History of the territory of Wisconsin, from 1836 to 1848. Preceded by an account of some events during the period in which it was under the dominion of kings, states or other territories, previous to the year 1836.

Preface

In the winter of 1870, the compiler of this book was invited to deliver the annual address before the State Historical Society, and the members of the legislature. Having accepted the invitation, he took as his theme " Territorial Legislation of Wisconsin/'

The address was a brief condensation of what had occurred in the legislative halls during the territorial period of twelve years.

This lae^p' epitome of the history of Territorial Legislation, short and fragmentary as it was from the necessities of the occasion, was received with unexpected favor. The author was urged by many who heard it, among whom were those for whose judgment he felt the utmost deference, to enlarge the work of which the address was an abridgment, and to publish a more complete history of the subject to which it related.

These flattering solicitations induced the author to make the experiment, although with great hesitation and very serious doubts as to his ability to compile a work which would not disappoint the too generous confidence of his friends. The result is the book now presented to the public.

It seemed to the compiler that some account of the pre-territorial period, while the country within the present restricted boundaries of Wisconsin was under the dominion of the successive kings, states and territories, which at different epochs had jurisdiction over it, was a suitable introduction to the history of the territory proper, which

Hence the first chapter, of about twelve pages, contains the briefest possible account of the early explorations of " Florida '' and " Louisiana," under which names the whole country from the Gulf of Mexico to Newfoundland was claimed successively by Spain, France and Great Britain, during a period of more than two hundred and fifty years in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was the principal object of the work.

This naturally led to a notice of the wars in the eigh-

G PREFACE.

teenth century with the Fox Indians on the Fox and Wisconsin rivers; and in immediate connection with them a. sketch of the Langlade family — the first permanent settlers in Wisconsin, whose descendants have remained upon its. soil.

The explorations of Jonathan Carver in 17G6-7, are, it is thought, appropriately referred to; as well as the progress of settlements in the northwest, and the development of their social relations.

To have omitted a notice of the ancient settlements at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, and the less numerous and less important ones at Chequamegon, Portage and Milwaukee, would, it is believed, have been inexcusable.

The migration of semi-civilized Indians to Wisconsin in the third and fourth decades of this century seemed to demand notice.

The history of the settlement of the lead mines nearly fifteen years before the organization of Wisconsin Territory, and the consequent Winnebago war, followed five years later by the Black Hawk war, occupy nearly forty pages of the preliminary history. These are succeeded by nearly one hundred pages, devoted to an account of civil government, social development, legislation and cognate matters, which complete the pre-territorial history and bring the compilation down to the period when the history of Wisconsin Territory properly commences.

Although the principal design of the work is to present a history of Territorial Legislation, in the execution of which design a chapter is devoted to the events of each year in chronological order, the design has been departed from so far as to incorporate into each chapter the most important of the contemporaneous events of the period to which it relates, although they may have no direct connection with .legislation.

History and story are the same word differently written. And the compiler of this book desires to say that his compilation consists almost entirely of the story of the events to which it relates, that had been told or written by others. He disclaims all pretentions to originality, which implies rather the creation than the repetition of a story. He claims credit — if it be any credit — only for the order of the compilation, and of putting the words, deeds and writings of others relating to territorial and ante-territorial

PREFACE. 7

times into such convenient form that they may be read without resort to the numerous sources of information from which they have been derived.

If the attractions of rhetoric, or the interest of sensational description are expected to be found, the reader will be disappointed, and even the opinions of the compiler, in respect to the events v/hich are recorded, will be looked for in vain, and are not permitted to affect in any manner the statement of facts presented.

The compilation being made so largely from the writings of others, it would be next to impossible, either in the text or by notes, to give the credit which is justly due, and it is hoped that any imputation of plagiarism will be found undeserved in view of this acknowledgment.

Very liberal extracts have been made from the history of General Smith and entire paragraphs used without alteration or change of a sentence or word. The collections of the State Historical Society have been drawn upon whenever they would aid in promoting the desired object. The graphic description of the surrender of Red Bird, in the eleventh chapter, is copied bodily from an article on the Winnebago war by Col. Thomas L. McKenney. Other extracts have been made from other writings, which it is not possible to specify in detail.

The compiler wishes to say, in justice to himself, that the compilation now presented is his first attempt at anything of this kind. He is but little practiced in literary composition, and is but too conscious of his inability to give such form to the materials he has been able to obtain, as to make them worthy of publication. The work, however, is now laid before the public, whose favorable consideration of it is invoked, while no complaint will be made of fair criticism founded upon a knowledge of its contents. It has been undertaken for the reasons already stated, and because the author felt a considerable degree of obligation resting upon him to contribute whatever might be in his power, to the preservation of the history of those events with which he was contemporary, and which in a few years will have passed into oblivion.

Moses M. Strong.

Chapter I. Early Explorations Of "florida And '• Louisiana " — 1512 To 1719

Gen. W. R. Smith's history — Juan Ponce de l^eon — Diego Miruelo — Narvaez — De Soto — Cham;)Iain — Le Caron — Charter of New France — First Jesuit missions — Brebeuf, Daniel & Zalleraand — Nicollet, the first to visit Wisconsin — Raynibault and Jogues — Dequerre — Fur- traders in 1634 — Drocoux — Mesnard — AUouez and his grand inter-tribal Council at Ciiegoiemegon — Dablon and Marquette — Perot, his visit to Green Bay and Chicago — Mission of St. Francis Xavier establislied at Green Bay — French take formal possession at St. Mary's — The ero':s borne by Allouez and Dablon to the Milwaukee and Waukeslia rivers — Marquette and Joliet explore the Fox, Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers and return to Green Bay via Cliicago — Marquette, his sickness and deatli — Ld Salle erects fort at Frontenac, builds the Griffin, anchors at Green Bay, goes to tlie Illinois, begins to build Fort Crevecoeur, returns to Frontenac, and back to the Illinois — Hennepin, witli Accau and Du Gay explores tlie Upper Mississippi, iua<ie prisoners, liberated, visited St. Autlumy, meet Du Lliut and his party, all reach Green Bay, Hennepin returns to Europe and dies — La Salle goes to Mackinaw and returns to Crevecoeur, dessends tlie Mississippi to its moutli, and takes possession of all the country for France, returns to France, attemjjts to colonize Louisiana — War between England and France — Peace of Ryswick — Iberville and Cliateaumoraud — Iberville ascends the Mississippi — Le Sueur — he explores the St. Peter's river for minerals and winters there — Cadillac takes possession of Detroit — Kaskaskia — Peace of Utrecht — Boisbraint — Fort Ciiavtras, Caliokia and Prairie de Roclier — Artaguette — New Orleans — Renault.

CHAPTER 11.

WARS WITH FOX INDIANS — 1712 TO 17J6.

The Foxes concentrate their bands on Fox River — De Louvigny's expeditian against the Foxes — His report to the council — Little Butte des Mortes — De Louvigny's death by sliipwreclc — Gov. Vaudreuil's letter of approbation — Bad faith of the Foxes — Peaceable efforts of tlie French — Indian council — De Lignery sent to destroy the Foxes — Troops commence march — Foxes escape — Expedition continues up Fox River — Burn villages and return — Lignery criticised — Taken prisoner — Friendly Indians attack the Foxes — Marin — His traffic on Fox and Wisconsin Rivers — Piratical exactions of the Foxes — Marin determines to drive them out — His stratagem — Foxes awaiting the boats — The attack — Village burned — The battle — Result — T.ietter of De Beauharnois — Du Buissoii attacks the Foxes — De Villers defeats and routes tlie Foxes — Surviving Foxes retire to the Wisconsin River — Marin again attacks them — They are driven across the Mississippi — Marin commands at Green Bay — Taken prisoner— Final expulsion of Fo.Kes — Sacs and Foxes confederated — Sacs at Green Bay — Expulsion of the Sacs — Sacs at Sauk Prairie — Sacs remove to the Mississippi River — Sacs and Foxes at Mouth of Rock River.

Chapter III. The Langlade Family— 1745 To 1800

Biograpliy no j^art of history — Da Langlade's family— birth of Augustin — and Indian trader — married — children — Charles has a son — Augustin and family remove to Green Bay — his death — marriage of Charles — French War — Vaudreuil selects him to raise tlie Indian tribes, and lead them in the war — He raises 1500 — they march to

Fort Du Quesne — Braddock's defeat — The fight owing to the importunities of Charles De Langlade — De Beaujeu consents to order an attack — Casualties — De Langlade ordered to strike Fort Cumberland — At capture of Fort William Henry- Second in command at Mackinaw — At Ticonderoga — Again at Fort Du Quesne — French burn the fort and retire before Washington — At Fort Niagara — Battle of Quebec — Surrender of Canada and discharge of De Langlade's troops and Indians — His hardships — His children— Takes active part for the British ia the Revolutionary War— Attends Indian Council— Goes to St. Josephs — Superintendent of Indian affairs at Green Bay — His death — Pierre Grignon, Sea. — Augustin Grignon's Recollections.

Chapter IV. Jonathan Carver's Explorations — 1766 And 1767

Treaty of Paris; cession of Louisiana — Captain Jonathan Carver — His birth— His military record — Sets out from Boston — At Mackinaw — Leaves Green Bay— Leaves Doty's island — At Portage — At Prairie du Sac — The deserted Fox village — La Prairie des Chiens — Traders stop at Yellow river- At Lake Pepin — Nicholas Pen-ot — Pre-historic tumuli — Makes a treaty between Dakotas and Chippewas — " Carver's Cave "— Leaves canoe and walks to Falls of St. Anthony — St. Francis River — Ascends the Minnesota River — Returns to the Mississippi- Grand Council — " Carver's Grant"— Doubts as to the validity of the deed — lu violation of the King's proclamation — Petition presented to Congress — Adverse report — Another adverse report — " Murray Claim" — Private Land claims — Returns to Prairie du Chieu — Leaves Prairie du Chien and ascends the Chippewa River— On the St. Croix — Copper— Descends to Lake Superior — Reaches Grand Portage — Returns to Mackinaw and Boston.

Chapter V. Progress Of Settlements In The Northwest, And Transfer To British

JURISDICTION — ir0.j TO 1775.

Digression — Progress of settlement in the Wabash country — PopiUation of Illinois county

— Gist's settlement in the Youghiogeny — Washington sent to the Ohio River — Beginning of the French war — English forces withdrawn from the valley of the Ohio — Braddock's defeat — French power overthrown — Indian affection for the French — First settlements of French east of the Mississippi — Settlement of Upper Louisiana — 1721, Jesuit college — "American Bottom " — French Forts — Fort Massac — Fort Charters — 1705 Great Britain svicceeds to France — De Villiers — St. Ange de Bellerive — Retires to St. Louis — E.-iodus of the French — Population of Illinois settlements — Capt. Sterling

— British proclamation — Right of emigration — Equal rights guaranteed — M. St. Ange returns — Maj. Frazer — Col. Reid — Col. Wilkins — First Common Law Court — 1774 Civil Law restored — " Quebec Bill " — Grants of land by Col. Wilkins — Settlements on the Monongahela — Pittsburgh — Gov. Dunmore encourages emigration — French settlers support the American cause — Detroit in 1763 — The Pontiac war — Grand couucU of Indian tribes — Capture and slaughter of English garrisons— Mackinaw surprised and captured by a game of ball — Green Bay abandoned — Detroit alone remains — Pontiac invests Detroit — Siege — Great distress of the English — Peace concluded with the Indian tribes — Ponti-ic killed — Peace did not bring settlements — Green Bay — Capt. Stirling takes command of the " Illinois Coimtry " — Indian tribes of the Northwest mif rieudly to the Americans and allied to the British — Col . Geo. Rogers Clark sent from Virginia by Gov. Patrick Henry to reduce the British posts in the Northwest

— Col Clark takes Kiiskaskia and captures the fort — French inhabitants declare for America, and secure submission at Caliokia — Vincennes declares allegiance to Virginia—Jurisdiction of Virginia established in the Northwest — British capture Post Vincennes — Col. Clark recaptures it and sends the British to Virginia as prisoners — Capt. Helm captures a convoy of supplies — Virginia in the possession of the entire Northwest — Slow progress of settlement.

Chapter VI. Under American Jurisdiction — 1787 To 1820

Ordinance of 1787— Slavery at Green Bay — British posts in Northwest not immediately surrendered — Indian wars — Harmar's defeat on the Maiimee — Successful and decisive campaign of Gen. Anthony Wayne — Preliminary articles of peace — Treaty of Greenville, "great and abiding peace document." — Dispute?, about the right to the free navigation of the Lower Mississippi — Free navigation secured by the treaty of Madrid

— Spain cedes Louisiana to France — France cedes Louisiana to the United States — Indian Territory established — Genl. VV. H. Harrison appointed Governor — Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes ^ Boundaries of the ceded laud — Two treaties with Sacs and Foxes

— Treaty with Sacs of Rock River — Black Hawk signs treaty — Fort Madison — Pike's expedition — Cession of site of Fort Snelling — Battle of Tippecanoe — Indians seek the aid of British allies — British incite Indian traders— Robert Diclcson and his Indian forces — Capture of Mackinaw — Fort Msigs- Col. Dickson and his Indians join the British at Detroit — Hull's surrender of D_^troit —Evacuation of Fort Dearborn and massacre of Capt. Heald and party — Fort at Prairie du Chien — Unsuccessful expedition of Slaj. Campbell — Col. McKay places guns at Rock Island — P'ort Arra.strong commenced at Rock Island —John Shaw, trades between St. Louis and Prairie du Chien

— Lead smelting at Galena by Indians — Steam Boat Navigation on the Mississippi — The first saw-mills in Wisconsin.

Chapter VII

Earliest abodes of civilization — Nicollet — Fur traders — Mesnard — Allouez — Mission of St. Francis Xavier — Fort — Tonti in command — Du Luth — Marquette and Joliet — Hennepin and Da Luth — Thirty barren years — De Louvigney — De Lignery — Capt. De Velie — Garrison withdrawn — Settlement of Augustin De Langlade — Arrival of Capt. Belfour and twenty men— Fort called " Edward Augustus " in cliarge of Lieut. Gorrell — Lieut. Gorrell abandons the post — Slow progress of the settlemeiit — .Jaques Porlier — Charles Reaume — John Lawe — Population 250 in 1S12 — Ogilvie, Gillaspie & Co.— Honesty of the Indian trade — Jacob Franks builds a mill — Indian agent and factor

— Government saw-mill — Fort Howard located by Gen. Chas. Gratiot — In command of Col. Chanibei-s — Col. Smith removes troops to Camp Smith — Col. Pi nkney moves back to Fort Howard — Col. McNeill — Gen. Brady — Shantytown — Robert Irwin. Jr. — Daniel Whitney — Wm. Dickinson— H. S. Baird — J. D. Doty — Court House and Jail — Mission School and Rev. R. F. Cadel — Episcopal Cliurch incorporated — First Newspaper — Indian agency under Maj. Brevoit — Catholic Church and scjiool — Father Richard — Shantytown absorbed by Navarino, Astor and Depere — Only eight American families — Character of population — Ebenezer Childs — John P. Arndt — Albert G. Ellis — J. D. Doty — Removes to Green Bay — Madison and Doty's island — His official positions — Is appointed Governor of Utah, where he dies — Morgan L. Martin.

CAAPTER VIII.

PRAIRIE DU CIIIEN — IGSO TO 183).

Uncertainty of time of first settlement — Hennepin — Marquet and Joliet — First military post — Cardinelle — Ganier — French trading post — French military jjost — Carver — Gov. Sinclair's purchase — Michael Brisbois — His statement of the settlement — His bakery — He issued currencj- — Campbell appointed Indian a.arent — JIarriage customs

— Joseph Rolette — Settlement before the war of 1812 — British meditate building a fort — U. S Government build Fort Shelby — McKay's expedition for recapture of the fort — Force consisted of 150 whites and 4.')0 Indians — Col. McKay reaches the to«Ti — Attack upon the boats — Investment of the garrison — Surrender demanded and refused—Hot shot — Capitulation — American troops retire down the river — Fruitless Indian pursuit — Capt. Pohlman in command — British evacuation — Fort Crawford erected — Col. Chambers in command — Tyranny of the officers — Charles Menard court-martialled — Joseph Rolette banished — New fort erected— John Shaw trades and builds a grist mill — James H. Lockwood — OlBcers and tradere — Origin of name of town — Farming — Habits of settlers — It was neutral ground — Indian trade — Catholic priest — Maj. Forsyth's visit — Col. Leavenworth and troops leave for St. Peters — Fort Snelling located — Troops occupy Fort Crawford — Private land claims — H. L. Dousman — Joseph M. Street — Thomas P. Burnett — Mackinaw county laid out — Brown and Crawford counties laid out — First officers of Brown county — First officers of Crawford county — First court in Brown county — Changes in office in Crawford county — 18^3, first court — 1824 — 1826 and 1830 — 1831.

Chapter IX. Chequamegon — Portage - Milwaukee

Chequamegon, the field of first missionary work — Portage — Its early settlement — Laurent Earth, first settler — Jean L'Ecuyer — Barth sells to Ca mpbell — Laurent Fily — Francis Roy — Pierre Pauquette employed by Joseph Rolette — Indian trade — Settlement did not increase — Erection of Fort Winnebago — Major Twiggs and his officers — Site of fort — Fort completed — Houses at Portage- Change of troops — Military road from Fort Howard to Fort Crawford — Manner of transporting goods up Fox River — Henry Merrill- Milwaukee — First mention in GorrelFs journal — English trader probably Goddard — La Frambois — Stanislaus Chappue— John B. Beaubien — Laurent Fily — Jaques Vieau — Solomon Juneau — James Kinzie — Hypolite Grignon — Newspaper notices — Juneau j^urchases land — Byron Kilbourn jjurchases west side of river — George H. Walker makes claim on south side of river and finally gets patent — Names of some early settlers — First public meetmg — Digression — Copper Mines of Lake Superior — Pre-historic implements.

CHAPTER X. NEW YORK INDIANS — 1820 TO 183s)

N. Y. Indians — Ogden Land Co. — Stockbridge and Brothertown Indians — Jedediah Morse

— Eleazer Williams — He proposes emigration scheme — " South " jealous of free States — Calhoun sanctions a plan to set apart Wisconsin for Indians — War Department favors the emigration scheme — Dr. Morse at Green Bay — N. Y. Indians aided by Government in going to Green Bay — Williams arrives at Detroit — He learns the Menomonees had sold their land to U. S. —He retuins to New York — Treaty rejected

— Renewed aid from War Departniert — Arrival at Green Bay — Treaty made — Validity of treaty denied — N. Y. Indians opposed to the treaty — War Department favors another visit to Green Bay — Reach Green Bay — New treaty made — Treaty approved — N. Y. Indians emigrate — Opposition to treaty — Cass and McKiuney treaty — Senate amendment — Abortive attempt at reconciliation — Samuel C. Stambaugh — He visits Washington with Menomonees — Treaty made — Supplementary article — Continued tiU next session — Treaty ratified with amendment — Two townships to Stockbridges — One township to Brothertowns — Alteration of boundary — Senate amendment agreed to with modification — Conflict terminated — Williams abandons his schemes — Scheme of Ogden Land Co. abandoned — Area of freedom unabridged — N. Y. Indians emigrate to Wisconsin — Condition of six nations in Wisconsin — Brothertowns become citizens.

CHAPTER XL

THE LEAD MINES AND WINNEBAGO WAR — 1822 TO 1828.

Gen. Smith's history of Indian disturbances — Indian wars concomitants of settlements — Indians friendly to French settlers — Hostility to agricultural settlements — Winnebagos opposed to the occupancy of the Lead Mines— Mr. Shaw's visit to Fever river — Descrii^tion of Indian smelting furnaces — First occupation of the Lead Blines — Increase of population —Hazel Green and New Diggings— Government agents — Early settlement of the Lead Mines — "Suckers" and "sucker-holes" — Galena was the objective point — Other po hits — Product of fii'st three years — Apprehensions of danger from

WiDneba;?os — Tceaty at Prairie du Chien— Troops removed from Fort Crawford to Fort Snelling — Fears at Prairie du Chien of Indian outrages — Murder of Methode — Wa-man-doos-ga-ra-ka confesses the murder— False rumors — Red Bird — Winnebagos resolved on i-etaliation — Attempt to kill Mi-s. J. H. Lockwood — Murder of Gagnier and Lighteap— Capt. Lindsay and his two keel-boats — The two boats part company — Winnebagos concealed on an island — Description of the boats — Attack upon the boat

— " O . H. Perry " — The second attack — The boat is grounded, hand-to-hand conflict — The boat afloat, and survivors escape — Casualties — Harmless attack upon the other boat — Slander contradicted — Alarm at Prairie du Chien — Military company organized

— Preparations for defence — Col. Snelling notified, and comes down the river — Consternation at Galena and vicinit3' — Gov. Cass arrives at Prairie du Chien — He proceeds to Galena — Lieut. Martin Thomas — Col. Snelling assumes command — Gov. Cass proceeds to St. Louis — Col. Henry Dodge chosen Commander of Volunteers — Col. Dodge scours both sides of the Wisconsin river — Maj. Wliistler arrives at the Portage — Winnebagos in a desperate plight — Red Bird surrendei'ed by the Winnebagos — Red Bird's appearance — His dress — His calmness — Talk between the Winnebagos and Maj. Whistler — Red Bird ready to die — Prisoners sent to Fort Crawford — Volunteers discharged — Results — Winnebagos contemplated a general rising — Death of Red Bird — Otlier prisoners convicted and pardoned.

Chapter XII. The Black Hawk War — 1831 And 1833

Progress in the "Lead Mines " — Black Hawk's village — He crosses the Mississippi — Threatened disturbances in 1831 — Indians agree to remain west of the Mississippi

— Black Hawk war ensued a year later — Alarm in the Lead mine Region — Col. Dodge meets the Winnebagos in council — His " talk " — Treacherous promises of the Winnebagos — Beginning of the war in 1833 — Gen. Whiteside's command — Gen. Atkinson and the regulars — Black Hawk moves up Rock river — Troops at Dixon — Stillman's defeat — First blood shed in the war — Col. Dodge writes to Gen. Reynolds — Col. Dodge and his neighbors go on an expedition after the Indians — Inhabitants of the Lead Mines thoroughly alarmed — Forts erected — Indian mode of warfare — Indian Creek massacre — Sarrender of female captives — Suspicious conduct of the Winnebagos^ Brave and decisive conduct of Col. Dodge — Captive Winnebago chiefs sent to Gratiot's Grove and held as hostages — Dodge's volunteers meet Galena volunteers at Gratiot's Grove — Five murders near Buffalo Grove — Henry Dodge; brief sketch of — March to Kirker's farm — Col. Dodge's address to the volunteers^ He, with his forces, joins the regulars at Dixon — He escorts Gen. Brady to Ottawa — He returns to his headquarters

— Gen. Atkinson engages the Sioux and Menomonees as allies — CoL W. S. Hamilton commands the Sioux — Col. Stambaugh commands the Menomonees — Menomonees kill two fugitive Sacs — James Aubrey killed — Murders near Spafford's ford — "Apple" killed in his saddle — Col. Dodge pursues the savages and overtakes them at the Peckatonica — Battle of the Peckatonica — Official account — Names of those engaged — Arrival of Sioux — Three of Capt. Stephenson's men killed — Attack on Apple river fort — Black Hawk's account of it — Contest with Maj. Dement's Spy battalion — Black Hawk's account of the engagement — Murder at Sinsinawa mound — Number of settlers killed — Indians concentrated near Lake Koshkonong — Gen. Posey and Col. Dodge meet at Fort Hamilton and form left wing — Division of the army — The left wing marches to the First lake — Change of position — March to Fort Atkinson — Judge Charles Dunn shot by a sentinel — Ambush — Indians anxious to escape — Troops sent to Fort Winnebago for provisions, the return route via rapids of Rock River — Effective force — Fresh trail of Indians found — Hot piu"suit to the Four Lakes — Pursuit continued to the Wisconsin River —- Battle of Wisconsin Heights — Casualties — Indians disappear — .\rmy re-united at Helena — Pursuit — Battle of the Bad Axe — Casualties

— Flight of Black Hawk and Prophet to the Lemonweir — Capture and surrender of the fugitives — Gen. Scott and his forces — Victims of the cholera — Losses by the war — Roster of Col. Dodge's command — Black Hawk a prisoner — At Washington — At Fortress Monroe — Sent home — His death.

Chapter XIII

Claims of Dominion — Military authority — Ponce de Leon first Governor — 1537, De Soto Governor -- 1565, Melendez de Aviles, hereditary Governor — French claims of dominion

— 10-27, Charter of 100 associates— 10(13, company of the West Indies — 1071, French claims of Sault St. Mary— 1082, Ld Salle claimed Louisiana for France — 1089 to 1097, Frontenac Governor — 1700, De CaUiers Governor-General — 1711, Louisiana an independent government — DeMuys — Artaquette — 1712, Cadillac — 1714, Vaudreuil — 1728. Beauharnois -- 1753, Gov. Dinwiddie claims dominion in the valley of the Mississippi — War between France and England — 1702-3, treaty of peace — Division of territory — Inhabitants of "Illinois county" acknowledge jurisdiction of U. S. and Virginia — County of Illinois established — The Revolution a barren period — Ordinance of 1787 — Boundaries — Population — Characteristics of ordinance — Articles of compact — First officers — ■ Creation of legislature — W. H. Harrison, delegate — His successors — 1789, Powers of Congress transferred to President — 1792, Amendment of ordinance — IS 0, Franlcing Privilege extended to delegates — Indiana Territory — Boundaries — Territorial government established — Vincennes the seat of government — 1802, act enabling Ohio to form state government —1803, admitted into the Union —

— Population — 1805, Michigan Territory established — Ordinance of 1787 extended over it — Detroit the seat of government — 18( 9, Illinois Territory established — Boundaries

— Powers — Kaskaskia the seat of government — Judicial circuits established — Act enabling IlHncis to form state government — North boundary -.- 5th article of compact disi'egarded — Proviso requiring ratification of boundaries — People of W^isconsin not consulted — Convention to form constitution provided for — 1818, Illinois admitted into the Union — Wisconsin attached to Michigan Territory — Michigan Territory authorized to elect delegate to Congress — Elective franchise — 1823, additional judge appointed west of Lake Michigan — Appeals and writs of error — Terms of court — Clerks — Residence and salary of judge — James D. Doty, first judge — David Irvin, second judge — Legislative council in Michigan — Territory established — Legislative assembly provided for — Tenure of oflice for judges — Legislative council increased from 9 to 13 — Township and county offleers — Conned to be elective — Congress reserves right of repeal — 183i), term of court changed from Prairie du Chien to Mineral Point — Michigan teiritory extended to Missouri River.

Chapter XIV

Coutume de Paris — 'iiota.ry Public— Commander of Post administered justice — Limited administration of law in Wisconsin — 1763, British king establishes government of Quebec — 1774, Northwestern territory annexed to Quebec — Rights of Canadian subjects defined — Act denounced by Congress in 1774 — One of the grievances in Declaration of ladependence— Court of Trustees — Hesse — Quebec divided into Upper ■and Lower Canada — 1792, Law of Canada repealed — Places of holding courts established — Slavery limited — 1794, Practice of courts— Inferior courts— Licensing attorneys