The flowering plants of Africa An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms (part 3 of 5)

The flowering plants of Africa An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms (part 3 of 5)

Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth simple, but often surrounded by a calyx-like involucre, 3-6-lobed, valvate or folded in the bud, persistent. Stamens with the filaments united below; connective narrow; anthers opening laterally. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1, lateral. Fruit a nut, enclosed by the enlarged and hardened perianth. Seed albuminous.--Genera 5, species 30. (Plate 42.)

1. Seed with a straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in corymbs, inconspicuous. Involucre consisting of 2-3 small bracts. Perianth tubular or campanulate, 4-5-toothed. Stamens 5-15.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 42.) [Tribe PISONIEAE.] =Pisonia= Plum.

Seed with a curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then leaves alternate or fascicled and flowers in fascicles. Stamens 1-10. [Tribe MIRABILEAE.] 2

2. Stem woody, spinous. Leaves alternate or fascicled. Flowers in fascicles. Stamens 5-10, unequal. Ovary oblong. [Subtribe BOUGAINVILLEINAE.] 3

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, not spinous. Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary ovoid or globose. [Subtribe BOERHAVIINAE.] 4

3. Clusters of flowers surrounded by an involucre of 3 large, coloured bracts. Fruit not winged. Leaves scattered.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plant. =Bougainvillea= Commers.

Clusters of flowers without an involucre. Fruit winged. Leaves fascicled.--Species 2. South Africa, southern West Africa, and Madagascar. (Including Amphoranthus S. Moore). =Phaeoptilon= Radlk.

4. Flowers large, surrounded by a calyx-like, 4-5-cleft involucre.--Species 1 (M. Jalapa L., marvel of Peru). Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Mirabilis= L.

Flowers surrounded singly or in clusters by some early deciduous bracts.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. =Boerhavia= L.

FAMILY 70. CYNOCRAMBACEAE

Herbs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, the lower opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers monoecious, the male in groups of 2-4 opposite the leaves, the female in axillary clusters of 3. Perianth of the male flowers 2-3-parted, valvate in bud, of the female tubular, 2-4-toothed. Stamens 10-30, free; anthers linear. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple, basal. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a curved embryo and cartilaginous albumen. (THELIGONACEAE, under CHENOPODIACEAE or URTICACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. (Theligonum L.) =Cynocrambe= Gaertn.

FAMILY 71. PHYTOLACCACEAE

Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in racemes or spikes, bracteolate. Perianth 4-5-parted, herbaceous or membranous, coloured, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens 3-33, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers affixed at the back, opening by two longitudinal slits. Carpels superior. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell or in each distinct carpel, basal, curved; micropyle turned downwards and outwards. Seed with an annular embryo surrounding the albumen.--Genera 5, species 15.

1. Style 1, undivided. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 4. Anthers linear. Perianth 4-parted. Flowers in racemes. Leaves elliptical. Undershrubs. [Tribe RIVINEAE.] 2

Styles 2 or more, free or nearly so. Perianth neatly always 5-parted. 3

2. Flowers irregular. Fruit nearly dry. Species 1. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Mohlana Mart.) =Hilleria= Vell.

Flowers regular. Fruit succulent. Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. Used as an ornamental and a dye-plant. =Rivina= Plum.

3. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Stamens 3-5. Anthers ovate or globose. Flowers in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 4. South Africa and southern West Africa. (Including Lophiocarpus Turcz. and Wallinia Moq.) =Microtea= Swartz

Ovary solitary, 2-16-celled, or several separate ovaries. Stamens 6-33. Leaves lanceolate, elliptical, or ovate. [Tribe PHYTOLACCEAE.] 4

4. Carpels 2. Stamens numerous. Fruit dry, capsular. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Barbeuia= Thouars

Carpels 5-16. Fruit succulent, baccate.--Species 8, five of them spontaneous in tropical and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield vegetables, dyes (chiefly from Ph. decandra L.), a substitute for soap, and medicaments; some are poisonous. “Poke.” (Including Pircunia Moq.) =Phytolacca= L.

FAMILY 72. AIZOACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth usually simple. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary usually several-celled. Ovules curved or inverted. Fruit dry. Seeds with a curved embryo and a usually mealy albumen.--Genera 20, species 480. (FICOIDEAE or MESEMBRIACEAE). (Plate 43.)

1. Perianth divided to the base or nearly so, free from the ovary. [Subfamily =MOLLUGINOIDEAE=.] 2

Perianth with a distinct tube sometimes adnate to the ovary, simple. [Subfamily =FICOIDEAE=.] 11

2. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from a basal funicle. Style 1. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles. Leaves whorled.--Species 7. South Africa. =Adenogramma= Reichb.

Ovary solitary but 2-or more-celled, or several separate ovaries. 3

3. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Inflorescence cymose. [Tribe LIMEAE.] 4

Ovary 3-7-celled, or 3-5 separate ovaries. 5

4. Perianth of 4 thin-membranous, fringed segments, surrounded by bracts. Stamens 4, much exceeding the perianth. Fruit capsular. Flowers in false spikes. Leaves stipulate.--Species 1. South Africa. =Polpoda= Presl

Perianth of 5 herbaceous entire segments, to which 3-5 petals are sometimes added. Stamens 5-10, not or scarcely exceeding the perianth. Fruit separating in two nutlets. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 15. South and Central Africa. (Including Semonvillea Gay). =Limeum= L.

5. Carpels separate. Ovules solitary. Perianth simple. Flowers in cymes. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. =Giesekia= L.

Carpels united in the ovarial portion. 6

6. Ovary-cells one-ovuled. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. South Africa and southern West Africa. =Psammatropha= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary-cells several-or many-ovuled. 7

7. Petals or petaloid staminodes numerous, united at the base. Stamens numerous. Flowers conspicuous. Leaves exstipulate, fleshy.--Species 1 =Orygia= Forsk.

Petals none, but the stamens sometimes intermixed with staminodes. Leaves stipulate. 8

8. Styles linear or slightly club-shaped. Stipules membranous, entire. 9

Styles obovate or wedge-shaped. Stipules fringed or sheath-like. 10

9. Ovules with a long funicle. Seeds crowned by an appendage of the funicle. Pericarp firm.--Species 3. Used in medicine. =Glinus= L.

Ovules with a short funicle. Seeds without an appendage of the funicle. Pericarp thin. Stamens 3-10. Glabrous herbs with narrow leaves.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used in medicine. =Mollugo= L.

10. Disc cup-shaped, lobed or divided. Stamens 3-5. Stipules fringed.--Species 17. South Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena. =Pharnaceum= L.

Disc none. Stipules sheath-like. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 4. South Africa. =Hyperstelis= E. Mey.

11. (1.) Ovary superior. Petals none. 12

Ovary inferior. [Tribe MESEMBRIANTHEMEAE.] 18

12. Fruit transversely dehiscent, circumscissile. Leaves opposite. [Tribe SESUVIEAE.] 13

Fruit longitudinally dehiscent, loculicidal or septicidal. [Tribe AIZOEAE.] 14

13. Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules solitary or few, basal or subbasal. Pericarp thick in the upper part. Seed-coat wrinkled.--Species 10. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Plate 43.) =Trianthema= L.

Ovary 3-5-rarely 2-celled. Ovules numerous, axile. Pericarp thin. Seed-coat smooth. Flowers red.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them have edible seeds, or serve as vegetables. (Including Diplochonium Fenzl and Halimus Rumph.) =Sesuvium= L.

14. Stamens 4-5. Ovary-cells and styles 3. 15

Stamens 8 or more. 16

15. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Filaments long. Fruit roundish. Shrubs with silky hairs. Leaves all cauline, opposite or alternate, imbricate, triangular-ovate, without stipules. Flowers axillary, yellowish.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Plinthus= Fenzl

Ovary-cells several-ovuled. Filaments short. Fruit linear-oblong. Glabrous herbs. Radical leaves lanceolate to ovate, with fringed stipules; cauline leaves whorled, filiform. Flowers in cymes, whitish-green.--Species 2. South Africa. =Coelanthum= E. Mey.

16. Stamens numerous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Styles 4-5. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. Flowers yellow.--Species 12. Some of them have edible seeds. =Aizoon= L.

Stamens 8-10, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and styles 2. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. 17

17. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Ovules basal. Stem glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Acrosanthes= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stamens 8, rarely 10, but then ovary 3-5-celled, styles 3-5, and stem hairy or warty. Ovules pendulous, 1 in each cell.--Species 20. South Africa to Angola. =Galenia= L.

18. (11.) Petals (or petaloid staminodes) numerous. Stamens numerous. Ovary 4-20-celled, with many basal or parietal ovules. Fruit a capsule.--Species 330. Some of them have edible fruits or seeds or serve as vegetables, as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for making soda. =Mesembrianthemum= L.

Petals (or petaloid staminodes) none. Ovary 2-8-celled with one pendulous ovule in each cell, or ovary 1-celled. Fruit a nut or drupe. Leaves alternate. 19

19. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 4, two of them shorter than the others and without a stigma.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). =Anisostigma= Schinz

Ovary 2-8-, very rarely 1-celled. Styles as many as ovary-cells.--Species 35. Southern and Central Africa. One species (T. expansa Murr., New Zealand spinach) is cultivated as a vegetable in various regions. =Tetragonia= L.

SUBORDER PORTULACINEAE

FAMILY 73. PORTULACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, free or united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Petals 4-6, free or united at the base, falling off very early. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, or fewer, or more numerous. Ovary usually superior and 1-celled. Ovules basal or affixed to a free central placenta, curved, the micropyle lateral or inferior. Style 2-8-cleft or parted, rarely (Portulaca) undivided. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo more or less curved.--Genera 6, species 35. (Plate 44.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by a lid.--Species 12. Some are used as vegetables, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants. “Purslane.” [Tribe PORTULACEAE.] =Portulaca= L.

Ovary superior. Fruit dehiscing by valves or indehiscent. [Tribe CALANDRINIEAE.] 2

2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style-branches 2. Stamens numerous. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Talinella= Baill.

Ovary 1-celled with 1, 3, or many ovules. Style-branches 3. 3

3. Ovule 1. Stamens 4-7. Petals reddish. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants. =Portulacaria= Jacq.

Ovules 3 or more. Stamens 3 or 8-30. Fruit 3-valved. Herbs or undershrubs. 4

4. Ovules 3. Stamens 3. Corolla 5-cleft, slightly irregular, white. Calyx persistent.--Species 1. North Africa and subantarctic islands. Used as a vegetable. =Montia= L.

Ovules numerous. Stamens 8-30. Corolla of 5 free or almost free petals, regular. Calyx deciduous. 5

5. Stipules present, but sometimes reduced to a tuft of hairs. Embryo slightly curved.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Anacampseros= L.

Stipules absent. Embryo ring-shaped. Funicle of the seed with an appendage.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as vegetables. (Plate 44.) =Talinum= Adans.

FAMILY 74. BASELLACEAE

Glabrous, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate to the corolla at the base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-parted, imbricate in the bud, persistent. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes and affixed to them at the base. Filaments straight or bent outwards in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved; micropyle inferior. Style 3-partite. Fruit indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo curved or spirally twisted.--Genera 2, species 4, Tropics. (Under CHENOPODIACEAE or PORTULACACEAE.)

Flowers sessile, in spikes or panicles. Filaments broadened below. Stigmas entire. Pericarp membranous. Seed subglobose. Embryo spiral.--Species 3, two spontaneous in East Africa and Madagascar, the third cultivated in various tropical countries. They are used as vegetables, in medicine, and as dye-plants. =Basella= L.

Flowers short-stalked, in racemes. Filaments thread-shaped. Stigmas forked. Pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seed sublenticular. Embryo semicircular.--Species 1. Cultivated in various regions and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as a vegetable or an ornamental plant. =Boussaingaultia= H. B. & K.

SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLINEAE

FAMILY 75. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided. Perianth usually separated into calyx and corolla. Stamens 1-10. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled, superior, rarely (Sclerocephalus) half-inferior. Ovules on basal or central placentas, with a distinct funicle, curved or inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.--Genera 45, species 280. (Including PARONYCHIEAE or ILLECEBRACEAE, ALSINACEAE, and SILENACEAE.) (Plate 45.)

1. Sepals free or united up to the insertion of the stamens. Petals not distinctly clawed, sometimes wanting. Receptacle concave or small and rather flat. [Subfamily =ALSINOIDEAE=.] 2

Sepals united beyond the insertion of the stamens. Petals present, usually clawed. Receptacle stalk-like or small and flat. Styles free. [Subfamily =SILENOIDEAE=.] 35

2. Fruit indehiscent or irregularly bursting at the base, rarely at the top. Ovule 1, rarely ovules 2, and then sepals 5. Petals usually scale-like or wanting. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate; in the latter case styles 2. 3

Fruit opening from the top by teeth or valves. Ovules numerous, rarely 2, and then sepals 4, very rarely ovule 1; in this case leaves exstipulate and styles 3. Petals usually perfectly developed. 16

3. Flowers in clusters of 3, the middle one hermaphrodite, the side flowers male or rudimentary. Stamens nearly hypogynous. Style 1. Ovule one. Embryo almost straight. Leaves opposite, stipulate. [Tribe PTERANTHEAE.] 4

Flowers all alike. Stamens perigynous. 6

4. Stamens 2-3. Staminodes and petals absent. Sepals 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk, with entire involucral bracts. Shrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Dicheranthus= Webb

Stamens 4-5. Clusters of flowers with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Herbs. 5

5. Sepals 4. Petals and staminodes none. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Clusters of flowers on a much broadened and hollow stalk.--Species 1. North Africa. =Pteranthus= Forsk.

Sepals 5. Petals or staminodes 5. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk.--Species 1. Northern East Africa to Egypt. =Cometes= L.

6. Leaves exstipulate. Petals none. Styles 2. Ovule 1. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa. [Tribe SCLERANTHEAE.] =Scleranthus= L.

Leaves stipulate. [Tribe PARONYCHIEAE.] 7

7. Ovule 1. 8

Ovules 2. Undershrubs. 15

8. Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2, very rarely 1, and then style very short. 9

Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 3, very rarely 1, but then style elongated. 13

9. Stem woody, shrubby, nodose. Bracts brown. Sepals mucronate. Petals 5, thread-shaped. Style elongated. Stigmas 2.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Lochia= Balf. fil.

Stem herbaceous, rarely woody at the base; in the latter case sepals obtuse. 10

10. Flowers in globose heads; involucre becoming prickly. Sepals prickly beneath the tip. Petals wanting. Ovary adnate below to the calyx-tube. Fruit bursting at the top.--Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. =Sclerocephalus= Boiss.

Flowers in fascicles; involucre not prickly. Petals thread-shaped or wanting. Ovary free. 11

11. Sepals blunt, green. Style very short; stigmas 2. Embryo curved. Stipules small.--Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, Cape Verde Islands. Some are used in medicine. =Herniaria= L.

Sepals more or less hooded, with a dorsal point beneath the tip. 12

12. Seed with a straight embryo. Stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed, nearly sessile. Stamens 5. Petals thread-shaped. Sepals white. Leaves in false whorls; stipules very small.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used in medicine. =Illecebrum= L.

Seed with a curved embryo. Stigma 1, two-lobed, or more frequently stigmas 2. Stipules large or rather large.--Species 15. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used in medicine or yield a substitute for tea. =Paronychia= Juss.

13. Sepals awned. Petals awl-shaped. Style long, with 3 stigmas. Low shrubs with knotty branches. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gymnocarpos= Forsk.

Sepals blunt. Petals scale-like. Style long with 1 stigma, or short with 3 stigmas. Herbs. 14

14. Style long, with 1 stigma. Leaves whorled, obovate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Haya= Balf. fil.

Style short, with 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite or alternate, narrow.--Species 3. North and South Africa and mountains of East Africa and Madagascar. =Corrigiola= L.

15. (7.) Petals 5. Stamens 5. Embryo curved. Leaves linear, fleshy.--Species 1. Nubia. =Sphaerocoma= Anders.

Petals none. Stamens 1-2. Embryo straight or almost so. Leaves lanceolate, flat.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Pollichia= Soland.

16. (2.) Styles united below. [Tribe POLYCARPEAE.] 17

Styles free from the base. 22

17. Sepals 4, concave, minutely toothed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Ovules few. Style short; stigmas 2. Flowers solitary, axillary, with two bracteoles. Leaves very small, densely crowded.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. =Lyallia= Hook.

Sepals 5. Stamens 3-5. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 3 or 1. 18

18. Petals none. Sepals keeled, entire. Stamens 3. Leaves linear. Stipules dark red at the base.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Ortegia= Loefl.

Petals 5. 19

19. Petals 2-parted.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Drymaria= Willd.

Petals entire, notched, or 2-toothed. 20

20. Sepals with a tooth on each side. Leaves awl-shaped. Stipules cut up into bristles.--Species 1. North Africa. =Loeflingia= L.

Sepals entire. 21

21. Sepals keeled. Style short, 3-cleft.--Species 6. Some are used medicinally. =Polycarpon= Loefl.

Sepals rounded on the back. Style long or rather long.--Species 25. Some are used medicinally. (Polycarpia Webb, Polia Lour., including Robbairea Boiss.) (Plate 45.) =Polycarpaea= Lam.

22. (16.) Leaves with scarious stipules. Ovules numerous. [Tribe SPERGULEAE.] 23

Leaves without stipules. [Tribe ALSINEAE.] 25

23. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Ovules basal. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Flowers white. Leaves oblong or ovate.--Species 5. North Africa and Madagascar. =Telephium= L.

Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules central. Flowers in raceme-like cymes. Leaves linear or subulate. 24

24. Styles and fruit-valves 3.--Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia. Some are used medicinally. (Lepigonum Fries, Tissa Adans.) =Spergularia= Pers.

Styles and fruit-valves 5.--Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in Central and South Africa. Used as fodder. “Spurry.” =Spergula= L.

25. Ovule 1. Styles 3. Stamens 10. Petals none, but usually 5 thread-like scales opposite the sepals. Fruit 3-valved to the middle. Leaves subulate. Flowers in clusters consisting of fertile and sterile flowers.--Species 1. North Africa. =Queria= L.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely (Buffonia) 2. 26

26. Petals 2-parted, 2-cleft, or distinctly notched. Flowers solitary or in panicle-like cymes. 27

Petals entire, minutely toothed, obscurely notched, or wanting. 28

27. Fruit globose. Styles 2-3, rarely 4-5, alternating with the sepals.--Species 6. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used medicinally. “Stitchwort.” =Stellaria= L.

Fruit cylindrical. Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals.--Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Cerastium= L.

28. Petals minutely toothed. Styles 3. Ovules numerous. Fruit cylindrical. Seeds peltate, compressed dorsally. Flowers in umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. =Holosteum= L.

Petals entire, slightly notched, or wanting. 29

29. Styles as many as the sepals, 4-5. 30

Styles fewer than the sepals, 2-4, very rarely 5. 32

30. Styles opposite the sepals. Stamens 8. Fruit opening at the top by 8 recurved teeth. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under Cerastium L.) =Moenchia= Ehrh.

Styles alternating with the sepals. Stamens 4, 5, or 10. Fruit opening to the base in 4-5 valves. 31

31. Stamens as many as and alternating with the sepals. Petals none.--Species 2. Subantarctic islands. =Colobanthus= Bartl.

Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many. Leaves subulate.--Species 7. North Africa, high mountains of Central Africa and subantarctic islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Pearlwort.” =Sagina= L.

32. Styles 2. Ovules 2-4. Stamens 2-4. Sepals 4. Fruit opening to the base in 2 valves. Seeds 1-2. Leaves subulate.--Species 5. North-west Africa. =Buffonia= L.

Styles 3-5, rarely 2, but then (as usually) ovules more than 4. Sepals nearly always 5. 33

33. Valves of the fruit entire, as many as styles.--Species 8. North Africa and northern East Africa. (Including Minuartia L., under Arenaria L.) Alsine Wahlenb.

Valves of the fruit 2-toothed or 2-parted; in the latter case apparently twice as many as styles. 34

34. Seeds with an appendage at the hilum. Flowers white.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under Arenaria L.) =Moehringia= L.

Seeds without an appendage. Stamens 10.--Species 10. North Africa and northern Central Africa. “Sandwort.” =Arenaria= L.

35. (1.) Calyx with an odd number of ribs. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. Styles or stigmas 2. [Tribe DIANTHEAE.] 36

Calyx with an even number of ribs. Petals usually with quincuncially-imbricate aestivation. Styles or stigmas 3-5. [Tribe LYCHNIDEAE.] 41

36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs. 37

Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs. 38

37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including Dianthella Clauson). =Tunica= Scop.

Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical, or ovate.--Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Gypsophila= L.

38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes reduced to hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts. 39

Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a winged claw. 40

39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North Africa. =Velezia= L.

Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. Stamens 10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.” =Saponaria= L.

40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo.--Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used as a substitute for soap. (Under Saponaria L.) =Vaccaria= Medik.

Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.--Species 25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes. “Pink.” =Dianthus= L.

41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade. 42

Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10. 43

42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules numerous.--Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa. The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.” (Githago Desfont., under Lychnis L.) =Agrostemma= L.

Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules few.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons. =Uebelinia= Hochst.

43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, 10-20-ribbed. Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit opening by 6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.--Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute for soap. (Under Lychnis L.) =Melandryum= Roehl.

Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base. 44

44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales at its base. Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cucubalus= L.

Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.--Species 75. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including Eudianthe Rohrb.) =Silene= L.

ORDER RANALES

SUBORDER NYMPHAEINEAE

FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3, species 20.

1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red, axillary. Leaves ovate, without stipules.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. (Hydropeltis Michx.) [Subfamily =CABOMBOIDEAE.=] =Brasenia= Schreb.

Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5. Petals numerous. [Subfamily =NYMPHAEOIDEAE.=] 2

2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule. Leaf-and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.--Species 20. Used as ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are edible and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.” (Castalia Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.] =Nymphaea= Smith

Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without an aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf-and flower-stalks with many small air-canals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (Nymphaea Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.] =Nuphar= Smith

FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments 9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16, inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a large, many-leaved plumule.

Genus 1, species 3. =Ceratophyllum= L.

SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE

FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or separate, rarely (Nigella) united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.)

1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some rudimentary ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.] 2

Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the suture. 7

2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle. 3

Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous. 4

3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with a short spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp without a hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided, linear.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.” =Myosurus= L.

Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.--Species 50. Many of them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Ceratocephalus Pers. and Ficaria Dill.) =Ranunculus= L.

4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule with a single coat. 5

Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical. 6

5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.--Species 40. Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Clematis= L.

Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.--Species 15. North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Knowltonia Salisb.) (Plate 46.) =Anemone= L.

6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat receptacle, marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or cymes.--Species 4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine. =Thalictrum= L.

Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a cylindrical receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary, terminal.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine and as ornamental plants. =Adonis= L.

7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not glandular petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous. Carpels several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than the inner.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.] =Paeonia= L.

Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8 glandular petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner. [Tribe HELLEBOREAE.] 8

8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8. 9

Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2. 10

9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves ternately dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. “Columbine.” =Aquilegia= L.

Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united. Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.--Species 6. North Africa. Some (especially N. sativa L.) yield condiments and medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants. =Nigella= L.

10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect, helmet-shaped. Flowers yellow.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Poisonous and used in medicine. =Aconitum= L.

Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading, spur-shaped.--Species 18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.” =Delphinium= L.

FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE

Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more, basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 3, species 6. North and East Africa.

1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers 6-merous. Fruit a berry.--Species 4. North and East Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments, and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation of drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.] =Berberis= L.

Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.] 2

2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture. Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Epimedium= L.

Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds without an aril.--Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Leontice= L.

FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE

Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually 6. Petals usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent. Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1, pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle, sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed. Fruits drupaceous.--Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.)

1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male flowers 2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels solitary. 2

Sepals 6-24, rarely (Stephania) in the female flowers only 3-4. Petals free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (Stephania) solitary. 3

2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals, in cymes. Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Cissampelos= L.

Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves usually narrow. Low-growing plants.--Species 4. South Africa. (Under Cissampelos L.) =Antizoma= Miers

3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4. 4

Sepals 9-24. 22

4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal in length. Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. (Including Homocnemia Miers and Perichasma Miers). =Stephania= Lour.

Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6. 5

5. Sepals nearly equal in length. 6

Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the inner. 7

6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas thick, entire.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Including Ropalandria Stapf). =Dioscoreophyllum= Engl.

Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. “Calumba-root.” =Iatrorrhiza= Miers

7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. Leaves sinuated or dissected.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Syntriandrium= Engl.

Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (Tiliacora) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and leaves undivided, very rarely (Penianthus) petals wanting. 8

8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Epinetrum= Hiern

Stamens 3-9, usually 6. 9

9. Filaments free or united at the base only. 10

Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond. 17

10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits. 11

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 13

11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes arranged in racemes.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and Egypt. They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (Cebatha Forsk.) (Plate 47.) =Cocculus= L.

Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the style nearly terminal. 12

12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including Heptacyclum Engl.) =Penianthus= Miers

Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3. Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved. Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.--Species 4. West Africa. =Kolobopetalum= Engl.

13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved. 14

Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or penninerved. 15

14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the female flowers 6.--Species 1. Northern Central Africa. =Tinospora= Miers

Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the base.--Species 7. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Desmonema= Miers

15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds straight.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Cocculus DC.) =Orthogynium= Baill.

Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved. 16

16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Tinospora Miers). =Platytinospora= Diels

Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.--Species 12, Central Africa. (Including Glossopholis Pierre, under Limacia Lour.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Spirospermum= Thouars

Outer and inner stamens more or less united. 18

18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. (Miersiophyton Engl., under Chasmanthera Miers). =Rhigiocarya= Miers

Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond. 19

19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.) =Kolobopetalum= Engl.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, or tubercled. 20

20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers opening inwards. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes. 21

21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.) =Desmonema= Miers

Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly cordate.--Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers. =Chasmanthera= Hochst.

22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip. 23

Inner sepals free or nearly so. 24

23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Synclisia= Benth.

Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary. (See 8.) =Epinetrum= Hiern

24. Petals none. 25

Petals 3-9, usually 6. 27

25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.--Species 2. West Africa. =Syrrheonema= Miers

Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral. 26

26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening by confluent slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.) =Penianthus= Miers

Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax cymes or in panicles.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including Pycnostylis Pierre, Rameya Baill., and Welwitschiina Engl.) =Triclisia= Benth.

27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.--Species 1. West Africa. =Sphenocentrum= Pierre

Petals 3-6. 28

28. Stamens 3. 29

Stamens 6-18. 31

29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) =Triclisia= Benth. Filaments united high up. 30

30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem climbing.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Strychnopsis= Baill.

Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.--Species 5. Madagascar. (Including Gamopoda Bak. and Tripodandra Baill.) =Rhaptonema= Miers

31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes or corymbs. Leaves undivided.--Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. =Anisocycla= Baill.

Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely. 32

32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes. 33

Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes. Leaves undivided. 34

33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Burasaia= Thouars

Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Limaciopsis Engl.

34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.

Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers absent. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.

FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals 3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually numerous, rarely (Bocagea) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.--Genera 27, species 240. (Plate 48.)

1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas. [Tribe MONODOREAE.] 2

Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a many-celled ovary. 3

2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a wavy margin.--Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some species are used as condiments and in medicine. =Monodora= Dun.

Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the margin.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under Monodora Dun.) =Isolona= (Pierre) Engl.

3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe MILIUSEAE.] =Piptostigma= Oliv.

Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4. 4

4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (Anona) the inner imbricate at the apex. [Tribe XYLOPIEAE.] 5

Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the stamens. 10

5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate with the sepals, or 6.--Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe ANONINAE.] =Anona= L.

Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.] 6

6. Ovules solitary. 7

Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6. 8

7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow bark and yellow hairs.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Under Xylopia L.) =Enantia= Oliv.

Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon linear styles.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Oxymitra Blume) =Stenanthera= (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels

8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Polyceratocarpus= Engl. & Diels

Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved when ripe. 9

9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or scrambling shrubs.--Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine. =Artabotrys= R. Br.

Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above. Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules 2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.--Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments. (Xylopicrum P. Br.) =Xylopia= L.

10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles 2-cleft.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.] =Hexalobus= A. DC.

Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.] 11

11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.] 12

Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe UVARIINAE.] 23

12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual. 13

Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the anther-cells. 15

13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo). =Thonnera= De Wild.

Petals 4. 14

14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female much larger than the male. Trees.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Tetrastemma= Diels

Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about as large as the male. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Uvariopsis= Engl.

15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes sterile. Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.--Species 2. West Africa (Congo). =Monanthotaxis= Baill.

Petals in 2 rows. 16

16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.--Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Clathrospermum Planch.) =Popowia= Endl.

Outer and inner petals spreading or erect. 17

17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. Carpels 3, one-seeded.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bocagea= St. Hil.

Stamens numerous. 18

18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style short. Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1 (C. odorata Hook. f. & Thoms., Ylang-Ylang). Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which yield a perfume. =Cananga= Rumph.

Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective. 19

19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs. (See 9.) =Artabotrys= R. Br.

Style short or wanting. 20

20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous. 21

Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with stellate hairs. Carpels usually few. 22

21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with 2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 9. Tropics. =Unona= L. f.

Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules 1-2.--Species 8. Tropics. Several species yield timber. =Polyalthia= Blume

22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.--Species 2. Central Africa. (Under Unona L. f.) =Meiocarpidium= Engl. & Diels

Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Uvariastrum= Engl.

23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. 24

Ovules numerous in each carpel. 26

24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, numerous, one-seeded. Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Anona L.) =Anonidium= Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite. 25

25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. (Under Unona L. f.) =Cleistochlamys= Oliv.

Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the inner. Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually sessile.--Species 9. West Africa. (Under Oxymitra Benth.) =Cleistopholis= Pierre

26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate hairs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pachypodanthium= Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. 27

27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.--Species 1. East Africa. (Asteranthopsis O. Ktze., under Uvaria L.) =Asteranthe= Engl. & Diels

Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually free.--Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments. =Uvaria= L.

FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; albumen copious; embryo small.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 49.)

1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly developed. Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Mauloutchia= Warb.

Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent. Aril distinctly developed. 2

2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible. =Myristica= L.

Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10. 3

3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin; transverse veins faint.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. (Including Ochocoa Pierre). =Scyphocephalium= Warb.

Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo with suberect cotyledons. 4

4. Flowers in simple, fascicle-or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. Anthers 3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.--Species 4. West Africa. They yield timber. =Staudtia= Warb.

Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or panicles. Aril slit. 5

5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin. 6

Flowers sessile, in heads. 7

6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth cup-shaped. Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.--Species 4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. =Coelocaryon= Warb.

Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel-or pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield a fat. =Virola= Aubl.

7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers 2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves joined by arches near the margin.--Species 5. West Africa and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under Myristica L.) (Plate 49.) =Pycnanthus= Warb.

Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen uniform. 8

8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse veins faint.--Species 1. German East Africa. (Under Brochoneura Warb.) =Cephalosphaera= Warb.

Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly as strong transverse veins.--Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under Myristica L.) =Brochoneura= Warb.

FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy albumen.--Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.)

1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more, sunk in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 3. West Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily =ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe SIPARUNEAE.] =Glossocalyx= Benth.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =MONIMIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female flowers falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe TRIMENIEAE.] 3

Receptacle large, cup-or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent. Carpels several or many. 4

3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens. Flowers on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Chloropatane= Engl.

Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on short stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber. (Including Paxiodendron Engl.) =Xymalos= Baill.

4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the carpels. Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12. Anther-halves confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in clusters, monoecious.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Mollinedia Ruiz & Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.] =Ephippiandra= Decne.

Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous. Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.] 5

5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk in the receptacle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes, dioecious.--Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. =Monimia= Thouars

Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the receptacle.--Species 20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (Ambora Juss.) =Tambourissa= Sonn.

FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary superior, very rarely (Hypodaphnis) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.)

1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily =LAUROIDEAE=.] 2

Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily =PERSEOIDEAE=.] 11

2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft. Flowers in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or trees.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes, spices, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Laurel.” [Tribe LAUREAE.] =Laurus= L.

Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12, usually 9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled. 3

3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute scales. Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the inner. Fertile stamens 9.--Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.] =Cassytha= L.

Stem shrub-or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6, rarely 4, subequal segments. 4

4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit. Perianth-segments 6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe CRYPTOCARYEAE.] 5

Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe APOLLONIADEAE.] 6

5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but free from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.--Species 8. Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments. (Agathophyllum Juss.) =Ravensara= Sonn.

Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the receptacle, but adnate to the seed.--Species 10. Madagascar, South and East Africa. =Cryptocarya= R. Br.

6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves linear-lanceolate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Potameia= Thouars

Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9. 7

7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Berniera= Baill.

Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands. Flowers in panicles. 8

8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong or obovate, the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate glands.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber. =Tylostemon= Engl.

Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens with 2 roundish glands at their base. 9

9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber. =Apollonias= Nees

Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield timber or edible seeds. (Afrodaphne Stapf, Hufelandia Nees, Nesodaphne Hook., under Tylostemon Engl.) =Beilschmiedia= Nees

10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers dioecious, in umbels.--Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (Tetranthera Jaqu.) [Tribe LITSEEAE.] =Litsea= Lam.

Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.] 11

11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle accrescent. Flowers usually polygamous. 12

Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 13

12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Ocotea Aubl.) =Hypodaphnis= Stapf

Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber, fat, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Mespilodaphne and Oreodaphne Nees). (Plate 51.) =Ocotea= Aubl.

13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time of flowering.--Species 2 (C. zeylanicum Breyn, cinnamon, and C. camphora Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses. =Cinnamomum= Blume

Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole. 14

14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large, greenish.--Species 1 (P. gratissima Gaertn., avocado-pear). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a fat and a dye are prepared, and is used in medicine. =Persea= Gaertn.

Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small, blackish.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under Persea Gaertn.) =Phoebe= Nees

FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious. Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under LAURACEAE or COMBRETACEAE.)

1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted. Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 1. East Africa, Angola, Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily =GYROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Gyrocarpus= Jaqu.

Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. [Subfamily =HERNANDIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with 2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Illigera= Blume

Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers 6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees. Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more male.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine. =Hernandia= L.

ORDER RHOEADALES

SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE

FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily albumen.--Genera 11, species 50. (Including FUMARIACEAE.) (Plate 52.)

1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, tripartite (or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not milky. [Subfamily =FUMARIOIDEAE=.] 2

Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers. 5

2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, dehiscent, 3-or more-seeded.--Species 9. South and North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Cysticapnos Adans.) =Corydalis= DC.

Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not appendaged. 3

3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on each side. Leaves fleshy.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Sarcocapnos= DC.

Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each side, or triquetrous, or globular. 4

4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.) =Trigonocapnos= Schlecht.

Fruit globular or compressed, erect.--Species 15. North, South, and East Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands. “Fumitory.” (Including Discocapnos Cham. & Schlechtend. and Platycapnos Bernh.) =Fumaria= L.

5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not milky.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. [Subfamily =HYPECOIDEAE=.] =Hypecoum= L.

Stamens numerous. [Subfamily =PAPAVEROIDEAE=.] 6

6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, 1-celled, 2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.] =Hunnemannia= Sweet

Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect. 7

7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds appendaged. Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Celandine.” [Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.] =Chelidonium= L.

Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and opposite to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. [Tribe PAPAVEREAE.] 8

8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 2-4. Juice yellow. 9

Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or indehiscent. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16. 10

9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in 2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the seeds yield oil. =Glaucium= Juss.

Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Roemeria= Medik.

10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.--Species 1. Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. =Argemone= L.

Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.--Species 12. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. P. somniferum L. yields opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.” =Papaver= L.

SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.

FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (Cercopetalum) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (Dipterygium) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.)

1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =CAPPARIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14

2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4

3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.--Species 10. East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. =Thylachium= Lour.

Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated, stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.--Species 50. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including Niebuhria DC. and Streblocarpus Arn.) =Maerua= Forsk.

4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2. Leaves digitate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Bachmannia= Pax

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, but then leaves undivided. 5

5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube-or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens 4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Schepperia Neck.) =Cadaba= Forsk.

Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6

6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided. 7

Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9

7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals 3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Courbonia= Brongn.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more. Sepals 4, rarely 5. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Buchholzia= Engl.

Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.--Species 30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and roots of some are eaten or used medicinally. =Boscia= Lam.

9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens 10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile ovules. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. =Cercopetalum= Gilg

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous. 10

10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 3. East Africa. =Cladostemon= A. Br. & Vatke

Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore. 11

11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. Stamens 5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 1. West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Pteropetalum Pax). =Euadenia= Oliv.

Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more. 12

12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or open. Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon a long gynophore, 1-or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber, edible fruit, or medicaments. =Crataeva= L.

Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and androphore little developed or wanting. 13

13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and then petals numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk, 1-celled.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Ritchiea= R. Br.

Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.--Species 50. Some of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from C. spinosa L.), edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous. =Capparis= L.

14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily =DIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Dipterygium= Decne.

Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more. 15

15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long. Shrubs. Flowers fascicled.--Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily =CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE=.] =Calyptrotheca= Gilg

Fruit several-or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate from the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous. [Subfamily =CLEOMOIDEAE=.] 16

16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under Cleome L.) =Chilocalyx= Klotzsch

Calyx-tube none. 17

17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile. Ovary stalked. Herbs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. (Pedicellaria Schrank). =Gynandropsis= DC.

Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a distinct androphore. 18

18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves digitate.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including Dianthera Klotzsch and Tetratelia Sond., under Cleome L.) (Plate 53.) =Polanisia= Raf.

Stamens 4-6, all fertile. 19

19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Cleomodendron= Pax

Disc ring-or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Cleome= L.

FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous, rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2 stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo curved.--Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.)

1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base. Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe HESPERIDEAE.] 2

Hairs simple or wanting. 37

2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 3

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 19

3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. 4

Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged. 7

4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style appendaged at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the base. Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.--Species 1. North Africa. =Lonchophora= Dur.

Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles. 5

5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear, entire. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Parolinia= Webb

Fruit-valves with an entire appendage. 6

6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals red. Leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with star-shaped hairs.--Species 5. East Africa. =Diceratella= Boiss.

Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Notoceras= R. Br.

7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral stamens. Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united. 8

Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or indistinctly developed. 14

8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal gibbosity; stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.--Species 15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Stock.” =Matthiola= R. Br.

Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited at the base.

9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear, white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves divided into narrow segments.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Leptaleum= DC.

Longer filaments free or slightly cohering. 10

10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex. Petals white or pink.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Maresia Pomel). =Malcolmia= R. Br.

Seeds flat; radicle accumbent. 11

11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted between the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs stellate.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under Farsetia Desv. or Malcolmia R. Br.). =Eremobium= Boiss.

Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled. 12

12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely angled. Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.--Species 3. North and East Africa. =Morettia= DC.

Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds. 13

13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.--Species 13. East and North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Farsetia= Desv.

Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.--Species 15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.” =Arabis= L.

14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply limited. Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 15

Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring. Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma usually sharply limited. 16

15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including Dichroanthus Webb). =Cheiranthus= L.

Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.--Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. =Erysimum= L.

16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves with a strong midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under Sisymbrium L.). =Descurainia= Webb & Berth.

Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. 17

17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row; radicle accumbent. (See 13.). =Arabis= L.

Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve. 18

18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Arabis L.). =Turritis= L.

Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.--Species 2. East, South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Arabis L. or Sisymbrium L.). =Stenophragma= Celak.

19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded. 20

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 22

20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled. Style very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Schlechteria= Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs. 21

21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat, without a partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves linear. Hairs star-shaped.--Species 2. North Africa. =Clypeola= L.

Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with a rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (Vogelia Medik.) =Neslia= Desv.

22. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 23

Fruit many-seeded. 30

23. Petals yellow. 24

Petals white or reddish. 26

24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed, boat-shaped valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle incumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Lachnocapsa= Balf.

Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 25

25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Bunias= L.

Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.--Species 13. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including Meniocus Desv.) =Alyssum= L.

26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top, projecting inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.” =Anastatica= L.

Fruit-valves without an appendage. 27

27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow. Stigma sessile. Seeds 4.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including Hinterhubera Reichb. and Hornungia Reichb.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition broad. 28

28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit elliptical, tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting. Flowers short-stalked.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Euclidium= R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous. 29

29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under Alyssum L.). =Ptilotrichum= C. A. Mey.

Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with scattered fibres.--Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Koniga Adans., under Alyssum L.) =Lobularia= Desv.

30. Petals yellow. 31

Petals white or red. 34

31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds numerous, winged.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Farsetia Desv.) =Fibigia= Medik.

Sepals not saccate. 32

32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely without, but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a mid-rib at the base. (See 25.) =Alyssum= L.

Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with the mid-rib extending to the top. 33

33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint middle-nerve. Radicle accumbent.--Species 5. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Erophila DC.) =Draba= L.

Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong middle-nerve. Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.--Species 3. North Africa. They yield oil and medicaments. =Camelina= Crantz

34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.). =Farsetia= Turr.

Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged. 35

35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint middle-nerve; partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) =Draba= L.

Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent. 36

36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.--Species 1. North Africa and northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the islands of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds purse.” =Capsella= DC.

Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.). =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely notched at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or twisted. [Tribe THELYPODIEAE.] 38

Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.]. 45

38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 39

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely folded or spirally twisted. 42

39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves. Seed-coat spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle accumbent. Leaves roundish.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a vegetable and in medicine. =Pringlea= Hook. fil.

Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle incumbent. 40

40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white. Fruit oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves reniform-cordate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Chamira= Thunb.

Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded transversely. 41

41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear. Petals blue or red. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Carponema= Sond.

Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often constricted between the seeds.--Species 60. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.) =Heliophila= L.

42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Palmstruckia= Sond.

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 43

43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See 41.) =Heliophila= L.

Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 44

44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating from the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Cycloptychis= E. Mey.

Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow. Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow or red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Brachycarpaea= DC.

45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 46

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 77

46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.] 47

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless beak. 59

47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints). 48

Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells. 56

48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals yellow. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). =Hemicrambe= Webb

Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded. 49

49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved. 50

Fruit-valves convex. 51

50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, connate.--Species 7. North Africa. =Moricandia= DC.

Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a condiment. =Diplotaxis= DC.

51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved. 52

Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly flattened. 53

52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect. Leaves dissected.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under Erucaria Gaertn.) =Reboudia= Coss. & Durieu

Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves lyrate.--Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (S. alba L.) yields salad, oil, condiments, and medicaments. (Under Brassica L.) =Sinapis= L.

53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper one, 3-4-seeded. Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under Rapistrum Desv.) =Cordylocarpus= Desf.

Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet. 54

54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Petals yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.--Species 25, five of them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables, salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially B. oleracea L., cabbage, B. campestris L., rapeseed, B. Napus L., turnip, and B. nigra Koch, black mustard. (Including Melanosinapis Schimp. & Spenn.) =Brassica= L.

Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite. 55

55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate. Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.--Species 6. North and East Africa. (Including Hirschfeldia Moench, under Brassica L.) =Erucastrum= Presl Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves. Sepals connivent. Petals violet.--Species 4. North Africa. (Including Hussonia Coss.) =Erucaria= Gaertn.

56. Seeds pendulous. 57

Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect. 58

57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 3. North-west Africa. (Raffenaldia Godr.) =Cossonia= Durieu

Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers racemose.--Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized in South Africa, the second (R. sativus L.) cultivated and naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and medicaments. “Radish.” (Raphanus L.) =Rhaphanus= L.

58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Hispid herbs. Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least the lower, subtended by bracts.--Species 4. North Africa to Nubia. =Enarthrocarpus= Labill.

Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected. Flowers without bracts. (See 55). =Erucaria= Gaertn.

59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma sessile. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. North Africa. Woad (I. tinctoria L.) yields a dye, other species are used medicinally. =Isatis= L.

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 60

60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib. 61

Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 67

61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet or purple. Glabrous plants. 62

Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent, glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate. 63

62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including Oudneya R. Br.) =Henophyton= Coss. & Durieu

Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately divided. (See 50.). =Moricandia= DC.

63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately divided. 64

Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row. 65

64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.--Species 2. North Africa. =Ammosperma= Hook. fil.

Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved. Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.). =Diplotaxis= DC.

65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or elliptical, not winged. Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately divided.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Bittercress.” =Cardamine= L.

Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves usually undivided. 66

66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See 13.) =Arabis= L.

Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid. Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.) =Turritis= L.

67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants. 68

Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring, rarely (Nasturtium) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with a faint or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals white or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins. 69

68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering. Cotyledons folded. (See 50.) =Moricandia= DC.

Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable. =Conringia= Heist.

69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate. 70

Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded. 71

70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals yellow.--Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder. “Wintercress.” =Barbarea= R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds usually in two rows.--Species 15. Some of them (especially N. officinale R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Roripa Scop.) =Nasturtium= R. Br.

71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong ribs. Glands confluent into a ring. 72

Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked. 73

72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals white. Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. (Under Sisymbrium L.) =Alliaria= Adans.

Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.--Species 25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including Kibera DC. and Nasturtiopsis Boiss.) =Sisymbrium= L.

73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves. 74

Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak, or without a beak. 75

74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds in 2 rows. Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the stem.--Species 4. North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are used as a condiment or in medicine. (Including Rytidocarpus Coss.) =Eruca= Lam.

Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals spreading. (See 52.). =Sinapis= L.

75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 6. Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Brassica L.) =Sinapidendron= Lowe

Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs. 76

76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.) =Rhaphanus= L.

Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.) =Brassica= L.

77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells (joints), the lowest cell sometimes seedless. 78

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless beak. 82

78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral saccate. Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary, axillary. (See 57.) =Cossonia= Durieu

Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose. 79

79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper with an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cakile= Gaertn.

Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded. Petals white or yellow. 80

80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed; lower joint 1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. (Including Ceratocnemon Coss. et Balansa, Didesmus Desv., Otocarpus Durieu, and Rapistrella Pomel). =Rapistrum= Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white. 81

81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous from the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect. Filaments not toothed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Including Kremeria Coss.). =Muricaria= Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals spreading.--Species 7. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables (sea-kale). =Crambe= L.

82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow, often marked with violet veins. 83

Fruit not distinctly beaked. 87

83. Fruit indehiscent, 1-or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and usually a rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed, lobed, or cleft. 84

Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in this case shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded. 85

84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Schimpera= Hochst. & Steud.

Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Myagrum= L.

85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Vella= L.

Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided, at least some of them. 86

86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. =Carrichtera= Adans.

Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or undivided. (See 74.) =Eruca= Lam.

87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded. 88

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 91

88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed globular. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Calepina= Adans.

Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided. 89

89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an appendage. Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle accumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.) =Schlechteria= Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or undershrubs. 90

90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma. Fruit discoid, winged.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants. =Aethionema= R. Br.

Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 59.) =Isatis= L.

91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded. 92

Fruit 4-or more-seeded. 99

92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged; radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Ricotia= L.

Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or not compressed; partition well developed. 93

93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally. 94

Fruit not distinctly compressed. 97

94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical partition, opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent, rarely obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.--Species 20. Some of them (especially L. sativum L., garden-cress) yield salad, oil, and medicaments. =Lepidium= L.

Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition. 95

95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle short, accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals yellow. Median and lateral glands present.--Species 6. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Biscutella= L.

Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white, red or violet. 96

96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled, indehiscent.--Species 7. Some of them are used medicinally. (Senebiera Poir.) =Coronopus= Gaertn.

Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. Style distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than the inner. Median glands wanting.--Species 4. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.” =Iberis L.=

97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced partition. Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with a thread-shaped funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Succowia= Medik.

Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a very short funicle. 98

98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short lobes. Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Ochthodium= DC.

Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia. =Zilla= Forsk.

99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence partition as broad as the fruit. 100

Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit. 104

100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle accumbent. Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without a distinct median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately dissected. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.). =Ricotia= L.

Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent partition. Sepals not saccate. 101

101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the base. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like appendage at the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet. Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Savignya= DC.

Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or yellow. 102

102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top, or without a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex lobed. Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.) =Nasturtium= R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median glands wanting. 103

103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under Cochlearia L.) =Kernera= Medik.

Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) =Draba= L.

104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit winged. Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Leaves undivided. 105

Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle accumbent. Cotyledons not folded. 106

105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Psychine= Desf.

Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely lobed. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. =Schouwia= DC.

106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6. Cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. 107

Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. 108

107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above. Style short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or pinnatipartite.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables. =Teesdalia= R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.--Species 1. High mountains of East Africa. =Subularia= L.

108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short. Radicle incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.). =Aethionema= R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate. 109

109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves. Petals rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the laterally dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Ionopsidium= Reichb.

Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or thickened but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent. 110

110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 27.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

Fruit-valves winged. 111

111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves undivided.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally. “Penny-cress.” =Thlaspi= L.

Radicle incumbent. 112

112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including Pastorea Tod.) =Bivonaea= DC.

Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals white. (See 36.). =Capsella= DC.

SUBORDER RESEDINEAE

FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous, one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base. Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.--Genera 6, species 45. (Plate 55.)

1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves lanceolate, entire. 2

Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary open at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the middle only, then petals 4. 3

2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the cell, stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Astrocarpus= Neck.

Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.--Species 3. North and Central Africa. =Caylusea= St. Hil.

3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 5. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Ochradenus= Del.

Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top. 4

4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and North Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.) =Oligomeris= Cambess.

Petals 4-8. Disc present. 5

5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double. Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Randonia= Coss.

Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa; one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially R. luteola L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially R. odorata L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery. “Mignonette.” (Including Luteola Tourn.). =Reseda= L.

SUBORDER MORINGINEAE

FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting. Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5 staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. (Under CAPPARIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East Africa, Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (M. oleifera Lam., horse-radish-tree) cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts of the tropics. This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. =Moringa= Juss.

ORDER SARRACENIALES

FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4 or more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight, axile embryo and fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental plants. “Pitcher plant.” =Nepenthes= L.

FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo.--Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.)

1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal or nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up in the bud. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). =Drosophyllum= Link

Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs. 2

2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise, surrounded by bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched stigmas. Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating water-plants.--Species 1. Upper Nile. =Aldrovanda= L.

Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing long-stalked glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.--Species 13. Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation of liquors and in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.) =Drosera= L.

ORDER ROSALES

SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE

FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE

Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes, usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.)

1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.] =Tristicha= Thouars

Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely of 3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2. Leaves usually dissected. 2

2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4; filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the flower.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.] =Angolaea= Wedd.

Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (Winklerella) 3, but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.] 3

3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked. 4

Filaments obviously united. 5

4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the deciduous one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the lower with two teeth at the base.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Ledermanniella= Engl.

Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.--Species 2. West Africa. Used as salad. =Dicraeanthus= Engl.

5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves. Flowers drooping.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad. (Including Isothylax Baill.) =Sphaerothylax= Bisch.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled. 6

6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with prominent ribs. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Podostemon= Mich.

Fruit with equal valves. 7

7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers drooping.--Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (Leiocarpodicraea Engl., under Dicraea Thouars). =Leiothylax= Warm.

Fruit with prominent ribs. 8

8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them or both falling off. Pollen-grains separate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Winklerella= Engl.

Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species 9. Tropics. (Under Podostemon Mich.) =Dicraea= Thouars

FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule. Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1, with separated anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous. Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under PODOSTEMONACEAE.) (Plate 58.)

Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Hydrostachys= Thouars

SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE

FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent. Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20, free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (Crassula) 1-2 in each carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or without albumen.--Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.)

1. Petals free or nearly so. 2

Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube. 5

2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free or nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.--Species 180. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Bulliarda DC., Dinacria Harv., Helophytum Eckl. & Zeyh., and Tillaea L.) =Crassula= L.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (Sedum) equalling the sepals in number, but then leaves alternate. 3

3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly so. Leaves usually scattered.--Species 25. North Africa and high mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants. =Sedum= L.

Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united. Leaves usually rosulate. 4

4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals linear-lanceolate, inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.--Species 10. North-west Africa. (Petrophyes Webb). =Monanthes= Haw.

Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals lanceolate, brightly coloured.--Species 70. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “House-leek.” (Including Aeonium Webb, Aichryson Webb, and Greenovia Webb & Berth.) =Sempervivum= L.

5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite. 6

Flowers 5-6-merous. 8

6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn-or almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate. Undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Crassuvia Comm.) =Bryophyllum= Salisb.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small. 7

7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube-or bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens 8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.--Species 15. Madagascar. (Under Kalanchoe Adans.) =Kitchingia= Bak.

Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely truncate.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.) =Kalanchoë= Adans.

8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely 12.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Echeveria DC., Mucizonia DC., Pistorinia DC., and Umbilicus DC.) =Cotyledon= L.

Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite. 9

9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about the middle. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Grammanthes= DC.

Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite to the base. Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Rochea= DC.

FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, species 25. (Including GROSSULARIACEAE.) (Plate 60.)

1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily =SAXIFRAGOIDEAE=.] 2 Stem woody, rarely (Berenice) herbaceous above, but then style simple. Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal. 3

2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves opposite, entire.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Vahlia= Thunb.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled, with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.--Species 9. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Saxifraga= L.

3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or incompletely 2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.--Species 1 (H. Hortensia DC.) Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily =HYDRANGEOIDEAE=.] =Hydrangea= L.

Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2. 4

4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (R. Grossularia L., gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. (Including Grossularia A. Rich.) [Subfamily =RIBESOIDEAE=.] =Ribes= L.

Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers unisexual. [Subfamily =ESCALLONIOIDEAE=.] 5

5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed. Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Grevea= Baill.

Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or 2-parted. 6

6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma. Fruit a berry or drupe. 7

Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. 8

7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Roussea= Smith

Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.--Species 2. East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. (Venana Lam.) (Plate 60.) =Brexia= Thouars

8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Berenice= Tul.

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at the top, when young). Shrubs or trees. 9

9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in bud. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled, female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. =Montinia= L.f.

Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in umbel-shaped cymes. 10

10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.--Species 2. South Africa and southern East Africa. =Choristylis= Harv.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick. Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Forgesia= Comm.

FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 61.)

Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Pittosporum= Banks

FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3, species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under =SAXIFRAGACEAE=.) (Plate 62.)

1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the calyx. Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Platylophus= Don

Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs. Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes. 2

2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing. Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Cunonia= L.

Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.--Species 15. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, tans, dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.) =Weinmannia= L.

FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE

Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens 3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base, opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four. Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free, short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under HAMAMELIDEAE or SAXIFRAGACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used as a fumigant and in medicine. (Including Myosurandra Baill.) =Myrothamnus= Welw.

FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE

Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without stipules, rarely (Staavia) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite, 5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lonchostoma) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.--Genera 12, species 55. South Africa. (Plate 63.)

1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells. Petals clawed, the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle (calyx-tube) glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe AUDOUINIEAE.] 2

Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells. [Tribe BRUNIEAE.] 4

2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red. Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Audouinia= Brongn.

Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2. Connective not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 3

3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy, deciduous. Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.--Species 5. South Africa. =Thamnea= Soland.

Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles 6.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Tittmannia= Brongn.

4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing parts. Flowers in spikes. 5

Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands. 6

5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.--Species 3. Cape Colony. =Lonchostoma= Wickstr.

Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary almost inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.--Species 3. Cape Colony. =Linconia= L.

6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent. 7

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at the base of the petals tubercle-or pouch-like. 8

7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter than the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary, spicately arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 1. Cape Colony. (Under Berzelia Brongn.) =Mniothamnea= Oliv.

Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the petals; anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club-or spoon-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Berzelia= Brongn.

8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent. 9

Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in heads. 10

9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals short, with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the petals, equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick, kneed.--Species 8. South Africa. (Under Brunia L.) =Pseudobaeckea= Nied.

Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals, unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers in heads.--Species 4. South Africa. =Brunia= L.

10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly thickened. Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at the base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Staavia= Thunb.

Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and thread-shaped; stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex. 11

11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a short claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above. Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.--Species 8. South Africa. (Under Berardia Sond.) (Plate 63.) =Raspalia= Brongn.

Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a long claw bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or less cohering, long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the flowers. Bracteoles spatulate or sickle-shaped.--Species 5. South Africa. (Berardia Brongn.) =Diberara= Baill.

FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.--Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 64.)

1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none. Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow. Flowers in many-flowered heads.--Species 3. South and East Africa. (Plate 64.) =Trichocladus= Pers.

Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior or almost so. 2

2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees. Flowers in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Franchetia= Baill.

Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong. Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like spikes.--Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species yield timber and medicaments. =Dicoryphe= Thouars

SUBORDER ROSINEAE

FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious. Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate; anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty albumen; cotyledons linear.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa as avenue-trees. They also yield timber. “Plane.” =Platanus= L.

FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united. Ovules inverted.--Genera 32, species 230. (Including AMYGDALACEAE and POMACEAE.) (Plate 65.)

1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 2

Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes tightly enclosed by it. 10

2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens 10. Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily =NEURADOIDEAE=.] 3

Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle succulent. [Subfamily =POMOIDEAE=.] 4

3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa. =Neurada= L.

Flowers large. Epicalyx none.--Species 6. South Africa. =Grielum= L.

4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Cotoneaster= Medik.

Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1. 5

5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each. Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. =Amelanchier= Medik.

Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each. 6

6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5. Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves undivided.--Species 1 (C. vulgaris Pers., quince). Cultivated in North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine. (Under Pyrus L.) =Cydonia= Tourn.

Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7

7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8

Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp. Carpels 2-5. 9

8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens 10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1. Madeira. =Chamaemeles= Lindl.

Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed or divided and deciduous.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including Crataegus L.) =Mespilus= L.

9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1 (E. japonica Lindl., loquat). Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits. (Under Photinia Lindl.) =Eriobotrya= Lindl.

Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.--Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (P. communis L., pear, and P. Malus L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Pyrus L., including Malus Tourn. and Sorbus L.). =Pirus= Tourn.

10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =ROSOIDEAE=.] 11

Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25

11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube-or urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12

Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup-or saucer-shaped), not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous. 21

12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] =Rosa= Tourn.

Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.] 13

13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4. 14

Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the calyx only. 15

14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad. Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. South Africa. =Leucosidea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (Brayera Kunth) =Hagenia= Gmel.

15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal. Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. North and South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in medicine. =Agrimonia= L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16

16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5. Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or digitate.--Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including Aphanes L.) =Alchimilla= L.

Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17

17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes or heads. 18

Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very small. Shrubs or trees. 20

18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Acaena= Vahl

Receptacle without bristles. 19

19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs. (Under Poterium L.) =Sanguisorba= L.

Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (Sarcopoterium Spach). =Poterium= L.

20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.--Species 2. Canary Islands and Madeira. =Bencomia= Webb

Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.--Species 40. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Cliffortia= L.

21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2. Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (Ulmaria Tourn., under Spiraea L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. =Filipendula= L.

Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22

22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal. Epicalyx none.--Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.] =Rubus= L.

Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always present. 23

23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves pinnatisect.--Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] =Geum= L.

Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24

24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle. Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.--Species 5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments. =Fragaria= L.

Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants. =Potentilla= L.

25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =PRUNOIDEAE=.] 26

Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily =CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE=.] 27

26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. =Pygeum= Gaertn.

Petals petaloid.--Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits (plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Including Amygdalus L., Armeniaca Juss., Cerasus Juss., and Persica Tourn.) =Prunus= L.

27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or near the base of the bell-or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28

Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.] 29

28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. Stamens 10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. =Grangeria= Comm.

Receptacle not swelling on one side; carpel central. Stamens numerous. Fruit with an irregularly 5-angled stone. Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits (cocoa-plums). =Chrysobalanus= L.

29. Filaments united in a long strap. Anthers 10-20. Ovary completely 1-celled.--Species 17. Central Africa. Some species yield timber (Griffonia Hook. fil.) =Acioa= Aubl.

Filaments free or united at the base only. 30

30. Receptacle prolonged above into a scale-like appendage. Stamens 6-7. Ovary completely 1-celled. Stipules large.--Species 3. West Africa. =Magnistipula= Engl.

Receptacle without a scale-like appendage. Stipules small. 31

31. Ovary completely 1-celled. Fertile stamens 3-10. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 3. East Africa and Madagascar. =Hirtella= L.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 10-20. Fruit usually 2-seeded.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also oil, glue, and an inebriating drink are prepared. (Parinari Aubl.) (Plate 65). =Parinarium= Juss.

FAMILY 104. CONNARACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, but sometimes with 3 leaflets only, exstipulate. Flowers in fascicles, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5, free, rarely slightly united, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10, free or united at the base. Carpels 1-5, free, superior. Ovules 2 to each carpel, erect or ascending, straight. Ripe carpels dry, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, rarely indehiscent, usually solitary. Seeds with an aril often adnate to the testa.--Genera 12, species 140. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 66.)

1. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe CONNAREAE.]. 2

Sepals valvate in the bud. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 10. Carpels 5. [Tribe CNESTIDEAE.] 8

2. Ripe carpel indehiscent, nearly always 2-seeded. Seeds with a large, adnate aril. Calyx hardened in fruit. Petals greatly exceeding the sepals. Stamens 10, very unequal, surrounded by a disc. Carpel 1. Flowers in clusters, springing from the old wood.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). (Anthagathis Harms). =Jollydora= Pierre

Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise, usually 1-seeded. 3

3. Fruit-carpels narrowed at the base into a distinct stalk. Seeds attached to the ventral suture, with a free aril. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.--Species 18. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 66.) =Connarus= L.

Fruit-carpels not stalked. Seeds attached at their base. Carpels (at the time of flowering) 3-5. 4

4. Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in fruit, small, usually flaccid. 5

Calyx conspicuously enlarged and hardened in fruit, leathery to woody. Stamens 10. Carpels 5. 6

5. Leaves trifoliolate.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Agelaea= Sol.

Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Stamens 10. Carpels 5. Styles 2-cleft at the apex. Calyx persistent.--Species 7. Tropics. Some are poisonous. (Under Rourea Aubl.) =Byrsocarpus= Schum. & Thonn.

6. Calyx tightly clasping the fruit, herbaceous at the time of flowering. Styles short; stigmas capitate. Seeds with very convex cotyledons.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. =Rourea= Aubl.

Calyx not clasping the fruit. Stamens very unequal. Styles long. 7

7. Stem twining. Inflorescence paniculate. Calyx leathery at the time of flowering. Seeds with flat cotyledons.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Paxia= Gilg

Stem erect. Inflorescence racemose-fasciculate. Anther-halves distant from one another, the pollen-sacs placed crosswise.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Jaundea Gilg). =Yaundea= Gilg

8. (1.) Ripe carpel indehiscent, not stalked, with a crusty pericarp. Seeds enveloped by a thin aril. Carpel 1. Stamens 5-7, alternating with as many glands. Calyx deeply divided, persistent, but not enlarged in fruit. Low trees. Leaves unifoliolate. Flowers in clusters.--Species 2. West Africa. =Hemandradenia= Stapf

Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise. 9

9. Receptacle prolonged into a stalk-like androphore. Sepals red, free. Petals yellow, clawed, with 2 glands above the claw. Styles long. Erect shrubs.--Species 1. Northern West Africa (Liberia). =Dinklagea= Gilg

Receptacle not prolonged. Petals without glands. Mostly climbing shrubs. 10

10. Sepals united to the middle, ovate-triangular. Petals linear, four times as long as the calyx, rolled inwards at the tip. Stamens very unequal. Styles long; stigmas lobed.--Species 6. West Africa. =Spiropetalum= Gilg

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals not more than twice as long as the calyx. Styles short; stigmas capitate. 11

11. Fruit-carpels glabrous on the inside, short-haired on the outside, prolonged into a stalk at the base. Seeds without a distinct aril, but with a fleshy testa. Embryo long and narrow. Petals longer than the calyx.--Species 10. West Africa. =Manotes= Sol.

Fruit-carpels covered with long stiff hairs on the inside and usually also on the outside. Seeds with a very small adnate aril at the base. Petals as long as or shorter or somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens subequal.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Cnestis= Juss.

FAMILY 105. LEGUMINOSAE

Leaves usually compound and stipulate. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules inserted at the ventral suture. Style simple, but sometimes with a tooth near the apex. Stigma entire. Fruit 1-, 2-, or transversely several-celled, opening in two valves or along the ventral suture, or separating transversely in two or more joints, or indehiscent.--Genera 261, species 3300 (FABACEAE, including PAPILIONACEAE, CAESALPINIACEAE and MIMOSACEAE.) (Plate 67.)

1. Petals valvate in bud. Flowers regular. Leaves twice pinnate, rarely (Acacia) reduced to the broadened stalk. [Subfamily =MIMOSOIDEAE=.] 2

Petals imbricate in bud or wanting. Flowers more or less irregular (sometimes nearly regular.) 28

2. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Unarmed trees. [Tribe PARKIEAE]. 3

Calyx with valvate aestivation. 4

3. Flowers in long spikes, yellowish. Fertile stamens 5, sterile ones 10-15.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, oil, and edible seeds. (ovala-seeds) =Pentaclethra= Benth.

Flowers in globular or club-shaped heads. Fertile stamens 10.--Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, vegetables, medicaments, edible fruits, from which a drink is prepared, and oily seeds, which are also used as a condiment, a substitute for coffee, a fish-poison, and for improving bad water. =Parkia= R. Br.

4. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 5

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. 25

5. Anthers without glands. [Tribe MIMOSEAE.] 6

Anthers crowned, at least in the bud, by a sometimes caducous gland. Stamens 10. 9

6. Fruit dehiscing by two valves which separate from the persistent sutures. Petals united below. 7

Fruit dehiscing by two valves which do not separate from the sutures, or indehiscent. 8

7. Fruit and seeds slightly 4-angled, the former prickly. Petals red. Stamens 8-10. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in heads.--Species 1. West Africa. =Schranckia= Willd.

Fruit and seeds flat.--Species 20. Tropics to Egypt, one species naturalized. Some yield timber or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. =Mimosa= L.

8. Fruit broadly linear. Seeds placed transversely. Petals free, white. Stamens 10. Ovary stalked. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads.--Species 1 (L. glauca Benth.). Naturalized in the Tropics. It yields timber, fodder, edible fruits, ornamental seeds, and medicaments. =Leucaena= Benth.

Fruit narrowly linear. Seeds placed obliquely or longitudinally.--Species 7. One of them naturalized in the Tropics, the others natives of Madagascar. Seeds used as ornament. (Acuan Medik.) =Desmanthus= Willd.

9. Seeds albuminous. [Tribe ADENANTHEREAE.] 10

Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe PIPTADENIEAE.] 19

10. Flowers in heads. 11

Flowers in spikes or racemes. 12

11. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite, partly (the lower) male or neuter. Ovary stalked. Ovules numerous. Fruit obliquely-oblong, opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules membranous, cordate.--Species 1. Tropics. Used as a vegetable. =Neptunia= Lour.

Flowers all hermaphrodite. Ovary sessile. Ovules 1-2. Fruit sickle-shaped, indehiscent. Shrubs. Stipules spinous, recurved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Xerocladia= Harv.

12. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite and yellow, partly (the lower) neuter and white or red. Fruit not winged. Shrubs or trees.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield ebony-like wood and medicaments. (Cailliea Guill. & Perr.) =Dichrostachys= DC.

Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly male or female, or all hermaphrodite; no neuter flowers. Trees. 13

13. Fruit winged or distinctly 4-angled, transversely septate, indehiscent. 14

Fruit neither winged nor distinctly 4-angled. 16

14. Fruit 2-winged. Ovary stalked. Flowers sessile.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mauritius. =Gagnebina= DC.

Fruit 4-winged or 4-angled. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Flowers stalked. 15

15. Fruit 4-winged.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, a substitute for soap, poison, and medicaments. =Tetrapleura= Benth.

Fruit 4-angled. Leaves with 4-5 pairs of pinnae.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Amblygonocarpus= Harms

16. Fruit distinctly dehiscing in two valves. 17

Fruit indehiscent. 18

17. Seeds few, very flat, winged, with a long funicle.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Newtonia= Baill.

Seeds numerous, thick, red. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1 (A. pavonina L.). Naturalized in the tropics. It yields timber, gum, dyes, medicaments, and edible oily seeds, which are also used as ornaments. =Adenanthera= L.

18. Calyx large, tube-or urn-shaped, with ovate, acute teeth. Stamens inserted at the base of the petals. Leaves with one pair of pinnae and several pairs of very large oblong leaflets. Spikes arranged in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Yields timber and medicaments. =Calpocalyx= Harms

Calyx small, bell-shaped, with short segments. Stamens free. Leaves with 2-5 pairs of pinnae and small or rather small leaflets.--Species 3. North and Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits. (Including Anonychium Benth.) =Prosopis= L.

19. (9.) Flowers in heads. Ovary sessile, with many ovules. Fruit transversely septate. Trees.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and a substitute for soap. (Under Parkia R.Br.) =Xylia= Benth.

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Shrubs or trees. 20

20. Flowers sessile. 21

Flowers short-stalked. 23

21. Calyx saucer-shaped, cleft to the middle. Petals free. Disc cupular, thick. Fruit large, elliptical, 1-celled. Seeds winged, with a long funicle. Trees. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of pinnae. Spikes panicled.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. =Fillaeopsis= Harms

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly toothed. Disc inconspicuous or wanting. 22

22. Petals obviously united below. Fruit 1-celled, opening in two valves.--Species 13. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield ebony-like wood. =Piptadenia= Benth.

Petals free or nearly so. Fruit with thick, persistent sutures, the valves splitting transversely into one-seeded joints. Endocarp separating from the exocarp and persisting round the seeds. Shrubs.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially E. scandens L. with fruits attaining a yard in length) yield soap-bark, fibre, vegetables, fish-poison, and edible oily seeds which are also used in medicine and as ornaments. (Gigalobium P.Br., Pusaetha L.) =Entada= Adans.

23. Disc cupular, thin. Ovary stalked. Seeds winged. Trees. Leaves with one pair of pinnae. Flowers with a very short stalk.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. (Including Cyrtoxiphus Harms) =Cylicodiscus= Harms

Disc inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs. Leaves with 3-12 pairs of pinnae. 24

24. Calyx-teeth more or less unequal. Buds oblique. Fruit woody, transversely septate, opening in two valves. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of pinnae.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Pseudoprosopis= Harms

Calyx-teeth equal. Fruit leathery, with persistent sutures, the endocarp separating from the exocarp. Leaves with 6-12 pairs of pinnae.--Species 5. South Africa and southern Central Africa. They yield fish-poison and are used in medicine. =Elephantorrhiza= Benth.

25. (4.) Filaments free or the inner united into a ring. Petals white or yellow.--Species 80. They yield timber, fibre, soap-bark, gum (especially from A. Senegal Willd., Verek), tanning and dyeing materials, perfumes, oil, and medicaments; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Vachellia Arn.) [Tribe ACACIEAE.] =Acacia= Willd.

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. Petals white or red. Flowers in heads. Unarmed plants. [Tribe INGEAE.] 26

26. Fruit strongly curved or coiled, thick, leathery, separating into one-seeded joints or indehiscent. Petals united beyond the middle. Trees.--Species 3. Tropics; one species naturalized. They yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Pithecolobium= Mart.

Fruit straight or nearly so. 27

27. Fruit dehiscing elastically. Petals united to the middle. Shrubs.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments, and are used also as ornamental plants. =Calliandra= Benth.

Fruit dehiscing in two straight and thin, not elastic valves, or indehiscent. Petals united to the middle or beyond.--Species 45. Tropical and South-east Africa; several species also cultivated in Egypt. Some species (especially A. Lebbek Benth.) yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Zygia Benth.) =Albizzia= Durazz.

28. (1.) Petals 1-6, the posterior one (the one next the placenta) inside of all in the bud, not forming a papilionaceous corolla, or wanting altogether. Embryo usually with a straight radicle. [Subfamily =CAESALPINIOIDEAE=.] 29

Petals 5, the posterior outside in bud, usually constituting a papilionaceous corolla. Sepals united below. Stamens 10, more rarely 5-9. Embryo usually with an inflexed radicle. Leaves simple, unifoliolate, digitate, or once pinnate. [Subfamily =PAPILIONATAE=.] 104

29. Calyx undivided or shortly lobed in the bud, usually more deeply divided at the time of flowering. 30

Calyx, already in the bud, divided down to the receptacle or nearly so. 39

30. Stamens 1-10. Corolla of 5 petals, nearly regular. Trees or shrubs. 31

Stamens 16 or more. Corolla of 6 petals, or of a single petal, or wanting. Calyx undivided in bud. Leaves imparipinnate or unifoliolate. Trees. [Tribe SWARTZIEAE.] 37

31. Leaves undivided, 2-lobed, 2-parted, or of 2 leaflets. [Tribe BAUHINIEAE.] 32

Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets. Stamens 10. 34

32. Ovary and fruit with a very long stalk, the fruit turgid. Ovules few. Style short. Stamens 10. Petals red. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided, penninerved or faintly trinerved.--Species 3. West Africa. (Bandeiraea Welw.) =Griffonia= Baill.

Ovary and fruit with a short or rather short stalk, the fruit not turgid. 33

33. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very long. Petals yellowish. Stamens 10, partly sterile. Leaves undivided, ovate or elliptical. Racemes many-flowered.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Bauhinia L.) =Gigasiphon= Drake

Receptacle (calyx-tube) not very long.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa, and Egypt. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials, edible roots, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 67.) =Bauhinia= L.

34. Leaves once pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-lobed. Petals subequal, white or red. Ovules numerous. Fruit opening by two valves. Shrubs. Flowers solitary or in racemes.--Species 8. Madagascar and East Africa. =Cadia= Forsk.

Leaves twice pinnate. [Tribe DIMORPHANDREAE.] 35

35. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2. Style very short. Fruit with a thin, leathery rind, indehiscent. Seeds suborbicular. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa to Transvaal. They yield gum. =Burkea= Hook.

Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Fruit with a thick, leathery rind. Flowers in racemes. Trees. 36

36. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals with a long claw. Stamens with a glandular connective. Style long. Fruit long, wavy, indehiscent. Leaflets small.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Brandzeia= Baill.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Stamens with a glandless connective. Style short. Fruit oblong, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds oblong. Leaflets large.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and poisons especially used in ordeals. “Sassy tree.” (Fillaea Guill. & Perr.). =Erythrophloeum= Afz.

37. (30.) Corolla of 6 petals, almost regular. Stamens 16-18. Ovary sessile. Ovules 2. Leaves unifoliolate.--Species 2. West Africa to the Great Lakes. They yield timber. =Baphiopsis= Benth.

Corolla reduced to a single petal or wanting. Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Leaves pinnate. 38

38. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very short, almost wanting. Petal 1. Fruit linear.--Species 2. Tropics. Yielding timber. (Tounatea Aubl.). =Swartzia= Schreb.

Receptacle bell-shaped. Petals none. Fruit ovate.--Species 1 (C. africana Lour.). Central Africa. Yields timber, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Cordyla= Lour.

39. (29.) Leaves, at least some of them, twice pinnate. [Tribe CAESALPINIEAE.] 40

Leaves all once pinnate, rarely simple. 52

40. Common petiole very short, ending in a spine; rachis of the pinnae very long, flattened, leaf-like; leaflets very small. Stipules spinous. Trees or shrubs. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, subequal, yellow. Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, tardily dehiscing or indehiscent. Seeds oblong, placed lengthwise, albuminous.--Species 2, one of them a native of South Africa, the other naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bast for paper-making, a substitute for coffee, and medicaments, and serve also as garden-or hedge-plants. =Parkinsonia= L.

Common petiole distinctly developed; rachis of the pinnae not leaf-like. 41

41. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Petals 5, subequal, yellow. Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, membranous or thin-leathery. Seeds transverse, ovoid, exalbuminous.--Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (Melanosticta DC.) =Hoffmannseggia= Cav.

Stem woody throughout, shrub-or tree-like. 42

42. Flowers sessile, in elongate panicled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with semiorbicular lobes. Petals 5, equal, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. Stamens 10, unequal. Anthers basifixed. Ovules 2-3. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Stachyothyrsus= Harms

Flowers more or less stalked, in racemes or panicles. 43

43. Flowers polygamous. Calyx slightly imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, subequal, white or greenish. Stamens 6-10. Seeds transverse, albuminous. Trees. Leaves without stipules.--Species 2, one a native of Central Africa, the other naturalized in North Africa. Used as hedge-plants and yielding timber. =Gleditschia= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 10. 44

44. Petal 1, greenish-yellow. Calyx valvate in bud. Ovules very numerous. Styles long. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Aprevalia= Baill.

Petals 5. 45

45. Sepals united high up, excepting one, valvate in bud. Petals unequal, red. Ovules numerous. Fruit straight, turgid, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse. Trees. Bracts coloured.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant. =Colvillea= Boj.

Sepals free above the receptacle. 46

46. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals yellow or red. Ovules numerous. Style thread-shaped. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse, oblong, albuminous. Trees. Stipules indistinct. Flowers large.--Species 3. Tropics; also cultivated in various regions. Ornamental plants. “Flame-tree.” =Poinciana= L.

Sepals imbricate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. 47

47. Ovule 1, very rarely ovules 2. Seed 1, placed lengthwise. Fruit winged at the top, indehiscent. Petals subequal, white or yellow. Spinous climbing shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (Cantuffa Gmel.). =Pterolobium= R.Br.

Ovules 2 or more. Seeds placed transversely. 48

48. Fruit woody, not winged, 2-seeded, opening by two valves. Ovary short-stalked, 2-ovuled. Stigma peltate. Stamens hairy at the base. Petals unequal. Receptacle oblique.--Species 2. German East Africa. (Under Peltophorum Vog.). =Bussea= Harms

Fruit membranous or leathery. 49

49. Fruit winged at both sutures, indehiscent. Stigma broad-peltate. Filaments hairy at the base. Petals subequal, yellow. Trees--Species 1. Central Africa and northern South Africa. =Peltophorum= Vog.

Fruit winged at one suture only or not winged. Stigma small, sometimes concave. 50

50. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very oblique. Petals subequal, yellow. Stamens bent downwards.--Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. =Mezoneurum= Desf.

Fruit not winged. Receptacle not very oblique. 51

51. Fruit membranous, lanceolate, dehiscing in the middle of the valves. Seeds oblong. Sepals subequal. Petals oblong, subequal, yellow. Stamens erect, hairy at the base. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2-3. Trees.--Species 1 (H. campecheanum L.). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber (log-wood), dyes, gum, and medicaments, and serves also as a garden-and hedge-plant. =Haematoxylon= L.

Fruit leathery, dehiscing at the sutures or indehiscent. Seeds ovoid or globose. Petals yellow or red. Stamens bent downwards. Ovules few.--Species 10, of which 7 are natives of tropical and South Africa, 3 naturalized there as well as in Egypt and Madeira. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, oily seeds, and medicaments, and are also used as garden-and hedge-plants. (Including Guilandina L.). =Caesalpinia= L.

52. (39.) Anthers attached by the base or nearly so, rarely by the back, and then opening by apical pores. Seeds usually albuminous. [Tribe CASSIEAE.] 53

Anthers distinctly attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds usually exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. 58

53. Petals 1-2 or 0. Ovules 2-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate. 54

Petals 3-5. 55

54. Stamens 2-3.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits from which an intoxicating drink is prepared. =Dialium= L.

Stamens 8-10. Petals none.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber. =Andradia= Sim

55. Petals 3, narrow, yellow. Fertile stamens 2; anthers opening by a terminal pore. Staminodes 3, petaloid. Ovules 4-5. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. =Distemonanthus= Benth.

Petals 5. Stamens 4-10. 56

56. Sepals 4. Petals unequal, red. Stamens 4-5, some of them with cohering anthers. Ovules 2. Fruit 4-winged. Leaves unequally pinnate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Oligostemon Benth.) =Duparquetia= Baill.

Sepals 5. Leaves equally pinnate or simple. 57

57. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. Filaments thickened above. Anthers opening below the top. Ovules few. Fruit fleshy, with transverse partitions. Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Baudouinia= Baill.

Leaves pinnate.--Species 40. They yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments (especially senna-leaves),

fodder, vegetables, edible fruits, and a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental plants. =Cassia= L.

58. (52.) Ovules 2, rarely 3 or 1, occasionally in some flowers 4. Ovary or its stalk usually free at the base of the receptacle, more rarely adnate to it. [Tribe CYNOMETREAE.]. 59

Ovules 4 or more, occasionally in some flowers only 3. Ovary or its stalk usually adnate to the receptacle by the back. Leaves pinnate. [Tribe AMHERSTIEAE.] 80

59. Petals none. 60

Petals 1-5. 64

60. Sepals 6, very small and unequal. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate. Bracteoles large.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Congo). =Dewindtia= De Wild.

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 or 4. Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Bracteoles small or wanting. 61

61. Sepals 5, distinctly imbricate in bud. Stamens 10. Ovary sessile. Stigma acute. Bracteoles present.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber. (Under Copaiba Mill. or Hardwickia Roxb.) =Oxystigma= Harms

Sepals 4. 62

62. Stamens 4, inserted on the outside of a spathe-like disc cleft on one side. Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovary nearly sessile. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Stemonocoleus= Harms

Stamens 8-10. 63

63. Ovary sessile. Fruit sessile, drupe-like, indehiscent. Bracteoles present.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, fragrant resin, arrow-poison, and medicaments. The fruits of one species are edible, of another poisonous. “Dattock.” =Detarium= Juss.

Ovary stalked. Fruit stalked, oblique, with a leathery rind, dehiscing by two valves. Bracteoles none.--Species 9. Central Africa. They yield timber, a resin (copal) used for making ornaments, lacs and varnishes, dye stuffs, medicaments, and edible seeds. (Copaiba Mill.) =Copaifera= L.

64. Petals 1-2. Bracteoles large. Trees. Leaves pinnate. 65

Petals 5. 67

65. Stamens 3. Sepals 4, small, scale-like. Petals 1, orbicular.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Cryptosepalum= Benth.

Stamens 10. 66

66. Sepals reduced to minute teeth or wanting. Leaves with a single pair of leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Aphanocalyx= Oliv.

Sepals 5, three of them very small, the other two larger and connate. Petal 1, spatulate. Filaments united at the base, excepting one. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets.--Species 2. West Africa. =Monopetalanthus= Harms

67. Fertile stamens 3. Ovules 3. Bracteoles large. Tree--Species 20. Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (Vouapa Aubl.) =Macrolobium= Schreb.

Fertile stamens 10, rarely (Cynometra) more. 68

68. Petals very unequal. Leaves pinnate. 69

Petals equal or nearly equal. 71

69. Corolla of 1 large and 4 very small petals. Receptacle shortly cup-shaped. Bracteoles minute. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Eurypetalum= Harms

Corolla of 3 large and 2 small petals. 70

70. Bracteoles petal-like. Receptacle cup-or top-shaped.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under Cynometra L.) =Hymenostegia= Harms

Bracteoles sepal-like, hairy outside, equalling the bracts. Receptacle funnel-shaped. Sepals 4. Shrubs. Leaves with 3-4 pairs of leaflets.--Species 1. West Africa. =Loesenera= Harms

71. Sepals 5, very unequal, the lowest very large. Receptacle very short. Trees. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cymbosepalum= Bak.

Sepals 4-5, equal or nearly equal. 72

72. Receptacle (calyx-tube) long and narrow. Sepals 4. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. 73

Receptacle short and usually broad. 75

73. Bracteoles large, petaloid, enclosing the bud. Receptacle with a thick disc on one side. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with 2-4 leaflets.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons.) =Plagiosiphon= Harms

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, or wanting. Leaves simple or pinnate with many leaflets. 74

74. Leaves simple. Shrubs.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). =Zenkerella= Taub.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is used as a condiment. =Scorodophloeus= Harms

75. Ovule 1. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. Sepals 4. Trees. Leaves simple.--Species 1. East Africa. =Podogynium= Taub.

Ovules 2, rarely 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 76

76. Filaments united into a ring at the base, unequal, hairy. Sepals 5. Ovary glandular. Trees. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal, many-flowered racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stuhlmannia= Taub.

Filaments free. Bracteoles none. 77

77. Flowers in panicles. Sepals short. Petals white. Filaments hairy at the base. Fruit flat, lanceolate, opening by two valves. Trees.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber. =Umtiza= Sim

Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Sepals usually long. 78

78. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered corymbs. Filaments hairy at the base. Fruit flat, ovate, beaked, opening by two valves. Low, glandular shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). The seeds are edible. =Cordeauxia= Hemsl.

Flowers in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves or from the old wood. 79

79. Fruit lanceolate, flat, bursting in the middle of the valves, but remaining closed at the sutures. Sepals 5. Corolla yellow. Filaments erect, hairy at the base. Stalk of the ovary free. Trees. (See 51.) =Haematoxylon= L.

Fruit more or less ovate and turgid, opening in two valves. Filaments usually glabrous.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. Some species yield timber and resin (copal). =Cynometra= L.

80. (58.) Petals reduced to minute scales or wanting. Trees. 81

Petals well developed. 87

81. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persisting during the time of flowering. Calyx consisting of 1-5 scale-like sepals, or replaced by a 10-lobed disc, or wanting altogether. 82

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. Calyx of 4-5 well-developed sepals. 83

82. Disc fleshy. Petals 5, awl-shaped. Stamens 5-6. Stipules small, connate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Didelotia= Baill.

Disc none. Stamens 10-20, more or less united at the base. Ovules few. Fruit oblong or linear, opening in two valves. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 20. Central Africa. The seeds of some species are eaten and the bark is used as a substitute for cloth. (Under Didelotia Baill.) =Brachystegia= Benth.

83. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 5. Disc expanded. Ovary in its centre, subsessile. Ovules numerous. Style very short; stigma peltate. Fruit linear, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Bracteoles very small, deciduous.--Species 1 (C. Siliqua L., carob-tree). North Africa. The fruits are edible, and used as fodder and for preparing brandy and medicaments; the seeds serve as a substitute for coffee. =Ceratonia= L.

Sepals 4. Stamens 8-10. Disc not expanded. 84

84. Petals 5, scale-like. Stamens 10. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. They yield timber, gum, and edible seeds from which meal is prepared. (Theodora Medik.) =Schotia= Jaqu.

Petals none. 85

85. Stamens 8, alternatingly unequal. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in compound racemes. Bracteoles linear.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Hylodendron= Taub.

Stamens 10, rarely 8, but then equal in length. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules few. 86

86. Stamens unequal, 10. Fruit oblong, winged, indehiscent. Seeds pendulous. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in simple racemes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Apaloxylon= Drake

Stamens equal in length. Fruit broad-oblong to orbicular, dehiscing in two valves. Leaves unequally pinnate.--Species 5. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Apalatoa Aubl.) =Crudia= Schreb.

87. (80.) Well developed petal 1; sometimes 2-4 rudimentary petals in addition. Trees. 88

Well developed petals 3-6. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 93

88. Petal sessile. Sepals 4. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 89

Petal with a long claw. 90

89. Receptacle minute. Sepals scale-like. Petal orbicular. Stamens 3, short. Ovary with a short stalk. Ovules 4. Stigma truncate. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persistent at flowering. (See 65.) =Cryptosepalum= Benth.

Receptacle rather large, narrowly top-shaped. Sepals large, coloured. Petal oblong. Stamens 10, long. Ovary with a long stalk. Ovules numerous. Stigma capitate. Bracteoles falling off early.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and an aromatic resin. =Daniella= Benn.

90. Fertile stamens 3. 91

Fertile stamens 5-10. 92

91. Bracteoles enclosing the bud, persisting at flowering. Petal folded together in the bud. Flowers small or middle-sized. (See 67.) =Macrolobium= Schreb.

Bracteoles shorter than the bud, falling off during the time of flowering. Receptacle elongated. Sepals 4. Fruit oblong. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. It yields timber, edible seeds, and medicaments. (Under Afzelia Smith). =Intsia= Thouars

92. Fertile stamens 6-8. Sepals 4. Bracteoles shorter than the bud. Seed with an aril.--Species 4. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber; the aril is edible, the seeds are poisonous and used medicinally. (Under Intsia Thouars) =Afzelia= Smith

Fertile stamens 5 or 10. Sepals usually 5. Petal folded in bud, whitish. Bracteoles enclosing the bud.--Species 15. Central Africa. The wood and the bark are used, the latter for making cloth. =Berlinia= Soland.

93. (87.) Sepals 6-7. Petals 6, subequal. Fertile stamens 6-8, barren ones 4-7. Trees.--Species 1. East Africa. =Englerodendron= Harms

Sepals 4-5. 94

94. Sepals 5. Trees. 95

Sepals 4. 96

95. Petals more or less unequal, white or yellowish. Stamens 5 or 10. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. (See 92.) =Berlinia= Soland.

Petals subequal, red. Stamens 10. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Seeds pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bathiaea= Drake

96. Fertile stamens 3. Petals unequal, 3 of them larger than the other two. Trees. 97

Fertile stamens 10 or more. 98

97. Filaments united nearly half their length. Petals yellowish or red-striped. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Bracteoles narrow, falling off early.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which drinks and medicaments are prepared, and oily seeds. =Tamarindus= L.

Filaments free. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud. (See 67.) =Macrolobium= Schreb.

98. Stamens numerous, united at the base. Anthers linear. Petals subequal. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa. =Polystemonanthus= Harms

Stamens 10. 99

99. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud. 100

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. 101

100. Petals very unequal, 3 large, 2 very small. Filaments united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and resin. (Under Daniella Benn.) =Cyanothyrsus= Harms

Petals subequal. Ovules few. Shrubs. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles petaloid. (See 73.) =Plagiosiphon= Harms

101. Filaments, excepting one, united high up. Petals pink, narrow; blade passing gradually into the claw. Sepals unequal, subvalvate in bud. Receptacle very short. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaflets 7-9, alternate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Tessmannia= Harms

Filaments free or united at the base. 102

102. Petals sessile or nearly so, subequal, red. Leaves with 2-16 pairs of leaflets. Flower in panicles. (See 84.) =Schotia= Jacq.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Trees. 103

103. Sepals slightly imbricate. Petals subequal. Filaments, excepting one, united at the base. Leaves with 1-4 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large, in racemes.--Species 7. West Africa to the Great Lakes. =Baikiaea= Benth.

Sepals much imbricate. Petals white. Filaments free. Ovules few. Leaves with one pair of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Tropics. They yield timber and resin (copal) which is used for turnery and carving and for making lacs and varnishes. (Under Hymenaea L.) =Trachylobium= Hayne

104. (28.) Filaments free or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. 105

Filaments, all or all excepting one, united into a tube or sheath. 126

105. Stamens 4-5. Filaments very short. Anthers attached by the base, opening at the top; 2-3 of them united. Ovary 4-winged. Ovules 2. Stigma terminal. Calyx-lobes 4, unequal. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx, unequal, red. Leaves pinnate. (See 56.) =Duparquetia= Baill.

Stamens 8-10. [Tribes SOPHOREAE and PODALYRIEAE.] 106

106. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous. 107

Leaves pinnate or palmately trifoliolate. 112

107. Calyx shortly toothed, not slit. Corolla whitish; petals of the keel slightly cohering. Ovules few. Shrubs with arched or climbing branches. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, enclosing the flower, persistent.--Species 1. West Africa. =Dalhousiea= Grah.

Calyx shortly toothed but slitting as the flower expands, on one or both sides, or deeply cleft. Bracteoles not enclosing the flower, rather large but deciduous, or small. 108

108. Calyx shortly toothed, but deeply slit in one or two places. Corolla white or yellow; petals of the keel free or nearly so. Ovules few. 109

Calyx subequally 4-5-cleft. Stipules awl-shaped or wanting. 110

109. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary long-stalked. Calyx slit on one side. Corolla white; petals of the keel free. Fruit long-stalked, falcate-ovate, turgid. Seeds oblong, with a thick aril. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. West Africa. =Leucomphalus= Benth.

Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovary nearly sessile. Fruit compressed. Seeds ovate or orbicular.--Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some of them yield timber (camwood), dye-stuffs, or edible fruits. (Including Bracteolaria Hochst.) =Baphia= Afz.

110. Petals of the keel free. Flowers in 5-10-flowered racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Ormosia= Jacks.

Petals of the keel united. Flowers solitary or in 2-4-flowered fascicles. 111

111. Corolla yellow; keel shortly beaked. Fruit compressed. Leaves sessile, without stipules. Flowers solitary.--Species 10. South Africa. The leaves are used as a substitute for tea or as a medicament. =Cyclopia= Vent.

Corolla red or reddish-white; keel blunt. Ovary sessile. Fruit turgid. Leaves short-stalked, with deciduous stipules. Hairy plants.--Species 20. South Africa. =Podalyria= Lam.

112. (106.) Leaves palmately trifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous. 113

Leaves pinnate. 115

113. Petals subequal, yellow, those of the keel united. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Fruit oblong, not septate. Erect shrubs. Leaves sessile, leathery, exstipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, with bracteoles. (See 111.) =Cyclopia= Vent.

Petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit linear. Leaves stalked, stipulate. Flowers in racemes. 114

114. Standard shorter than the wings. Petals yellow. Fruit septate between the seeds. Erect shrubs. Leaves herbaceous; stipules connate. Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and medicinal. =Anagyris= L.

Standard as long as or longer than the wings. Petals clawed, yellowish-white. Climbing shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers with small, deciduous bracteoles.--Species 3. West Africa. (Giganthemum Welw.) =Camoënsia= Welw.

115. Corolla nearly regular; petals subequal. 116

Corolla papilionaceous; petals conspicuously unequal, at least one of them (the standard) very different from the others. 118

116. Petals entire. Anthers linear, Ovules more than 2. (See 34.) =Cadia= Forsk.

Petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Anthers ovate. Ovules 1-2. 117

117. Petals shortly lobed. Ovary short-stalked. Leaflets 9-11. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Dicraeopetalum= Harms

Petals deeply left. Ovary long-stalked. Leaflets 13-19. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Amphimas= Pierre

118. Petals of the keel united. 119

Petals of the keel free. 121

119. Petals long-clawed, red. Ovary sessile. Ovules few. Fruit compressed, not winged, leathery, dehiscing in two valves. Trees. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 1. South Africa and St. Helena. Yields timber and is used as an ornamental plant. =Virgilia= Lam.

Petals short-or not clawed, white, yellow or violet. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit tardily or not dehiscing. 120

120. Fruit compressed, winged at the upper suture, membranous. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals yellow; those of the keel curved. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 9. South and Central Africa. =Calpurnia= E. Mey.

Fruit terete or nearly so, constricted between the seeds, 4-winged or wingless, leathery, woody or fleshy.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. =Sophora= L.

121. Standard broad-oblong or narrow-ovate, clawed and auricled. Calyx very shortly toothed. Filaments slightly united at the base, excepting one. Ovary long-stalked, hairy. Style very short, almost straight. Ovules numerous. Trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Cadia Forsk.) =Pseudocadia= Harms

Standard broad-ovate or orbicular. Ovary short-stalked or almost sessile. 122

122. Calyx shortly toothed or entire. Stigma terminal. Fruit almost terete, constricted between the seeds. 123

Calyx deeply cleft. Fruit flat. 124

123. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the curved receptacle (calyx-tube). Standard suborbicular, slightly exceeding the other petals. Filaments free. Flowers in racemes arising from the old wood.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Angylocalyx= Taub.

Stalk of the ovary not adnate to the receptacle. Style curved at the apex. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. (See 120.) =Sophora= L.

124. Ovule 1. Stigma terminal. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets 5-7.--Species 1. East Africa. =Platycelephium= Harms

Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets 7-13. 125

125. Stigma terminal. Corolla blue. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets curved and pointed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Bolusanthus= Harms

Stigma lateral. Corolla red or green. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber. =Afrormosia= Harms

126. (104.) Filaments all, or the alternate ones, broadened at the apex. [Especially tribe LOTEAE.] 127

Filaments not broadened at the apex. 147

127. Filaments monadelphous, i.e., all united into a tube or sheath, at least when young. 128

Filaments diadelphous, i.e., united into a sheath, excepting one, which is free from the others, at least at the base, but sometimes connate with them in the middle or slightly cohering with them at the very base. 131

128. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the broadened stalk, usually ending in a tendril or bristle. Stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals short-clawed. Anthers all alike. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex bearded on the inner face. Fruit opening by two valves. Herbs.--Species 35. North Africa and the mountains of the tropics. Several species yield edible tubers or seeds, vegetables, fodder, medicaments, or perfumes; some are poisonous or used as ornamental plants. (Including Orobus L.) =Lathyrus= L.

Leaves unequally pinnate, digitate, or unifoliolate. Style glabrous. 129

129. Leaflets minutely toothed, 1 or 3, very rarely more. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Calyx-lobes long, subequal. Petals short-clawed. Anthers usually of two kinds. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.--Species 60. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. =Ononis= L.

Leaflets entire. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers in heads or umbels, sometimes almost solitary. Petals long-clawed. Anthers all alike. Fruit not or tardily dehiscing. 130

130. Ovary sessile. Ovules 2. Fruit protruding beyond the calyx, linear, shortly or not beaked, slightly 4-angled, spirally coiled. Silky herbs. Flowers in umbels, very small, reddish-yellow, without bracteoles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Helminthocarpum= A. Rich.

Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit enclosed by the calyx or slightly protruding; in the latter case beaked. Flowers in heads or nearly solitary.--Species 12. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species (especially A. Vulneraria L.) are used as fodder-, dyeing-, medicinal-, or ornamental plants. (Including Cornicina Boiss., Dorycnopsis Boiss., and Physanthyllis Boiss.) =Anthyllis= L.

131. (127.) Keel beaked. 132

Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. 138

132. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2. Calyx deeply and equally divided. Corolla yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, flat, margined, indehiscent. Herbs. Lowermost leaves simple, with adnate stipules, upper pinnate, without stipules. Flowers in few-flowered heads.--Species 1. North Africa. (Circinus Medik.) =Hymenocarpos= Savi

Ovary sessile. Ovules more than two. Calyx more or less unequally divided. Flowers solitary or in umbels. 133

133. Leaves simple, undivided. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Upper calyx-teeth united high up. Petals long-clawed, yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, almost terete, ribbed. Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa and Abyssinia. =Scorpiurus= L.

Leaves pinnate, sometimes apparently digitate. 134

134. Fruit jointed. 135

Fruit not jointed. Herbs or undershrubs. 136

135. Joints of the fruit and seeds curved. Fruit more or less flattened, with the upper edge notched at each seed. Corolla yellow. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets.--Species 9. North Africa. =Hippocrepis= L.

Joints of the fruit and seeds straight, oblong. Fruit not or slightly flattened. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, stipulate.--Species 12. North Africa. Some species are poisonous or used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Coronilla= L.

136. Leaves with many leaflets. Stipules small, membranous. Corolla yellow. Fruit flat, slightly curved. Seeds quadrate. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. (Bonaveria Scop., Securidaca Gaertn.). =Securigera= DC.

Leaves with 4-5 leaflets, of which the 1-2 lowest have usually the appearance of stipules. Stipules very small or wanting. Keel gibbous on each side. Seeds globular or lenticular. 137

137. Fruit longitudinally 4-winged or 4-angled.--Species 5. North Africa. Used as fodder or as vegetables. (Under Lotus L.) =Tetragonolobus= Scop.

Fruit neither 4-winged nor 4-angled.--Species 50. Some of them are used as vegetables, fodder, or ornamental plants. (Including Heinekenia Webb, Lotea Medik., and Pedrosia Lowe). =Lotus= L.

138. (131.) Petals, at least the lower, adnate below to the staminal tube. Standard oblong or ovate. Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnate or palmate; leaflets 3-5, usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in umbels, heads, or spikes.--Species 70. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of them are used as fodder or in medicine. “Clover.” =Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. Leaflets entire, rarely toothed, but then more than 5. Stipules usually free or wanting. 139

139. Leaves unifoliolate, stipellate; stalk winged. Flowers in spikes. Calyx-lobes unequal. Uppermost stamen free at the base, but united with the others in the middle. Ovary sessile. Ovules 3-4.--Species 4. Central Africa. (Under Desmodium Desv.) =Droogmansia= De Wild.

Leaves pinnate, digitate, or reduced to the usually broadened stalk. 140

140. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the stalk. Leaflets entire. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex broadened and bearded. Fruit 2-valved. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. 141

Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 142

141. Style-apex laterally compressed with reflexed edges, hence grooved above. Corolla white or red; wings adhering to the keel. Herbs with tendrils. Leaflets 2-6.--Species 3. North Africa, also cultivated in the tropics. They yield fodder and edible seeds (peas), from which also starch is prepared. =Pisum= L.

Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the edges bent downwards or straight. (See 128.). =Lathyrus= L.

142. Stem woody throughout. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in racemes or fascicles. Upper calyx-teeth united for the greatest part. Corolla red or violet; wings slightly adhering to the keel; standard with a callus at the base. Fruit linear, flat.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a fish-poison. =Mundulea= DC.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 143

143. Flowers in racemes. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla blue; standard suborbicular, with a callus and two auricles; keel somewhat longer than the wings and the standard. Uppermost stamen cohering with the others at the base. Style-apex bearded. Ovules 2. Twining undershrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). =Spathionema= Taub.

Flowers solitary or in umbels or heads. 144

144. Leaflets toothed. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary. Corolla white or blue. Fruit ovate to oblong, turgid, 2-valved.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia; one species also cultivated in Angola. They yield edible seeds (chick-peas) and are used medicinally. =Cicer= L.

Leaflets entire. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely solitary, but then corolla yellow. 145

145. Leaflets numerous. Leaf-stalk long. Flowers very small, in heads or umbels. Keel nearly straight. Fruit jointed.--Species 6. North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as fodder. “Birds-foot.” (Including Arthrolobium Desv.) =Ornithopus= L.

Leaflets 3-5, the lower usually stipule-like. Leaf-stalk short or wanting. 146

146. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, with a long claw. Fruit jointed. Undershrubs with long silky hairs. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Ludovicia Coss.) =Hammatolobium= Fenzl

Corolla white or red; standard oblong or ovate, short-clawed; wings coherent towards the apex, longitudinally folded or transversely gibbous; keel gibbous on each side. Fruit continuous, terete, 2-valved. Stipules very small or wanting.--Species 6. North Africa. (Including Bonjeania Reichb.) =Dorycnium= Vill.

147. (126.) Anthers of two kinds, five shorter and attached by the back, the others longer and attached by the base, or the alternate ones rudimentary. 148

Anthers all alike. 205

148. Leaves digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. [Tribe GENISTEAE.] 149

Leaves pinnate, but sometimes with three leaflets. 195

149. Uppermost stamen free or nearly so. 150

Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. 158

150. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves stipulate. 151

Stem woody throughout. Leaves usually exstipulate. 154

151. Keel with a straight beak. Anthers bearded. Stigma lateral. Fruit linear. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers in axillary racemes.--Species 2. Southern West Africa. (Under Indigofera L.) =Rhynchotropis= Harms

Keel with a spirally twisted beak or without a beak. Anthers not bearded. Stigma terminal. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate. 152

152. Keel spirally beaked. Fruit oblong. Flowers opposite the leaves, solitary or 2-3 together. Bracteoles 2.--Species 2. South Africa to Amboland. =Bolusia= Benth.

Keel curved inwards, not beaked. Flowers in axillary or terminal inflorescences. Bracteoles none. 153

153. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovules several. Fruit linear. Leaves digitate. Corolla reddish.--Species 1. East Africa. =Parochetus= Hamilt.

Keel blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate. Gland-dotted plants.--Species 60. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Psoralea= L.

154. Keel with a lateral gibbosity or spur. Anthers distinctly unequal. Leaves simple. 155

Keel without a lateral appendage. Anthers nearly equal. 156

155. Keel beaked. Corolla yellowish-green, shorter than the calyx. Ovule 1. Flowers in small terminal heads.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Lathriogyne= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Keel blunt. Corolla red or white, longer than the calyx.--Species 10. South Africa. =Amphithalea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

156. Corolla blue, red, or white. Ovule 1. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate, stipulate. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Corolla yellow. Ovules 2 or more. Leaves simple, exstipulate. 157

157. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the lowest very large and petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong. Inflorescence surrounded by large bracts.--Species 4. South Africa. =Liparia= L.

Calyx-lobes about equal. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracts not very large.--Species 15. South Africa. =Priestleya= DC.

158. (149.) Filaments united into a sheath which is slit above. 159

Filaments united into a tube which is closed all round. 180

159. Style bearded or ciliate on the inside towards the apex. 160

Style glabrous inside. 161

160. Fruit flat, oblong or ovate, stalked, downy, 2-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Priotropis= Wight & Arn.

Fruit turgid.--Species 220. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some yield fibres, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Crotalaria= L.

161. Ovule 1. 162

Ovules 2 or more. 163

162. Leaves stipulate. Flowers ebracteolate, blue, pink or white. Keel incurved. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, adhering to the pericarp. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Leaves exstipulate. Flowers bracteolate, red, yellow or white. Keel almost straight, gibbous at each side. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Silky-hairy shrubs. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers usually in pairs in the axils of the leaves.--Species 8. South Africa. =Coelidium= Vog.

163. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate, usually exstipulate. 164

Leaves digitate, with 3, rarely 5-7 leaflets, usually stipulate. 171

164. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the 1-3 lowest usually narrower than the rest. 165

Calyx-lobes about equal. 169

165. Petals adnate at the base to the staminal tube, yellow; wings auricled at the base; keel with a blunt spur at each side. Ovules 2. Shrubs clothed with long hairs. Leaves stalked, linear. Flowers axillary. Bracteoles leaf-like.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Walpersia= Harv.

Petals free from the staminal tube. 166

166. Petals red, long-clawed, glabrous. Fruit ovate, turgid. Prostrate undershrubs clothed with long reddish-brown hairs. Leaves imbricate sessile, lanceolate. Flowers in short racemes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Euchlora= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals yellow, rarely white or red, but then short-clawed and leaves fascicled. 167

167. Leaves in tufts of 3 or more, usually thread-shaped.--Species 150. South Africa. =Aspalathus= L.

Leaves scattered, flat. Petals yellow. Fruit linear or lanceolate, more or less flattened. 168

168. Plant hairy. Leaves stalked.--Species 90. =Lotononis= DC.

Plant glabrous.--Species 30. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Rafnia= Thunb.

169. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked, narrow, usually thread-shaped. Flowers in racemes, yellow. Fruit linear. Funicle very short.--Species 25. South Africa. =Lebeckia= Thunb.

Leaves sessile. 170

170. Leaves many-nerved, flat, stiff. Calyx 5-cleft, with pungent segments. Corolla yellow; standard villous. Fruit linear or lanceolate, slightly flattened.--Species 15. South Africa. =Borbonia= L.

Leaves one-or few-nerved, usually thread-shaped and in tufts. Fruit obliquely-ovate or-lanceolate. Funicle filiform. (See 167.) =Aspalathus= L.

171. (163.) Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed or 2-parted, the lower 3-toothed or 3-parted. Corolla yellow. Fruit linear. 172

Calyx not 2-lipped, all segments subequal or the 4 upper ones united in pairs. 174

172. Keel longer than the standard and the wings. Calyx deeply two-lipped. Fruit flat, somewhat constricted and with thin partitions between the seeds, not glandular. Undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small.--Species 4. South Africa. =Dichilus= DC.

Keel shorter than the standard. Leaves stipulate. 173

173. Fruit glandular-hairy or viscid, flat, usually constricted between the seeds. Calyx tubular, usually shortly two-lipped. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Bracteoles mostly leaf-like.--Species 12. South Africa. =Melolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Fruit hairy, but not glandular. Calyx deeply two-lipped. Standard suborbicular. Bracteoles usually small.--Species 60. (Tephrothamnus Sweet, including Macrolotus Harms) =Argyrolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh.

174. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the upper 4 united in pairs, the lowest separate and narrow. 175

Calyx-lobes about equal. 177

175. Keel and style straight. Standard spatulate. Bracteoles bristle-like.--Species 3. South Africa. (Pleiospora Harv.) =Phaenohoffmannia= O. Ktze.

Keel and style curved inwards. Bracteoles none. 176

176. Fruit flattened, repeatedly folded and twisted from side to side. Corolla yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Stigma oblique. Herbs. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Listia= E. Mey.

Fruit slightly flattened or turgid, straight or curved. (See 168.) =Lotononis= L.

177. Fruit winged, flat, ovate or oblong, stalked, indehiscent. Petals long-clawed, yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Ovary stalked. Ovules few. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes.--Species 7. South Africa. (Viborgia Thunb.) =Wiborgia= Thunb.

Fruit not winged. Ovules usually numerous. 178

178. Fruit ovate, 1-3-seeded. Corolla white, yellowish, or red; standard with a long claw, clothed with long hairs. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes or heads, without bracteoles.--Species 10. South Africa. =Buchenroedera= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Fruit linear, lanceolate, or oblong. 179

179. Seeds with a very short funicle. Fruit linear. Corolla yellow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes. (See 169.) =Lebeckia= Thunb.

Seeds with a long funicle. Fruit flattened or slightly inflated. Leaves usually stipulate. (See 168.) =Lotononis= L.

180. (158.) Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. Corolla blue, rose, or white. Bracteoles none. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 181

181. Calyx 2-lipped. 182

Calyx subequally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Leaves 1-or 3-foliolate. 191

182. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. 183

Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or wanting. 188

183. Leaves reduced to scales or spines. Spinous shrubs. Calyx and corolla yellow. Fruit oblong or ovate, 1-4-seeded.--Species 6. North Africa; one species (U. europaeus L.) also naturalized in South Africa, the Mascarenes, and St. Helena. This species is used as a garden-or hedge-plant and furnishes a dye-stuff, fodder, and a substitute for tea. “Furze.” =Ulex= L.

Leaves digitate, with 2-9 leaflets. 184

184. Leaflets 5-9. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Keel beaked; wings cohering at the apex.--Species 10. North and Central Africa. They yield manure, fodder, vegetables, medicaments, and edible seeds which serve also as a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental plants. =Lupinus= L.

Leaflets 2-4. Stipules usually free. Wings free. 185

185. Leaflets 2 or 4, very rarely 3. Lateral calyx-lobes much shorter than the others. Fruit jointed, bristly or spiny, indehiscent. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. Used as fodder. =Zornia= Gmel.

Leaflets 3. Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 186

186. Fruit covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Corolla yellow; keel curved inwards. Shrubs.--Species 7. North and Central Africa. =Adenocarpus= DC.

Fruit not glandular, but usually hairy. 187

187. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs.--Species 15. North Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Sarothamnus Wimm., Spartocytisus Webb, and Teline Medik.) =Cytisus= L.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Corolla yellow. (See 173.) =Argyrolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh.

188. (182.) Calyx sheath-like, split on one side after flowering. Corolla yellow; keel and wings adnate below to the staminal tube; keel acuminate, curved inwards; wings obovate. Stigma oblique. Fruit linear. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs or trees. Leaves unifoliolate, without stipules.--Species 1 (S. junceum L., Spanish broom). North Africa. Yields fibres and medicaments and is used as an ornamental plant. =Spartium= L.

Calyx not sheath-like. Keel obtuse or free from the staminal tube. 189

189. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Fruit linear or oblong, flat. Petals free from the staminal tube. Shrubs. (See 187.) =Cytisus= L.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. 190

190. Keel distinctly curved inwards; wings and keel free from the staminal tube; standard suborbicular. Fruit linear or oblong, flat, covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate, with small stipules. Flowers in racemes, yellow. (See 186.) =Adenocarpus= DC.

Keel straight or nearly so, blunt, gibbous at each side; wings and keel usually adnate to the staminal tube; the former oblong; standard ovate. Fruit usually inflated. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North Africa. Some species yield fibres, dyes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Retama Boiss.) =Genista= L.

191. (181.) Calyx deeply divided. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. (See 129.) =Ononis= L.

Calyx shortly toothed. Filaments not broadened above. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Leaflets entire. 192

192. Calyx obscurely toothed, coloured. Corolla yellow, free from the staminal tube. Fruit thickened or winged at the upper suture. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves digitate, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Calycotome= Link

Calyx distinctly toothed. Corolla red, blue, or white. 193

193. Petals with a long claw, blue or violet; wings and keel adnate at the base to the staminal tube. Fruit oblong, glandular-hairy. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate on the young branches, unifoliolate on the older. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Bracteoles small, leaf-like.--Species 1. North Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Erinacea= Boiss.

Petals with a short claw or sessile, free from the staminal tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Unarmed plants. Leaves trifoliolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 194

194. Keel shorter than the standard. Corolla red or violet. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs. Bracteoles bristle-like.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Hypocalyptus= Thunb.

Keel longer than the standard. Corolla red or white. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Loddigesia= Sims

195. (148.) Leaves equally pinnate. 196

Leaves unequally pinnate. 197

196. Leaflets 4. Flowers solitary or in spikes. Calyx with a long, narrow tube and unequal lobes. Corolla yellow or whitish; keel beaked. Filaments all united. Ovules 2-3. Fruit oblong, inflated, continuous within, indehiscent, ripening beneath the soil. Stem herbaceous.--Species 1 (A. hypogaea L., ground-nut). Cultivated. The seeds are edible and yield oil; the leaves are used as a vegetable or as fodder. =Arachis= L.

Leaflets numerous. Flowers in racemes. Calyx with a wide tube, truncate or with subequal lobes. Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. Filaments united, excepting one. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, with transverse partitions.--Species 15. Tropics to Natal and Egypt. Some species yield timber, fibre, fodder, or medicaments, or serve as garden-or hedge-plants. =Sesbania= Pers.

197. Leaflets 3. 198

Leaflets numerous. 203

198. Leaflets with stipels. 199

Leaflets without stipels. 201

199. Filaments all united. Corolla red; standard unappendaged; keel almost straight, blunt, shorter than the wings. Style short and thick. Flowers very small. Twining herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. =Teramnus= Swartz

Filaments united, excepting the uppermost, which is free at least at the base. Standard auricled at the base; keel curved. Flowers large or rather large. 200

200. Uppermost stamens free at the base, but united with the others at the middle. Corolla red; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Tropics. =Dioclea= H. B. & K.

Uppermost stamens free throughout. Corolla red or yellowish-green; keel as long as or longer than the wings.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them yield poisons, medicaments, vegetables, fodder, and dyes, or serve as ornamental plants. (Stizolobium P. Br.). =Mucuna= Adans.

201. Stipules free, stem-clasping. Corolla red, blue, or white; keel blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Corolla red or yellow; keel usually beaked. Ovules 2 or more. 202

202. Leaflets toothed. Calyx with a short tube and subequal segments. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, usually terete. (See 129.) =Ononis= L.

Leaflets entire. Calyx with a thread-shaped tube and unequal segments, four of which are connate. Corolla yellow. Ovules 2-3. Base of the style persistent. Fruit flat, separating in two joints or indehiscent. Herbs. Flowers usually intermixed with feathery bristles.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. =Stylosanthes= Swartz

203. (197.) Stem woody. Corolla white or red; wings free. Stamens diadelphous at the base, at first monadelphous at the middle. Ovary stalked. Style hairy at the apex. Fruit flat.--Species 1 (R. Pseudacacia L.). Naturalized in North Africa. Yields timber and medicaments and is used as an ornamental plant. The bark and the leaves are poisonous. =Robinia= L.

Stem herbaceous. Corolla blue, yellow, or whitish. Ovary sessile. 204

204. Filaments united, excepting one, or all united into a sheath split above. Wings free. Fruit oblong or ovate, flat or constricted between the seeds.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield medicaments (liquorice), dyes, and material for papermaking. =Glycyrrhiza= L.

Filaments all united into a closed tube. Wings slightly adhering to the keel. Style glabrous. Fruit linear, subterete.--Species 1. North Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plant. “Goats rue.” =Galega= L.

205. (147.) Leaves abruptly pinnate. [Especially tribe VICIEAE.] 206

Leaves imparipinnate, digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 220

206. Calyx distinctly two-lipped, the upper lip entire or shortly 2-toothed, the lower one entire, 3-toothed, or 3-parted. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed. Flowers in racemes. 207

Calyx equally or subequally toothed or divided, or entire. 210

207. Bracts very large, imbricate, hiding the flowers and fruits. Bracteoles none. Flowers very small. Filaments all united. Ovules 2. Herbs. Stipules produced at the base into a spur-like appendage.--Species 9. Central Africa. =Geissaspis= Wight & Arn.

Bracts not hiding the flowers, usually small and deciduous. Bracteoles present. 208

208. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Filaments all united. Ovules more than two.--Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Damapana Adans., including Kotschya Endl.) =Smithia= Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 209

209. Ovary sessile. Uppermost stamen free. Keel obtuse. Fruit ring-shaped or spirally twisted, flat, glabrous except at the shortly spinous sutures, 2-valved. Herbs. Leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets. Stipules spurred at the base. Bracts not spurred.--Species 1. West Africa. =Cyclocarpa= Afz.

Ovary stalked. Fruit straight, curved, or spirally twisted; in the latter case covered with glandular hairs.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially the ambatch, A. Elaphroxylon Taub.) yield cork-wood, fibre, and medicaments. (Including Herminiera Guill. & Perr.) =Aeschynomene= L.

210. Style hairy, usually bearded lengthwise. Fruit more or less flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 211

Style glabrous. 214

211. Staminal tube obliquely truncate at its mouth. 212

Staminal tube evenly truncate. 213

212. Style bearded on the inner face. Flowers small. Corolla bluish-white; keel somewhat pointed. Uppermost stamen free. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules 2. Seeds flat.--Species 3. North Africa; also cultivated in northern Central Africa. The seeds of L. esculenta Moench (lentils) are used as food, for the preparation of starch, and in medicine. (Under Ervum L.) =Lens= Gren. & Godr.

Style hairy all round or on the back only; in the latter case flowers large or middle-sized. Seeds globose or slightly flattened.--Species 40. North and East Africa; some species also naturalized in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. They yield fodder, edible fruits and seeds (especially beans from V. Faba L.), and medicaments; some are used as ornamental plants. “Vetch.” (Including Ervum L. and Faba Tourn.) =Vicia= L.

213. Style-apex compressed laterally, with the margins bent upwards, hence grooved above. Ovary subsessile. Ovules more than 2. Corolla white or red; keel blunt. Uppermost stamens free at the base. Leaves with 1-3 pairs of leaflets. (See 141.) =Pisum= L.

Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the margins straight or bent downwards. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

214. Stamens 9. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla white or pink; standard adhering to the staminal tube at its base; wings oblong, shorter than the keel. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves ending in a bristle. Bracteoles present.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially A. praecatorius L.) yield fibres, poisonous ornamental seeds (crab-eyes), and medicaments. =Abrus= L.

Stamens 10. 215

215. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a tuft of hairs. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely chambered, opening by two valves. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs, clothed with appressed hairs fixed at the middle. Bracteoles none.--Species 320. Tropical, South, and North-east Africa. Several species yield a dye (indigo), or are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 216

216. Fruit indehiscent, not jointed. Calyx-teeth obscure or wanting. Standard auricled at the base; petals of the keel free. Alternate filaments with a scale at the base. Trees. Leaflets alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Xanthocercis= Baill.

Fruit dehiscent or jointed. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 217

217. Fruit jointed, dehiscing on one side or indehiscent. Corolla yellow; standard orbicular. Stamens usually all united. (See 209.) =Aeschynomene= L.

Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 218

218. Fruit transversely septate. Bracteoles bristle-like, deciduous. Uppermost stamen free. (See 196.). =Sesbania= Pers.

Fruit longitudinally septate or 1-celled. Wings adhering to the keel. 219

219. Fruit 1-celled, compressed. Petals with a short claw. Herbs. Leaves ending in a bristle or a tendril. Bracteoles none. (See 212.). =Vicia= L.

Fruit 2-celled, rarely 1-celled but then turgid.--Species 70. North and East Africa to Transvaal and the Cape Verde Islands. Several species yield fodder, tragacanth-gum, manna-like exudations, or edible seeds which are also used as a substitute for coffee. (Including Acanthyllis Pomel, Erophaca Boiss., and Phaca L.) =Astragalus= L.

220. (205.) Leaves unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 221

Leaves digitate or pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets 251

221. Leaves exstipulate or wanting 222

Leaves stipulate. 224

222. Branches leaf-like. Leaves usually wanting. Trees. Corolla red. Fruit turgid, indehiscent.--Species 5. Madagascar. They yield timber. (Including Neobaronia Bak.) =Phylloxylon= Baill.

Branches not leaf-like. Leaves present. Shrubs. Corolla yellow. Fruit flat, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. 223

223. Flowers in heads surrounded by large imbricate bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe very large, petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong. (See 157.) =Liparia= L.

Flowers solitary or in racemes, umbels, or heads with small or medium-sized bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe equalling or slightly exceeding the others. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracteoles bristle-like. (See 157.) =Priestleya= DC.

224. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 225

Stem woody throughout. 241

225. Uppermost stamen united with the others at least in its lower half. 226

Uppermost stamen free from the others throughout or at the base. 229

226. Ovule 1. Ovary sessile. Style slender. Calyx-teeth long and pointed. Petals shortly clawed. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, ovate, indehiscent. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Hallia= Thunb.

Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 227

227. Style bearded. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Seeds with an aril. Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

Style glabrous. Leaves unifoliolate. 228

228. Style short and broad. Ovary sessile. Petals red, long-clawed. Fruit compressed. Leaflets entire. Stipules awl-shaped. Flowers very small, in axillary racemes.--Species 5. Central Africa to Transvaal. =Microcharis= Benth.

Style awl-shaped. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Calyx deeply divided. Petals short-clawed. Leaflets toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves. (See 129.) =Ononis= L.

229. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young, free at the base, later sometimes free throughout. 230

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly from the base. 234

230. Fruit jointed. 231

Fruit not jointed. 232

231. Upper calyx-lobes separate. Wings small; standard subsessile. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-3. Leaflets without stipels. Flowers in axillary, few-flowered racemes, with small bracteoles.--Species 5. Nileland and Island of Socotra. =Taverniera= DC.

Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Wings oblong, adhering to the keel. Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets usually with stipels.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Meibomia Moehr.) =Desmodium= Desv.

232. Flowers very small, in pairs in the axils of the leaves, with minute bracteoles. Fruit oblong, with a membranous pericarp, indehiscent. Leaflets without stipels.--Species 2. South Africa to Angola. =Sylitra= E. Mey.

Flowers not very small, in usually terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Fruit with a more or less herbaceous pericarp, dehiscing by two valves. 233

233. Flowers with rather large bracteoles, violet. Ovary shortly stalked. Stigma penicillate. Fruit 4-winged, septate. Stem twining. Leaflets with stipels. Stipules spurred.--Species 4. Tropics. The roots and the fruits are used as vegetables. (Botor Adans.) =Psophocarpus= Neck.

Flowers without bracteoles. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets without stipels, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 130. Some of them yield dyes, poisons, and medicaments. (Cracca L., including Pogonostigma Boiss. and Requienia DC.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

234. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit with transverse partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. 235

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely affixed by the middle. 236

235. Keel beaked. Anthers bearded at base and apex. Style boat-shaped below. Ovules 4-6. Fruit short-stalked, turgid. (See 151.) =Rhynchotropis= Harms

Keel blunt or somewhat pointed, gibbous or spurred on each side. Style thread-shaped. Fruit sessile or nearly so. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

236. Ovule 1. 237

Ovules 2 or more. 238

237. Leaflets with stipels. Flowers in racemes, with broad bracteoles. Calyx-lobes narrow, subequal. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Leptodesmia= Benth.

Leaflets without stipels. Leaves gland-dotted. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp adnate to the seed. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

238. Ovules 2. Corolla usually yellow. 239

Ovules 3 or more. Corolla usually red. 240

239. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-lobes separate or shortly united. Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants.--Species 55. Tropical and South Africa. The roots of one species are used in making beer. =Eriosema= DC.

Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed at or nearly in the middle. Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. (Dolicholus Medik.) =Rhynchosia= Lour.

240. Calyx-lobes long, stiff, very unequal, the two upper ones united high up. Style thread-shaped, glabrous. Fruit jointed, indehiscent. Leaves unifoliolate, usually stipellate. Stipules membranous. Flowers small, in racemes, with bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. (Fabricia Scop.). =Alysicarpus= Neck.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Style flattened, bearded towards the apex. Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with a small aril. Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers without bracteoles. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

241. (224.) Filaments all united into a tube split on one or on both sides. Bracteoles present. 242

Filaments united into a tube, excepting one which is free, at least at the base. 240

242. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed. Seeds oblong. Shrubs, usually erect. Flowers in few-flowered racemes.--Species 10. Tropics. (Diphaca Lour., including Arthrocarpum Balf. f.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv.

Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. Anthers basifixed. Fruit not jointed, indehiscent. Seeds reniform. Trees or climbing shrubs. Flowers in cymes arranged in many-flowered raceme-or panicle-like inflorescences.--Species 65. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber (Senegal-ebony) and gum-resin. (Amerimnon P.Br., including Ecastaphyllum Rich.) =Dalbergia= L. f.

243. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young. 244

Uppermost stamen free throughout. 245

244. Fruit jointed, indented at one or at both sutures. Leaflets usually with stipels. (See 231.). =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed, very thinly or not septate, opening by two valves. Standard clawed, suborbicular. Ovary sessile. Stigma usually hairy. Leaflets usually with numerous parallel side-nerves and without stipels. Bracteoles none. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

245. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. =Bracteoles= none. 246

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 247

246. Fruit separating into joints. Petals red, clawed. Ovules numerous. Leafstalk not jointed at the apex.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Bremontiera= DC.

Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Standard sessile or short-clawed; keel gibbous or spurred on each side. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

247. Bracteoles present. Trees. Petals yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; those of the keel free or slightly cohering. Ovules 2-4. Fruit compressed, more or less winged, indehiscent.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber (rose-wood) and a resin (kino) used for tanning and dyeing and for medicinal purposes, also edible fruits and seeds. =Pterocarpus= L.

Bracteoles wanting. Shrubs. 248

248. Ovule 1. Petals blue, red, or white; standard short-clawed; keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 249

249. Ovules 3 or more. Petals red. Fruit subterete, constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Spinous shrubs. Racemes with the rachis ending in a spine.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. The resinous exudations (Persian manna) are used for food and in medicine. =Alhagi= Desv.

Ovules 2. Petals red or yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 250

250. Fruit compressed. Seeds with a linear hilum. (See 239.) =Eriosema= DC.

Fruit turgid. Seeds with a short hilum.--Species 5. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. (Moghania St. Hil.) =Flemingia= Roxb.

251. (220.) Leaflets 3. 252

Leaflets 4 or more. 330

252. Leaves digitate. 253

Leaves pinnate. 264

253. Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. Ovules numerous. Bracteoles bristle-like. 254

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 257

254. Filaments united into a closed tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or hairy shrubs. 255

Filaments united into a sheath split above. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Glabrous undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 256

255. Calyx-lobes unequal, the upper approaching in pairs. Standard spatulate; wings obliquely ovate. Anthers slightly unequal. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, dehiscing by two valves. Tall shrubs with brownish hairs. Flowers in head-like spikes. (See 175.) =Phaenohoffmannia= O. Ktze.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Standard ovate or oblong; wings narrow; petals of the keel scarcely cohering. Fruit linear or lanceolate, dehiscing at the upper suture. Decumbent herbs. Flowers very small, solitary or in short racemes.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Rothia= Pers.

256. Keel longer than the standard. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded. Undershrubs. (See 194.) =Loddigesia= Sims

Keel shorter than the standard. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs or trees. (See 194.) =Hypocalyptus= Thunb.

257. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young. 258

Uppermost stamen free. Bracteoles absent. 260

258. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate below to the staminal tube. Fruit not jointed, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or umbels. Bracteoles absent. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets entire. 259

259. Flowers very small, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, with small bracteoles. Petals yellowish. Fruit oblong; pericarp membranous. Undershrubs. (See 232.) =Sylitra= E. Mey.

Flowers not very small, in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals usually red. Fruit dehiscing by two valves; pericarp more or less herbaceous. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

260. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a small point. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely septate, dehiscing by two valves. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 261

261. Ovule 1. Keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 262

262. Ovules 2. Petals free from the staminal tube; standard auricled at base. Fruit turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Shrubs. (See 250.) =Flemingia= Roxb.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, but then lower petals adnate to the staminal tube. Wings exceeding the keel. Herbs. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 263

263. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. Keel blunt. Ovules 2-8. Fruit scarcely dehiscent. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube, red. Keel somewhat pointed, curved. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Flowers solitary. (See 153.) =Parochetus= Hamilt.

264. (252.) Leaflets with stipels. [Especially tribe PHASEOLEAE.] 265

Leaflets without stipels. 310

265. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 266

Stem woody throughout. 303

266. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. Flowers small, red, in racemes, with the rachis not thickened.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa; one species (G. hispida Maxim., soy-bean) only cultivated. The latter yields edible oily seeds. =Glycine= L.

Uppermost stamen free or almost so, or united with the others in the middle only. 267

267. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, free at the base, but united with the others in the middle. 268

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so. 272

268. Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Bracteoles present. Wings usually free from the keel. Fruit not jointed, opening in two valves. 269

Flowers in racemes with the rachis not thickened, or in fascicles, or solitary. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit compressed. 271

269. Fruit 4-angled or 4-winged. Seeds oblong. Stigma villous. Corolla violet. Bracteoles rather large, falling off tardily. Stipules spurred. (See 233.) =Psophocarpus= Neck.

Fruit 2-3-angled or 2-winged. Stigma small. Bracteoles small, falling off early. Stipules small. 270

270. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper much larger than the lower. Seeds ovate or orbicular.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The seeds of several species are eaten and used for dyeing and in medicine. =Canavalia= Adans.

Calyx-lobes not very unequal, the upper united higher up, but not considerably larger than the lower. Seeds oblong.--Species 1. East Africa. =Pueraria= DC.

271. Fruit more or less distinctly jointed. Bracteoles usually present. (See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Stigma usually penicillate. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Bracteoles wanting. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

272. Style hairy above. 273

Style glabrous or hairy at the base only, sometimes with a hairy stigma. 287

273. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes with the rachis not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Keel curved. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear. 274

Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. 277

274. Calyx tubular; upper lobes united high up. Corolla white, blue, or violet; wings oblong, adhering to the much shorter and pointed keel. Ovary stalked. Style broadened above, bearded lengthwise.--Species 5. Tropics. Used as medicinal, dyeing, and ornamental plants. =Clitoria= L.

Calyx campanulate. Wings obovate. Ovary almost sessile. 275

275. Upper calyx-teeth united to the middle. Corolla red or violet; standard equalling the wings, spurred or gibbous on the back; keel not beaked. Style-apex broadened, hairy round the stigma. Fruit flat. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Climbing herbs.--Species 1. Naturalized in West Africa. Used as a medicinal and ornamental plant. (Bradburya Rafin., under Clitoria L.) =Centrosema= DC.

Upper calyx-teeth united wholly or for the greatest part. Standard not spurred at the back, but auricled at the base. Style-apex slightly or not thickened. Fruit more or less inflated. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. 276

276. Style with a crown of hairs beneath the large ovoid stigma. Wings longer than the keel, but shorter than the standard. Stipules long-spurred.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Congo). =Vignopsis= De Wild.

Style bearded on the inner face towards the top, or penicillate round the small terminal stigma. Wings adhering to the keel.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and edible fruits or seeds, or serve as ornamental plants. =Dolichos= L.

277. Keel spirally twisted. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc. Stigma lateral or oblique. 278

Keel more or less curved inwards, but not spiral. 279

278. Keel with a long spur; wings free. Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. Style with a pointed dorsal appendage at the apex. Flowers violet or whitish, without bracteoles.--Species 3. Central Africa. One species (Ph. venenosum Balf., Calabar bean) has poisonous seeds used in ordeals and medicinally. =Physostigma= Balf.

Keel without a spur, but sometimes with two gibbosities; wings adhering to the keel. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules numerous. Style without a dorsal appendage at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa; one species (Ph. vulgaris L.) cultivated also in extra-tropical regions. The fruits and seeds of some species (beans) are eaten and used for preparing starch and medicaments, those of others are poisonous. Several species are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. =Phaseolus= L.

279. Stigma lateral, situated beneath the apex of the style. 280

Stigma terminal, but sometimes oblique. 283

280. Style-apex bent down towards the stigma. Stigma globose, blunt or notched. Wings oblong, equalling the blunt keel. Fruit flat. Leaflets usually toothed.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield fibre used for rope-making, and edible roots and seeds, from which also starch and medicaments are prepared. (Cacara Thouars). =Pachyrrhizus= Rich.

Style-apex bent back. Fruit turgid. 281

281. Fruit subglobular, 1-2-seeded, ripening under ground. Ovules 2-3. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Creeping herbs. Racemes 1-3-flowered.--Species 1 (V. subterranea Thouars). Cultivated in Tropical and South Africa. Yields edible fruits and oily seeds. =Voandzeia= Thouars

Fruit linear, several-or many-seeded, ripening above ground. Ovules several or many. 282

282. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, with acuminate segments. Keel pointed; wings auricled. Undershrubs with erect or ascending branches.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Vigna Savi). =Otoptera= DC.

Calyx 4-5-toothed or 5-cleft. Keel blunt or beaked.--Species 65. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species yield fibre used for rope-making, and edible fruits or seeds. (Including Liebrechtsia De Wild.) =Vigna= Savi

283. Stigma very oblique. Style-apex wedge-shaped, hairy. Calyx-teeth very short and broad. Keel blunt. Fruit linear.--Species 5. Central and South-east Africa. (Under Vigna Savi). =Sphenostylis= E. Mey.

Stigma slightly oblique or straight. 284

284. Upper lip of the calyx entire. Style bearded lengthwise. Fruit oblong, 2-4-seeded. 285

Upper lip of the calyx notched. 286

285. Keel almost straight, blunt. Standard oblong, straight, folded over the other petals. Corolla yellow-green. Style flat at base, hairy above.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Dolichos L.) =Chloryllis= E. Mey.

Keel sharply bent upwards, pointed. Standard orbicular, bent back, expanded. Corolla white or red. Style flat and bearded above.--Species 1 (L. vulgaris Savi). Tropical and South-east Africa; also cultivated in Egypt. It yields edible fruits and seeds, fodder, and medicaments, and serves also as an ornamental plant. (Under Dolichos L.) =Lablab= Savi

286. Ovules 2. Style flattened and hairy above. Keel pointed. Upper calyx-teeth united to about the middle. Glandular plants.--Species 10. Central Africa. (Under Dolichos L.) =Adenodolichos= Harms

Ovules 3 or more. Style thread-shaped. Keel shortly beaked. Glandless plants. (See 276.) =Dolichos= L.

287. (272.) Ovules 1-2. 288

Ovules 3 or more. 295

288. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a short point. Calyx-teeth subequal. Corolla usually red; keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit more or less turgid, with transverse partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Fruit more or less compressed. 289

289. Ovule 1. Calyx-teeth about equal, bristle-like. Keel obtuse. Fruit enclosed by the calyx. Bracts broad. (See 237.) =Leptodesmia= Benth.

Ovules 2, rarely ovule 1, but then calyx-teeth unequal (the upper ones more or less united). 290

290. Bracteoles present. 291

Bracteoles absent. Corolla usually yellow; standard auricled at the base. 293

291. Style hairy at the base, bent almost at a right angle above the middle. Ovary surrounded at the base by a cupular disc. Calyx-teeth and bracteoles ending in a club-shaped gland. Corolla spotted with violet. Fruit 1-celled. Leaflets toothed.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under Rhynchosia Lour.) =Eminia= Taub.

Style glabrous, slightly curved. Fruit transversely chambered. 292

292. Corolla yellowish; keel as long as the wings; standard not auricled. Flowers two or several together in the axils of the leaves, subsessile. Fruit ripening under ground.--Species 1. West Africa. Cultivated for its edible seeds. =Kerstingiella= Harms

Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings; standard slightly auricled. Flowers in axillary racemes or false-racemes. Fruit ripening above ground. (See 266.) =Glycine= L.

293. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Standard oblong or ovate; wings shorter than the keel, auricled at the base. Style downy below.--Species 4. Tropics. =Cylista= Ait.

Calyx-lobes about equal, but the two upper ones sometimes more or less united. 294

294. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth free or shortly united. Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants. (See 239.) =Eriosema= DC.

Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed in the middle. Upper calyx-teeth more or less united. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants. (See 239.) =Rhynchosia= Lour.

295. (287.) Calyx entire or obscurely toothed, gibbous at the base. Corolla yellow or red. Ovary surrounded at the base by a tubular disc. Style broadened in the middle. Fruit flattened, 2-valved. Twining herbs. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. South and East Africa and Madagascar. =Dumasia= DC.

Calyx distinctly toothed. 296

296. Upper sepals wholly united; hence calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft. Twining herbs. 297

Upper sepals more or less separate; calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 298

297. Calyx-lobes short. Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings. Rachis of the inflorescence not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Bracts striate.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. =Shuteria= Wight & Arn.

Calyx-lobes long. Corolla yellow; keel as long as or longer than the wings. Rachis of the inflorescence thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Bracts bristle-like.--Species 2. East Africa to Natal and Mascarene Islands. =Galactia= P. Browne

298. Wings free from the keel. Flowers small, red. Leaflets large. 299

Wings adhering to the keel. 300

299. Fruit septate between the seeds, oblong. Seeds globose. Ovules 3-5. Style thickened below. Standard auricled at the base.--Species 1. German South-west Africa. =Neorautanenia= Schinz

Fruit not septate between the seeds, flat, with transversely veined valves. Seeds reniform. Style awl-shaped. Upper calyx-lobes united high up. Hairy plants.--Species 5. Central and South-east Africa (Anarthrosyne E. Mey.) =Pseudarthria= Wight & Arn.

300. Bracteoles wanting. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Connective ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Bracteoles present. 301

301. Standard spurred or gibbous at the apex of the claw. Style broadened above. Fruit flat. Seeds oblong. Stem twining. Flowers large. Bracteoles larger than the bracts. (See 275.) =Centrosema= DC.

Standard neither spurred nor gibbous. Flowers small or medium-sized. 302

302. Fruit jointed, flat, usually indehiscent. (See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed, but septate between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves. Corolla red; standard auricled at the base; wings exceeding the keel. Bracts bristle-like. (See 266.) =Glycine= L.

303. (265.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle. Calyx-lobes blunt and very short. Fruit not jointed, indehiscent.--Species 30. Tropics. Some species yield timber, dyes, fish-poison, and medicaments. =Lonchocarpus= H. B. & K.

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so, rarely (Desmodium) united with the others in the middle, but then calyx-lobes pointed. Fruit jointed or dehiscent. 304

304. Connective of the stamens produced in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Calyx-teeth subequal. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 305

305. Standard with two auricles at the base. 306

Standard without an appendage at the base. 308

306. Calyx-teeth blunt, nearly equal. Corolla usually red; keel beaked. Bracteoles deciduous.--Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Strongylodon= Vog.

Calyx-teeth pointed, unequal, the upper united high up. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Bracteoles none. 307

307. Standard oblong or ovate; keel longer than the wings. Ovary and base of the style hairy. Style thread-shaped. Ovules 2.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Baukea= Vatke

Standard orbicular; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Ovary and base of style glabrous or downy. Style thickened in the middle and at the apex. Ovules numerous.--Species 1 (C. indicus Spreng., pigeon-pea). Tropics, also cultivated. Yields edible, pea-like fruits and seeds, medicaments, fodder, food for silkworms, and manure. =Cajanus= DC.

308. Style bearded above. Upper calyx-teeth almost entirely united. Wings adhering to the shorter and pointed keel. Fruit not jointed. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) =Clitoria= L.

Style glabrous. 309

309. Fruit separating into joints, when ripe. Flowers usually small. Wings adhering to the keel. (See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed. Flowers large. Wings much shorter than the standard, sometimes wanting. Ovary stalked.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield wood, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Erythrina= L.

310. (264.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. 311

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 314

311. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, not jointed, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants. Bracteoles absent. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. Fruit linear or oblong, dehiscent or separating into joints. 312

312. Staminal tube split. Ovary sessile. Fruit breaking up into several joints. Shrubs. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv.

Staminal tube closed. Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Bracteoles absent. 313

313. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point. Ovary sessile. Corolla red; keel blunt. Fruit slightly 4-angled, transversely septate. Stipules bristle-like. Flowers small, in racemes, without bracteoles.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Cyamopsis= DC.

Connective without an appendage. Ovary stalked. Calyx deeply divided. Standard suborbicular. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. (See 129.) =Ononis= L.

314. Bracteoles present. Calyx-teeth subequal. Wings short. Ovary stalked. Ovules few. 315

Bracteoles absent. 316

315. Keel beaked. Standard clawed, auricled. Uppermost stamen free. Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds subglobular. Twining shrubs. Rachis of the raceme thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. (See 306.) =Strongylodon= Vog.

Keel not beaked. Standard scarcely clawed. Uppermost stamen at first united with the others in the middle. Fruit breaking up into several joints. Seeds reniform. Erect undershrubs. (See 231.) =Taverniera= DC.

316. Petals, at least the lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. Herbs. Leaflets usually toothed. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or umbels. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. 317

317. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved inwards, gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely septate. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 318

318. Ovule 1. Corolla red, blue, or white; standard clawed. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping, not adnate. Bracts membranous. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more, rarely ovule 1, but then fruit more or less curved or coiled, corolla usually yellow, standard almost sessile, and stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 319

319. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, united with the others in the middle. Corolla red or white; standard suborbicular, clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Stigma usually hairy. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets entire, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, more rarely in axillary racemes or clusters. Bracts distinctly developed. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

Uppermost stamen free from the base, rarely united with the others in the middle, but then standard oblong or ovate, sessile or nearly so, corolla usually yellow, fruit not or tardily dehiscent, leaflets usually toothed, stipules adnate to the leafstalk, inflorescence axillary, and bracts minute or wanting. 320

320. Ovules 1-2. 321

Ovules more than 2. 325

321. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper two almost wholly united, the side ones small, the lowest the longest, enlarged after flowering, scarious. Corolla reddish-yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit falcate-ovate, enclosed by the calyx, 1-seeded, 2-valved. Twining undershrubs. (See 293.) =Cylista= Ait.

Calyx-lobes about equal, but the upper ones sometimes more or less united, not or scarcely enlarged after flowering. 322

322. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, more or less flattened, straight or nearly so. Upper calyx-teeth usually more or less united. Standard auricled at base. Leaflets usually entire. 323

Fruit not or very tardily dehiscing, turgid or curved to spiral, exceeding the calyx. Upper calyx-teeth scarcely or not united. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 324

323. Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle attached in the middle or nearly so. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, rarely erect plants. (See 239.) =Rhynchosia= Lour.

Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the funicle attached at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth not or shortly united. Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants. (See 239.) =Eriosema= DC.

324. Fruit straight, globular or ovoid, thick, wrinkled. Flowers in slender, more or less spike-like racemes, yellow, rarely white. Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; several species also naturalized in South Africa. Used as fodder or in medicine. =Melilotus= Juss.

Fruit more or less curved (sickle-or kidney-shaped) or spirally coiled, usually flattened. Flowers in short racemes or in heads.--Species 35. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa; several species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some of them (especially M. sativa L., lucern) are used as fodder, or medicinal plants, and for making paper and brush-wares, others are noxious as burs. =Medicago= L.

325. Upper calyx-lobes more or less, sometimes entirely united. Corolla yellow. Standard suborbicular, auricled at base. Fruit linear or oblong, constricted between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets entire, gland-dotted. 326

Upper calyx-lobes not or scarcely united. Standard oblong or obovate. Fruit dehiscing at the upper suture or indehiscent, rarely tardily dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 328

326. Upper calyx-lobes shortly united. Keel exceeding the wings. Fruit oblong, curved, turgid, 1-celled. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Viscid, twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa and Madagascar. =Fagelia= Neck.

Upper calyx-lobes united for the greater part or entirely. Fruit compressed and transversely septate. 327

327. Fruit oblong, blunt or shortly pointed. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules persistent. Flowers in fascicles or short racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under Atylosia Wight & Arn.) =Cantharospermum= Wight & Arn.

Fruit linear, ending in a long point. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Style broadened in the middle and towards the apex. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Stipules deciduous, awl-shaped. Flowers in racemes. (See 307.) =Cajanus= DC.

328. Flowers in long, more or less spike-like racemes. Ovules few. Fruit oblong to globose, thick, straight, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Herbs. (See 324.) =Melilotus= Juss.

Flowers solitary or in short racemes, heads, or umbels. 329

329. Fruit linear or oblong, straight or slightly curved. Herbs.--Species 25. North Africa, Nile-land, and South Africa. T. foenumgraecum L. is cultivated for its seeds, which are used as food, fodder, vermin-poison, in medicine, and in the manufacture of cloth; it is also used as a vegetable. =Trigonella= L.

Fruit spirally twisted, more rarely sickle-or kidney-shaped. (See 324.) =Medicago= L.

330. (251.) Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 331

Stem woody throughout. 347

331. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base, at least when young. 332

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 336

332. Filaments united into a closed tube, at least when young. Corolla red, blue, or white. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 333

Filaments united into a sheath split on one or both sides. Corolla yellow, sometimes veined with red. Fruit breaking up into joints, more rarely indehiscent. 335

333. Stem twining. Leaflets 5-7, stipellate. Bracteoles present. Uppermost stamen finally separating from the others. (See 266.) =Glycine= L.

Stem erect or decumbent. Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles absent. Uppermost stamen remaining united with the others. 334

334. Leaflets 5-7. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla red; standard sessile; wings free. Connective ending in a short point. Fruit septate. (See 313.) =Cyamopsis= DC.

Leaflets numerous. Stipules semi-sagittate. Corolla blue or white; standard short-clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Connective without an appendage. Fruit 1-celled. (See 204.) =Galega= L.

335. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, with 2 or more flat joints. Calyx 2-lipped. (See 208.) =Smithia= Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. Ovary stalked. (See 209.) =Aeschynomene= L.

336. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young. 337

Uppermost stamen free throughout. 339

337. Standard clawed. Wings adhering to the keel. Ovules several or many, very rarely only 2. Stigma usually penicillate. Fruit linear, rarely oblong or ovate, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually with many parallel side-nerves. Flowers white or red, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, rarely in axillary fascicles or racemes; in this case ovules numerous. Bracteoles absent. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

Standard nearly sessile. Wings short. Ovules 1-3. Fruit oblong to orbicular, indehiscent, very rarely dehiscing by two valves. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes. 338

338. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, feathery. Corolla red; keel adhering to the staminal tube. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, oblong or ovate. Unarmed, hairy plants. Stipules connate.--Species 2. North Africa. =Ebenus= L.

Calyx-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube. Fruit projecting beyond the calyx, hemispherical or spirally twisted.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia. Sainfoin (O. sativa Lam.) is cultivated in various regions for fodder, sometimes also as a medicinal or ornamental plant. =Onobrychis= Gaertn.

339. Style bearded lengthwise towards the top. Fruit 2-valved. 340

Style glabrous above or penicillate round the stigma. 343

340. Style thread-shaped, bearded on the outside or all round. Calyx-teeth subequal. Petals red or white, clawed; standard exceeding the wings and the keel. Seeds kidney-shaped, with a filiform funicle. Flowers in racemes.--Species 40. South Africa to Angola. Some are used medicinally. (Coluteastrum Heist.) =Lessertia= DC.

Style flattened, bearded on the inner side. 341

341. Calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper ones united high up. Corolla blue or white. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Leaflets usually stipellate. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) =Clitoria= L.

Calyx-teeth about equal. Seeds with a small aril covering the hilum. Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 342

342. Staminal tube obliquely truncate. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules 2. Aril ovate or oblong. Flowers small, bluish-white. (See 212.) =Lens= Gren. & Godr.

Staminal tube evenly truncate. Keel shorter than the wings, usually blunt. Ovules 3 or more. Aril usually linear. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

343. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Fruit transversely septate, 2-valved. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 344

344. Leaflets stipellate, 5-7. Flowers in terminal racemes, without bracteoles. Fruit jointed, enclosed by the calyx; joints ovate, slightly flattened.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Uraria= Desv.

Leaflets not stipellate. Fruit jointed, with orbicular or quadrate flattened joints, or not jointed. 345

345. Fruit breaking up into joints, flat. Wings clawed, auricled, shorter than the scarcely clawed standard. Flowers in axillary racemes, with bristle-like bracteoles.--Species 12. North Africa. Some are used as fodder-or ornamental plants. =Hedysarum= L.

Fruit not jointed, usually septate lengthwise. 316

346. Fruit sessile, linear, flat, longitudinally 2-celled, indehiscent, the valves boat-shaped with a wavy and toothed keel. Hairy herbs. Leaflets emarginate. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers in axillary spikes or fascicles, bluish or whitish.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. =Biserrula= L.

Fruit not flat and with wavy and toothed valves, tardily dehiscent. (See 219.) =Astragalus= L.

347. (330.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base into a tube usually split in one or two places, rarely (Dalbergia) wanting. 348

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 354

348. Fruit breaking up into two or more joints, very rarely reduced to a single ovate, not winged joint. Calyx usually two-lipped. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes with red stripes or veins. Standard suborbicular. Erect shrubs. 349

Fruit not jointed, indehiscent, more or less distinctly winged, rarely not winged but curved. Ovules few. Trees or climbing, very rarely erect shrubs. 351

349. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, jointed. Seeds 2 or more, reniform or orbicular, flat. Calyx two-lipped. Racemes short. Bracteoles persistent. (See 208.) =Smithia= Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 350

350. Joints of the fruit 2 or more, oblong, usually striate. Ovary sessile, with several or many ovules. Racemes few-flowered. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv.

Joints of the fruit quadrate to semiorbicular, not striate. Ovary usually stalked. (See 209.) =Aeschynomene= L.

351. Staminal tube closed all round. Calyx subtruncate, very shortly or obscurely toothed. Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets opposite--Species 15. Tropics. Some are poisonous. (Deguelia Aubl., including Leptoderris Dunn) =Derris= Lour.

Staminal tube split in one or two places. Leaflets usually alternate. 352

352. Anthers attached by the base, with erect cells opening by a short apical slit, or with divergent cells opening lengthwise. Calyx-lobes unequal. Ovary stalked. Seeds kidney-shaped. Flowers in copious panicles composed of cymes. (See 242.) =Dalbergia= L. f.

Anthers attached by the back, opening by parallel longitudinal slits. Fruit more or less oblique or curved. 353

353. Bracteoles persistent. Calyx bell-shaped, obtuse at base. Corolla violet; standard silky outside. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-2. Fruit thick-leathery, crescent-shaped, not winged. Seed 1, kidney-shaped. Small spiny trees.--Species 1. West Africa. =Drepanocarpus= G. F. Mey.

Bracteoles deciduous. Calyx more or less top-shaped at the base. Corolla yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; standard glabrous. Ovules 2-6. Fruit membranous or leathery, hardened in the middle, more or less distinctly winged. (See 247.) =Pterocarpus= L.

354. (347.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young. 355

Uppermost stamen free throughout. 361

355. Wings free from the keel. Ovules more than two. Fruit 2-valved. Leaflets usually with stipels. 356

Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets usually without stipels. 357

356. Flowers in axillary racemes, without bracteoles. Corolla white. Ovary stalked, not surrounded by a disc. Style hairy at the apex. Stipules spine-like. (See 203.) =Robinia= L.

Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, with bracteoles. Corolla red, bluish, or white. Ovary usually surrounded at the base by a disc. Style glabrous.--Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, and poison. =Millettia= Wight & Arn.

357. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Shrubs. Bracteoles absent. 358

Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or climbing shrubs. Bracteoles present. 359

358. Petals acuminate, red; standard lanceolate; keel beaked. Style glabrous.--Species 10. Madagascar. =Chadsia= Boj.

Petals obtuse or subacute, white or red; standard suborbicular; keel not beaked. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

359. Fruit winged. Seeds flat. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. (See 351.) =Derris= Lour.

Fruit not winged. 360

360. Fruit with a thick-leathery, almost woody pericarp, oblique-oblong, not thickened at the sutures. Seed 1, kidney-shaped, rather thick. Ovary subsessile, with 2 ovules. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in racemes, reddish.--Species 1. Seychelles. The wood and the oily seeds are used. (Galedupa Lam.) =Pongamia= Vent.

Fruit with a membranous or leathery pericarp. Seeds flat. (See 303.) =Lonchocarpus= H. B. & K.

361. (354.) Stem shrubby, erect or climbing. 362

Stem tree-like. 371

362. Style bearded lengthwise towards the apex. Ovules numerous. Fruit indehiscent or dehiscing at the top only. Flowers in axillary racemes. 363

Style glabrous, or hairy at the base only, or bearing a penicillate stigma. 365

363. Style bearded on the back or all round. Stigma terminal. Corolla red or white; keel blunt, shorter than the standard. Fruit finally dehiscing at the top. (See 340.) =Lessertia= DC.

Style bearded on the inner side only. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, indehiscent. 364

364. Stigma terminal. Corolla red; keel pointed, exceeding the standard. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Sutherlandia= R. Br.

Stigma placed beneath the hooked apex of the style. Corolla yellow; keel blunt; standard with two callosities on the inner side.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They (especially C. arborescens L. bladder senna) are used as ornamental plants and yield a dye and medicaments. =Colutea= L.

365. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a short point, or a tuft of hairs. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit 2-valved. Hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles absent. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Bracteoles usually present. 366

366. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 367

367. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles, with large persistent bracteoles.--Species 8. West Africa. =Platysepalum= Welw.

Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally 4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 368

368. Wings adhering to the keel. 369

Wings free from the keel. 370

369. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit flat, narrowly winged, transversely chambered or 1-celled, indehiscent. Usually climbing plants. (See 351.) =Derris= Lour.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, more rarely 1-celled, but turgid, finally dehiscing by two valves. (See 219.) =Astragalus= L.

370. Inflorescence axillary. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules free. Fruit leathery, suborbicular, not winged, indehiscent. Seed 1, oblong or ovate. Climbing plants. Leaflets without stipels.--Species 3. West Africa. =Ostryocarpus= Hook. fil.

Inflorescence terminal. Ovary usually surrounded by a disc. Fruit linear or oblong, tardily dehiscing by two valves. Seeds orbicular or reniform. (See 356.) =Millettia= Wight & Arn.

371. (361.) Calyx 2-lipped, with large entire lips. Corolla yellow; wings free; petals of the keel free. Ovary subsessile, surrounded by a lobed disc. Ovules 3-4. Bracteoles small, deciduous.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewevrea= Mich.

Calyx 2-lipped with divided lips, or more or less equally 4-5-toothed. 372

372. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellow. Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles large, persistent. (See 367.) =Platysepalum= Welw.

Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally 4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 373

373. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 374

Fruit indehiscent. Ovules 2-6. 375

374. Leaflets alternate, gland-dotted on the lower face. Petals gland-dotted. Ovary long-stalked. Ovules 3-4. Fruit woody, turgid.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Schefflerodendron= Harms

Leaflets opposite. Petals not gland-dotted. Fruit more or less leathery and flattened. Inflorescence terminal. (See 356.) =Millettia= Wight & Arn.

375. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Corolla red or white; standard distinctly clawed; petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit drupe-like with a woody endocarp and a more or less fleshy exocarp. Seed 1. Inflorescence terminal.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine. (Vouacapoua Aubl.) =Andira= Lam.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes marked with red or violet. Fruit more or less distinctly winged, with a membranous or leathery pericarp. Leaflets alternate or subopposite. (See 247.) =Pterocarpus= L.

ORDER PANDALES

FAMILY 106. PANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in fascicled racemes, or in false racemes formed of fascicles, or in panicles, unisexual. Calyx small, slightly toothed. Petals 5, large, oblong, red. Stamens 10. Ovary superior, slightly lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, straight. Stigmas 3-4, sessile or nearly so, oblong. Fruit a drupe; stone with many pits and cavities, 3-4-seeded. Seeds with a large axile embryo and an oily albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. (Porphyranthus Engl.) =Panda= Pierre

ORDER GERANIALES

SUBORDER GERANIINEAE

FAMILY 107. GERANIACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate, rarely 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-8, more or less distinctly perigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the petals, some frequently sterile, the outer opposite the petals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary lobed, 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, rarely 8-celled with 1-ovuled cells. Fruit beaked, the carpels separating at maturity. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 6, species 350. (Plate 68.)

1. Sepals 4, valvate in bud. Petals 8, white. Stamens 8, opposite the petals, free. Ovary 8-celled, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell. Tails (awns) of the carpels not recurved at maturity. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, with 4 bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. [Tribe DIRACHMEAE.] =Dirachma= Schweinf.

Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-5. Stamens 10 or 15, some frequently sterile. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tails (awns) of the carpels curved or twisted backwards at maturity. [Tribe GERANIEAE.] 2

2. Flowers irregular, with a spur-like appendage along the pedicel and without glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5-7, rarely 2-4.--Species 250. Southern and tropical Africa; two species also naturalized in North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some have edible roots or yield perfumes or medicaments. =Pelargonium= L’Hér.

Flowers regular or almost so, without a spur-like appendage, with glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5, 10, or 15. 3

3. Stamens 10, all or 5 of them fertile. 4

Stamens 15, all fertile. 5

4. Tails of the carpels spirally twisted, hairy. Fertile stamens 5. Petals entire. Flowers usually in umbels.--Species 40. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa. Some are used medicinally; hygrometres are made from the carpel-tails. “Storks-bill.” =Erodium= L’Hér.

Tails of the carpels arched, generally glabrous. Fertile stamens usually 10. Petals mostly notched. Flowers usually solitary or in pairs.--Species 30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental plants or yield tanning and dyeing materials or medicaments. “Cranes-bill.” =Geranium= L.

5. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Stem herbaceous.--Species 25. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 68.) =Monsonia= L.

Filaments free almost to the base. Stem fleshy, armed with spines formed from the persistent leafstalks.--Species 7. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some species yield an aromatic resin. (Under Monsonia L.) =Sarcocaulon= DC.

FAMILY 108. OXALIDACEAE

Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free or united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 5 of them sterile. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening inwards. Glands at the base of the stamens present. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules axile. Styles 5, free. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.--Genera 3, species 160. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 69.)

1. Fruit a berry. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, sensitive. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. Cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits, which are also used for preparing a scouring water. =Averrhoa= L.

Fruit a capsule. All stamens fertile. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 2

2. Valves of the fruit finally spreading. Leaves pinnate, sensitive.--Species 15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Oxalis L.) (Plate 69.) =Biophytum= DC.

Valves of the fruit persisting around the central column. Leaves usually digitate.--Species 140. Some are used as salad or fodder or for preparing chemical drugs and medicaments. (Including Bolboxalis Small). =Oxalis= L.

FAMILY 109. TROPAEOLACEAE

Twining, succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, peltate. Flowers solitary, axillary, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, the hindmost spurred. Petals 5, yellow or red, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, free; anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1, with 3 stigmas. Fruit separating in 2-3 nutlets. Seeds without albumen. (Under GERANIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1 (T. majus L., Indian cress). Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. Ornamental plant, also yielding salad, condiments, and medicaments. =Tropaeolum= L.

FAMILY 110. LINACEAE

Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 2-10-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.--Genera 7, species 60. (Plate 70.)

1. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, furnished with glands at their base. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Petals deciduous. Fruit capsular. Herbs or undershrubs, very rarely shrubs. [Tribe LINEAE.] 2

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same number, 5, but then without glands at their base and style simple. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.] 4

2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers 4-merous. Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.” =Radiola= Gmel.

Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous. 3

3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them) with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. (Under Linum L.) =Reinwardtia= Dumort.

Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with glands.--Species 25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar. L. usitatissimum L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also fodder and medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants. “Flax.” =Linum= L.

4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous. Fruit a drupe.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 70.) =Hugonia= L.

Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top. 5

5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a glandular pit at the claw.--Species 2. East Africa. =Nectaropetalum= Engl.

Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled. 6

6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short. Inflorescence racemose, cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Lepidobotrys= Engl.

Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular. Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under Ochthocosmus Benth.) =Phyllocosmus= Klotzsch

FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared. (Aubrya Baill., under Humiria Aubl.) =Saccoglottis= Mart.

FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3, rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under LINACEAE.) (Plate 71.)

Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity. Filaments united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit 3-4-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Aneulophus= Benth.

Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments united into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty ones.

Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate 71.) =Erythroxylon= P. Browne

FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely (Neoluederitzia) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens 1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (Seetzenia) styles 5.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.)

1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary 3-5-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without an appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple and undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies =BALANITOIDEAE= and =NITRARIOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several-or many-seeded. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all alternate, but then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets. 3

2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with two leaflets. Spiny plants.--Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt. They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily seeds, and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and for preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (Agialid Adans.) (Plate 72.) =Balanites= Del.

Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. Ovary 3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style very short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave, induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves simple, undivided, fleshy.--Species 2. North Africa and northern Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be inebriating. “Nitre bush.” =Nitraria= L.

3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies =TETRADICLIDOIDEAE= and =PEGANOIDEAE=.] 4

Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite. Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily =ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 5

4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals 3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely 3-celled, 6-ovuled.--Species 1. North-east Africa. =Tetradiclis= Stev.

Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5, linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with undivided, many-ovuled cells.--Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing. =Peganum= L.

5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the latter case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 6

Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous. 8

6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. Ovary surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). =Neoluederitzia= Schinz

Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or undershrubs. 7

7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. Prostrate undershrubs. Leaflets 3.--Species 2. South and North-east Africa. =Seetzenia= R. Br.

Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc obscure. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from ascending funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.--Species 15. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Fagonia= Tourn.

8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, with 5 glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged. Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Kelleronia= Schinz

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. 9

9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous. Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa. =Augea= Thunb.

Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud. 10

10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped. Disc 5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10, appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Sisyndite= E. Mey.

Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each. 11

11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into nutlets, bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Flowers cymose, 5-merous.--Species 12. Some of them have edible seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Tribulus= Tourn.

Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.--Species 55. Some of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison. =Zygophyllum= L.

FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under SIMARUBACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under Cneorum L.) =Chamaelea= Tourn.

FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE

Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (Empleuridium) without dots. Petals free, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 33, species 320. (Including AURANTIACEAE and XANTHOXYLEAE.) (Plate 73.)

1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily =RUTOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19

2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than 2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.] 3

Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (Pelea) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each carpel. 4

3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire. Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.--Species 2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra. =Thamnosma= Torr.

Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.--Species 8. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. “Rue.” (Including Desmophyllum Webb and Haplophyllum Juss.) =Ruta= L.

4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually compound. [Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5

Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7

5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers polygamous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Melicope Forst.) =Pelea= A. Gray

Stamens 3-5. 6

6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united. Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally. =Evodia= Forst.

Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Pterota P. Br., under Zanthoxylum L.) =Fagara= L.

7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8

Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9

8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc 4-lobed. Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, three-edged, without glandular dots.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Empleuridium= Sond.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle. Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the top. Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glandular-serrate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Empleurum= Soland.

9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons. Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk. Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.--Species 2. East and South Africa. [Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.] =Calodendron= Thunb.

Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons. Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.] 10

10. Staminodes 5. 11

Staminodes none. 15

11. Style long. Stigma small. 12

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences terminal. 13

12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped anthers. Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. Carpels 2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and axillary.--Species 100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.) =Agathosma= Willd.

Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the axils of the leaves.--Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used medicinally. =Barosma= Willd.

13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a stalked gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. Ovary covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.--Species 25. South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea. =Adenandra= Willd.

Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw. Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland. 14

14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile gland. Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their channelled claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Coleonema= Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short. Staminodes very small.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl.

15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw. 16

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous. 17

16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in clusters, white.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Phyllosma= Bolus

Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.--Species 10. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Macrostylis= Bartl. & Wendl.

17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used medicinally. =Diosma= L.

Petals clawed, hairy within. 18

18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Euchaetis= Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals obovate. (See 14.) =Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl.

19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or nearly so. [Subfamily =TODDALIOIDEAE=, tribe TODDALIEAE.] 20

Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily =AURANTIOIDEAE=, tribe AURANTIEAE.] 27

20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.] 21

Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base only, 1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled. 22

21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Eriander= H. Winkl.

Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short, with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Toddalia Juss.) =Teclea= Del.

22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds exalbuminous. Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.] 23

Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.] 24

23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with equal cotyledons. Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Diphasia= Pierre

Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, unisexual.--Species 4. West Africa. =Oricia= Pierre

24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous. Trees. Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Araliopsis= Engl.

Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with 3 leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets. 25

25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (Cranzia Schreb.) =Toddalia= Juss.

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous. Embryo straight or almost so. 26

26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Toddaliopsis= Engl.

Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under Toddalia Juss.) =Vepris= Comm.

27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.] 28

Ovary 5-or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with 1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.] 32

28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 29

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants. 30

29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, 3-, rarely 4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and lobed cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits. =Triphasia= Lour.

Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply divided. Leafstalk winged.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Limonia= L.

30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves unifoliolate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Glycosmis= Correa

Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally pinnate. 31

31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments. =Murraya= L.

Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers rather small.--Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Myaris Presl). =Clausena= Burm.

32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp leathery. Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.--Species 4. Cultivated; also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental plants and afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially oranges and citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are prepared. =Citrus= L.

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard. Leaves with 3 leaflets. 33

33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.--Species 1. Region of the great lakes. =Balsamocitrus= Stapf

Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in medicine. =Aegle= Correa

FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin albumen or without albumen.--Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under RUTACEAE.) (Plate 74.)

1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without an appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Tropics. [Subfamily =SURIANOIDEAE=.] =Suriana= L.

Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled. Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily =SIMARUBOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe SIMARUBEAE.] 3 Filaments without a scale at the base. 9

3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval. 4

Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear. Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe MANNIINAE.] 8

4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.--Species 2. Central Africa. [Subtribe HARRISONIINAE.] =Harrisonia= (R.Br.) Juss.

Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes. [Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.] 5

5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody. Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Samadera= Gaertn.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 6

6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly 5-lobed. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields arrow-poison and is used in medicine. =Quassia= L.

Calyx 2-4-lobed or-cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles. 7

7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets oblong or obovate.--Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a fat. (Under Quassia L.) =Odyendea= (Pierre) Engl.

Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely 6-9. Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.--Species 4. Central Africa. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Hannoa= Planch.

8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the tip.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierreodendron= Engl.

Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free. Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.--Species 1. West Africa. =Mannia= Hook. fil.

9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to the styles. Flowers usually polygamous. 10

Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees. 12

10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the base. Stigma subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.] =Soulamea= Lam.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate. 11

11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. Fruit consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.--Species 5. Central Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.] =Brucea= J. S. Muell.

Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 leathery mericarps suspended from a central column.--Species 5. Central Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.] =Kirkia= Oliv.

12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. Madagascar. Poisonous. =Perriera= Courchet

Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. 13

13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. Anthers oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Nectaropetalum Engl.) =Peglera= Bolus

Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles. [Tribe IRVINGIEAE.] 14

14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with a thin fleshy layer.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Klainedoxa= Pierre

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled. 15

15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, 2-seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Irvingia Hook. fil.) =Desbordesia= Pierre

Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick fleshy layer.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including Irvingella van Tiegh.) (Plate 74.) =Irvingia= Hook. fil.

FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally. Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and usually folded or twisted cotyledons.--Genera 7, species 160. Tropical and South Africa. (Under TEREBINTHACEAE). (Plate 75.)

1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, and stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a 2-3-celled stone; one cell only fertile.--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber and odorous resins (especially myrrh) which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and medicines. Some are also used as hedge plants. (Balsamea Gled., Balsamodendron Kunth. including Hemprichia Ehrenb. and Hitzeria Klotzsch). =Commiphora= Jacq.

Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of which the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees. 2

2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile. 3

Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones. 5

3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with a lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather thick. Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided cotyledons. Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; one cell sterile.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Pachylobus Don or Santiria Blume) =Santiriopsis= Engl.

Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose. 4

4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal style or style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. Embryo with a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals united at the base.--Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under Canarium L.) (Plate 75.) =Pachylobus= Don

Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually thick, woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short radicle and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united high up.--Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi) used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds. =Canarium= L.

5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin. =Aucoumea= Pierre

Disc situated inside the stamens. 6

6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or ovoid. Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and resin. (Marignia Comm.) =Protium= Burm.

Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones, dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Central Africa. The resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in medicine. =Boswellia= Roxb.

FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.--Genera 23, species 150. (Including AITONIEAE, CEDRELEAE, and PTAEROXYLEAE.) (Plate 76.)

1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves pinnate. [Subfamily =CEDRELOIDEAE=] 2

Filaments more or less united into a tube. 3

2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.--Species 2. South and East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood). =Ptaeroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary and fruit 5-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cedrelopsis= Baill.

3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10. [Subfamily =SWIETENIOIDEAE=.] 4

Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. [Subfamily =MELIOIDEAE=.] 9

4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube. Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. West Africa. =Pynaertia= De Wild.

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate. 5

5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal tube campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Lovoa= Harms

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. 6

6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.--Species 2. Southern West Africa. =Wulfhorstia= C. DC.

Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted aestivation. 7

7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.--Species 15. Central Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including Leioptyx Pierre, under Swietenia L.) =Entandophragma= C. DC.

Disc cup-or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the fruit, winged below.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum. (Under Cedrela L.) =Pseudocedrela= Harms

Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous in each cell, winged all round.--Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber (African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments. =Khaya= Juss.

9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. Anthers 8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds large, pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky. 10

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small or medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or membranous. 11

10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, few-flowered.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and oily seeds. (Under Carapa Aubl.) =Xylocarpus= Koen.

Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.--Species 4. Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. CARAPA Aubl.

11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12. 12

Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas. 19

12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely or almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaflets 6-25. 13

Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top of its lobes, or in the notches between them. 14

13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the base of the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. Stigma 2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo exserted.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Under Melia L.) =Azadirachta= Juss.

Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2-or more-seeded capsule or berry. Radicle included.--Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber. (Including Bingeria A. Chev. and Heckeldora Pierre). =Guarea= L.

14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Cipadessa= Blume

Filaments united high up, rarely (Trichilia) at the base only, but then fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous. 15

15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. Anthers inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. Disc stalk-like. Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Symphytosiphon= Harms

Ovary 2-3-celled. 16

16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted at the tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style long. Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and 3 woolly leaflets.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. (Nelanaregam Adans.) =Naregamia= Wight & Arn.

Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets, rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous. 17

17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk winged. Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, which are divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style short.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used medicinally. =Pterorhachis= Harms

Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at the entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous. 18

18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube entire or shortly toothed.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including Charia C. DC.) =Ekebergia= Sparm.

Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal tube usually more or less deeply divided.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Plate 76.) =Trichilia= L.

19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 20

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united high up. 21

20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma small. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. (Aitonia Thunb., Carruthia O. Ktze.) =Nymania= Lindb.

Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma usually thick.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Calodryum Desv., Grevellina Baill., and Quivisia Comm.) =Tourraea= L.

21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers 10-12, inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen.--Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, the others (especially M. Azederach L., beadtree or Persian lilac) cultivated as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They yield timber, gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the preparation of liquors. The fruits are poisonous. =Melia= L.

Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous. 22

22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8. 23

Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10. 24

23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal tube. (See 10.) =Xylocarpus= Koen.

Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation. Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Quivisianthe= Baill.

24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the top of its teeth. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.) =Ekebergia= Sparm.

Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. Leaflets usually alternate. 25

25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate in bud. Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later 1-celled.--Species 4. West Africa. =Turraeanthus= Baill.

Petals free, or united at the base only. 2

26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.) =Guarea= L.

Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.) =Carapa= Aubl.

SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE

FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 77.)

1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without glands. Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes. 2

Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged. 3

2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers glabrous. Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, with small stigmas. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe GALPHIMIEAE.] =Galphimia= Cav.

Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves alternate or subopposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.] =Echinopteris= Juss.

3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.] 4

Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.] 10

4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. Sepals with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves mucronate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cottsia= Dubard & Dop

Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15. 5

5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens 10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate. 6

Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually opposite. 7

6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost semi-circular, cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. Bracteoles awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhinopteryx= Nied.

Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal wing.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.) =Acridocarpus= Guill. & Perr.

7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed glands.--Species 4. Central and South-east Africa. =Sphedamnocarpus= Planch.

Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas obliquely truncate, hooked, or broadened. 8

8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs. Stamens 11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tricomariopsis= Dubard & Dop

Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10. 9

9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals with a distinct claw. Sepals with glands.--Species 1. West Africa. =Heteropteris= Juss.

Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate tip. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Sphedamnocarpus Planch.) =Banisterioides= Dubard & Dop

10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with a short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing. 11

Styles longer than the ovary. 12

11. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Diaspis= Nied.

Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round. Leaves usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.--Species 4. East Africa. =Caucanthus= Forsk.

12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long, with the stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing.--Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. =Flabellaria= Cav.

Petals clawed. 13

13. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 5. Madagascar. =Microsteira= Bak.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 14

14. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3, all perfectly developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less toothed or fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched side-wing.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Triaspis= Burch.

Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a single style perfectly developed. 15

15. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals fringed. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 2, one a native of West Africa, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. (Gaertnera Roxb.) =Hiptage= Gaertn.

Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or without glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted side-wing.--Species 17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa. =Tristellateia= Thouars

SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE

FAMILY 120. POLYGALACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.--Genera 6, species 240. (Plate 78.)

1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled. 2

Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary 1-2-celled. 3

2. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Carpolobia= Don

Petals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma punctiform. Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under Carpolobia Don) =Atroxima= Stapf

3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are said to be poisonous. (Lophostylis Hochst.) (Plate 78.) =Securidaca= L.

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. 4

4. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7, rarely 8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril, albuminous.--Species 60. South Africa to Nyasaland. =Muraltia= Neck.

Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like. 5

5. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7, rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave petal with an appendage. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). The fruits are edible. (Mundtia Kunth). =Mundia= Kunth

Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.--Species 170. Some of them yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Milkwort.” =Polygala= L.

SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE

FAMILY 121. DICHAPETALACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral. Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South Africa. (CHAILLETIACEAE.) (Plate 79.)

Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate in bud. Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc semi-annular.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Tapura= Aubl.

Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile stamens 5.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. (Chailletia DC.) (Plate 79.). =Dichapetalum= Thouars

SUBORDER TRICOCCAE

FAMILY 122. EUPHORBIACEAE

Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (Bridelia) perigynous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta. Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.--Genera 122, species 1200. (Including DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE.) (Plate 80.)

1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CROTONOIDEAE=.]. 2

Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [Subfamily =PHYLLANTHOIDEAE=.]. 76

2. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the appearance of a single flower and containing one female flower and several or many male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with glandular appendages. Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice milky. [Tribe EUPHORBIEAE.]. 3

Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a single flower. 11

3. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female flowers with a 3-4-toothed or-cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs. 4

Male flowers without a perianth. 5

4. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and consisting of 4 or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Trees.--Species 3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally. =Anthostema= Juss.

Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled. Style 4-parted.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Dichostemma= Pierre

5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and with an appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pedilanthus= Neck.

Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided gland. 6

6. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the partial inflorescence and split at one side only. 7

Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or cup. 9

7. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial inflorescence. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stenadenium= Pax

Involucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence. Herbs. 8

8. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united at the base.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under Monadenium Pax). =Lortia= Rendle

Female flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Monadenium= Pax

9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous. =Synadenium= Boiss.

Glands of the involucre separate. 10

10. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under Euphorbia L.) =Elaeophorbia= Stapf

Fruit a capsule.--Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden-or hedge-plants. “Spurge.” =Euphorbia= L.

11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite, imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the male flowers. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. Leaves and young shoots clothed with scales or stellate hairs.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac, incense-wood, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe CROTONEAE.] =Croton= L.

Filaments straight in the bud. 12

12. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation. [Especially tribe ACALYPHEAE.] 13

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 59

13. Corolla present in the male flowers. 14

Corolla absent in the male flowers. 24

14. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil cup-shaped or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 15

Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes (Caperonia) adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary pistil club-shaped and style with many branches. 17

15. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5 glands alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding plants. =Manniophyton= Muell. Arg.

Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Undershrubs or trees. 16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens. Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Schubea= Pax

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with the stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs. Young shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Gilgia= Pax

17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers club-shaped. Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal tube. Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs, usually hispid.--Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre. =Caperonia= St. Hil.

Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or wanting. 18

18. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony. Flowers in racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.--Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments. “Turnsole.” (Tournesolia Scop.) =Chrozophora= Neck.

Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate glands. 19

19. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.--Species 12. West Africa. =Crotonogyne= Muell. Arg.

Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the two former cases stamens 6-14. 20

20. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs. Trees. Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious. Stamens 8-20. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”). =Aleurites= Forst.

Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous. Shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but then leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule. 21

21. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male flowers, 4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers falling off very early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when young.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). =Grossera= Pax

Flowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13. 22

22. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Tannodia= Baill.

Flowers dioecious. 23

23. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the connective.--Species 2. West Africa and Comoro Islands. =Agrostistachys= Dalz.

Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.--Species 2. East Africa. =Holstia= Pax

24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond. 25

Styles free or united at the base only. 32

25. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column. 26

Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. 31

26. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers 3-4-celled. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Mappa Juss.) =Macaranga= Thouars

Calyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3-4-, rarely 5-celled. 27

27. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary 4-celled, winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Tetracarpidium= Pax

Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely 4-partite. Seeds usually without an outgrowth. 28

28. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite. Stamens 3, with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into a globose body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Sphaerostylis= Baill.

Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30. 29

29. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary 3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided, palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including Niedenzua Pax). =Adenochlaena= Baill.

Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary pistil none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing. 30

30. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts. Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental plants. =Dalechampia= L.

Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves spreading. Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. =Plukenetia= L.

31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often with stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Ctenomeria Harv.) =Tragia= L.

Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.--Species 20. Tropics. The fruits of some species are used for tanning. =Pycnocoma= Benth.

32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (R. communis L., castor-oil-plant). Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used in medicine. =Ricinus= L.

Filaments not branched. 33

33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. Filaments 6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs. 34

Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular. 35

34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acalypha= L.

Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6, broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female. Flowers spicate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Mareya= Baill.

35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 36

Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs. 57

36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle. 37

Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely in the middle. 50

37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs. 38

Stamens numerous. 43

38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout. Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very short, 2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber (para-rubber): (Siphonia Schreb.) =Hevea= Aubl.

Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided. 39

39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers monoecious. Shrubs with stellate hairs. 40

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the base. Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious. 41

40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles free.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Under Cephalocroton Hochst.) =Cephalocrotonopsis= Pax

Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the base.--Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German South-west Africa. =Cephalocroton= Hochst.

41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.--Species 5. Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs. =Lepidoturus= Baill.

Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male inflorescences spike-or panicle-like, axillary. 42

42. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves penninerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including Orfilea Baill., under Alchornea Swartz) =Lautembergia= Baill.

Styles free, undivided.--Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some of them yield dye-stuffs. =Alchornea= Swartz

43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male flowers consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the female indistinct. Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the old wood, the female in axillary racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Crotonogynopsis= Pax

Styles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary usually hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very rarely 5. Flowers in spikes or panicles. 44

44. Styles two-cleft. 45

Styles undivided. 47

45. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Disc indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves palminerved.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Neoboutonia= Muell. Arg.

Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers 4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers. Trees. Leaves penninerved. 46

46. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk rather short. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.--Species 1. West Africa. =Necepsia= Prain Disc of the female flowers cupular. Styles awl-shaped. Leafstalk very short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous. Spikes unisexual.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Alchornea Swartz) =Palissya= Baill.

47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles thickish, united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Neopycnocoma= Pax

Calyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite. 48

48. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles 4. Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Southern West Africa (Amboland). =Pseudotragia= Pax

Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody. 49

49. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Argomuellera= Pax

Leaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Echinus Lour.) =Mallotus= Lour.

50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx 5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. (Including Paradenocline Muell. Arg.) =Adenocline= Turcz.

Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or many-cleft. 51

51. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards. Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs. 52

Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards. 54

52. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales. Calyx 3-partite. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. North Africa; also introduced in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in medicine. “Mercury.” =Mercurialis= L.

Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate. 53

53. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow, entire. Flowers in clusters.--Species 1. South Africa. =Seidelia= Baill.

Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent. Stamens 4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. South Africa. =Leidesia= Muell. Arg.

54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced to 3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Micrococca= Benth.

Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of the female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 55

55. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed. Stamens 5 or more, usually numerous.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber or are used in medicine. =Claoxylon= Juss.

Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules spiny. 56

56. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less ciliate scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers broad. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in pendulous spikes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Poggeophyton= Pax

Disc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no staminodes. Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Erythrococca= Benth.

57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales. Styles recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft. Ovary 3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious, the male ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together. Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. =Hasskarlia= Baill.

Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 58

58. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Cleidion= Blume

Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually short and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately nerved. (See 26.). =Macaranga= Thouars

59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers. 60

Corolla absent in the male flowers. 66

60. Flowers in corymb-or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes, nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.] 61

Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free, but often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.] 62

61. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer nearly free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. East Africa. =Neojatropha= Pax

Flowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 50. Central and South Africa; two species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as garden-or hedge-plants. =Jatropha= L.

62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves undivided. 63 Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Flowers in panicles. 64

63. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. =Microdesmis= Planch.

Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Fruit a capsule.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Cluytia= L.

64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided, pinnately nerved. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo). =Mildbraedia= Pax

Petals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected, palmately nerved at the base. Trees. 65

65. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Givotia= Griff.

Leaves dissected.--Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from the seeds. =Ricinodendron= Muell. Arg.

66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc little developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.] 67

Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or lobed. Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees. 74

67. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary many-celled. Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule. Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (H. crepitans L., sandbox-tree). Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the fruits are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous. =Hura= L.

Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the inflorescence by their base only. 68

68. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united. Shrubs or trees. Flowers monoecious. 69

Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled. 71

69. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective not broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Maprounea= Aubl.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth. 70

70. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united high up. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Tropics. =Omphalea= L.

Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free or united at the base. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Excoecariopsis= Pax

71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or-lobed. Inflorescence terminal. Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious. 72

Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent central column. 73

72. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds without an outgrowth.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber; one species (S. sebiferum Roxb.) is cultivated for its oily seeds. (Including Conosapium Muell. Arg.). =Sapium= P. Browne

Ripe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no central column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. =Stillingia= L.

73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves alternate.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Cnemidostachys Mart.) =Sebastiania= Spreng.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious. Inflorescences usually lateral.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (Including Taenosapium Muell. Arg.) =Excoecaria= L.

74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the male flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.--Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. M. Glaziovii Muell. Arg. yields rubber, M. utilissima Pohl and M. dulcis Pax (cassava or mandioc-plants) furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal, starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared. =Manihot= Adans.

Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided. [Tribe GELONIEAE.] 75

75. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Ceratophorus Sond., including Suregada Roxb.) =Gelonium= Roxb.

Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments united.--Species 1. West Africa. =Chaetocarpus= Thwait.

76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5-7. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees. 77

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 81

77. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each with an incomplete partition.--Species 1. West Africa. =Martretia= Beille

Petals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.] 78

78. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore. Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel. 79

Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted. 80

79. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to the top. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under Bridelia Willd.) =Neogoetzea= Pax

Disc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering to the calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a drupe.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield dye-stuffs. (Including Gentilia Beille) =Bridelia= Willd.

80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short androphore.--Species 10. Tropics. =Cleistanthus= Hook.

Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered, dioecious.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Stenonia= Baill.

81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments united. Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating after the time of flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe JUNODIEAE.] =Junodia= Pax

Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 82

82. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central stamens, without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none. Flowers dioecious, in racemes. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe DAPHNIPHYLLEAE] =Daphniphyllum= Blume

Seeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.] 83

83. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex. 84

Corolla absent. 95

84. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels 4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Heywoodia= Sim

Stamens 4-5. [Subtribe ANDRACHNINAE.] 85

85. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in the male flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland; anthers opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in glomerules.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Bricchettia= Pax

Flowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. 86

86. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in the male flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short androphore. Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious. Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. (Under Savia Willd.) =Wielandia= Baill.

Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. 87

87. Styles very short, undivided. 88

Styles well developed, two-cleft. 90

88. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short. Rudimentary pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous, with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.--Species 6. Tropics. =Amanoa= Aubl.

Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees. 89

89. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of separate glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top. Seeds with a spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.--Species 2. Equatorial regions. =Megabaria= Pierre

Panicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular. Rudimentary pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Centroplacus= Pierre

90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals shorter than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with scanty albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the male ones fascicled, the female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lachnostylis= Turcz.

Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like. 91

91. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded cotyledons. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Pentabrachium Muell. Arg.) =Actephila= Blume

Stamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds with copious albumen. 92

92. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Neochevaliera= Beille

Male flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles, or monoecious. 93

93. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious, in glomerules or the female solitary. Shrubs.--Species 8. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under Savia Willd.) =Petalodiscus= Baill.

Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or fascicles. 94

94. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.--Species 6. =Andrachne= L.

Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick connective. Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long. Shrubs or trees.--Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar. =Thecacoris= Juss.

95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a 5-8-partite calyx. Trees. [Subtribe BISCHOFIINAE.] 96

Leaves simple, undivided. 98

96. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Aristogeitonia= Prain

Leaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10. 97

97. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber (African teak). =Oldfieldia= Hook.

Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft calyx and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a disc consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick, undivided styles. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Paivaeusa= Welw.

98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in fascicles or panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc none. Fruit a capsule. Trees. [Subtribe TOXICODENDRINAE.] 99

Leaves alternate. 100

99. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles united high up.--Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic). Yields timber. =Androstachys= Prain

Sepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united at the base only.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit poisonous. (Hyaenanche Lamb.) =Toxicodendron= Thunb.

100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely in heads or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious. [Subtribe ANTIDESMINAE.] 101

Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely in umbels without an involucre. 112

101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre, female solitary. Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Trees.--Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible fruits. =Uapaca= Baill.

Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre. 102

102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs. 103

Ovary 2-5-celled. 105

103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs. =Antidesma= L.

Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc. 104

104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female flowers ring-shaped.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cometia= Thouars

Sepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. =Plagiostyles= Pierre

105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or shrubs. 106

Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled. 108

106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens 4-6.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Hymenocardia= Wall.

Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short. 107

107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female cup-shaped, entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.--Species 4. West Africa and Upper Nile. =Maesobotrya= Benth.

Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent. Styles shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.--Species 10. West Africa. =Baccaurea= Lour.

108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See 107.) =Baccaurea= Lour.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. 109

109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial regions. =Baccaureopsis= Pax

Disc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft. 110

110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like. Flowers very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free, thick, 2-cleft.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Cyathogyne= Muell. Arg.

Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped. 111

111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from the old wood. Seeds with an aril.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under Maesobotrya Benth.) =Staphysora= Pierre

Stipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.) =Thecacoris= Juss.

112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly united. Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe DRYPETINAE.] 113

Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only. [Subtribe PHYLLANTHINAE.] 115

113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc cup-shaped in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals unequal.--Species 1. West Africa. =Sibangea= Oliv.

Stamens 4 or more. 114

114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Drypetes= Vahl

Fruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. =Cyclostemon= Blume

115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided into glands. 116

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. 120

116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore. Stamens 5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs. 117 Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers divided into glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees. 118

117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female divided into 5 glands alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence many-flowered.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Pseudolachnostylis= Pax

Disc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite the sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious, fascicled.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Cluytiandra= Muell. Arg.

118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers monoecious, large. Stipules large.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Zimmermannia= Pax

Disc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft. Flowers usually dioecious. 119

119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Under Securinega Juss.) =Flueggea= Willd.

Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers undivided. Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.--Species 6. Some of them yield timber. =Securinega= Juss.

120. Disc present. 121

Disc absent. Shrubs or trees. 124

121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below to the sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3. Filaments very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches 2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Agyneia= Vent.

Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not much thickened. 122

122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve as garden-or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including Cicca L. and Pleiostemon Sond.) (Plate 80.) =Phyllanthus= L.

Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs or trees. 123

123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or notched, flattened.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Humblotia= Baill.

Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Lingelsheimia= Pax

124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united; anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (Melanthesopsis Muell. Arg.) =Breynia= Forst.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leptonemea= Juss.

FAMILY 123. CALLITRICHACEAE

Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (Under HALORRHAGIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of Central Africa; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. =Callitriche= L.

ORDER SAPINDALES

SUBORDER BUXINEAE

FAMILY 124. BUXACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles 3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.--Genera 3; species 8. (Under EUPHORBIACEAE.)

1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.--Species 6. The box (B. sempervirens L.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.] =Buxus= L.

Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments. [Tribe STYLOCEREAE.] 2

2. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves narrowed into a long point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Macropodandra= Gilg

Flowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or slightly pointed.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Notobuxus= Oliv.

SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE

FAMILY 125. EMPETRACEAE

Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided, grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent. Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle turned downwards.--Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa.

Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear branches.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as a condiment and in medicine. =Corema= Don

Flowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for preparing drinks and medicaments. =Empetrum= L.

SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE

FAMILY 126. CORIARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10. Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind, indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning and dyeing. =Coriaria= L.

SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE

FAMILY 127. ANACARDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present, rarely (Pistacia) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe. Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.--Genera 29, species 250. (TEREBINTHACEAE.) (Plate 81.)

1. Carpel 1. Style simple, lateral; stigma entire. Funicle basal. Fertile stamen 1, rarely 5. Leaves simple, entire. Trees. [Tribe MANGIFEREAE.] 2

Carpels 2-5, sometimes 1-4 of them rudimentary. Style simple with a lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided, or several free styles. Fertile stamens 3 or more. Leaves usually compound. 5

2. Stamen 1. Filament broad. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 2. West Africa. The fruits are edible. (Under Mangifera L.) =Fegimanra= Pierre

Stamens 5-10, but usually 1 only fertile. Petals 5. 3

3. Fertile stamens 5. Calyx bursting irregularly.--Species 1. Madagascar. The juice is used for preparing varnishes and medicaments. =Gluta= L.

Fertile stamen 1, usually accompanied by 4 or 9 sterile ones, which bear small anthers. Calyx 5-partite. 4

4. Stamens and staminodes together 5. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit egg-shaped, with a fleshy pericarp and a slightly thickened stalk. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1 (M. indica L., mango-tree). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared, starch from the seeds, and medicaments. =Mangifera= Burm.

Stamens and staminodes together 10. Disc indistinct. Fruit kidney-shaped, with a resinous pericarp and a much thickened, fleshy stalk. Leaves obovate.--Species 1 (A. occidentale L., cashew-tree). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, vermin-poison, edible seeds and fruit-stalks from which vinegar and brandy are prepared, and medicaments. =Anacardium= L.

5. (1.) Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 1-2 empty and usually rudimentary ones, rarely (Protorhus) with 3 fertile cells; in this case stamens 5 and leaves simple. [Tribe RHOIDEAE.] 6

Ovary with 3-5 fertile cells. Stamens 6-15 and leaves compound, rarely stamens 5 and leaves simple, but then ovary-cells and styles 5. [Tribe SPONDIEAE.] 20

6. Perianth simple, consisting of 1-2 segments in the male, of 2-5 in the female flowers. Stamens 3-5. Style 3-cleft. Leaves compound.--Species 5, one of them only cultivated. North Africa and northern East Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, resins (mastic and turpentine) which are used industrially, in medicine, as fumigatories, masticatories, or condiments, and for preparing spirituous drinks, also edible oily fruits and seeds (pistachio-nuts) and various medicaments. =Pistacia= L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 7

7. Style 1, undivided, rarely (Micronychia) shortly cleft at the top, or a slightly lobed sessile stigma. 8

Styles 3, free or united at the base, sometimes recurved and adnate to the ovary, or 3 free sessile stigmas. 13

8. Leaves simple, undivided. 9

Leaves compound, pinnate. 11

9. Stamens 6-10, twice as many as the petals. Ovary with 1 fertile and 1 sterile cell. Style absent. Trees with small flowers.--Species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Campnosperma= Thwait.

Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Style present. 10

10. Corolla of the male flowers equalling the calyx. Disc broad, fleshy. Filaments thread-shaped. Ovary and fruit much compressed. Style short, undivided, with a 3-lobed stigma. Shrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers small. Female inflorescence finally with broadened branches and hardened bracts.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Botryceras Willd.) =Laurophyllus= Thunb.

Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Disc cup-shaped. Filaments broad. Ovary and fruit slightly compressed. Style long, shortly 3-cleft at the top. Trees. Leaves entire. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Micronychia= Oliv.

11. Receptacle deeply cupular; hence petals and stamens distinctly perigynous. Calyx valvate, corolla imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10. Ovary sessile. Style thin. Fruit dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. West Africa. =Thyrsodium= Benth.

Receptacle flattish or convex; hence petals and stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Style thick or wanting. 12

12. Petals imbricate in the bud; sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary and fruit with a compressed stalk. Stigma sessile. Fruit sickle-shaped, dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Faguetia= March.

Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5-20, usually more than petals. Ovary and fruit sessile, the latter drupaceous.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield timber, gum, and edible fruits. =Sorindeia= Thouars

13. (7.) Ovule basal or suspended from a basal funicle. 14

Ovule suspended from the top or the flank of the cavity. 16

14. Ovule subbasal, ascending. Styles lateral, thread-shaped. Ovary compressed. Stamens 5, alternating with 2-cleft scales. Petals of the male flowers longer, of the female shorter than the sepals. Sepals lanceolate, enlarged in the fruit. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate; stalk winged.--Species 1. South Africa. =Loxostylis= Spreng. fil.

Ovule suspended from the basal funicle. Styles terminal. Flowers polygamous. 15

15. Endocarp crusty or bony, finally separating from the mesocarp. Seedcoat thin. Leaves alternate, usually compound.--Species 100. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials (sumac), condiments, medicaments, and edible fruits; others are used as ornamental plants. =Rhus= L.

Endocarp leathery, not separating from the mesocarp. Seed-coat thick. Leaves undivided, narrow, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Anaphrenium E. Mey.) =Heeria= Meissn.

16. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 5. 17

Leaves compound, trifoliolate or pinnate. 18

17. Filaments broadened. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule attached laterally. Styles sickle-shaped, united at the base, with capitate stigmas. Fruit transversely oblong; endocarp very thin. Embryo with thick cotyledons.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Baronia= Bak.

Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovule attached at the top of the cell. Stigmas sessile. Fruit oblong; endocarp woody. Leaves opposite or nearly so, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 10. Madagascar and South-east Africa. Some species are poisonous or used medicinally. =Protorhus= Engl.

18. Leaflets 3, toothed. Stamens 5. Ovary compressed. Styles lateral, thread shaped. Fruit winged; endocarp very thin, mesocarp resinous. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Smodingium= E. Mey.

Leaflets 5 or more. Styles more or less terminal. 19

19. Stamens 4-5. Fruit with a crusty endocarp, a fibrous mesocarp, and a fleshy exocarp. Embryo with a short radicle.--Species 30. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Emiliomarcelia Hel. et Th. Dur.) =Trichoscypha= Hook. fil.

Stamens 10. Fruit with a hard endocarp, an oily mesocarp, and a parchment-like exocarp. Embryo with a long radicle. Shrubs.--Species 2. Cultivated in North Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin used industrially and medicinally, tanning and dyeing materials, vinegar, syrup, and medicaments. =Schinus= L.

20. (5.) Stamens 5, as many as the petals. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Styles 5. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 2. West Africa. =Spondianthus= Engl.

Stamens 6-15, twice as many as the petals or more. Leaves compound. 21

21. Petals valvate in bud. 22

Petals imbricate in bud. 23

22. Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Petals lanceolate, with inflexed tips. Male flowers with a sterile ovary and a simple style. Leaflets 3, serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Spondiopsis= Engl.

Flowers polygamous, usually 5-merous. Petals oblong ovate or elliptical, finally recurved. Styles in the female and hermaphrodite flowers 4-5, free. Leaflets 5 or more, usually with a marginal nerve.--Species 4, two of them growing wild in equatorial West Africa, the others cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, gum, tanning material, medicaments, and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared. (Including Antrocaryon Pierre). =Spondias= L.

23. Sepals free. Stone of the fruit with 3-4 lids at the top. 24

Sepals more or less united. 25

24. Flowers dioecious, 3-4-merous. Anthers subglobose, versatile. Seeds oblong, terete.--Species 2. Central Africa. The fruits are edible. (Under Spondias L.). =Pseudospondias= Engl.

Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Anthers oblong, continuous with the filament. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3. Seeds club-shaped, somewhat compressed.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds from which a spirituous drink is prepared. =Sclerocarya= Hochst.

25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets numerous.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits (blood-plums). =Haematostaphis= Hook. fil.

Flowers 4-5-merous. 26

26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded. 27

Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals united at the base only. 28

27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style simple, club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous, alternate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Nothospondias= Engl.

Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles 3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the top and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case leaflets 3.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber, bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Calesiam Adans., Odina Roxb., including Lanneoma Del.) (Plate 81.) =Lannea= Rich.

28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the fruit with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. South Africa. =Harpephyllum= Bernh.

Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of the fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.--Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits. (Under Spondias L.) =Poupartia= Comm.

SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE

FAMILY 128. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted, covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with 4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen (ILICINEAE.)

Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments. The holly (I. Aquifolium L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted as a garden-or hedge-plant. =Ilex= L.

FAMILY 129. CELASTRACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc present. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to it, 2-5-celled, rarely (Pleurostylia) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile, with leaf-like cotyledons.--Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.)

1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily =CELASTROIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril. 7

2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting branches. Unarmed shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 3

Leaves alternate. 4

3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Ovary-cells and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves elliptical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber and medicaments and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are poisonous. “Spindle-tree.” =Evonymus= L.

Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1 (C. edulis Forsk.). Central and South Africa. The wood and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for preparing a tea and medicaments. (Methyscophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh.) =Catha= Forsk.

4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary or in clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed shrubs or trees.--Species 7. Madagascar. (Under Celastrus L.). =Polycardia= Juss.

Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely 4-5-celled. 5

5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost hemispherical, ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under Celastrus L.) =Putterlickia= Endl.

Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not hemispherical. 6

6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril. Ovary usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers 5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.--Species 9. South Africa. =Pterocelastrus= Meissn.

Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not ribbed.--Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments. (Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under Celastrus L.) =Gymnosporia= Wight & Arn.

7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Subfamily =TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Ptelidium= Thouars

Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the disc. Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily =CASSINIOIDEAE=.] 8

8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. East and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including Cathastrum Turcz.) =Pleurostylia= Wight & Arn.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely lateral in the fruit. 9

9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs. Upper leaves opposite, broad.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber. (Under Cassine L.) =Maurocenia= L.

Ovules erect. 10

10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes usually present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the lower lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.--Species 1. Isle of Réunion. =Herya= Cordem.

Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards. Petal-like staminodes none. 11

11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted at the margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost dry. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Elaeodendron Jacq.) =Lauridia= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite. 12

12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Cassine L. or Elaeodendron Jacq.) =Mystroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 13

13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly toothed.--Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under Schrebera Thunb.) =Hartogia= Thunb.

Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers usually opening inwards. 14

14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.--Species 10. South Africa. =Cassine= L.

Pericarp dry.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Cassine L.) (Plate 82.) =Elaeodendron= Jacq.

FAMILY 130. HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, inserted below the disc. Stamens 3-5, inserted upon or within the disc. Filaments free, strap-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-10 inverted ovules in each cell. Style 1 or 0. Fruit drupaceous or capsular or separating into several mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 3, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. (Under CELASTRINEAE.) (Plate 83.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers opening inwards by a transverse slit. Disc indistinct. Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Leaves opposite, serrate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Campylostemon= Welw.

Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Disc distinct. 2

2. Fruit drupaceous. Petals imbricate in bud. Flowers usually in fascicles or in fascicled cymes.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield rubber or edible fruits. (Plate 83.) =Salacia= L.

Fruit capsular or separating into several mericarps. Anthers roundish. Leaves opposite. Flowers usually in simple cymes.--Species 50. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some are used medicinally. (Including Helictonema Pierre). =Hippocratea= L.

FAMILY 131. SALVADORACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular. Calyx 2-4-cleft. Petals 4, very rarely 5, free or united at the base, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals; sometimes 4-5 staminodes also present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect, inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with the radicle turned downwards.--Genera 3, species 6.

1. Flowers dioecious. Petals 4, free, narrow. Filaments free from one another and from the corolla. Glands between the stamens absent. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs with 2-6 spines in the axils of the leaves.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Monetia L’Hér.) =Azima= Lam.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Filaments united together or to the corolla. Glands between the stamens nearly always present. Ovary 1-celled. Unarmed shrubs or trees. 2

2. Petals free, narrow. Filaments united at the base. Anthers oblong.--Species 3. East Africa. Yielding timber. (Including Platymitium Warb.) =Dobera= Juss.

Petals united at the base, broad, 4. Filaments free. Anthers ovoid or globose.--Species 1 (S. persica Garcin). North-east and Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. Yields edible fruits and medicaments; the twigs are used as tooth-brushes. =Salvadora= Garcin

SUBORDER ICACININEAE

FAMILY 132. ICACINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens as many as the petals or perianth-segments and alternate with them. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1 or 0. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa, without an aril.--Genera 19, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 84.)

1. Pericarp warty or spiny on the inner face. Embryo equalling the albumen. Climbing or twining shrubs. Leafstalk terete. [Tribe PHYTOCRENEAE.] 2

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled on the inside. Leaves entire. 7

2. Perianth simple, 3-5-parted. Stigma sessile. Leaves palminerved. 3

Perianth, at least in the female flowers, consisting of a sometimes very small calyx and a corolla of united petals. Leaves penninerved. 5

3. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, hermaphrodite. Stem tuberous, with slightly twining branches. Leaves undivided, wavy at the margin.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Trematosperma= Urban

Flowers in heads or spikes, dioecious. 4

4. Flowers in heads arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth of the male flowers 3-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Polycephalium= Engl.

Flowers in spikes. Perianth usually 4-parted.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. =Pyrenacantha= Hook.

5. Calyx minute. Corolla not enlarged in the fruit. Flowers in spikes arising from the lower part of the stem. Leaves oval.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Endacanthus= Baill.

Calyx distinctly developed, at least in the female flowers. Corolla enlarged in the fruit. 6

6. Calyx of the male flowers 5-toothed. Petals 5. Filaments rather long. Anthers linear. Flowers in spikes at the nodes of the older branches. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Stachyanthus= Engl.

Calyx of the male flowers indistinct or wanting. Petals 4. Filaments short. Anthers ovate. Flowers in spikes or heads. Species 7. West Africa. =Chlamydocarya= Baill.

7. (1.) Flowers dioecious, with a corolla of united petals, with or without a calyx. Stamens with flat filaments; anthers opening inwards. Embryo nearly equalling the albumen. Climbing shrubs, usually with tendrils. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe IODEAE.] =Iodes= Blume

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then with a calyx and a corolla of free petals, or without a corolla, and the anthers opening outwards. Embryo usually much shorter than the albumen. Trees or erect, rarely climbing shrubs; in the latter case leaves alternate or flowers in spikes. [Tribe ICACINEAE.] 8

8. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Calyx 5-partite. Petals minute and free, or wanting. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with a ring-shaped appendage at the top. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Grisollea= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 9

9. Petals free. Sepals usually united high up. 10

Petals more or less united. Sepals usually united at the base only. 14

10. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. 11

Embryo much shorter than the albumen. 12

11. Petals bearded within. Disc present. Style long; stigma small or shield-shaped. Fruit with a crusty endocarp. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Shrubs with ascending or somewhat twining branches.--Species 7. Tropics. Some have edible fruits or seeds. =Icacina= Juss.

Petals not bearded within. Disc absent. Fruit with a woody endocarp and a fleshy mesocarp. Embryo with folded cotyledons. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. The fruits and seeds are eaten and used medicinally. =Lavigeria= Pierre

12. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes. Petals hairy outside. Disc present. Ovary without swellings. Style terminal; stigma slightly lobed.--Species 6. Tropics. =Desmostachys= Planch. & Miers

Stem erect, tree-like. Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Ovary with 2 swellings. Style lateral. 13

13. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Filaments broadened below. Ovary usually with two narrow swellings at the top.--Species 12. Central Africa. (Under Apodytes Mey.) =Rhaphiostyles= Planch.

Flowers in terminal panicles. Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary with two broad swellings on the ventral face.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber or edible fruits. (Plate 84.) =Apodytes= E. Mey.

14. Petals united at the base or nearly to the middle. 15

Petals united beyond the middle. 16

15. Petals imbricate in the bud. Style short. Leaves opposite. Flowers in repeatedly forked cymes.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. =Cassinopsis= Sond.

Petals valvate in the bud. Style long. Leaves alternate. Flowers in few-flowered fascicles or panicles.--Species 9. Central Africa. (Including Alsodeiidium Engl.) =Alsodeiopsis= Oliv.

16. Petals imbricate in the bud. Sepals and stamens unequal. Disc indistinct. Stigma sessile. Leaves opposite, elliptical. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tridianisia= Baill.

Petals valvate in the bud. 17

17. Petals bent backwards at the tip. Disc thick. Style short. Leaves opposite, lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Acrocoelium= Baill.

Petals bent inwards at the tip. Disc absent. Leaves alternate. 18

18. Sepals united at the base only. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube throughout their whole length, without appendages. Style long, filiform. Ovary and fruit without a swelling.--Species 5. Tropics. =Leptaulus= Benth.

Sepals united high up. Filaments free from the corolla, with two tufts of hairs at the apex. Style short, conical. Ovary and fruit with a lateral swelling. Flowers in head-like cymes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Lasianthera= Beauv.

SUBORDER SAPINDINEAE

FAMILY 133. ACERACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed, without stipules. Flowers in terminal corymbs, regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, free. Stamens 8, very rarely 4 or 12, perigynous, inserted on the inner edge of the thick disc. Filaments free. Ovary superior, 2-lobed and 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2 or a single style with 2 branches or stigmas. Fruit winged, splitting into 2 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under SAPINDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, and sugar, and serve as ornamental plants. “Maple.” =Acer= L.

FAMILY 134. SAPINDACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (Cardiospermum) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary or in clusters, polygamous, rarely unisexual. Petals 4-5, mostly with a scale on the inner face, or absent. Stamens 4-24, usually 8, inserted within the disc, rarely upon it; sometimes disc indistinct. Anthers opening inwards by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-8-, usually 3-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate or with a single fertile cell, frequently lobed. Ovules 1-2, rarely (Cossignia) 3 in each ovary-cell, curved. Style 1, undivided, rarely cleft. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo usually curved.--Genera 51, species 200. (Including DIDIEREACEAE.) (Plate 85.)

1. Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 2 sterile ones. Ovule 1. Style 3-4-cleft. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Petals 4. Sepals 2. Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided, deciduous. Spiny trees.--Species 6. Madagascar. Some species yield timber. (Including Alluaudia Drake). [Tribe DIDIEREAE.] =Didierea= Baill.

Ovary with 2-8 fertile cells. Stamens inserted within the disc, rarely upon it (Pistaciopsis) or no distinct disc present (Dodonaea); in both these cases petals wanting. 2

2. Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary. 3

Ovules 2, very rarely 3, in each cell of the ovary. 45

3. Ovule pendulous. Ovary 2-celled. Style undivided, with 2 decurrent stigmatic lines at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc regular. Petals 5, small. Sepals 5, slightly imbricate in bud. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Embryo with pinnately cut cotyledons. Branches and leaves with a resinous coating. Leaves equally pinnate, with a winged rachis.--Species 2. Equatorial East Africa and Madagascar. =Filicium= Thwait.

Ovule erect or ascending. Stamens usually 8. 4

4. Flowers irregular, with a one-sided disc. Petals 4. 5

Flowers regular or nearly so, with a complete disc. Petals 5 or 0. Leaves exstipulate, equally pinnate, rarely unequally pinnate (Pistaciopsis) or simple (Pappea). 14

5. Leaves stipulate, unequally pinnate with 5 leaflets or twice ternate. Herbs or undershrubs or climbing tendril-bearing shrubs. Petals with a crested, and hooded scale. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. 6

Leaves exstipulate, simple trifoliolate or equally pinnate. Trees or shrubs without tendrils. Seeds without an aril. 8

6. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Fruit capsular, inflated, with a membranous rind. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa, one species (C. Helicacabum L.) also naturalized in North Africa. They yield fodder, vegetables, oil, and medicaments, and serve also as decorative plants. “Heartseed.” =Cardiospermum= L.

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Fruit capsular, not inflated, with a leathery or woody rind, or separating into mericarps. Seeds with a more or less distinct aril. 7

7. Leaves twice ternate. Fruit 3-winged below, separating into 3 nutlets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Serjania= Schum.

Leaves pinnate. Fruit wingless, capsular.--Species 1. Tropics. Poisonous and yielding fibres and medicaments. =Paullinia= L.

8. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Sepals 4, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a crestless, notched or 2-parted scale. Stamens 8. Ovary deeply lobed. Fruit of 1-3 drupes.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Schmidelia L.) =Allophyllus= L.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Sepals 5. 9

9. Sepals free, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a notched scale. Stamens 8. Fruit separating into 3 mericarps. Seed-coat hard.--Species 3. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. The wood and the fruits (soap-berries) are used; the latter afford a substitute for soap, mucilage, oil, poison, and medicaments; the seeds serve as ornaments and for making buttons and rosaries. (Including Dittelasma Hook.) =Sapindus= L.

Sepals more or less united, narrowly imbricate or valvate in bud. Fruit furrowed or lobed, indehiscent. 10

10. Calyx shortly bell-or top-shaped; sepals united at the base only. Petals with a 2-crested scale. Stamens 6-8. Pericarp crustaceous or leathery. 11

Calyx deeply urn-shaped or almost globular; sepals united high up. Pericarp more or less fleshy. 12

11. Disc obliquely cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals with a very broad scale. Shrubs. Leaflets 10.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Plagioscyphus= Radlk.

Disc not cupular. Ovary 3-celled. Leaflets 4-8.--Species 7. West Africa. (Under Erioglossum Blume) =Pancovia= Willd.

12. Stamens 12-15. Petals sessile; scale adnate below by the margin, bearing a short crest. Ovary 6-8-celled. Trees. Leaflets 10-12.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Glossolepis= Gilg

Stamens 6-8. Petals clawed. 13

13. Scales of the petals adnate below by the margins, bearing an incurved crest; claws elongate. Calyx subglobose, shortly toothed. Ovary 7-celled. Trees. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Radlkofera= Gilg

Scales of the petals adnate by a ridge, more rarely free. Ovary 3-4-celled, rarely 7-8-celled, but then petals with a free and crestless scale. Species 10. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. =Chytranthus= Hook. fil.

14. (4.) Petals absent. 15

Petals present. 23

15. Sepals 4-6, united at the base only, valvate or almost valvate in bud. 16

Sepals 5, united high up. 19

16. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals 4. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Crossonephelis= Baill.

Stamens 5-8. Ovary 3-celled. 17

17. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, hairy outside. Stamens 7-8. Seeds without an aril. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Melanodiscus= Radlk.

Flowers in clusters. Stamens 5, rarely 6-7, but then seeds with an aril. 18

18. Stamens inserted inside the disc; filaments short, not exceeding the calyx; anthers linear. Sepals 5-6, hairy above. Seed 1, with an aril. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 4-10 leaflets.--Species 2. East Africa. =Haplocoelum= Radlk.

Stamens inserted at the edge of the disc, 5; filaments long, much exceeding the calyx; anthers oblong or oval. Sepals 5. Leaves with a narrowly winged rachis.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Pistaciopsis= Engl.

19. Sepals imbricate in bud, finally slashed. Stamens 8-10, bent twice in the bud. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds with an aril; embryo almost straight. Trees. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. Flowers fragrant, used for preparing an aromatic water. =Lecaniodiscus= Planch.

Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 8. 20

20. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 21

Ovary 3-celled. 22

21. Fruit covered with wart-like protuberances. Aril free from the seedcoat.--Species 1 (L. chinensis Sonn.) Cultivated in the tropics and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Nephelium L. or Euphoria Commers.) =Litchi= Sonn.

Fruit covered with soft spine-like processes or glabrous. Aril adnate to the seed-coat.--Species 1 (N. lappaceum L., Rambutan). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruits and fat-containing seeds. (Under Euphoria Comm.) =Nephelium= L.

22. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx cup-shaped. Flowers in axillary panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber (iron-wood), edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under Nephelium L.) =Stadmannia= Lam.

Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Calyx top-shaped. Flowers in racemes or panicles springing from the older parts of the stem.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Placodiscus= Radlk.

23. (14.) Calyx 5-lobed; lobes open or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 6-10. 24

Calyx 5-parted. 27

24. Calyx urn-shaped. Petals with a scale adnate by a ridge. Fruit indehiscent, 3-lobed, with a leathery pericarp. Seeds without an aril. Inflorescences arising from the older branches. Leaves pinnate. (See 13.) =Chytranthus= Hook. fil.

Calyx cup-or saucer-shaped, small. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, or with a free scale, or without a scale. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 25

25. Petals hairy, without a scale or with the inflexed margins prolonged into small scales. Ovary lobed. Pericarp leathery. Leaves simple, undivided, oblong.--Species 4. East and South Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under Sapindus L.) =Pappea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals with a free scale or with a scale adnate by the margins. Leaves pinnate. 26

26. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, hence funnel-shaped. Disc clothing the base of the calyx. Filaments hairy. Fruit 3-angled, almost glabrous. Inflorescences axillary.--Species 5. Central Africa. Some yield timber. (Under Blighia Koen.) =Phialodiscus= Radlk.

Petals with an almost free, notched scale. Disc free. Filaments glabrous. Fruit almost globose; pericarp crustaceous or woody, hispid on the outside, woolly within.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. =Eriocoelum= Hook. fil.

27. (23.) Sepals narrowly imbricate in bud. 28

Sepals broadly imbricate in bud. 33

28. Stamens 5. Petals hooded, without scales. Disc 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with numerous leaflets. Inflorescences arising from the older parts of the stem.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pseudopteris= Baill.

Stamens 6-10. 29

29. Stamens 6-7. Petals hairy, with 1-2 scales adnate by their edges. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a cartilagineous endocarp. Seeds with an adnate aril. Leaves with 4-11 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Aporrhiza= Radlk.

Stamens 8-10. 30

30. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 8. 31

Ovary 3-celled. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Stamens 8-10. Petals furnished at the base with a scale adnate at each side. 32

31. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed, pellucidly dotted, beset with scaly glands when young. Fruit 2-lobed, with a fleshy pericarp. Seeds without an aril.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Sapindus L.) =Smelophyllum= Radlk.

Leaflets in 5 pairs, entire, beset with stellate hairs. Fruit with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1 (E. Longana Lam.). Cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber and edible fruits. (Under Nephelium L.) =Euphoria= Commers.

32. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Fruit large, bluntly 3-angled. Seeds enveloped at the base by an adnate aril.--Species 3. West Africa. The aril is poisonous when unripe or over-ripe, but edible when ripe, and used for preparing oil and medicaments; from the fragrant flowers an aromatic liquid is prepared. “Akee-tree.” (Under Cupania L.) =Blighia= Koen.

Petals funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Seeds enclosed in the fleshy testa. Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, toothed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Lychnodiseus= Radlk.

33. (27.) Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a spongey pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tinopsis= Radlk.

Stamens 8-24. 34

34. Stamens 8. 35

Stamens 10-24. Seeds without an aril. 42

35. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals small. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a membranous aril and a crustaceous testa.--Species 10. Madagascar and East Africa. =Macphersonia= Blume

Leaves once pinnate. 36

36. Petals with 1 scale. Seeds without an aril; testa membranous, leathery, or crustaceous. 37

Petals with 2 scales, usually formed by the inflexion of their edges, rarely (Molinaea) without scales. Seeds with an aril, rarely (Sapindus) without, but then with a bony testa. 38

37. Leaflets prickly toothed, in several pairs. Stem shrubby. Inflorescences springing from the older parts of the stem. Petals with a hooded scale. Disc cup-shaped, crenate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cotylodiscus= Radlk.

Leaflets entire. Stem tree-like. Fruit lobed. 38

38. Leaflets in 2 pairs. Fruit drupaceous, not separating into mericarps. Seeds with a thin testa; embryo nearly straight.--Species 1 (A. senegalensis Radlk.). Central Africa. It yields timber and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap; the seeds are poisonous. (Under Sapindus L.) =Aphania= Blume

Leaflets in 3 or more pairs. Fruit separating into 2-3 berry-like mericarps. Seeds with a leathery testa.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Plate 85.) =Deinbollia= Schum. & Thonn.

39. Petals with large scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular.--Species 10. Madagascar. (Under Cupania L., Jagera Blume, or Ratonia DC.). =Tina= Roem. & Schult.

Petals with small scales or without scales. Ovary 3-celled. 40

40. Petals very small, with 2 linear scales at the base. Filaments bent twice in the bud. Shrubs. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Eriandrostachys= Baill.

Petals small or rather large, with the margins bent inwards at the base or without any appendage. Usually trees. 41

41. Seeds with an aril and a crustaceous testa. Fruit winged, capsular.--Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under Cupania L.). =Molinaea= Comm.

Seeds without an aril; testa bony. Fruit not winged, drupaceous or separating into mericarps. (See 9.) =Sapindus= L.

42. (34.) Petals without a scale. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, bristly. Climbing shrubs clothed with rust-coloured hairs. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under Cupania L.) =Laccodiscus= Radlk.

Petals with a scale. Trees or erect shrubs. 43

43. Ovary entire. Stamens 10-12. Leaves without glands.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.) =Camptolepis= Radlk.

Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands. Fruit separating into mericarps. 44

44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24. Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous veins.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil. =Hornea= Bak.

Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.) =Deinbollia= Schum. & Thonn.

45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular. 46

Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or indistinct. 48

46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens 8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.--Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. =Erythrophysa= E. Mey.

Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile. Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs. 47

47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. =Cossignia= Comm.

Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.--Species 3. Tropics. (Majidea Kirk) =Harpullia= Roxb.

48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate. 49

Petals absent. 51

49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular. Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.) =Harpullia= Roxb.

Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish. 50

50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Conchopetalum= Radlk.

Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually 1-celled.--Species 1. South Africa. =Hippobromus= Eckl. & Zeyh.

51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually 3-celled. Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves usually simple.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the beaten branches are used as torches. =Dodonaea= L.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves pinnate. 52

52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Zanha= Hiern

Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate. 53

53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa. =Talisiopsis= Radlk.

Calyx deeply divided. 54

54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible. =Dialiopsis= Radlk.

Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh. or Melicocca L.) =Doratoxylon= Thouars

SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE

FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10, inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits. Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 3, species 30. (Under SAPINDACEAE) (Plate 86.).

1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular. Disc equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule septicidal.--Species 3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.] =Greyia= Hook. & Harv.

Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc one-sided. Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules 1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.] 2

2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle, shorter than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves as an ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous. =Melianthus= L.

Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc semi-orbicular. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including Natalia Hochst.) (Plate 86.) =Bersama= Fres.

SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE

FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE

Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5. Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards, opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules 3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 87.)

Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible oily seeds. (Including Trimorphopetalum Bak.) =Impatiens= L.

ORDER RHAMNALES

FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely (Helinus) undershrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, more rarely (Phylica) exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals 4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate, rarely (Maesopsis) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight embryo.--Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.)

1. Ovary superior or almost so. 2

Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 9

2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Leaves opposite or nearly so, penninerved.--Species 2. Equatorial regions. The fruits are edible. (Including Karlea Pierre) =Maesopsis= Engl.

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 stigmas. 3

3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on the inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma. Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Lamellisepalum= Engl.

Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes, rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3 stigmas. 4

4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft. Fruit wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.--Species 10. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac, food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from which a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have poisonous fruits; some are used as hedge plants. =Zizyphus= Juss.

Leaves penninerved. 5

5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3 stones. Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. The fruits are edible. =Sageretia= Brongn.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 6

6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with 2-4 indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the axils of the leaves.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (Adolia Lam.) =Scutia= Brongn.

Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting. 7

7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. The fruits are edible. =Berchemia= Neck.

Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin. 8

8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3 elastically dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrorhamnus= Baill.

Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing stones. Seed-coat thin.--Species 17. North, East, and South Africa. They yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and medicaments. “Buckthorn.” =Rhamnus= L.

9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior. 10

Ovary inferior. 15

10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or crenate. 11

Style 2-4-cleft. 12

11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.) =Maesopsis= Engl.

Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes or panicles.--Species 1. South Africa and St. Helena. =Noltia= Reichb.

12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem erect or decumbent. 13

Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule. 14

13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody. Leaves 3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers in axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant. =Paliurus= Juss.

Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery. (See 4.) =Zizyphus= Juss.

14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like appendage, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. They yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 88.) =Ventilago= Gaertn.

Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded. Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral inflorescences.--Species 6. Tropics. =Lasiodiscus= Hook. fil.

15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants. Leaves alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 80. South Africa, southern Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Phylica= L.

Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary. 16

16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit separating into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the islands. =Colubrina= Brongn.

Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary. 17

17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. =Nesiota= Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal inflorescences. 18

18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate, entire. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa (Betchuanaland). =Marlothia= Engl.

Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually many-flowered cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating from a central column. 19

19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. =Helinus= E. Mey.

Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged; mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent--Species 12. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Gouania= L.

FAMILY 138. VITACEAE.

Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (Cissus) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose inflorescences. Calyx small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.--Genera 5, species 200. (AMPELIDEAE.) (Plate 89.)

1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary 3-8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without tendrils. Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield vegetables, edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subfamily =LEEOIDEAE=.] =Leea= L.

Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily =VITOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds pear-shaped, with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often with tendrils.--Species 1 (V. vinifera L., grape-vine). North Africa, also cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used for preparing wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Vitis= Tourn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually spreading at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top, but then only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped. 3

3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped. Seeds egg-or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with tendrils.--Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.) =Ampelocissus= Planch.

Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly without tendrils. 4

4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent. Disc adnate to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences compact.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.) =Rhoicissus= Planch.

5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and adnate to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.--Species 150. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits or tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under Vitis Tourn.) (Plate 89.) =Cissus= L.

ORDER MALVALES

SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE

FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE

Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under TILIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra. =Elaeocarpus= L.

SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE

FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite, each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre. Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.--Genera 7, species 25. Madagascar. (Under TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 90.)

1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. 2

Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more. 4

2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.--Species 5. Madagascar. Used medicinally. (Sarcolaena Thouars). =Sarcochlaena= Thouars

Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry. 3

3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit a one-seeded nut.--Species 7. Madagascar. (Leptolaena Thouars). (Plate 90.) =Leptochlaena= Thouars

Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Xerochlamys= Bak.

4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Fruit a nut.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Sclerolaena Bak., Xylolaena Baill.) =Xylochlaena= Baill.

Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. Filaments not united in bundles. 5

5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in fruit. Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the base.--Species 5. Madagascar. (Schizolaena Thouars). =Schizochlaena= Thouars

Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting. 6

6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.--Species 4. Madagascar. (Rhodolaena Thouars). =Rhodochlaena= Thouars

Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Eremolaena Baill.) =Eremochlaena= Baill.

SUBORDER MALVINEAE

FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE

Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or notched at the apex, rarely (Grewia) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (Christiania) deeply divided.--Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)

1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.] 2

Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by pores. Style simple. 4

2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, petal-like, lobed. Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit 4-winged.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. =Carpodiptera= Gris.

Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base. 3

3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate. Fruit with one-seeded cells.--Species 2. Tropics. =Christiania= DC.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Stigmas twisted, almost entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Speirostyla= Bak.

4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (Grewia) petals wanting. Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like androphore. Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.] 5

Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely (Corchorus) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely (Sparmannia) oval. 11

5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence raceme-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Pentadiplandra= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (Triumfetta) 5-10, but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each. 6

6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fibres, vegetables, or medicaments. =Triumfetta= L.

Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees. 7

7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2 ovules in each cell. Filaments free.--Species 140. Tropical and South Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.) =Grewia= L.

Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees. 8

8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled. 9

Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base. Stipules cleft. 10

9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with 8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. =Duboscia= Bocq.

Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled. Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Diplanthemum= K. Schum.

10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.--Species 1. West Africa. =Desplatzia= Bocq.

Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. Used medicinally. (Grewiopsis De Wild. & Dur.) =Grewiella= O. Ktze.

11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like appendage. Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.] 12

Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.] 13

12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 bundles. Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit globular, spiny.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including Acrosepalum Pierre). =Ancistrocarpus= Oliv.

Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped, many-celled.--Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in medicine. =Glyphaea= Hook. fil.

13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees. 14

Staminodes none. 17

14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point. Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Cistanthera= K. Schum.

Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. 15

15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit oblong, prickly, not winged.--Species 3. West Africa to the Great Lakes. They yield fibre. =Honckenya= Willd.

Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow. 16

16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.--Species 6. South and East Africa and Madagascar. S. africana L. is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant. =Sparmannia= L. f.

Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate wings.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre. =Cephalonema= K. Schum.

17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.--Species 1. East Africa. =Ceratosepalum= Oliv.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and medicaments. =Corchorus= L.

FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE

Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 21, species 300. (Plate 92.)

1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded, indehiscent, falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the top. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.--Species 3. North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.] =Malope= L.

Carpels placed side by side in one plane. 2

2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top. Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.] 3

Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style. 5

3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre. Carpels opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.--Species 2. Tropics. Yielding fibre. =Malachra= L.

Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles. 4

4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels alternating with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular beneath.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only cultivated. Used as medicinal and textile plants. =Urena= L.

Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves without glands on the under surface.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Malache Vogel). (Plate 92.) =Pavonia= L.

5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft. Staminal tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.] 6

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.] 14

6. Carpels with 1 ovule. 7

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate. [Subtribe ABUTILINAE.] 11

7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.--Species 20. Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe SIDINAE.] =Sida= L.

Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.] 8

8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Malvastrum= A. Gray

Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face. 9

9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.--Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.” =Malva= L.

Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below. 10

10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 3-6-cleft.--Species 12. North Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Navaea Webb & Berth. and Saviniona Webb & Berth.) =Lavatera= L.

Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 6-9-cleft. Herbs.--Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Alcea L.) =Althaea= L.

11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two compartments by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the top. Ovules 2-3 in each carpel. 12

Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or club-shaped. 13

12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels numerous. Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Modiola= Moench

Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield fibres. =Wissadula= Med.

13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules 2-3 in each.--Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Including Sphaeroma Harv.) =Sphaeralcea= St. Hil.

Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.--Species 30. Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee, or serve as ornamental plants. =Abutilon= Gaertn.

14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds kidney-shaped. 15

Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple. 17

15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10 bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Kosteletzkya= Presl

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 16

16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Senra= Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more narrower bracteoles or wanting.--Species 130. Some of them yield timber, fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Abelmoschus Medik., Lagunaea Cav., and Paritium St. Hil.) =Hibiscus= L.

17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves small, undivided. 18

Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided. 19

18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrocalyx= Cost. & Poisson Epicalyx 11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves reniform or orbicular.--Species 1. East Africa. =Symphyochlamys= Guerke

19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds woolly. Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South Africa, the others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They yield cotton, oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments. =Gossypium= L.

Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles. 20

20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 7. Central and South Africa. (Fugosia Juss.) =Cienfuegosia= Cav.

Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments. =Thespesia= Corr.

FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE

Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers 1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under MALVACEAE or STERCULIACEAE.) (Plate 93.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.--Species 1 (C. pentandra Gaertn., silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (Eriodendron DC.) =Ceiba= Gaertn.

Stamens numerous. 2

2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed aestivation. Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within, dehiscent.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for stuffing, and medicaments (Including Pachira Aubl.) (Plate 93.) =Bombax= L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite. Fruit woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary, pendulous.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning materials, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp of the fruits and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is prepared. “Baobab.” =Adansonia= L.

FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (Hua) exstipulate. Sepals more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (Cotylonychia) at first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (Hua) valvate aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (Triplochiton) 1-celled. Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.--Genera 28, species 470. (Including BUETTNERIACEAE and TRIPLOCHITONACEAE.) (Plate 94.)

1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments united. Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or throughout. Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.] 2

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always, provided with a corolla. 7

2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or brown. Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.--Species 2. West Africa. =Octolobus= Welw.

Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5. 3

3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds albuminous. 4

Anthers arranged in a ring. 5

4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under Sterculia L.) =Firmiana= Marsigli

Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Including Eribroma Pierre). =Sterculia= L.

5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments. =Heritiera= Ait.

Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the staminal column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels dehiscent. 6

6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.--Species 4. Central Africa. (Under Sterculia L.) =Pterygota= Endl.

Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.--Species 45. Central and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds (cola-nuts) which are also used medicinally. (Edwardia Rafin.) =Cola= Schott

7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary 3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.] =Keraudrenia= Gay

Petals distinctly developed. 8

8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted in the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free. Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.] 9

Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled. 10

9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens 10, inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear, glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. =Achantia= A. Chev.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed. Panicles lateral, few-flowered.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. =Triplochiton= K. Schum.

10. Petals or their lower part hooded. 11

Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one of them hooded, the others flat. 18

11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs. Staminodes none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage. Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are used as condiments. =Hua= Pierre

Ovary 2-or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe BUETTNERIEAE.] 12

12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals at first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate blade. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Cotylonychia= Stapf

Staminodes present. 13

13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe THEOBROMINAE.] 14

Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. [Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.] 17

14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 15

Petals without a blade. 16

15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody, prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Guazuma= Plum.

Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery rind, indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers in cymes.--Species 3 (chiefly Th. Cacao L.). Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa, chocolate, and cocoa-butter, the pericarp for making a beverage. They yield also fibres and are used in medicine. =Theobroma= L.

16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3. Staminodes solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.--Species 10. West Africa. =Scaphopetalum= Mast.

Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments. Staminodes in bundles, thread-like.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Leptonychia= Turcz.

17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 13. Tropics. =Buettnera= L.

Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked. Seeds albuminous.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Ruelingia= R. Br.

18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals unequal, one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of 3 alternating with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in each cell. Trees.--Species 1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe HELICTEREAE.] =Kleinhofia= L.

Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not hooded. 19

19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous, usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.] 20

Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (Melhania) 5, but then alternating with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually very oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.] 22

20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary 5-celled, the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or small shrubs.--Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Mahernia L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.] =Hermannia= L.

Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds elliptical; embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.] 21

21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally. =Waltheria= L.

Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.--Species 5. Tropics; one species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and medicaments. (Including Altheria Thouars) =Melochia= L.

22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. 23

Staminodes 2-8, usually 5. 24

23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Astiria= Lindl.

Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles. Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Ruizia= Cav.

24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Melhania= Forsk.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting. 25

25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals slightly oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower. Undershrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Harmsia= K. Schum.

Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs. 26

26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Assonia Cav. and Xeropetalum Del.) (Plate 94.) =Dombeya= Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple. 27

27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the staminal tube. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Cheirolaena= Benth.

Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.--Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Trochetia= DC.

SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE

FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles, racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely 3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 5, species 40. West Africa. (RHAPTOPETALACEAE, under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 95.)

1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5 or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe OUBANGUIEAE.] 2

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs. Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe RHAPTOPETALEAE.] 3

2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen ruminate.--Species 9. West Africa. =Scytopetalum= Pierre

Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen uniform.--Species 10. West Africa. (Including Egassea Pierre) =Oubanguia= Baill.

3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Albumen ruminate.--Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.) =Rhaptopetalum= Oliv.

Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform. 4

4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierrina= Engl.

Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.--Species 15. West Africa. (Including Erythropyxis Pierre) =Brazzeia= Baill.

ORDER PARIETALES

SUBORDER THEINEAE

FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant; embryo minute, straight.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.)

1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially T. alnifolia L., water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.) [Tribe TETRACERAE.] =Tetracera= L.

Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel. 2

2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite, oblong, one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Hibbertia= Andrz.

Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical pores sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more, united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel side-nerves, usually stipulate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber. (Wormia Blume) =Dillenia= L.

FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore. Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds rather large.--Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 97.)

1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 2

Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. 4

2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Roridula= L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary 1-celled or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe LUXEMBOURGIEAE.] 3

3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile stamens. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. West Africa. =Vausagesia= Baill.

Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted into a tube, the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually solitary.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Sauvagesia= L.

4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal ovules. Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.--Species 1 (L. alata Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.) =Lophira= Banks

Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style. Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.] 5

5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.) =Ochna= L.

Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. 6

6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by longitudinal slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged into slits. Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered clusters.--Species 3. East Africa. =Brackenridgea= A. Gray

Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores. Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.--Species 60. Tropics. (Gomphia Schreb.) =Ouratea= Aubl.

FAMILY 148. THEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more, rarely (Thomassetia) 5. Ovary superior or almost so, 2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and Canary Islands. (TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 98.)

1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.] 2

Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. 4

2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary clusters.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Thomassetia= L.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles. 3

3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned inwards. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Low trees or climbing shrubs.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Including Rhodoclada Bak.) =Asteropeia= Thouars

Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs. Tall trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber. =Nesogordonia= Baill.

4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule. Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Species 2. Cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (Th. sinensis L.) is the tea-plant, the other (Th. japonica L., camellia) is an ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including Camellia L.) [Tribe THEEAE.] =Thea= L.

Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe TERNSTROEMIEAE.] 5

5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit, half-inferior.--Species 1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is used in medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.) =Visnea= L. f.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1, simple.--Species 1. West Africa. =Adinandra= Jacks.

FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE

Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 180. (Including CLUSIACEAE and HYPERICINEAE.) (Plate 99.)

1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Medusagyne= Bak.

Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5. 2

2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct, not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily =HYPERICOIDEAE=.] 3

Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or trees. 7

3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in 5 bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.] 4

Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous within. 6

4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles of 3-5.--Species 1 (H. paniculata Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber, dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments. (Harungana Lam.) =Haronga= Thouars

Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20. 5

5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted cotyledons. Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.--Species 35. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Psorospermum= Spach

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Caopia Adans.) =Vismia= Vell.

6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long wing. Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with a basal appendage. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe CRATOXYLEAE.] =Eliaea= Camb.

Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a distinct wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually shorter than the radicle.--Species 35. Some of them yield wood and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Androsaemum All. and Triadenia Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.] =Hypericum= L.

7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with an aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =CLUSIOIDEAE=, tribe GARCINIEAE.] 8

Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril. 11

8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each cell. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.--Species 4. Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including Stearodendron Engl.) (Plate 99.) =Allanblackia= Oliv.

Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9

9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers in clusters, rarely solitary.--Species 12. Madagascar and West Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (Calysaccion Wight) =Ochrocarpus= Thouars

Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril. 10

10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.--Species 4. Madagascar. (Including Tsimatimia Jum. et Perrier) =Rheedia= L.

Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles. Petals 4-5.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts. (Including Xanthochymus Roxb.) =Garcinia= L.

11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style 5-cleft. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube. Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =MORONOBOIDEAE=.] 12

Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (Hypericum) ovary 5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and embryo with distinct cotyledons. 13

12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals nearly equalling the petals.--Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of the tallow-tree (P. butyracea Sabine) yield a fat. =Pentadesma= Sabine

Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each. Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.--Species 15. Madagascar and West Africa. S. globulifera L. f. yields timber and a resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including Chrysopia Thouars) =Symphonia= L. f.

13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily =CALOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 14

Sepals 5. 15

14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 6. Madagascar and East Africa. They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments. =Calophyllum= L.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (M. americana L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape Verde Islands. The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments, and edible fruits (mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing drinks. =Mammea= L.

15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united at the base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.--Species 1. West Africa. [Subfamily =ENDODESMIOIDEAE=.] =Endodesmia= Benth.

Ovary 2-5-celled. 16

16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leioclusia= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.) =Hypericum= L.

FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very thin albumen.--Genera 2, species 15. Tropics.

Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary glabrous. Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.--Species 1. Seychelles. Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily =DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Vateria= L.

Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.--Species 15. Central Africa. (Under Vatica L.) [Subfamily =MONOTOIDEAE=.]. =Monotes= A. DC.

SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE

FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 15. (Plate 100.)

Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and without membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers solitary.--Species 3. North Africa. =Elatine= L.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting midrib and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves serrate.--Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate 100.) =Bergia= L.

FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3 stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy albumen and a straight, axile embryo.--Genera 2, species 10.

Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small shrubs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea. (Under Frankenia L.) =Beatsonia= Roxb.

Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals usually with a ligule.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. =Frankenia= L.

FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE

Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-, rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted, with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several, free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo straight.--Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.)

1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face. Stamens numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary, thread-shaped; stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout the ovary, but bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating from the wall of the ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all round, albuminous.--Species 3. North Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe REAUMURIEAE.]. =Reaumuria= L.

Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or wanting; stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped. Seeds without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top, exalbuminous. [Tribe TAMARICEAE.] 2

2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with a stalked tuft of hairs.--Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria). =Myricaria= Desv.

Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas borne upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile tuft of hairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 101.) “Tamarisk.” =Tamarix= L.

SUBORDER CISTINEAE

FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or 5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5, species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.)

1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12, inverted. Style long. Undershrubs.--Species 5. North Africa. (Under Helianthemum L.) =Fumana= Spach

Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight. 2

2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.--Species 15. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others (ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant. (Plate 102.) =Cistus= L.

Carpels 3. 3 3

3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical. Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.” =Helianthemum= Adans.

Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked. 4

4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, without stipules.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under Helianthemum Tourn.) =Halimium= Willk.

Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa. (Under Helianthemum Tourn.) =Tuberaria= Spach

FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base. Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious.

Genus 1, species 1 (B. orellana L.). Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments. =Bixa= L.

SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE

FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas, or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, species 7. Tropics. (Under BIXINEAE.)

Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments. (Maximilianea Mart. & Schrank.) =Cochlospermum= Kunth

Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved. Flowers in compound cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Sphaerosepalum= Bak.

SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE

FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (CANELLACEAE.)

Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or 14-18, 1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.] =Cinnamosma= Baill.

Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers cymose.--Species 2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe CINNAMODENDREAE.] =Warburgia= Engl.

FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE

Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation. Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with

1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above. Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe VIOLEAE.] 2

Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss. Style straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe RINOREEAE.] 3

2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very short. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies). =Viola= L.

Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Calceolaria Loefl., Ionidium Vent.) =Hybanthus= Jacq.

3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent. Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Allexis= Pierre

Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds without an aril, with copious albumen.--Species 70. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (Alsodeia Thouars). (Plate 103.) =Rinorea= Aubl.

FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (Dioncophyllum) with contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal slits, rarely (Kiggelaria) by apical pores. Ovary superior and sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (Bembicia) inferior, one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with 2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight embryo.--Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including SAMYDACEAE, under BIXINEAE.) (Plate 104.)

1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes. [Tribe ERYTHROSPERMEAE.] 2

Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals absent. 7

2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base. 3

Inner perianth-leaves without appendages. 5

3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. Style very short.--Species 4. East and South-east Africa. =Rawsonia= Harv. & Send.

Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner. 4

4. Stamens 5.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under Dasylepis Oliv.) =Scottelia= Oliv.

Stamens numerous.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Dasylepis= Oliv.

5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple, with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and East Africa. =Erythrospermum= Lam.

Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-4-cleft or-parted. 6

6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Pyramidocarpus= Oliv.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Cerolepis Pierre). =Camptostylus= Gilg

7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled. 8

Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8. 35

8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary superior. 9

Petals as many as sepals. 17

9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating with 8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx 4-partite. Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the placentas. Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Dissomeria= Benth.

Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous, parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.] 10

10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate aestivation. Style simple. 11

Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation. 12

11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas 2-3. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Prockiopsis= Baill.

Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Buchnerodendron= Guerke

12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.--Species 3. West Africa. =Poggea= Guerke

Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12. 13

13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Grandidiera= Jaub.

Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes. 14

14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) =Lindackeria= Presl

Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more. 15

15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous, minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.--Species 15. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) =Caloncoba= Gilg

Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together. 16

16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 valves; seeds few, large.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) =Xylotheca= Hochst.

Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and numerous seeds.--Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the fruits are edible and used for making ornaments. =Oncoba= Forsk.

17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. Ovary superior. Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. Shrubs.--Species 6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.] =Kiggelaria= L.

Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. 18

18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe PAROPSIEAE.] 19

Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands. 25

19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not thickened. Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated axillary spikes or racemes.--Species 3. West Africa. =Soyauxia= Oliv.

Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles. 20

20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles. Bracts with two large glands at the base.--Species 1. West Africa (Liberia). (Under Paropsia Nor.) =Androsiphonia= Stapf

Ovules 3 or more on each placenta. 21

21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited by ants. Leaves stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa and region of the Great Lakes. =Barteria= Hook.

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked. 22

22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner ring-shaped. Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. =Paropsiopsis= Engl.

Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many. 23

23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. Stamens 5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Hounea= Baill.

Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed. 24

24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at the base of the blade.--Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. =Paropsia= Nor.

Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the stalk.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under Paropsia Nor.) =Smeathmannia= Soland.

25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, cymose. Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.] 26

Inflorescences axillary or terminal. 28

26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Moquerysia= Hua

Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5. 27

27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Phylloclinium= Baill.

Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules. Leaves very large.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Phyllobotryum= Muell. Arg.

28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe HOMALIEAE.] 29

Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.] 33

29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with 1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or spike-like panicles.--Species 4. East and South Africa. =Trimeria= Harv.

Flowers hermaphrodite. 30

30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Gerrardina= Oliv.

Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft. 31

31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens 5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including Bivinia Tul.) =Calantica= Tul.

Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly. 32

32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens 12-18. Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like panicles. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 2. West Africa. =Byrsanthus= Guill.

Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the sepals. Petals persistent.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Including Blackwellia Comm.) =Homalium= Jacq.

33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dioncophyllum= Baill.

Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1, simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils. 34

34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves penninerved.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Marquesia= Gilg

Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually prolonged. Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (Phoberos Lour.) =Scolopia= Schreb.

35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. Styles 2-3. Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.] =Bembicia= Oliv.

Ovary superior. 36

36. Receptacle with thread-or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united appendages. Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas. 37

Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without thread-or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages. 39

37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Trichostephanus= Gilg

Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe CASEARIEAE.] 38

38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds with a minute aril.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Ophiobotrys= Gilg

Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, hermaphrodite. Stamens 6-12.--Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (Guidonia Plum.) =Casearia= Jacq.

39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See 31.) =Calantica= Tul.

Stamens not in bundles. 40

40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles 2. Fruit a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Physena= Thouars

Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous. 41

41. Ovary 2-or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite.--Species 5. Madagascar. (Ropalocarpus Boj.) =Rhopalocarpus= Boj.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2-or more-celled, then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.] 42

42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or more-celled. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free glands. 43

Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous. 44

43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, deciduous.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Dovyalis Arn. & Mey., including Aberia Hochst.) =Doryalis= Arn. & Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each. Fruit a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.--Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.) =Flacourtia= Juss.

44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules. Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. Yields timber and condiments. =Guya= Frapp.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but then style distinctly developed. 45

45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at the apex. Stipules none.--Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine. =Ludia= Lam.

Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or 3. Styles 3 or 0. 46

46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 3. Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. Flowers in racemose inflorescences.--Species 6. Madagascar. =Tisonia= Baill.

Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (Aphloia Benn.) =Neumannia= Rich.

FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 7, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)

1. Sepals free or nearly so. 2

Sepals united below into a distinct tube. 3

2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs. Trees with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk. Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Mathurina= Balf. fil.

Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes. Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including Erblichia Seem., under Turnera L.) =Piriqueta= Aubl.

3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute. Flowers solitary, erect, bracteolate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Loewia= Urban

Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then stigmas divided. 4

4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. 5

Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy herbs. Leaves without stipules. 6

5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Turnera L.) =Hyalocalyx= Rolfe

Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.--Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Turnera= L.

6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit linear. Seeds in one row.--Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 105.) =Wormskioldia= Schum. & Thonn.

Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in several rows.--Species 3. East Africa. (Under Wormskioldia Schum. & Thonn.) =Streptopetalum= Hochst.

FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE

Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy albumen.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)

1. Leaves compound: 2-3-foliolate or pinnate. Shrubs. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-10, free from the short gynophore. Anthers attached by the back. 2

Leaves simple: entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. 3

2. Corona formed of numerous threads springing from the base of the calyx. Petals 4-5, resembling the sepals. Stamens united at base. Style 3-5-cleft. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Stem climbing. Leaflets in 1-2 pairs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 6. West Africa and Madagascar. =Deidamia= Thouars

Corona none, but a disc within the stamens present. Petals 5, much exceeding the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, free, alternating with 5 staminodes. Style simple. Ovules 10-12. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. =Donaldsonia= Bak.

3. Fertile stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 6-8. Corona formed of one row of threads. Ovary almost sessile, with 4 placentas and 4 subsessile stigmas. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Schlechterina= Harms

Fertile stamens as many as the sepals or petals. 4

4. Fertile stamens alternating with as many staminodes. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Style simple. 5

Fertile stamens not alternating with staminodes. 6

5. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, larger than the sepals. Corona formed of one row of threads. Staminodes tooth-shaped. Ovary seated in the centre of the disc. Stigma entire. Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Northern West Africa. =Crossostemma= Planch.

Calyx-tube bell-or funnel-shaped. Sepals oblong. Petals linear-oblong, much smaller than the sepals. Corona none. Staminodes awl-shaped. Anthers affixed by the back, near the base, and surmounted by a prolonged, awl-shaped connective. Stamens free from the short gynophore. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Erect herbs without tendrils. Leaves linear-lanceolate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Machadoa= Welw.

6. Stamens adnate to the gynophore. Anthers affixed by the back, at first turned inwards, later on outwards. Styles 3 or style single and 3-cleft. Corona present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry.--Species 8. One of them a native of Madagascar, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits, drinks, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Passion-flower.” =Passiflora= L.

Stamens free from the gynophore, or no gynophore present. Anthers affixed by the base or between its lobes, opening inwards or laterally. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. 7

7. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Corona triple. Style 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in 2-3-flowered cymes.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Including Basananthe Peyr.) =Tryphostemma= Harv.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous, but then without a corona. Petals 4-6. Corona simple, double, or wanting. Leaves with 1-3 glands at the base.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous, others have edible fruits or are used in medicine. (Modecca Lam., including Echinothamnus Engl., Jaeggia Schinz, Keramanthus Hook. fil., Ophiocaulon Hook. fil., and Paschanthus Burch.) (Plate 106.) =Adenia= Forsk.

FAMILY 162. ACHARIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous, monoecious, solitary or fascicled, axillary, the male sometimes in racemes. Sepals free, at least in the female flowers, imbricate or open in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, affixed to the corolla. Anthers adnate, opening inwards. Receptacle produced into a corona formed of 3-5 scales which are inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the stamens. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas bearing 2 or more inverted ovules each. Style 3-10-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a sometimes adnate aril, a pitted or wrinkled testa, a copious albumen, and a straight embryo.--Genera 3, species 3. South Africa. (Under PASSIFLORACEAE.)

1. Stem twining. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous, the male in racemes, the female solitary. Sepals of the male flowers linear. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Corona formed of linear or oblong scales. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Style-branches twice as many as placentas. Fruit linear. Aril adnate to the wrinkled testa.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ceratiosicyos= Nees

Stem erect or underground. Leaves 3-lobed or undivided. Flowers solitary or fascicled. Stamens inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Aril free from the pitted testa. 2

2. Aboveground stem erect or ascending, woody at the base. Leaves 3-lobed. Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals oblong or ovate, free. Anthers with a broad connective. Ovary sessile, subglobose. Ovules few, usually 6-8. Style-branches twice as many as placentas.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Acharia= Thunb.

Aboveground stem wanting. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary, 5-merous. Sepals linear, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers with a narrow connective. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Ovules numerous. Style-branches as many as placentas. Fruit elliptical.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Guthriea= Bolus

SUBORDER PAPAYINEAE

FAMILY 163. CARICACEAE

Trees with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the top of the stem, palmately lobed or divided, without stipules. Flowers, at least the male ones, panicled, 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers turned inwards, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 1-or 5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal, inverted. Style simple with 5 stigmas, or 5-to many-cleft. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a double coat, succulent outside, woody within.--Genera 2, species 3. Tropics. (PAPAYACEAE, under PASSIFLORACEAE.)

Filaments free. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas branched. Stem unarmed, simple or scantily branched.--Species 1 (C. Papaya L., papaw-tree). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. It yields edible fruits, medicaments, and substitutes for soap and tobacco. The juice of the stem is poisonous, that of the leaves is used for rendering meat tender. (Papaya Tourn.) =Carica= L.

Filaments united below. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas undivided. Stem branched, prickly. Species 2. Central Africa. (Under Jacaratia Marcgr.) =Cylicomorpha= Urban

SUBORDER LOASINEAE

FAMILY 164. LOASACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, regular, 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals open in bud, becoming wing-like after flowering. Petals shorter, free, concave, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, collected in 5 bundles opposite to the petals, alternating with glandular scales bearing each two staminodes on their inner surface. Ovary inferior, unequally 2-celled, the larger cell with two ovules, the smaller with one. Ovules descending, inverted. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 1. South Africa. =Kissenia= R. Br.

SUBORDER BEGONIINEAE

FAMILY 165. BEGONIACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound, usually oblique, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 2-5, very rarely 6-9 free segments. Stamens numerous. Anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled, usually winged. Placentas attached to the inner angle of the cells or to the partitions. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2-6, free or united at the base, usually cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds very numerous, minute, with a striate or netted testa, exalbuminous. (Plate 107.)

Genus 1, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants or as vegetables. (Including Mezierea Gaud.) =Begonia= L.

SUBORDER ANCISTROCLADINEAE

FAMILY 166. ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, with small, deciduous stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Filaments united at the base, short. Anthers basifixed, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, half-inverted. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3-cleft. Fruit a nut surmounted by the enlarged, wing-like sepals. Seeds with a thin testa, a repeatedly folded albumen, and a straight embryo. (Under DIPTEROCARPACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. West Africa. =Ancistrocladus= Wall.

ORDER OPUNTIALES

FAMILY 167. CACTACEAE

Succulent plants with a thickened, usually jointed and spiny stem. Leaves mostly scale-like, often deciduous. Flowers solitary or in clusters, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 8 or more segments not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with several parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5, species 13.

1. Leaves well-developed. Stem not jointed. Spines not barbed. Perianth wheel-shaped. Ovules few, not enveloped by the short funicle. Cotyledons intertwisted.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A decorative and medicinal plant. [Subfamily =PEIRESKIOIDEAE=, tribe PEIRESKIEAE.] =Peireskia= Plum.

Leaves scale-like or absent. Stem more or less copiously jointed. Cotyledons not intertwisted. 2

2. Plants destitute of barbed spines. Joints of the stem elongated. Ovules not enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily =CEREOIDEAE=.] 3

Plants bearing barbed spines, at least upon the fruit. Joints of the stem short, more or less ovoid. Perianth regular, more or less wheel-shaped. Ovules enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily =OPUNTIOIDEAE=, tribe OPUNTIEAE.] 4

3. Perianth funnel-or salver-shaped, with obviously united segments. Ovules numerous, on long funicles. Terrestrial plants.--Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. A decorative plant with edible fruits. [Tribe ECHINOCACTEAE.] =Cereus= Haw.

Perianth wheel-shaped, of free or nearly free segments. Ovules few, on short funicles. Epiphytes.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Hariota Adans.) [Tribe RHIPSALIDEAE.] =Rhipsalis= Gaertn.

4. Stamens much exceeding the perianth. Seed-coat leathery. Stem without spines. Flowers red.--Species 1 (N. coccinellifera S. Dyck). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized, especially in the Canary Islands. It is used for rearing the cochineal insect and as a vegetable. (Under Opuntia Haw.) =Nopalea= S. Dyck

Stamens shorter than the perianth. Seed-coat hard.--Species 3. Cultivated, especially in North Africa. They yield edible fruits (prickly pear) from which also dyes, drinks, medicaments, and sugar are prepared; one species is used for rearing the cochineal insect. =Opuntia= Haw.

ORDER MYRTIFLORAE

SUBORDER THYMELAEINEAE

FAMILY 168. GEISSOLOMATACEAE

Shrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite, surrounded by 6-8 unequal bracteoles. Calyx-tube short. Sepals petal-like, imbricate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 8, perigynous, unequal. Anthers versatile, short, with a narrow connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style 1. Stigmas 4. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a small outgrowth at the hilum, a smooth testa, a fleshy albumen, and a large straight embryo. (Under PENAEACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. South Africa. =Geissoloma= Lindl. & Kunth

FAMILY 169. PENAEACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, entire, with sometimes gland-like stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or heads, with 2 or 4 bracteoles, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Sepals petal-like, red or yellow, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 4, perigynous, alternating with the sepals. Anthers adnate, with a thickened connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, sessile, 4-celled. Ovules 2 or 4 in each cell, all or the lower ones ascending, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple with a 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma, or 4-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with very small cotyledons.--Genera 5, species 35. South Africa. (Plate 108.)

1. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell, two of them ascending, two descending. Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. [Tribe ENDONEMEAE.] 2

Ovules 2, very rarely 4 in each ovary-cell, all ascending. Flowers in the axils of crowded leaves or bracts. Bracteoles 2. [Tribe PENAEEAE.] 3

2. Flowers in the axils of coloured bracts, crowded in terminal spikes or heads. Bracteoles 2. Filaments much shorter than the anthers. Anthers turned inwards in the bud; cells equalling the connective.--Species 1. Cape Colony. (Under Endonema Juss.) =Glischrocolla= A. DC.

Flowers in the axils of foliage-leaves, not crowded. Bracteoles 4. Filaments nearly as long as or longer than the anthers. Anthers turned outwards in the bud; cells much shorter than the connective. Seeds with an outgrowth at the top.--Species 2. Cape Colony. =Endonema= A. Juss.

3. Ovary and style 4-angled or 4-winged. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stamens very short.--Species 20. Cape Colony. (Including Stylapterus Juss.) =Penaea= L.

Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. 4

4. Calyx-tube short, oblong-oval, somewhat longer than the sepals. Stamens slightly exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments short. Ovules 2 in each cell.--Species 6. Cape Colony. (Under Sarcocolla Kunth). =Brachysiphon= A. Juss.

Calyx-tube long, cylindrical, much longer than the sepals. Stamens much exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments long. Anthers-cells almost equalling the connective.--Species 5. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. (Plate 108.) =Sarcocolla= Kunth

FAMILY 170. OLINIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers in terminal cymose inflorescences, regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx petaloid, white or red. Petals much smaller than the sepals, white, valvate in bud. Fertile stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, usually alternating with scale-like staminodes. Anthers nearly sessile, with a large connective. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled. Ovules 2-3 in the inner angle of each ovary-cell, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons. (Under LYTRHACEAE, MELASTOMATACEAE, or RHAMNACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 7. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber. =Olinia= Thunb.

FAMILY 171. THYMELAEACEAE

Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals petaloid. Petals usually present. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, 4, or twice as many, 8 or 10. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe or a nut. Embryo large, straight.--Genera 17, species 250. (Plate 109.)

1. Receptacle flat. Sepals free. Petals none, but 4-10 scales placed singly or in pairs opposite to the sepals. Stamens 8-10, hypogynous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Low trees. Leaves alternate, dotted beneath. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary, white.--Species 7. West Africa. (Including Makokoa Baill.) [Subfamily =OCTOLEPIDIOIDEAE=, tribe OCTOLEPIDEAE.] =Octolepis= Oliv.

Receptacle concave. Sepals united. Stamens perigynous. Ovary 1-2-celled. 2

2. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a disc. Petals none. Stamens 8-10. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbels, yellowish-green.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. [Subfamily =PHALERIOIDEAE=, tribe PEDDIEAE.] =Peddiea= Harv.

Ovary 1-celled. [Subfamily =THYMELAEOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Petals present, usually smaller than the sepals and 2-parted, sometimes united into a ring. 4

Petals none, but sometimes 8 or more scales present, inserted below the stamens, and usually alternating with them. Stamens 8-10. 9

4. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part falling off after flowering. Fruit with a membranous exocarp. [Tribe GNIDIEAE.] 5

Calyx-tube not jointed, persisting in fruit or falling off as a whole. Fruit with a hard or fleshy exocarp. Stamens 8-10. [Tribe DICRANOLEPIDEAE.] 6

5. Stamens 4, inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube, nearly sessile, with a broadened connective. Petals thick-fleshy, surrounded by hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves small, leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.--Species 25. South and Central Africa. =Struthiola= L.

Stamens 8 or 10, in two whorls very distant from each other and inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube and at the throat. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Flowers in heads, more rarely arranged spike-like in the axils of the upper leaves.--Species 125. Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Including Arthrosolen Mey. and Lasiosiphon Frees) =Gnidia= L.

6. Petals united into a ring. Stamens 10. Shrubs. 7

Petals free, 2-partite. Leaves herbaceous. 8

7. Petals united into a nearly entire ring. Ovary short-stalked, surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped or slashed disc. Flowers in few-flowered axillary clusters or in short terminal racemes.--Species 6. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Synaptolepis= Oliv.

Petals united into a slashed ring. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Flowers in long-stalked spikes or heads.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Stephanodaphne= Baill.

8. Flowers 4-merous. Petals thickish, almost erect. Staminal whorls remote from each other. Anthers nearly sessile, slightly exserted. Disc none. Ovary sessile, hairy. Style included. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal umbels.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa. =Englerodaphne= Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Petals thin, spreading. Staminal whorls approximate. Anthers more or less exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary short-stalked. Style long. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Dicranolepis= Planch.

9. (3.) Stamens 10, inserted at or below the middle of the long, narrowly funnel-shaped, not jointed calyx-tube at the same level. Filaments short, unequal in length. Anthers included. Corona none. Disc ring-or saucer-shaped. Ovary sessile. Style short. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite or nearly so, leathery. Flowers in axillary clusters, greenish-yellow.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe CRATEROSIPHONEAE.] =Craterosiphon= Engl. & Gilg

Stamens inserted at the throat or the upper part of the calyx-tube; in the latter case calyx-tube wide or jointed. [Tribe DAPHNEAE.] 10

10. Calyx-tube bearing in its upper part a corona of 8 or more scales, jointed above the ovary, the lower part persistent in fruit. Flowers 4-merous. Filaments thread-like. Anthers exserted. Ovary sessile. Fruit dry. Shrubs. Leaves small, leathery, sometimes needle-shaped. 11

Calyx-tube without a corona, but sometimes the ovary surrounded at the base by a disc or by several glands. 12

11. Flowers solitary, white or reddish. Sepals equal in length. Corona inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube.--Species 5. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Cryptadenia= Meissn.

Flowers in fascicles or heads. Corona inserted next to the throat of the calyx, and formed of 8 scales which alternate with the stamens.--Species 20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 109.) =Lachnaea= L.

12. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part, rarely the whole calyx, falling off after flowering. 13

Calyx-tube not jointed, persistent in fruit or falling off as a whole, the segments sometimes falling off singly. Filaments and style short. Flowers 4-merous. 16

13. Filaments very short. Staminal whorls widely separated. Disc minute or wanting. (See 5.) =Gnidia= L.

Filaments long. Staminal whorls approximate, rarely somewhat distant, but then disc distinctly developed. Shrubs. 14

14. Flowers 5-merous. Segments of the calyx much shorter than the tube. Disc saucer-shaped, lobed. Ovary hairy. Fruit dry. Seeds without albumen. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 6. South Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Dais= L.

Flowers 4-merous. Segments of the calyx nearly as long as the tube. Disc none. Ovary glabrous. Seeds with a copious albumen. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal spikes. 15

15. Fruit fleshy. Calyx-tube short, urn-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa. =Chymococca= Meissn.

Fruit dry.--Species 7. South Africa. Some species yield dyes or serve as ornamental plants. =Passerina= L.

16. Disc hypogynous, consisting of 1-4, usually 4, free or partly united, narrow, almost thread-shaped scales. Calyx-tube long; segments deciduous. Ovary hairy. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, hermaphrodite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. =Wikstroemia= Endl.

Disc minute and ring-shaped, or wanting. 17

17. Fruit a drupe. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Stigma large. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous plants yielding bast-fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments; they also serve as ornamental plants. =Daphne= L.

Fruit a nut. Disc none. Ovary short-stalked. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary.--Species 10. North Africa. Some species are used as medicinal or fibre-plants. =Thymelaea= Endl.

FAMILY 172. ELAEAGNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, covered with scaly hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes, 4-merous, very rarely 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx white or yellow within, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens perigynous, as many as and alternate with the sepals. Filaments very short. Anthers attached at the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, but tightly enclosed by the concave receptacle, 1-celled, with a single erect and inverted ovule. Style simple, long; stigma entire, capitate. Fruit a nut enclosed by the succulent calyx-tube. Seed with a hard coat and scanty albumen or without albumen; embryo straight, with a minute radicle and thick, fleshy cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 2. Naturalized in North Africa and the Island of Mauritius. Ornamental plants yielding timber and medicaments. “Oleaster.” =Elaeagnus= L.

SUBORDER MYRTINEAE

FAMILY 173. LYTHRACEAE

Leaves entire, usually stipulate. Flowers 3-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals valvate in the bud. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx, usually crumpled in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens nearly always inserted below the petals. Anthers fixed by the back. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules numerous in each cell, attached at the inner angle, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 110.)

1. Partitions of the ovary incomplete above; placentas not continuing into the style. [Tribe LYTHREAE.] 2

Partitions of the ovary complete; placentas continuing into the style. Flowers regular. [Tribe NESAEEAE.] 9

2. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 6. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens 10-14, usually 11. Disc present. Placenta finally protruding from the bursting ovary and calyx-tube. Leaves opposite or whorled.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. =Cuphea= P. Browne

Flowers regular or almost so. 3

3. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves not dotted. Seeds not winged. 4

Stem woody. Leaves opposite, marked with black dots, rarely without dots, but then seeds with a thick wing. Style long. 7

4. Fruit indehiscent, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx-tube hemispherical or broad-campanulate, with appendages at the apex. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-celled. Style very short. Flowers solitary, axillary, with whitish bracteoles.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a vegetable. =Peplis= L.

Fruit dehiscing by 2-4 valves or bursting transversely or irregularly; in the latter cases flowers 4-merous and cymose. 5

5. Fruit bursting transversely or irregularly, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Flowers in axillary cymes, with whitish bracteoles.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used medicinally. =Ammania= L.

Fruit dehiscing longitudinally in 2-4 valves. 6

6. Fruit marked with dense, sometimes very faint, transverse veins. Sepals usually membranous. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer. Glabrous plants. Flowers solitary or umbellate and axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes, bracteolate.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Quartinia Endl., Rhyacophila Hochst., and Suffrenia Bellardi). =Rotala= L.

Fruit without transverse veins. Calyx-tube tubular, rarely campanulate, with appendages at the top. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, rarely in spikes or racemes of cymes (false whorls).--Species 8. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Lythrum= L.

7. Stamens 6. Calyx-tube top-shaped. Sepals membranous. Ovary nearly completely 2-celled. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Galpinia= N. E. Brown

Stamens 12-18. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 8

8. Calyx-tube tubular. Petals small. Stamens 12. Ovary nearly completely 2-celled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seeds not winged. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. They yield tanning and dyeing material and serve as ornamental plants. =Woodfordia= Salisb.

Calyx-tube campanulate or cupular. Ovary very incompletely 3-4-celled. Fruit opening transversely. Seeds with a thick wing. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 2. Madagascar and East Africa. They serve as vegetables. =Pemphis= Forst.

9. (1.) Stamens 5-6, opposite to the petals and adnate to their base. Calyx-tube expanded. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in a single row. Low trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Natal). =Rhynchocalyx= Oliv.

Stamens 4-23, inserted below the petals, or petals wanting. Ovules in two or more rows. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 10

10. Calyx-tube top-or saucer-shaped, without appendages. Sepals 4. Stamens inserted near the petals, singly or in clusters of 2-3 opposite the sepals. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seed-coat with a spongy thickening at the top. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1 (L. inermis L.). Tropical and North Africa. Yields a dye (henna) and is used in perfumery and medicine. (Including Rotantha Bak.) =Lawsonia= L.

Calyx-tube bell-, urn-, or cup-shaped. Sepals 4-8. Stamens remote from the petals, or petals wanting. Fruit opening by 4 valves or by a lid. Seed-coat not specially thickened. Flowers in cymes or umbels. 11

11. Calyx-tube winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternating with the sepals. Anthers finally kidney-shaped. Fruit opening by 4 valves. Style persisting upon the placentas. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary, 2-4-flowered umbels.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Tetrataxis= Hook. fil.

Calyx-tube not winged. Fruit at first opening by a small lid, later on splitting towards the base. Style persisting upon a valve or falling off. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs. Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 110.) =Nesaea= Comm.

FAMILY 174. SONNERATIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary, without bracteoles, regular. Sepals 6-7, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals 6-7, linear, occasionally wanting. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, kidney-shaped, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary almost superior, with 10-20 somewhat incomplete cells not reaching the top. Ovules very numerous, attached to the partitions, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit succulent, indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds curved, exalbuminous, with a hard coat and a straight embryo. (BLATTIACEAE, under LYTHRACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields edible fruits, condiments, and medicaments. (Blatti Adans.) =Sonneratia= L. f.

FAMILY 175. PUNICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the branches, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5-8, red, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals as many, red or yellow, imbricate and crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous, curved inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, with several cells, which are usually arranged in 2-3 whorls placed one above the other. Ovules numerous, at first basal, afterwards parietal, inverted. Style simple; stigma 1. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous, with an outer fleshy and an inner horny coat; embryo straight, with twisted cotyledons. (GRANATEAE, under LYTHRACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. One of them growing wild in the Island of Socotra, the other one (P. Granatum L., pomegranate) cultivated and naturalized in northern and tropical Africa. The latter serves as an ornamental plant and yields wood, tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also a drink is prepared. =Punica= L.

FAMILY 176. LECYTHIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or racemose, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-5. Petals 4-6, adnate to the staminal tube, imbricate in bud, or wanting. Stamens numerous, united at the base, curved in the bud. Anthers versatile, usually basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, ring-shaped. Ovary inferior, 2-20-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under MYRTACEAE.) (Plate 111.)

1. Petals and staminodes absent. Sepals 3-5, usually 4. Stamens almost free. Disc obscure. Ovules numerous in each cell, inserted in a vertical ring round a shield-shaped placenta, horizontal, the micropyle turned outwards. Stigmas 4. Fruit a drupe. Leaves clustered. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. [Subfamily =FOETIDIOIDEAE=.] =Foetidia= Comm.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us