. Seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a straight embryo, without albumen.--Genera 42, species 270. (Plate 148.)

1. Filaments all united into a column. [Tribe SICYOIDEAE.] 2

Filaments free or united at the base or in pairs. 5

2. Anthers 2-3, horizontal, straight or slightly curved. Staminal column very short. Male flowers in panicles, yellowish. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under Gerrardanthus Harv.) =Cyclantheropsis= Harms

Anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted. 3

3. Flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes. Ovules numerous, horizontal. Herbs. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. Female flowers solitary.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Cephalandra Schrad.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn.

Flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous. Tendrils 3-5-cleft. Male flowers in racemes or panicles. 4

4. Female flowers solitary or in pairs. Anthers free. Fruit large, fleshy. Shrubs. Flowers whitish.--Species 1 (S. edule Swartz). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa, the island of St. Thomas, and the Mascarenes. The stem yields fibres, the roots and fruits are edible and contain starch. =Sechium= P. Browne

Female flowers crowded in heads. Fruit small, with a leathery rind. Herbs. Flowers greenish.--Species 1. Central Africa; also cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. Yields starch and medicaments. =Sicyos= L.

5. Stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more or less cohering, 2-celled. Petals unequal, undivided. Ovary incompletely 3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous. Styles 3; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit 3-valved at the apex. Seeds winged. Shrubs. Tendrils 2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female solitary.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Including Atheranthera Mast.) [Tribe FEVILLEAE.] =Gerrardanthus= Harv.

Stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens 5, free and all fertile. 6

6. Anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at the base or apex. [Tribe MELOTHRIEAE.] 7

Anther-cells much curved or twisted, U-or S-shaped. [Tribe CUCURBITEAE.] 19

7. Anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. Flowers large, rose-coloured, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Calyx-segments toothed. Petals ciliate. Ovary oblong, 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit very large. Leaves compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 2. Tropics. They yield edible oily seeds and medicaments. (Including Ampelosicyos Thouars). [Subtribe TELFAIRIINAE.] =Telfairia= Hook.

Anther-cells 2, rarely (Melothria) 4, but then flowers small, white or yellow, the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves simple. 8

8. Disc at the base of the style distinctly developed. [Subtribe MELOTHRIINAE.] 9

Disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting. [Subtribe ANGURIINAE.] 10

9. Calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments. Anthers sessile, attached by the back. Male flowers solitary or 2-3 together, female solitary.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Oreosyce= Hook. fil.

Calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments. Anthers attached by the base.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Mukia Arn., Pilogyne Schrad., and Zehneria Endl.) =Melothria= L.

10. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 11

Stamens inserted in the calyx-tube. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 12

11. Stem erect, woody, tree-like. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Flowers monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Dendrosicyos= Balf. fil.

Stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous. Stigmas 3.--Species 30. Central and South Africa, one species also cultivated in North Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 148.) =Momordica= L.

12. Anther-cells inflexed at the apex. Connective broad. Flowers small, yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas 3.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Including Cladosicyos Hook., under Zehneria Endl.) =Cucumeropsis= Naud.

Anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base. 13

13. Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers dioecious, the male in panicles, the female in racemes. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2, 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Trochomeriopsis= Cogn.

Calyx-tube short, campanulate. Flowers nearly always monoecious. 14

14. Male flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. Stamens with a lengthened or broadened connective. 15

Male flowers in racemes. 16

15. Stigma 1, lobed. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Staminodes of the female flowers minute or wanting. Flowers small, yellowish-green. Fruit opening by a lid.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. =Corallocarpus= Welw.

Stigmas 3-5. Ovules numerous. Staminodes hair-like or strap-shaped.--Species 30. Some of them (especially the cucumber, C. sativus L., and the melon, C. Melo L.) yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Cucumis= L.

16. Leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil, female without staminodes. Connective not prolonged. Ovules 2-3 in each cell.--Species 2. Central and South-west Africa. (Ctenolepis Hook.) =Blastania= Kotschy & Peyr.

Leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base. 17

17. Stem short. Flowers appearing before the leaves, the male with a rudimentary pistil, the female with linear staminodes. Calyx-segments narrow. Connective narrow, not prolonged. Stigmas 3. Ovules numerous. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pisosperma= Sond. & Harv.

Stem long. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 18

18. Staminodes in the female flowers thread-like, curved. Connective not prolonged at the apex. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas 1-2. Ovules numerous. Calyx-segments broad. Fruit bottle-shaped. Seeds globose. Leaves toothed or lobed.--Species 3. South Africa to Ngamiland. =Toxanthera= Hook.

Staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting. Connective prolonged at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong, without a beak, and leaves deeply divided. Ovules usually few.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Coniandra Schrad. and Rhynchocarpa Schrad.) =Kedrostis= Medik.

19. (6.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect. Style surrounded at the base by a disc. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Anthers cohering. Petals undivided.--Species 1. West Africa and Canary Islands. (Including Trianosperma Mart.) [Subtribe ABOBRINAE.] =Cayaponia= Manso.

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal, rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous. 20

20. Petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so. Calyx-tube long. Stem climbing. Leaves cleft or compound. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Male flowers in racemes. [Subtribe TRICHOSANTHINAE.] 21

Petals not slit. 22

21. Stamens combined into 3, projecting beyond the calyx-tube. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Fruit snake-shaped. Leaves 3-7-lobed. Tendrils 3-cleft. Flowers white.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Used as a vegetable or as an ornamental or medicinal plant. “Snake-gourd.” =Trichosanthes= L.

Stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit pear-shaped. Leaves ternately compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Delognaea= Cogn.

22. Corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft. Ovules numerous. Flowers large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Subtribe CUCURBITINAE.] 23

Corolla more or less rotate. [Subtribe CUCUMERINAE.] 26

23. Calyx-segments pinnately dissected. Female flowers without staminodes. Style long, inserted on the disc. Stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed. Fruit dry. Tendrils simple.--Species 4. Tropics. (Raphidiocystis Hook.) =Rhaphidiocystis= Hook.

Calyx-segments undivided. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 24

24. Flowers monoecious. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed. Tendrils 2-or more-cleft.--Species 4. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Pumpkin.” =Cucurbita= L.

Flowers dioecious. Style long. Stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. 25

25. Anthers cohering. Staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to oblong. Fruit small. (See 3.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn.

Anthers free. Staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose. Fruit rather large.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Including Staphylosyce Hook.) =Physedra= Hook.

26. (22.) Calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder-or funnel-shaped. 27

Calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top-or bell-shaped. 32

27. Anthers connate. Female flowers without Staminodes. Flowers large, white or yellow. 28

Anthers free or loosely cohering. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 29

28. Flowers monoecious. Anthers folded lengthwise. Ovary oblong. Leaf-stalk without glands at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Peponia Naud.) =Peponium= Naud.

Flowers dioecious. Anthers twisted transversely. Ovary globose.--Species 9. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Adenopus= Benth.

29. Flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red. Anthers cohering. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers conical. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Seeds flattened. Root tuberous.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible roots also used in medicine. (Including Heterosicyos Welw.) =Trochomeria= Hook.

Flowers large. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or wanting. Stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. 30

30. Flowers monoecious, white, solitary. Style very short. Stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit with a woody rind. Seeds flattened. Leaves undivided; stalk with 2 glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1 (L. vulgaris Ser., bottle-gourd). Tropics; also cultivated and naturalized in extratropical countries. It yields edible fruits, also used for making bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Lagenaria= Ser.

Flowers dioecious. Tendrils simple. 31

31. Male flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. West Africa. =Cogniauxia= Baill.

Male flowers solitary or in clusters. Corolla yellow. Stamens with a broad connective. Staminodes bearded at the base. Stigmas heart-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seeds nearly globose. Leaves lobed; stalk without glands.--Species 4. Central Africa. (Euryandra Hook.) =Eureiandra= Hook.

32. (26.) Anthers connate. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes. Leaves undivided. 33

Anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers monoecious. 34

33. Stem herbaceous, without tendrils. Leaves linear. Anthers with a scale at the base.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Eulenburgia= Pax

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves broad.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield oily seeds. =Dimorphochlamys= Hook.

34. Anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the male in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and without staminodes. Stigma subcapitate. Herbs. Leaves lobed, with a stipule-like leaf at the base. Tendrils simple. Flowers white. Fruit small.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under Bryonia L.) =Dactyliandra= Hook. fil.

Anthers free, at least when fully developed. 35

35. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 36

Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx. 39

36. Calyx without scales at the base. Flowers dioecious, yellow or green, the male solitary or in clusters, the female solitary, with 5 staminodes. Ovary globose. Placentas and stigmas 5. Fruits large. Leafless, nearly erect, spiny shrubs.--Species 1. German South-west Africa and Angola. Yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments. =Acanthosicyos= Welw.

Calyx with 2-3 scales at the base. Ovary bottle-shaped. Placentas and stigmas 1-3. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 37

37. Ovules 2. Stigma 1, capitate. Flowers large, yellow, monoecious, the male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf-blade, without a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary or in pairs, without staminodes. Fruits small. Leaves slightly lobed. Tendrils simple.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Raphanocarpus Hook.) =Rhaphanocarpus= Hook.

Ovules 3 or more. Stigmas 3. 38

38. Ovules few. Fruit constricted between the seeds.--Species 1. East Africa. (Raphanistrocarpus Baill.) =Rhaphanistrocarpus= Baill.

Ovules numerous. (See 11.) =Momordica= L.

39. Male flowers in racemes. 40

Male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow. 43

40. Female flowers in racemes or clusters, small. Ovules few. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit more or less globular. Tendrils simple.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. =Bryonia= L.

Female flowers solitary. Ovules numerous. 41

41. Flowers dioecious large, white, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Fruit large, globose. Leafstalk with two glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Sphaerosicyos= Hook.

Flowers monoecious. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Leaf-stalk without glands. 42

42. Tendrils cleft. Leaves lobed. Fruit dry, opening by a lid.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa; one species also cultivated in North Africa. They are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have edible, others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed for making sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily. =Luffa= L.

Tendrils absent. Leaves undivided. Flowers yellow, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when ripe.--Species 1. North Africa. A poisonous and medicinal plant. “Squirting cucumber.” =Ecballium= A. Rich.

43. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Ovules few. Stem climbing. Tendrils two-cleft. Flowers in clusters, small, yellowish-green, monoecious. Fruit small, globular.--Species 1. Tropics. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Bryonopsis= Arn.

Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Ovules numerous. 44

44. Connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex. Tendrils simple, rarely wanting. (See 15.) =Cucumis= L.

Connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Stem prostrate. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers large, monoecious. 45

45. Calyx-segments leaf-like, serrate, recurved. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (B. hispida Cogn.). Cultivated in various regions. The fruits are eaten and used in medicine. =Benincasa= Savi.

Calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.--Species 4. They yield edible fruits (chiefly from C. vulgaris Neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds, and medicaments; some are poisonous. (Colocynthis L.) =Citrullus= Neck.

SUBORDER CAMPANULINEAE

FAMILY 224. CAMPANULACEAE

Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Petals usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lightfootia) superior, 2-10-celled, rarely (Merciera) 1-celled. Ovules inverted, numerous and axile, rarely few and apical or basal. Style simple. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Canarina) a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 26, species 400. (Including LOBELIACEAE and SPHENOCLEACEAE.) (Plate 149.)

1. Anthers connate. Flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =LOBELIOIDEAE=.] 2

Anthers free, rarely (Jasione) cohering at the base, but then flowers regular and in heads. 7

2. Petals free. Flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in many-flowered terminal and lateral racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Dialypetalum= Benth.

Petals united below. 3

3. Corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one side. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 4

Corolla-tube not or but shortly slit. 6

4. Fruit linear. All anthers hairy at the apex.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Lobelia L.) =Grammatotheca= Presl

Fruit roundish. 5

5. Anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time. All anthers hairy at the apex. Odd sepal in front.--Species 12. South and East Africa and Comoro Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Dobrowskya Presl and Parastranthus Don, under Lobelia L.) =Monopsis= Salisb.

Anthers ripe before the stigmas. Odd sepal usually behind.--Species 120. Southern and tropical Africa, Madeira, and Azores. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Isolobus A. DC. and Metzleria Presl) =Lobelia= L.

6. Filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle. Corolla white.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. A poisonous and medicinal plant. =Isotoma= Lindl.

Filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it. Corolla blue or white.--Species 10. South and North-west Africa. (Including Enchysia Presl) =Laurentia= Neck.

7. (1.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally and septicidally.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. Several species have edible tubers. [Subfamily =CYPHIOIDEAE=.] =Cyphia= Berg

Flowers regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =CAMPANULOIDEAE=.] 8

8. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Style very short, without collecting hairs. Ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the partition. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers in spikes, small, greenish or yellowish.--Species 1. Tropics and Egypt. [Tribe SPHENOCLEEAE.] =Sphenoclea= Gaertn.

Corolla valvate in the bud. Style with hairs or viscid glands for collecting the pollen. [Tribe CAMPANULEAE.] 9

9. Carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with them. 10

Carpels as many as the sepals or stamens, but opposite to them, or fewer. 11

10. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply cleft, yellow or red. Filaments broadened at the base. Fruit opening laterally by many transverse slits. Large herbs or undershrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Madeira. Used as ornamental plants. =Musschia= Dumort.

Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate. Filaments not broadened. Fruit opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves. Seeds few. Small herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, solitary or in clusters.--Species 4. South Africa. =Microcodon= A. DC.

11. Filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up. Fruit opening by an apical lid. 12

Filaments free from the corolla or nearly so. 13

12. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from the top of the cell. Flowers blue, in raceme-or panicle-like cymose inflorescences. Leaves linear. Herbs or undershrubs. =Siphocodon= Turcz.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Flowers red, in heads. Leaves ovate. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Rhigiophyllum= Hochst.

13. Anthers cohering at the base. Petals free or nearly so. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally at the top. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.--Species 4. North Africa. =Jasione= L.

Anthers free. 14

14. Ovules 4, basal. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely 2-4-seeded. Undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Merciera= A. DC.

Ovules axile, usually numerous. Ovary 2-10-celled. 15

15. Fruit a roundish berry. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, nearly always 6-merous. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red. Filaments broadened at the base. Leaves opposite, the lower whorled.--Species 3. East Africa and Canary Islands. They yield edible roots and fruits and serve as ornamental plants. =Canarina= L.

Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut. Flowers usually 5-merous. 16

16. Fruit narrow, opening by an apical lid and sometimes also by lateral slits, more rarely remaining closed. Ovary 2-celled. 17

Fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores. 18

17. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla tubular. Ovary ovoid.--Species 1. South Africa. (Leptocodon Sond.) =Treichelia= Vatke

Flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules. Ovary oblong.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Roëlla= L.

18. Fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves, slits, or pores. 19

Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad. 22

19. Fruit narrow, opening by pores or slits. 20

Fruit broad, opening by valves. 21

20. Fruit opening by long slits. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped or narrowly bell-shaped.--Species 20. South Africa. =Prismatocarpus= L’Hér.

Fruit opening by short slits or pores. Ovary 3-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped.--Species 4. North Africa. They serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible. “Venus’s looking-glass.” =Specularia= Heist.

21. Corolla tubular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style projecting far beyond the corolla. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant; the root is edible. =Trachelium= L.

Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla.--Species 25. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants. =Campanula= L.

22. Stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow. 23

Stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small. 24

23. Petals free or nearly so, narrow.--Species 50. Southern and tropical Africa. (Plate 149.) =Lightfootia= L’Hér.

Petals obviously united below, or broad.--Species 80. Some of them serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cervicina Del.) =Wahlenbergia= Schrad.

24. Petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue. Herbs.--Species 6. Central and South-west Africa. =Cephalostigma= A. DC.

Petals obviously united below. 25

25. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow. Style equalling the corolla. Fruit opening at the top and laterally. Seeds numerous. Stem woody. Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (Under Wahlenbergia Schrad.) =Heterochaenia= A. DC.

Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Style much exceeding the corolla. Fruit opening at the top only. Seeds about ten. Stem herbaceous.--Species 1. Morocco. (Under Trachelium L.) =Feeria= Buser

FAMILY 225. GOODENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, slit open behind, with folded aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, free from the corolla. Anthers free, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style simple. Stigma capitate, surrounded by a fringed cup. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. They yield wood for carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables, and medicaments. =Scaevola= L.

FAMILY 226. COMPOSITAE

Leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided with stipule-like auricles. Flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered heads which are surrounded by an involucre. Heads either containing only hermaphrodite flowers, several of which are sometimes sterile (male), or consisting of hermaphrodite or male central (disc-) flowers and female or neuter marginal (ray-) flowers, more rarely heads unisexual or reduced to a single flower. Calyx-limb (pappus) formed of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed only in fruit, or wanting. Corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-, or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers connate, rarely free, opening inwards by

1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe CICHORIEAE.] 2

Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice not milky. 31

2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like herbs.--Species 3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.] =Scolymus= L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not thistle-like plants. 3

3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.] 4

Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether. 10

4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven pinnae. Receptacle without scales. 5

Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers yellow. 7

5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.--Species 3. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including Geropogon L.) =Tragopogon= L.

Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows. 6

6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves radical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria) =Tourneuxia= Coss.

Fruits straight at the top.--Species 7. North and Central Africa; one species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including Podospermum DC.) =Scorzonera= L.

7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts in several rows.--Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in medicine. (Including Seriola L.) =Hypochoeris= L.

Receptacle without scales. 8

8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa. =Urospermum= Scop.

Involucral bracts in several rows. 9

9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus persistent.--Species 20. North Africa. (Including Asterothrix Coss., Fidelia Schultz, Kalbfussia Schultz, Microderis DC., Millina Cass., and Thrincia Roth). =Leontodon= L.

Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.--Species 20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables. (Including Deckera Schultz, Helminthia Juss., Spitzelia Schultz, Viraea Vahl, and Vigineixia Pomel). =Picris= L.

10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. [Subtribe CREPIDINAE.] 11

Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe CICHORINAE.] 24

11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked. 12

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. 13

12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Lagoseris M. Bieb.) =Pterotheca= Cass.

Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. Fruits oblong.--Species 10. North Africa. =Andryala= L.

13. Fruits ending in a beak. 14

Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex. 18

14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak. 15

Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak. 17

15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a pappus. Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Heteroderis= Boiss.

Outer fruits similar to the inner. 16

16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and cauline.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine. =Chondrilla= L.

Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.” =Taraxacum= Hall.

17. Fruits compressed.--Species 40, one of them (L. sativa L.) only cultivated. They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are poisonous. “Lettuce.” (Including Cicerbita Wallr.) =Lactuca= L.

Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.--Species 35. (Including Anisorhamphus DC. and Barkhousia Moench). =Crepis= L.

18. Fruits much narrowed at the top. 19

Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at the top. 20

19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape. Flowers yellow.--Species 2. East Africa. =Dianthoseris= Schultz

Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.) =Crepis= L.

20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral bracts in many rows, with scarious margins. 21

Fruits all alike. 22

21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and glabrous.--Species 20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including Heterachaena Fres., Microrhynchus Less., Rhabdotheca Cass., and Zollikoferia DC.) =Launaea= Cass.

Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.--Species 5. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Picridium Desf.) =Reichardia= Roth

22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species 2. Canary Islands and Socotra. =Prenanthes= L.

Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow. 23

23. Fruits compressed.--Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. “Sowthistle.” =Sonchus= L.

Fruits terete or angular.--Species 7. North and South Africa and Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.” =Hieracium= L.

24. (10.) Pappus present. 25

Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow. 29

25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious appendage.--Species 5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Catananche= L.

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long bristles in the centre. 26

26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. 27

Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity. 28

27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.--Species 3. North Africa. =Hyoseris= L.

Fruits terete, not winged.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under Leontodon L.) =Hedypnois= Schreb.

28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits 6-8-ribbed. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles.--Species 12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Tolpis= Bivona

Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. Fruits 5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.--Species 6. North and Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.” =Cichorium= L.

29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. Fruits linear, the outer spreading.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as salad. =Rhagadiolus= Juss.

Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits. 30

30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with short prickles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Koelpinia= Pall.

Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked, glabrous.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (Lampsana Juss.) =Lapsana= L.

31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather long hairs. Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and ARCTOTIDEAE.] 32

Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division. 67

32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed. 33

Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly tailed. 41

33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. Flower-heads solitary. 34

Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.] 35

34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.--Species 12. North Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine. =Atractylis= L.

Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or wanting.--Species 85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Arctotheca Wendl., Cryptostemma R. Br., Damatris Cass., Haplocarpha Less., Landtia Less., Microstephium Less., and Venidium Less.) =Arctotis= L.

35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep pits enclosing the fruits. 36

Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits. 38

36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than the inner. Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.--Species 5. South Africa. =Didelta= L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. 37

37. Pappus formed of scales.--Species 80. South and Central Africa. Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (Crocodiloides Adans., including Stephanocoma Less. and Stobaea Thunb.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.--Species 15. South Africa. =Cullumia= R. Br.

38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed with long hairs. 39

Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs. 40

39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales. Herbs.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. =Berkheyopsis= O. Hoffm.

Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Hirpicium= Cass.

40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Gorteria= L.

Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.--Species 35. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Meridiana Hill). =Gazania= Gaertn.

41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.] 42

Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads not in clusters. 43

42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline, prickly.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gundelia= L.

Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Platycarpha= Less.

43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.--Species 20. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.” (Sphaerocephalus L.) =Echinops= L.

Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads. 44

44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment. [Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.] 45

Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. 51

45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of leaves. Leaves prickly. 46

Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (Centaurea) surrounded by some unarmed leaves. 48

46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed. Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. (Carbenia Adans.) =Cnicus= Gaertn.

Pappus simple or wanting. 47

47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite.--Species 13. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Carduncellus= Juss.

Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.--Species 15. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, C. tinctorius L.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including Kentrophyllum Neck.) =Carthamus= L.

48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Zoegea= L.

Fruits with a simple border at the top. 49

49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into narrow segments.--Species 1. North Africa. =Crupina= Cass.

Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus. 50

50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or double.--Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Aegialophila Boiss. & Heldr., Amberboa DC., Leuzea DC., Melanoloma Cass., Microlonchus Cass., Phaeopappus Boiss., Rhaponticum Lam., and Volutarella Cass.) =Centaurea= L.

Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. “Sawwort.” =Serratula= L.

51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.] 52

Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.] 56

52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly. 53

Pappus formed of not feathery scales. 54

53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads large.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Carlina= L.

Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.) =Atractylis= L.

54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Xeranthemum= L.

Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly. 55

55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (Broteroa Willd.) =Cardopatium= Juss.

56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly. 57

Filaments free. 58

57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer neuter. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 3. North Africa. (Lupsia Neck.) =Galactites= Neck.

Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not feathery.--Species 2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. =Silybum= Gaertn.

58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly. 59

Filaments glabrous. 62

59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.--Species 9. North Africa. =Onopordon= L.

Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly. 60

60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves divided.--Species 6. North Africa; one species (C. Scolymus L., artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Including Cynaropsis O. Ktze.) =Cynara= L.

Receptacle not fleshy. 61

61. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 17. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Cnicus L., including Chamaepeuce DC., Notobasis Cass., and Picnomon DC.) =Cirsium= Scop.

Pappus-bristles not feathery.--Species 20. North and East Africa. =Carduus= L.

62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. Anthers not tailed. 63

Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles. 64

63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.) =Didelta= L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and medicaments. “Burdock.” (Lappa Juss.) Arctium L.

Involucral bracts without hooked awns. 65

65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. Flowers red. Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Staehelina= L.

Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery. 66

66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.--Species 1. North Africa. =Jurinea= Cass.

Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.) =Cirsium= Scop.

67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages. 68

Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly mucronate at the base. 200

68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less 2-lipped. 69

Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, regular. 71

69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. =Pegolettia= Cass.

Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe MUTISINAE.] 70

70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cloiselia= S. Moore

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. Herbs.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Perdicium L.) =Gerbera= Gronov.

71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe GOCHNATINAE.] 72

Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.] 78

72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately cleft.--Species 1. North Africa. =Warionia= Benth. & Coss.

Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs. 73

73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.--Species 2. East Africa. =Achyrothalamus= O. Hoffm.

Pappus consisting of bristles or scales. 74

74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Erythrocephalum= Benth.

Receptacle without scales. 75

75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa. (Phyllactinia Benth.) =Pasaccardoa= O. Ktze.

Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges. 76

76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of several rows of bristles.--Species 13. Central Africa. =Pleiotaxis= Steetz

Involucral bracts pointed. 77

77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers with a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, red-flowered.--Species 3. South Africa. =Oldenburgia= Less.

Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including Brachyachaenium Bak. and Hochstetteria DC.) =Dicoma= Cass.

78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at least towards the margin. 79

Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy. 114

79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 80

Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal female or neuter. 85

80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting. 81

Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales. 82

81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads collected in compound heads.--Species 3. East Africa. =Polycline= Oliv.

Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.--Species 3. North Africa. =Anvillea= DC.

82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly 3-lobed.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Eenia= Hiern & Moore

Pappus of bristles. 83

83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lachnospermum= Willd.

Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like plants. 84

84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Helipterum= DC.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.--Species 300. Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants (“everlastings”). (Elichrysum Gaertn., including Aphelexis Don). =Helichrysum= Gaertn.

85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. 86

Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped. 102

86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or white. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.] 87 Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the tip. 97

87. Pappus absent. 88

Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits. 89

88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle broad. (See 81.) =Anvillea= DC.

Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Astephania= Oliv.

89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.--Species 12. =Sphacophyllum= Boj.

Pappus of scales or bristles. 90

90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.--Species 3. North Africa. =Rhanterium= Desf.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and bristles. 91

91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and inner bristles. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Kalahari). =Philyrophyllum= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (Anisopappus) of scales intermingled with some bristles. 92

92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads solitary.--Species 1. German South-west Africa. =Ondetia= Benth.

Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage. 93

93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply 5-cleft. Heads in cymes.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. =Geigeria= Griesselich

Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed. 94

94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.--Species 1. North Africa. =Pallenis= Cass.

Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than the limb. 95

95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales unequal. Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Anisopappus= Hook. & Arn.

Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal. 96

96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal scales. Herbs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Callilepis= DC.

Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal scales.--Species 13. North and Central Africa. O. pygmaeum O. Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” (Asteriscus Moench) =Odontospermum= Neck.

97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs. 98

Pappus present. 99

98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, nearly glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Arrowsmithia= DC.

Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves glandular-hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Osmitopsis= Cass.

99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown. 100

Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles. 101

100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. Undershrubs.--Species 8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Osmites= L.

Involucral bracts in many rows.--Species 20. South Africa. =Relhania= L’Hér.

101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Rosenia= Thunb.

Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. South, North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Leyssera= L.

102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe FILAGININAE.] 103

Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured appendage. Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles. 110

103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs. 104

Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a pappus. 106

104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. Herbs.--Species 2. North Africa. =Micropus= L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits. 105

105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. Herbs.--Species 7. North Africa. (Including Evacidium Pomel) =Evax= Gaertn.

Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules or in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 10. South and North Africa. (Including Trichogyne Less.) =Ifloga= Cass.

106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gymnarrhena= Desf.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles. 107

107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony. 108

Stem woody, at least at the base. 109

108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of bristles.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (Monenteles Labill.) =Pterocaulon= Ell.

Stem not winged.--Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands. (Including Logfia Boiss. and Xerotium Bluff & Fing.) =Filago= L.

109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows. Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Cylindrocline= Cass.

Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers few.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Blepharispermum= Wight

110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Achyrocline= Less.

Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers. 111

111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. Shrubs. 112

Hermaphrodite flowers fertile. 113

112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner involucral bracts.--Species 1. South Africa. =Petalactella= N. E. Brown

Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.--Species 1. South Africa. =Petalacte= Don

113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Rhynea DC.) =Cassinia= R. Br.

Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.) =Helichrysum= Gaertn.

114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe TARCHONANTHINAE.] 115

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (Anaphalis) subdioecious, but then herbs. 117

115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of the female in two rows. Pappus none.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. =Tarchonanthus= L.

Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles. 116

116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Synchodendron= Boj.

Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species 10. Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber. =Brachylaena= R. Br.

117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male). 118

Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. 134

118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped. 119

Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped. 125

119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Macowania= Oliv.

Pappus wanting. 120

120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed. Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.) =Arrowsmithia= DC.

Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 121

121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs. 122

Marginal fruits all alike. 123

122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.--Species 15. North and South Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for saffron. =Calendula= L.

Fruits straight. Heads small.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including Xenisma DC.) =Oligocarpus= Less.

123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. =Tripteris= Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 124

124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, usually tubercled. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 20. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.--Species 60. South and Central Africa. (Including Gibbaria Cass.) =Osteospermum= L.

125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anaphalis= DC.

Heads all alike. 126

126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs. 127

Female flowers in several rows. 128

127. Heads large, solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Phaenocoma= Don

Heads small, in dense cymes.--Species 7. South Africa. =Anaxeton= Cass.

128. Pappus consisting of bristles. 129

Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits. 131

129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Monarrhenus= Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 130

130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (Placus Lour.) =Blumea= DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.--Species 15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including Tecmarsis DC.) =Pluchea= Cass.

131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. 132

Inner and outer fruits without a pappus. 133

132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Demidium DC.) =Amphidoxa= DC.

Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, subequal. Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles 1-2.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Denekia= Thunb.

133. Heads arranged in cymes.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (Including Litogyne Harv.) =Epaltes= Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally. =Sphaeranthus= L.

134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of division. 135

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges, hairy only in their upper part. 149

135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 136

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female. 138

136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the apex. Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Apodocephala= Bak.

Pappus present. Heads medium-sized. 137

137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under Geigeria Griesselich). =Thysanurus= O. Hoffm.

Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads stalked. Shrubs.--Species 5. Madagascar. =Centauropsis= Boj.

138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). =Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm.

Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe PLUCHEINAE.] 139

139. Pappus wanting. 140

Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers. 141

140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.) =Epaltes= Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.) =Sphaeranthus= L.

141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a pappus. 142

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 143

142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.) =Denekia= Thunb.

Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Delamerea= S. Moore

143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound heads collected in heads of the third order.--Species 1. East Africa. =Triplocephalum= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 144

144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy panicles, red-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Porphyrostemma= Grant

Pappus of bristles. 145

145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). (Under Pluchea Cass.) =Pechuel-Loeschea= O. Hoffm.

Female flowers in several rows. 146

146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few together. Undershrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Nicolasia= S. Moore

Fruits terete or angular. 147

147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.) =Monarrhenus= Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 148

148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.) =Blumea= DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See 130.) =Pluchea= Cass.

149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. Female (marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.] 150

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex. 166

150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species 3. West Africa. =Mollera= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of scales or bristles or of both. 151

151. Pappus of scales. 152

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 153

152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Anisochaeta= DC.

Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.--Species 4. Central and South-west Africa. =Calostephane= Benth.

153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles. 154

Pappus of scales and bristles. 161

154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Shrubs.--Species 7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Printzia= Cass.

Ray-flowers yellow or wanting. 155

155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Cypselodontia= DC.

Ray-flowers fertile. 156

156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are shorter. 157

Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter ones. 159

157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without ray-flowers.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Iphiona= Cass.

Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. 158

158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without ray-flowers. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Anisothrix= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Minurothamnus= DC.

159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or corymbs. Involucre of few bracts.--Species 2. Egypt. (Under Iphiona Cass.) =Varthemia= DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts. 160

160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Homochaete= Benth.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.--Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Bojeria DC., Pentatrichia Klatt, Schizogyne Cass., and Vicoa Cass.) =Inula= L.

161. Pappus-scales united below. 162

Pappus-scales free. 163

162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Allagopappus= Cass.

Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.--Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Francoeuria Cass.) =Pulicaria= Gaertn.

163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.) =Pegolettia= Cass.

Pappus-scales very narrow. 164

164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under Grantia Boiss.) =Perralderia= Coss.

Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers. 165

165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Viraea= Webb

Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Jasonia= Cass.

166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 167

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.] 176

167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.] 168

Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants. 172

168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or 2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.--Species 8. South Africa. =Disparago= Gaertn.

Heads many-flowered. 169

169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Anaglypha= DC.

Pappus present. 170

170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.--Species 13. South Africa. =Nestlera= Spreng.

Pappus of bristles. 171

171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Amphiglossa= DC.

Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.--Species 1. South Africa. =Bryomorphe= Harv.

172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.] 173

173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 101.) =Leyssera= L.

Pappus consisting of bristles. 174

174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 15. Southern and tropical Africa. =Athrixia= Ker

Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Shrubs. 175

175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre hemispherical.--Species 3. South Africa. =Heterolepis= Cass.

Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. =Antithrixia= DC.

176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female. 177

Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all flowers hermaphrodite. 184

177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Chiliocephalum= Benth.

Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus. 178

178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.) =Amphidoxa= DC.

Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus. 179

179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Artemisiopsis= S. Moore

Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles. 180

180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.--Species 2. South and North Africa. =Lasiopogon= Cass.

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 181

181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. =Chevreulia= Cass.

Fruits without a beak. 182

182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs. (See 110.) =Achyrocline= Less.

Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate. 183

183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary or in long-stalked glomerules.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. =Phagnalon= Cass.

Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.--Species 50. “Cudweed.” =Gnaphalium= L.

184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered. 185

Heads 2-or more-flowered. 188

185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.) =Disparago= Gaertn.

Flowers all hermaphrodite. 186

186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Perotriche= Cass.

Pappus formed of bristles. 187

187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Stoebe= L.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.--Species 12. Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used medicinally. =Stenocline= DC.

188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs. 189

Pappus formed of bristles. 190

189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Syncephalum= DC.

Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Astephanocarpa= Bak.

190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base. 191

Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery. 192

191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Pterothrix= DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not heath-like plants. (See 84.) =Helipterum= DC.

192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. 193

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 197

193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Eriosphaera= Less.

Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells. 194

194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 195

Habit not heath-like. 196

195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and surrounded by a ring-or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.--Species 7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Elytropappus= Cass.

Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts coloured above.--Species 25. South Africa. =Metalasia= R. Br.

196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. Heads 2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.) =Stenocline= DC.

Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.) =Helichrysum= Gaertn.

197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs. 198

Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs. 199

198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cullumiopsis= Drake

Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear. (See 83.) =Lachnospermum= Willd.

199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pachyrhynchus= DC.

Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. =Leontonyx= Cass.

200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed. 201

Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile. 238

201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 202

Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (Adelostigma) distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly. 207

202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs. 203

Outer fruits all alike. 204

203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.) =Calendula= L.

Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.) =Oligocarpus= Less.

204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row. (See 123.) =Tripteris= Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 205

205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.) =Osteospermum= L.

Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads solitary. 206

206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Garuleum= Cass.

207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales. 208

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. 213

208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a thread-shaped corolla. 209

Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 211

209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Eriocephalus L.) =Lasiocoma= Bolus

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or wanting. 210

210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers 2-toothed. Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Parthenium= L.

Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or umbels, or solitary.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used medicinally. =Eriocephalus= L.

211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. Corolla 4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. Style cleft. Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves opposite. Heads in leafy panicles.--Species 2. Island of St. Helena. =Petrobium= R. Br.

Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla, the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at the base. Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.] 212

212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female heads 2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.--Species 4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are noxious to pasturing cattle. =Xanthium= L.

Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or racemes.--Species 2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. =Ambrosia= L.

213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting. 214

Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles. 223

214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with lanceolate appendages. Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 8. South Africa. (Heteractis DC.) =Gymnostephium= Less.

Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting. 215

215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 216

Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 220

216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two rows.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Brocchia Vis. and Cenia Juss.) =Cotula= L.

Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed. 217

217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Steirodiscus= Less.

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. 218

218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. Herbs. Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. =Lagenophora= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed. 219

219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 206.) =Garuleum= Cass.

Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits 5-10-ribbed.--Species 50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Argyranthemum Webb, Ismelia Cass., Leucanthemum DC., Monoptera Schultz, Myconia Neck., Pinardia Cass., Plagius L’Hér., Preauxia Schultz, Prolongoa Boiss., Pyrethrum Gaertn., and Tanacetum L.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the female 2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs. Flowers yellow. 221

Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female 2-4-toothed. 222

221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, without a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves divided.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Soliva= Ruiz & Pav.

Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Hippia= L.

Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without strong ribs.--Species 20. Some of them (especially A. Absinthium L., wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or for preparing liquors and vinegar. =Artemisia= L.

223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles. 224

Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of bristles. 233

224. Pappus-bristles feathery. 225

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 226

225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Homochroma= DC.

Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones yellow. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 13. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Mairia= Nees

226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles. 227

Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 or more rows. 228

227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.--Species 3. South Africa. =Gymnodiscus= Less.

Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.--Species 45. Southern and tropical Africa. =Cineraria= L.

228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers entire or shortly toothed. 229

Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, strap-shaped, rarely (Psiadia) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads in corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft. 230

229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed, glabrous. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete, hairy.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Adelostigma= Steetz

230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread-or shortly strap-shaped. Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in corymbs.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs. =Psiadia= Jacq.

Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, strap-shaped. Fruits compressed. 231

231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.--Species 65. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Asterosperma Less., Detris Adans., and Diplopappus DC., under Aster L.) =Felicia= Cass.

Stem herbaceous. 232

232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.--Species 13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are used medicinally. =Erigeron= L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage. Pappus-bristles in two rows.--Species 10. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Linosyris Cass.) =Aster= L.

233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much smaller ones. 234

234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite (male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad. Heads in racemes or corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Petasites= Gaertn.

Heads all alike. 235

235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad. Heads solitary.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.” =Tussilago= L.

Female marginal flowers in one row. 236

236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven hairs. Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.--Species 3. South Africa. =Ruckeria= DC.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles. 237

237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally free. Undershrubs.--Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Othonnopsis Jaub. et Spach) =Hertia= Less.

Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less united.--Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Doria Less.) =Othonna= L.

238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped. 239

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below that point. 262

239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers. 240

Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (Vernonia) subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex. 242

240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Laggera= Schultz.

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow. Receptacle pitted. 241

241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary. (See 138.). =Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm.

242. Flowers yellow. 243

Flowers white, red, or blue. 244

243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.--Species 7. Central Africa. (Including Autunesia O. Hoffm. and Newtonia O. Hoffm., under Vernonia Schreb.) =Gongrothamnus= Steetz

244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 245

Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.] 247

245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad scales.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewildemania= O. Hoffm.

Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage. Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales united into a toothed cup. 246

246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly irregular. Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Omphalopappus= O. Hoffm.

Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Gossweilera= S. Moore

247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. Herbs.--Species 5. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Elephantopus= L.

Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.] 248

248. Pappus wanting. 249

Pappus present. 251

249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.) =Apodocephala= Bak.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs. 250

250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Ethulia= L.

Fruits rounded at the top.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Gutenbergia= Schultz

251. Pappus ear-or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs. 252

Pappus formed of scales or bristles. 253

252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.--Species 1. East Africa. =Hoehnelia= Schweinf.

Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.--Species 1. Tropics. =Sparganophorus= Vaill.

253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within them. 254

Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small scales outside them. 257

254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white. Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Msuata= O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales short. Herbs. 255

255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in glomerules.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Ageratina= O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted. 256

256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, with parallel veins.--Species 10. South Africa. =Corymbium= L.

Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits 3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Herderia= Cass.

257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles. 258

Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and scales. 260

258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads 4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Volkensia= O. Hoffm.

Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs. 259

259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Centratherum= Cass.

Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits 4-5-angled.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. (Including Bothriocline Oliv. and Stephanolepis S. Moore) =Erlangea= Schultz

260. Leaves unarmed.--Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some of the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including Bechium DC., Cyanopis Blume, and Decaneurum DC.) (Plate 150.) =Vernonia= Schreb.

Leaves prickly. 261

261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. =Hoplophyllum= DC.

Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits many-ribbed.--Species 2. West Africa. =Aedesia= O. Hoffm.

262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.] 263

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or flowers yellow or partly female. 266

263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Adenostemma= Forst.

Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.] 264

264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant. =Ageratum= L.

Pappus of numerous bristles. 265

265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves opposite.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Willugbaeya Neck.) =Mikania= Willd.

Involucral bracts 6 or more.--Species 6. Four species indigenous to North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Eupatorium= L.

266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.] 267

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both directions by shorter ones. 301

267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre. 268

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting. 276

268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe GRANGEINAE.] 269

Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-or strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.] 272

269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. Fruits compressed.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. =Dichrocephala= DC.

Pappus present. 270

270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Microtrichia= DC.

Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales. 271

271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.--Species 1. Central Africa and Egypt. =Ceruana= Forsk.

Receptacle without scales between the flowers.--Species 3. Tropics to Egypt. Used medicinally. =Grangea= Adans.

272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or salad. =Microglossa= DC.

Fruits compressed. 273

273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.--Species 6. South and North Africa. (Leptothamnus DC.) =Nolletia= Cass.

Female flowers in two or more rows. 274

274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.--Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (Marsea Adans., including Webbia Schultz). =Conyza= Less.

Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. 275

275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Nidorella= Cass.

Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.) =Erigeron= L.

276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting. Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.] 277

Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. 289

277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers sometimes sterile. 278

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of female or neuter marginal flowers. 286

278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs. 279

Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 280

279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles. Leaves radical.--Species 1. West Africa. =Psednotrichia= Hiern

Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including Crassocephalum Moench, under Senecio L.) =Gynura= Cass.

280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy corymbs. 281

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 282

281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.--Species 1. South Africa (Orange River Colony). =Pentheriella= O. Hoffm. & Muschler

Fruits compressed.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Chrysocoma= L.

282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed. 283

Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 284

283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. Southern West Africa. (Adenogonum Welw.) =Engleria= O. Hoffm.

Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Fresenia= DC.

284. Stem woody, shrubby.--Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland. =Pteronia= L.

Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. 285

285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2. South Africa. (Under Chrysocoma L.) =Heteromma= Benth.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. Herbs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Alciope= DC.

Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or campanulate. 287

287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid dots.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Glycideras= Cass.

Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows. 288

288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Rochonia= DC.

Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs. Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Goldenrod.” =Solidago= L.

289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs. 290

Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles. [Subtribe ASTERINAE.] 292

290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous. Leaves dissected.--Species 1. Tropics. =Chrysanthellum= Rich.

Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.] 291

291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Brachycome= Cass.

Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Daisy.” =Bellis= L.

292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Charieis= Cass.

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 293

293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Herbs.--Species 12. South Africa. =Amellus= L.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles. 294

294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Bellium= L.

Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales. 295

295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.) =Mairia= Nees

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 296

296. Fruits compressed. 297

Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs. 300

297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or trees.--Species 4. Island of St. Helena. =Commidendron= DC.

Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs. 298

298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second of much shorter bristles. (See 231.) =Felicia= Cass.

Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base. 299

299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. (See 232.) =Erigeron= L.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Henricia= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. =Melanodendron= DC.

301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.] 302

Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 316

302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.] 303

Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. [Subtribe SENECIONINAE.] 306

303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers sterile. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.) =Ruckeria= DC.

Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile. Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem. 304

304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows of caducous bristles.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some species yield a resin. =Euryops= Cass.

Stem herbaceous throughout. 305

305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. =Oligothrix= DC.

Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes without a strong midnerve.--Species 2. East Africa. =Werneria= H. B. & Kunth

306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla. 307

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. 311

307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious borders. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.) =Phagnalon= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 308

308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or 10-ribbed. Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Erechthites= Raf.

Female marginal flowers in 1 row. 309

309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. Outer fruits without a pappus.--Species 1. South Africa. =Stilpnogyne= DC.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline. 310

310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Involucral bracts leaf-like.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Eriothrix= Cass.

Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Faujasia= Cass.

311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal. Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several together, on long stalks.--Species 7. North Africa. =Doronicum= L.

Receptacle flat or slightly convex. 312

312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median nerve, 1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches with a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits many-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 8. South Africa. =Lopholaena= DC.

Involucral bracts without an appendage. 313

313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. (See 286.) =Alciope= DC.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (Senecio) indistinctly arranged in 3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer hairs. 314

314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.) =Gynura= Cass.

Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs. 315

315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs. (See 227.) =Cineraria= L.

Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.--Species 500. Some of them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Brachyrhynchos Less., Cacalia L. partly, Emilia Cass., Kleinia DC., Lachanodes DC., Mesogramma DC., Notonia DC., and Pladaroxylon Hook. fil.) =Senecio= L.

316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown-or ear-shaped or wanting. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs. 317

Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers ending in a hairy appendage. 356

317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer 3-edged. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe ANTHEMIDEAE.] 318

318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe ANTHEMIDINAE.] 319

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. [Subtribe CHRYSANTHEMINAE.] 331

319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and apex. Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches of the much-branched cyme.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Cladanthus= Cass.

Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or panicles. 320

320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla persistent. Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Diotis= Desf.

Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without any appendages. 321

321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lasiospermum= Lag.

Fruits not woolly. 322

322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs. 323

Fruits not or scarcely compressed. 325

323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Anacyclus= L.

Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus. 324

324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.--Species 7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Achillea= L.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, white.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Fradinia Pomel, under Cladanthus Cass.) =Mecomischus= Benth. & Hook.

325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present. 326

Leaves alternate. 327

326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.--Species 4. South Africa. =Oedera= L.

Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.--Species 4. South Africa. =Eumorphia= DC.

327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided. 328

Stem woody, at least at the base. 329

328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Lonas= Adans.

Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with appendages. Heads stalked, terminating the branches.--Species 30. North and Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Cass., Ormenis Cass., Perideraea Webb, and Rhetinolepis Cass.) =Anthemis= L.

329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong awns. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. Canary Islands. (Including Hymenolepis Schultz and Lugoa DC.) =Gonospermum= Less.

Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without ray-flowers. 330

330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, usually compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 6. Central and North-west Africa. Some of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Santolina= L.

Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled. Heads in usually dense corymbs.--Species 55. Southern and tropical Africa. (Including Bembycodium Kunze and Oligodora DC.) =Athanasia= L.

331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 332

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. 343

332. Flowers 4-merous. 333

Flowers 5-merous. 336

333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits 4-angled, glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads rather small.--Species 6. South and East Africa. (Under Tanacetum L.) =Schistostephium= Less.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. 334

334. Pappus ring-or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants (camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Vis., Chlamydophora Ehrenb., Courrantia Schultz, and Otospermum Willk.) =Matricaria= L.

Pappus wanting. 335

335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits compressed, glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Peyrousea= DC.

336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.) =Artemisia= L.

Heads solitary or in corymbs. 337

337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 334.) =Matricaria= L.

Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter. 338

338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

Stem woody, shrubby. 339

339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting. 340

Leaves alternate. 341

340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15 ribs. Leaves usually forked.--Species 2. South Africa. =Gymnopentzia= Benth.

Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral bracts in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs at the base.--Species 1. South Africa. =Asaemia= Harv.

341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.--Species 20. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Pentzia= Thunb.

Leaves entire. 342

342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.--Species 3. South Africa. =Stilpnophytum= Less.

Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all fertile.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including Adenosolen DC. and Brachymeris DC.) =Marasmodes= DC.

343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or without a corolla. 344

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 350

344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs. 345

Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla. 349

345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and membranous, the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal flowers in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers with a large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves opposite. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.--Species 2. South Africa. =Otochlamys= DC.

Involucral bracts equal or nearly so. 346

346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal flowers with a corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.) =Schistostephium= Less.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal. 347

347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers with a corolla. Leaves undivided. 348

348. Female flowers in one row.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Abrotanella= Cass.

Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.--Species 1. Tropics. (Myriogyne Less.) =Centipeda= Lour.

349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers in one row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.) =Artemisia= L.

Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much shorter. 351

Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length. 352

351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs. Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of scales.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lepidostephium= Oliv.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 353

Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate, entire. 354

353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped. Fruits compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long stalks thickened above. (See 216.). =Cotula= L.

Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.) =Matricaria= L.

354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed, glandular-warted. Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear segments.--Species 7. South Africa. (Including Adenachaena DC. and Iocaste E. Mey.) =Phymaspermum= Less.

Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous. 355

355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre campanulate. Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Thaminophyllum= Harv.

Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre hemispherical. Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft. Undershrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lidbeckia= Berg

356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. 357

Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers. 383

357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles. Fruits 10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows, scarious at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow, strap-shaped corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.--Species 65. South Africa and Abyssinia. (Including Sphenogyne R. Br.) =Ursinia= Gaertn.

Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.] 358

358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped corolla. Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on long stalks.--Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and the neighbouring islands. =Tridax= L.

Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 359

359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large, fringed scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in one row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.--Species 1. Naturalized in East Africa. =Galinsoga= Ruiz & Pav.

Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles, or crown-shaped, or wanting. 360

360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads on long stalks.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental plants. =Zinnia= L.

Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or wanting. 361

361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the receptacle between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. [Subtribe COREOPSIDINAE.] 362

Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [Subtribe VERBESININAE.] 368

362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided. 363

Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting. 364

363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.--Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. =Cosmos= Cav.

Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.--Species 20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (Including Kerneria Moench) =Bidens= L.

364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves opposite. 365

Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows. 366

365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer fruits winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. =Synedrella= Gaertn.

Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads solitary.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Calyptrocarpus= Less.

366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner membranous. Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none. Herbs. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in cymes, stalked.--Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields oil from the seeds (ramtil-oil). =Guizotia= Cass.

Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base. 367

367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus a minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Microlecane= Schultz

Ray-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or ring-shaped, or wanting.--Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Coreopsis= L.

368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns or wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs. 369

Inner fruits slightly or not compressed. 370

369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the disc. Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used medicinally. (Ximenesia Cass.) =Verbesina= L.

Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter than the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments. =Spilanthes= L.

370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite. 371

Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits. 372

371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used medicinally. =Siegesbeckia= L.

Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Enydra= Lour.

372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped or wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or conical. Herbs.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Sclerocarpus= Jacq.

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