Mechanical movements, powers, devices and appliances

Front matter

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Preface

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The need for an iliuatrated and condensed work of reference for the inventor, the mechanical student, the artisan, and the workingman with the ambition of an inquiring mind, has become not only apparent to teachers of mechanics, but a real want among all who are interested in mechanical thought and work.

It is an interest the growth of which has been greatly encouraged by the rapid development of the inventive and mechanical arts during the past half century.

The increasing inquiries from inventors and mechanics in regard to the principles and facts in constructive and operative mechanics have induced the author to gather such illustrations as have been found available on the subject of mechanical motions, devices, and appliances, and to place them in a form for ready reference with only sufficie7it text to explain the general principles of construction and operation, and as a partial exhibit of the mechanical forms in general use, with a view to place the largest amouiit of illustrated information within the limited means of the humblest seeker after mechanical knowledge.

The field of illustrated- mechanics seems almost unlimited, and with the present effort the author has endeavored partially to fill a void and thus to help the inquirer in ideal and practical mechanics, in the true line of research.

Mechanical details can best be presented to the mind by diagrams or illustrated forms, and this has been generally acknowledged to be the quickest and most satisfactory method of conveying the exact conditio7is of mechanical action and construction.

Pictures convey to the inquiring mind by instantaneous compariso?i what detailed description by its successive presentation of ideas and relational facts fails to do ; hence a work f?iat appeals directly to the eye with illustrations atid short attached descriptions^ it is hoped, will become the mea7is of an acceptable form of mechanical education that appeals to modern wants for the encouragement of inventive thought, through the study of illustrations and descriptions of the leading k7iown principles and facts in constructive art.

The designiiig of the details of mechanical motion, devices, and applia7ices for specific purposes is an endless theme in the constructive mind, and if we may be allowed to judge from the vast number of applications for pate?tts, of which there have beeii over a million in the United States alone, and of which over six hundred thousand have been granted ift consideration of their Jtovelty and utility, the run of mechanical thought seems to have become a vast river in the progress of modem civilization.

To bring into illustrated detail all the known forms and elements of construction is 7iot within the limit of a huma7i life ; but to explore the borders of inve7itive design through the W07-ks that have passed into record has been the principal aim of the author of this book.

May, i8gg. GARDNER D. HISCOX,

Section I. The Mechanical Powers

Weight, Resolution of Forces, Pressures, Levers, Pulleys, Tackle. The Resolution of Suspension — Lever Paradox — The Lever and Its Power — The Inclined Plane — The Wedge — The Screw — Worm Gear or Endless Screw — Chinese Wheel — Tackle Blocks — Chinese Windlass — Chinese Shaft Derrick — Compound Weight Motor — Rope Twist Lever — Spanish Windlass — Rope Grip Hook — Guy Rope Clip and Thimble — Rope End — Hemp Rope End. . . 15 to 26

Section II. Transmission Of Power

Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear.

Alternating Circular Motion — Circular Motion — Eccentric Crank — Capstan, or Vertical Windlass — Steering Gear — Jumping Motion — Rope Sprocket Wheel — V-Grooved Rope Pulley — Rope Transmission— Vibratory Motion — Transmission by Rope — Transmission by Rope to a Portable Drill or Swing Saw — Horizontal Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission to a Movable Shaft — Vertical Tension Carriage — Belt Lacing — Novel Belt Lacing -Over-and-Over Lacing — Interlocking Belt Lacing — Cross Lacing — Sectional Belt Lacing — Quarter Twist Belt — Full Twist Belt — Full Twist or Cross Belt — Belting to a Shaft at any Angle — Quarter Twist Return Belt — Change Speed Step Pulleys — Cone Pulleys — Curved Cone Pulleys — Shifting Device for Cone Pulleys — Belt Transmission — Belt Transmission of Power — Variable Transmission of Motion — Stop, Driving, and Reversing Motion — Two Speed Pulleys and Belts — Pulleys, Combined with a Differential Gear — Transmission of Two Speeds — Two-Speed Gear — Variable Speed or Cone Gearing — Transmission of Power — Frictional Rectilinear Motion — Variable Rotary Motion — Variable Motion — Friction Gear — Transmission of Variable Speed — Variable Speed Gear — Transmission of Rotary Motion — Combination of Friction Gear — Grooved Friction Gearing — Variable Motion — Transmission of Circular Motion — Three Crank Link — Sprocket Wheel and Chain — Link Belt and Pulley — Toothed Link Chain and Pulley — Step Gear — V-Toothed Gearing — Oblique Tooth Gear — V-Toothed Gear — Split Spur Gear — Star Wheel Gear — Elastic Spur Gear — Internal Spur Gear and Pinion — Bevel Gears — Crown Wheel — Spiral Gearing — Oblique, Spur, and Bevel Gear — Oblique Bevel Gear — Gear Train — Worm Gear — Skew Worm and Wheel Gear — Uniform Intermittent Motion — Variable Speed Bevel Gear.

Section III. Measurement Of Power

Speed, Pressure, Weight, Numbers, Quantities, and Appliances.

Prony Brake— The Prony Brake Rule — "Webber" Dynamometer — Measureme-nt of Power — " Tatham's " Dynamometer — Bell-Crank Dynamometer — " Neer's " Rotary Transmitting Dynamometer — "Van Winkle's " Power Meter — Traction Recording Dynamometer — Friction Machine — Torsion Dynamometer- Tensile Testing Machine — Bourdon Pressure Gauge — Corrugated Tube-Pressure Gauge — Recording Pressure Gauge — Parallel Motion of the Indicator — Parallel Motion for the Indicator — "Amsler " Planimeter — " Lippincott " Planimeter — Centrifugal Speed Indicator — Speed Indicator — Meter Dial — Automatic Tipping Scale — Double Link Balanced Scale — Differential Weighing Beam — Engine Counter — Operation of a Counter — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Tire Measure Counter 44 to 54

Section IV. Steam Power

Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices, Rotary Engines, Oscillating Engines.

"Stevens" Boiler — Plain Cylindrical Boilers — Hanging Water Drum Cylindrical Boiler — Cylindrical Double Flue Boiler — Internally Fired Flue Boiler — Horizontal Tubular Boiler — Locomotive Boiler — Marine Boiler — "Eclipse" Return Tubular Marine Boiler — " Galloway" Boiler — Internal Fired Cylindrical Tubular Boiler — " Dion " Vehicle Boiler — " Babcock and Wilcox " Water Tube Boiler — " Harrison " Boiler — Submerged Head Vertical Boiler — " Herreshoff " Boiler — " Thornycroft " Boiler—" See " Water Tube Boiler—" Yarrow " Water Tube Boiler — " Boyer's" Water Tube Boiler — " Hazelton" Boiler — " Climax " Boiler — " Moyes" Water Tube Boiler—" Wheeler" Vertical Tube Boiler—" Cahall " Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Boiler of the " Serpollet " Tricycle — " Serpollet's" Steam Generator — " Serves " Boiler Tube — Shaking and Tipping Furnace Grate — Shaking Grate for a Boiler Furnace — Furnace Grate with Dumping Sections — " Columbia" Stoker — "Playford" Mechanical Stoker — " American " Boiler Stoker — Mechanical Stoker— " Jones " Model of a Mechanical Stoker — " Meissner " Model of a Mechanical Stoker for a Furnace — Feed Worm and Air Blast — Petroleum Burner — Pop Safety Valve — Differential Seat Safety Valve — Safety Valve — Original Form of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam Engine — Steeple Engine — Vertical Engine, with Bell-Crank Lever — Inclined Paddle-Wheel Engine — Diagonal Twin-Screw Engine — T win-Screw Vertical Cylinder Engine — Trunk Engine — Oscillating Engine — Compound Oscillating Engine — Oscillating Hoisting Engine — Three-Cylinder Engine — Tandem Compound Vertical Engine — Compound Engines — Compound Yacht Engine — High-Speed Tandem Compound Engine — Modern High-Speed Engine — Single D Slide Valve — Balanced Slide Valve — Double-Ported Slide Valve —

*' Meyer " Cut-off Valve— Single D Slide Valve — Gridiron Slide Valve — Rotary Valves — Steam Engine Valve Chest — Balanced Slide Valve— Balanced Slide Valve (Buchanan & Richter's Patent)— " Richardson-Allen" Balanced Slide Valve — Balanced Throttle Valve— Wing Throttle Valve — Multiple Port Piston Throttle Valve — " Corliss " Valve Gear— Locomotive Link-Motion Valve Gear — Walschaert's Valve Gear — Reversing Link Motion — Valve Gear — "Joy's" Valve Gear — " Bremme " Valve Gear — Single Eccentric Valve Gear — Cam-Bar Valve Movement — Valve Gear of a: Cornish Engine — Variable Expansion Gear — Single Eccentric Variable Valve Throw — "Allen " Valve Lift or Toe — Tappet Lever Valve Motion — Starting Lever — Simple Unhooking Device — Simple Reversing Gear — " Joy's " Hydraulic Shifting Eccentric — Shifting Eccentric — Valve Motion Eccentric — " Peaucellier's " Parallel Motion — Parallel Motion — "Cartwright's" Parallel Motion— Cross Head Slide— Rack Gear Parallel Motion — "Watt" Governor — Compensating Governor — Gravity Centrifugal Governor — Engine Governor — Centrifugal Ball Governor — Inverted Governor — Direct-Acting Centrifugal Governor — Spring Balanced Centrifugal Governor — Parabolic Governor — "Anderson's" Gyroscope Governor — Horizontal Centrifugal Governor — Vane or Wing Governor — Governor for a Steam Engine — Differential Governor — " Huntoon " Governor — " Proell " Governor — " Porter " Governor — " Richardson " Governor — Principle of the '* Pickering " Governor — " Pickering " Governor — Pulley or Fly-Wheel Governor — Crank-Shaft Governor — Fly-Wheel or Pulley Governor — Slotted Cross-Head — Trammel Crank — Crank-Pin Lubricator — Centrifugal Crank-Pin Oiler — Centrifugal Lubricating Device — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — "Franchot" Rotary Engine — Double Slide Piston Rotary Engine — "Lamb" Rotary Engine^ — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — Rotary Engine — "Napuer" Rotary Engine — Roller Piston Rotary Engine — " Cochrane " Rotary Engine — " Boardman " Rotary Engine — " Smith'* Rotary Engine — :" Berrenburg " Rotary Engine — "Fletcher's" Rotary Condensing Engine — " Bartrum and Powell " Rotary Engine — " Ritter " Rotary Engine — "Holly" Rotary Engine — "Stocker" Rotary Engine — "Forrester" Rotary Engine — " Kipp " Rotary Piston Engine — " Ruth's " Rotary Engine — *' Almond " Engine — Rotating Cylinder Engine — Rotary Multicylinder Engine — "Bates" Compound Vibrating Engine — "Davies*" Disc Engine — " Reuleaux " Engine or Pump — " Link " Vibratory Engine — Oscillating Piston Engine — Vibrating Piston Engine — "Knickerbocker" Four Piston Rotary Engine — ^* Root's " Double Quadrant Engine — " Root's " Square Piston Engine — " Dake " Square Piston Engine — "Wilkinson's" Steam Turbine — "Dow" Steam Turbine — " De Laval " Steam Turbine — " Parsons' " Steam Turbine.

55 to lOO

Section V. Steam Appliances

Injectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves. "Peerless" Injector — " Shaeffer and Budenberg" Injector — "National" Automatic Injector — "Metropolitan" Injector — " Lunkenheimer " Injector — " Eberman " Injector — "Nathan" Injector — "Little Giant" Injector — " Penberthy" Special Injector — "Park" Injector — "Sellers'" Restarting Injector

— " Little Giant " Locomotive Injector — " Metropolitan " Double-Tube Injector — " Brownley " Injector — "Leader" Injector— " Excelsior " Injector — " Korting" Injector — " Hancock " Inspirator — Ball-Valve Injector — " Hancock " Locomotive Inspirator — ■' Standard " Injector — " Sellers' " Self-Adjusting Injector — Steam Pump — "Misch's " Valve Tappet — Independent Jet Condenser Pump — Ejector Condenser — Exhaust Jet Condenser — Balanced Reducing Valve — Presure Reducing Valve — " Foster " Pressure Reducing Valve — " Hotchkiss " Boiler Cleaner — Feed-Water Heater — Steam Separator — Filter for Boiler — Return Steam Trap — Spring Steam Trap — Steam Trap — " Bundy " Steam Trap — Steam Trap with Valve — " Heintz " Steam Trap — " Moran's " Flexible vSteam Joint — Corrugated Expansion Coupling — Flanged Expansion Joint — Automatic Relief Valve — Horizontal Owing Check Valve — Globe Valve — Exhaust Steam Head — Centrifugal Exhaust Head loi to 114

Section VI. Motive Power

Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appliances, Connecting Rods and Heads.

Gasoline Engine — Sectional Plan of a Gasoline Engine — Simple Gas or Gasoline Engine — Gasoline Engine Valve Gear — "Union " Model Gas Engine — Gasoline Carriage Motor — Vertical Gasoline Engine — Vertical Kerosene Oil Engine — "Diesel" Motor— Vertical Gas Engine — Street Railway Gas Motor Passenger Car — Gasoline Motor Car — Valve Gear — Double-Grooved Eccentric Valve Gearfor a Four-cycle Gas Engine — Plumb-Bob Governor — Inertia Governor — Pendulum Governor — Differential Cam Throw — Governor and Variable Cami — Inlet Valve — Gas Engine Valve Gear — Gasoline Vaporizer — Carburetter — Automatic Oiler — Uniform Automatic Oiler — Crank-Rod Head Adjustment — Trunk Piston Rod — Connecting Rod Head — Connecting Rod End — Solid Strap End — Steel Ball Adjustment — Solid End Connecting Rod — Forked End Connecting Rod — Adjustable Link — Link or Connecting Rod 115 to 127

Section VII. Hydraulic Power And Devices

Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indicators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters

Overshot Water Wheel — Iron Overshot Wheel — Undershot Water Wheel — Saw-Mill Water Wheel — Breast Water Wheel — Flutter Wheel — Barker Wheel — Current Motor — Current Water Wheel — Fixed Bucket Water Raising Current Wheel — Bucketed Water-Raising Current Wheel — Current Wheel Water Lift — Drainage Wheel — Persian Wheel — Ancient Water Lift — "Archimedian" Screw Water Lift — Volute Turbine — High Pressure Turbine — " Leffel " Dou ble-Runner Turbine — "Jonval " Turbine — Turbine and Gate — "Lancaster ' Turbine — " Munson" Double Turbine — "Camden" Turbine — "Model " Turbine

— "Swain" Turbine — "Warren" Central Discharge Turbine — "Fourneron" Turbine— Belt Water- Wheel Governor — Water Wheel Governor — Impact Water Wheel — Pelton Water Wheel — Buckets of a Pelton V.'ater Wheel — Power of Water — Compound Beam Pumping Engine — "Dean" vSteam Pump - — Worthington Duplex Pump — Half-Yoke Connection — Yoke Connection — Re\ersing Movement — Double-Acting Lift and Force Pump — Double-Acting Differential Pump — Lift and Force Pump — Tramp Pumping Device — Lift Pump — Double Lantern Bellows Pump or Blower — Diaphragm Pump — "Fairburn" Bailing Scoop — Pendulum Water Lift — Chain Pump — Reciprocating Motion — Well Pulley and Buckets — Swape, or New Engine Sweep — Parallel Motion — ** Golding" Centrifugal Pump — " Quimby" Screw Pump — Rotary Pump — " Pappenheim " Rotary Pump — " Repsold " Rotary Pump — Tri-Axial Rotary Pump — Rotary Pump or Motor — "Cary" Rotary Pump — Vacuum Jet Condeviser and Rotary Pump — " Ramelli " Rotary Pump — " Heppel " Rotary Puni,;. — • " Emeru " Rotary Pump — " Knott " Rotary Pump — " Pattison " Rotary Pump — ' Cochrane" Rotary Pump — Hydraulic Transmission of Power — Sipiion — Ejector or Jet Pump — Automatic Water Ejector — Automatic Sprinkier — Hydraulic Ram — "Pearsall's" Hydraulic Ram and Air Compressor — bilent Hydraulic Ram — Double-Piston Reaction Hydraulic Ram — Water Meter — Disc Water Meter — Water Velocity Indicator and Register — Anchored Ferry i^oat — ■"Mueller" Water-Pressure Regulator — "Mason" Water-Pressure Regulator — Pump Water-Pressure Regulating Valve — Hydraulic Press — Hydrostatic Press — Hydraulic Intensifier — Portable Hydraulic Riveter — Hydraulic Rail Bender — Hydraulic Rail Punch — Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Horizontal Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Hydraulic Pulling Jack — Water Purifying Filter — Reversible Filter — Filtering Cistern — Upward Flow Filter — Domestic Filter — Porous Water Filter — Stoneware Filter — " Ward " Flexible Pipe Joint — Flexible Bail Joint — Flexible Pipe Joints — Universal Pipe Joint — Toggle Clip Pipe Joint — Bibb — Disc Valve and Guard — Double-Beat Disc Valve — Hydraulic Valve — Multiple Ball Valve — Multiple Ring Valve — Double-Beat Pump Valve — Vibrating Motion — Variable Compensating Weights — Sand Auger — Driven Well — Automatic Flush Sewer Tank — Atomizer — Ball and Jet Nozzle — Spray Jet Nozzle — Hero's Fountain — "Chapman" Aspirator or Vacuum Pump — Hydraulic Lift 128 to 1 62

Section VIII. Air Power Appliances

Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes.

Aneroid Barometer, Box Kite — Curved Vane Windmill or Motor — Feathering Windmill — Hemispherical Cup Windmill — Windmill of our Grandfathers — Windmill and Steel Tower — Modern Windmill — Ancient Windmill — Electric Windmill Plant — Smith's Circular Bellows — Double Organ-Blowing Bellows — Three-Throw Bellows — Foot Bellows — Fan Blower — " Hodges" Compound Blower— "Wedding" Rotary Blower— " Fabry " Rotary Blower— " Root " Rotary Blower — Hydraulic Air Compressor — Piston Hydraulic Air Compressor — Tromp or Hydraulic Air Blast — Air Compressor — Hydraulic Air Compressor

— Automatic Air Compressor — Water-Jet Air Compressor — Trunk Air Compressor — Duplex Steam-Actuated Air Compressor — Compound Air Compressor — Duplex Air Compressor — Toggle-Joint Duplex Air Compressor — Air Compressor Cylinder — Piston and Valves — Air-Compressing Cylinder — Air Compressor Governor — Air-Cooling Receiver — Single Valve Air Pump — Crank Equalizing Angle — Crank Equalizing Angle in Air Compression - Direct Air Pressure Pump — Compressed Air Water Elevator — Raising Sunken Vessels — Compressed Air Lift System — Compressed Air Power — Compound Pneumatic Locomotive — Pneumatic Paint Sprayer — Portable Fire Extinguisher — Eire Extinguisher — Compressed Air Lift — Duplex Pneumatic Riveter — Pneumatic Hammer — "Hotchkiss" Atmospheric Hammer — "Grimshaw " Compressed Air Hammer — Cc^mpressed Air Sheepshearing Machine — Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Breast Drill — Pneumatic Motor Drill Stock — Air and Gasoline Torch — Torch Soldering Copper — Air and Gasoline Vapor Brazer^Air and Gasoline Brazing Apparatus — Double Cone Ventilator — Spiral Vane or Cov^^l — Wind Instruments. 163 to 186

Section IX. Electric Power And Construction

Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controllit.'g and Measuring, Lighting, Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlight, and Et.ectrij^ Appliances, Series Wound Motor or Generator — Electric Generator Construction — Single- Pole Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Ring Armature — Ring Armature — Two- Pole or Shutde Spool Armature — Shuttle Armature — Multiple Brush Commutator — Bipolar Shunt Generator— Four- Pole Compound Generator — Electric Generator Construction — Consequent-Pole Compound Generator — Triple-Expansion Engine and Multipolar Dynamo — Direct-Connected Vertical Compound Engine — Flexible Coupling — Car Truck Motors — Electric Fusible Cut-Out — Rheostat or Resistance Coils — Trolley Car — Sectional Feeder System — Street Railway Single Motor — Electric Car Brake — Electric Street-Car Brake — Electric Igniter — Sparking Dynamo — Magneto-Electric Machine — Electric Thermostat — Telephone Transmitter — Telephone Receiver — Electric Gas Lighter — Pocket Electric Light — Arc Light and Regulating Gear — Luminous Fountain — Electric Heater — Electric Soldering Copper — Electric Sad Iron — Electric Searchlight — Electric Furnace — Open-top Electric Furnace — "Siemens" Electric Gas Furnace — "Cowles" Electric Furnace — Electric Welding Plant — Portable Electric Motor Drill Plant — Electric Perforating Pen — Electric Hoist — Electric Brake — Electric Rock Drill — Electric Fan — Electric-Driven Fan 187 to 202

Section X. Navigation And Roads

Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers-

and Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, Bicycles, and

Motor Adjuncts.

Leg-of-Mutton Sail — Skip Jack — Square or Lug Sail — Lateen Rig — Split Lug

or Square Sail — Two-Masted or Dipping Lug — Newport Cat-Boat — Sloop —

Lateen-Rigged Felucca — Pirogue — Three-Quarter Lug Rig — "Sliding Gunter*' — Skiff Yawl Rig — Sloop Yawl — Jib Topsail Sloop — The Cutter — Schooner Rig — Full Schooner Rig — Topsail Schooner — Club Topsail Rig — Hermaphrodite Brig — A Brigantine — A Barkentine — Full-Rigged Brig — A Bark— Full- Rigged Ship — Ice Boat — Rope Knots and Hitches — Clove Hitch — Half Hitch — Timber Hitch — Square or Reef Knot — Stevedore Knot — Slip Knot — Flem ing Loop — Bowline Knot — Carrick Bend — Sheet Bend and Toggle — Sheet Bend — Overhand Knot — Figure Eight Knot — Double Knot — Blackwall Tackle Hitch — Fisherman's Bend Hitch — Round Turn and Half Hitch — Chain Stop — Disengaging Hook — Slip Hook — Releasing Hook — Boat-Detaching Hook — Swinging Oar-lock — Pivoted Steps — Screw Anchor — Floating Lighthouse — Stone Dry-Dock — Floating Dry-Dock — Feathering Paddle Wheel or \Yater Motor — Vertical Bucket Paddle ^Yheel — Feathering Paddle Wheel — Outward Thrust Propeller Wheel — Screw Propeller — Reversing Propeller — Reversing Screw Propeller — Screw Propulsion — Thrust Bearing — " Silver's " Marine Governor — Deep-Sea Sounding Ball — Sounding Weight Release — Sampler Sounding Weight — Submarine Lamp — Road Builders' Level — Road Machine — Reversible Road Roller — Road Roller — Single Eccentric Reversing Gear — Elastic Wheel — Spring Wheel — Application of Trace Springs — " Serpollet's" Steam Tricycle — Steam Fire Engine — Jacketless Gasoline Carriage Motor — Gasoline Motor Carriage — Light Electric Carriage — Electric Phaeton — Electric Brougham — Differential Gear — Baby-Carrier Tricycle — Electric Tricycle — Ice Bicycle — Bicycle Gear — Bicycle Crank — Swinging Bali-Bearing Bicycle Pedal — A. F. Haven's Planetary Crank Gear — Detachable Link Chain — Ball-Bearing Problem — Acetylene Bicycle Lamp — Bicycle Lamp 203 to 225

Section XI. Gearing

Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical and Worm Gear; Differential AND Stop-Motion Gear; Epicyclical AxNd Planetary Trains; "Ferguson's" Paradox.

Ordinary Rack and Pinion — Doubling the Length of a Crank Stroke — wSawmill Feed — Rack Motion — Air-Pump Movement — Circular Rack — Rectilinear Vibrating Motion — Vertical Drop Hammer — Sector Pinion and Double Rack — Reciprocating Motions — Crank Substitute — Alternate Circular Motion — Quick Back Motion — Alternate Rectilinear Motion — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Mangle Rack — Mangle Wheel — Mangle Wheel Gear — Continuous Rotary Motion — Mangle Machine Gear — Worm Screw Rack — Rotary Motion — Adjustable Feed Rolls — Saw-Tooth Worm Gear — Right- and Left-Hand Worm Gear — Three-Part Worm Screw— -Traversing Motion — Globoid Spiral Gear Wheels — Internal Worm-Gear Wheel — Worm-Gear Pinion — Anti-Friction Worm Gear — Release Rotary Motion — Release Cam — Hunting Tooth Worm Gear— Differential Screw and Gear Movement — Complex Alternating Reciprocal Motion — Two-Toothed Pinion —Pin Wheel and Slotted Pinion- Variable Rotary Motion — Scroll Gear — Spiral Hoop Gear — Accelerated Circular Motion — Roller-Bearing Gear Teeth — Ball Gear — Spiral Gearing — Expanding Pulley — Concentric Differential Speed — Differential Motions— Differen tial Gear — Doubling the Number of Revolutions on One Shaft — Multiple Geai Speed — Variable Throw Traversing Bar — Revolution of a Pinion — Differential Speed — Capstan Gear — Slow Forward and Quick Back Circular Motion — Geared Grip Tongs — Variable Circular Motion — Elliptical Spur Gear — Elliptical Gear Wheel — Irregular Circular Motion — Variable Reciprocating Motion — Alternating Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Motion of Spur Gear — Spiral Stop-Motion Gear — Fast and Slow' Motion Spur Gear — Intermittent Gears — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Irregular Vibratory Motion — Variable Vibrating Motion — Motion by Rolling Contact — Variable Sectional Motion — Uniform Speed of Sectional Spur Gear — Scroll Gearing — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Stop Roller Motion — Change Gear Motion — Differential Driving Gear — Equalizing Pulley — Equalizing Gear — Doubling a Revolution on Same Shaft — -Continuous Shaft Motion— Alternating Motion — Eccentric Wheel Train — Epicyclic Gear — Epicyclic Train — Automatic Clutch Motion for Reversing — Eccentric Gear — Sun and Planet Crank Motion — High-Speed Epicyclic Train — Sun and Planet Winding Gear — Epicyclic Gear Train — Compound Epicyclic Train — Planetary Motion — Planetary Gear Train — " Ferguson's " Mechanical Paradox. 227 to 250

Section XII. Motion And Devices Controlling Motion

Ratchets and Pawls, Cams, Cranks, Intermittent and Stop Motions, Wipers, Volute Caa.s, Variable Cranks, Universal Shaft Couplings, Gyroscope.

Ratchet Bar Lift — Ratchet Lift — Ratchet Governor — Rotary Motion — Intermittent Circular Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Double Pawl Ratchet — Conrinuous Feed of a Ratchet — Double-Pawl Ratchet Wheel — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Intermittent Circular Motion — Ratchet Intermittent Motion — ' Pawl Lift — Oscillating Motion — Continuous Rotary Motion — Intermittent Motion — Windlass Grip Pawl — Ratchet and Level Pawl — Internal Multiple Cam — Ratchet Head — Reciprocal Circular Motion — Ball Socket Ratchet — Continuous Motion Ratchet — Stops of Various Forms — Stops for a Spur Gear — Stops for a Lantern Wheel — Safety Centrifugal Hooks — Crank Motion — Centrifugal Safety Catch for Hoisting Drums — Stop Motion — Variable Reciprocating Motion — Irregular Rocking Motion — Rocking Arm — Voke Strap — Triangular Curved Eccentric — Triangular Eccentric — Reciprocating Motion — Uniform Reciprocating Motion — Needle-Bar Slot Cam — Slotted Yoke — Crank Motion — Trammel Gear — Slotted Lever Motion — Intermittent Reciprocating Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Adjustment — Four-Bolt Cam — Equalizing Tension Spring and Lever — Alternating Rectilinear Motion — Traverse Bar — Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Vibrating Toothed Wheel — "Lazy Tongs" Movement — Quadrangular Rectilinear Motion — Parallel Motion — Intermittent Motion — Rocking Escapement — Rotary and Longitudinal Motion — Reciprocating Feed Ratchet — Friction Rod Feed Ratchet — Friction Hauling Ratchet — Cam-Lever Grip — Lever Toggle Joint — Single Toggle Arm Letter-Press — Toggle-joint Cam Movement — Double-Screw

CONTENTS. Q

Toggle Press — Screw Stamping Press— Multiple Return Grooved Cylinder — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Rectilinear Motion — Six Radial Grooved Trammel — Rectilinear Reciprocating Motion — Rocking Motion — Pair of Toe Levers — Wiper Cam for Stamp Mills — Angular Wipers — Equalizing Levers or Toes — Variable Crank Motion — Spiral-Grooved Face Plate — Lever — Cam Sectors — Gear-Disengaging Cam Lever — Oblique Disc Motion — Grooved Cylinder Cam — Traverse Motion — Four-Motion Feed, of Wheeler and Wilson and other Sewing-machines — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Quick Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Cylindrical Cam — Cam-Operated Shears — Irregular Cam Motion — ■ Vibrating Rectilinear Motion — Irregular Vibrating Circular Motion — Clover- Leaf Cam — Power Escapement — Rotary Motion — Irregular Reciprocating Motion — Bevelled Disc Cam — Grooved Heart Cam — Heart-Shaped Groove — La)ing out a Heart Cam — Cam Motion — Double Cam Motion — Pivoted Follower — Reciprocating Motion — Ovoid Curve — Variable Power Transmitted from a Crank — Elliptical Crank — Curvilinear Motion — Spring Lathe-Wheel Crank — " Brownell " Crank Motion — Ordinary Crank Motion — Eccentric and Straps for Valve Motion — Reciprocating Motion — yariable Circular Motion — Irregular Motion — Variable Power Vibrating Movement — Variable Crank Pin — Variable Rectilinear Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Radius Lever — Combination Crank-Motion Curves — Flexible Angular Coupling — Sliding Contact — Shaft Coupling — Rectilinear Motion — Angular Shaft Coupling — Universal Joint — Double Link Universal Joint — Universal Angle Coupling — "Almond" Angular Shaft Coupling — " Hooke's " Angular Shaft Coupling — Rack and Pinion Movement — Gyroscope — Globe Gyroscope — Tension Helico- Volute Spring — Double Helico-Volute Spring — Compression Helical Spring — Single Volute Helix Spring — Compound Disc Spring 251 to 279

Section XIII. Horological

Clock and Watch Movements and Devices.

Cycloidal Pendulum Movement — Compensating Pendulum Bob — Compound Compensating Pendulum — Centrifugal Pendulum — Antique Clock Escapement — Crown Tooth Escapement — Double Ratchet-Wheel Escapement — Star- Wheel Escapement — Anchor Escapement — Recoil Escapement — Pendulum Escapement —Stud Escapement — Lantern-Wheel Escapement — Pin-Wheel Escapement — Hook-Tooth Escapement — Single-Pin Pendulum Escapement — Three-Toothed Escapement — Detached Pendulum Escapement — Mudge Gravity Escapement — Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Harrison" Winding Device — Double Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Bloxam's" Gravity Escapement — Dead-Beat Clock Escapement — Endless Cord- Winding Device for Clocks — Clock Train — Compensation Watch Balance — Watch Regulator — Antique W^atch Escapement — Verge Escapement — Cylinder Escapement — Duplex Escapement — Jewelled Detached Lever Escapement — "Guernsey" Escapement — Anchor and Lever Escapement — Lever Escapement — Lever Chronometer Escapement — ''Arnold" ChronometerEscapement — Fusee

I O CONTENTS.

Chain and Spring Drum — Chronometer Escapement — " Geneva" Stop — Geared "Watch Stop — Watch Stop — Stem-Winding Movement — Pin-Geared Watch Stop — Watch Train 281 to 293

Section XIV. Mining

Quarrying, Ventilatiox, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating, Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging.

Diamond Prospecting Drill — Rock Drill — Diamond Well-Boring Machine — Portable Diamond Drill — Arc Tappet Valve Motion — Tappet Valve, for a Rock Drill— Rock Drill — Rock Drill with Balanced Piston Valve — Coal-Cutting Machine — link Chain Cutter — Drill for Curved Holes — Box- Wing Blower — Multiplex Butterfly Valve — Steam-Driven Ventilating Fan — Miner's Safety Lamp — Horse-Power Hoisting Drum — Steam Hois ing Engine — Strap Brake — Elevator Tower — Horizontal Boom Tower — Mast and Gaff Hoist — Coal-Loading Tipple — "Otis Stop " for Elevator Cars — Elevator Dumping Head — Mining Buckets and Skip — Belt Conveyer — Chain Scraper Conveyer — Cable Conveyer — Driving Mechanism — Log Conveyer — Rope Tramway — Automatic Dumping Car — Toggle Joint — Stone Crusher — "Buchanan" Rock Crusher — Roller Coal Crusher — Eight-Stamp Ore Mill — Rolling Crusher — "Arastra" Ore Mill — " Chili " Mill — Pulverizing Ball and Pan Mill — Revolving Pulverizing Mill — Hydraulic Balanced Giant Nozzle — Coal Dust Press — Klondike Mining Machine — Gold Separator — Centrifugal Separator — Magnetic Ore Separator — Iron Ore Separator — Railway Steam Shovel — Magnetic Ore Separators (Hoffman-Edison Types) — Ore Roasting Furnace — Railway Excavator — Railway Steam Shovel — Continuous Ditching Dredge — Clam-Shell Bucket — Revolving Hoisting Dredge — Floating Dredge — Marine Dredge 295 to 310