Mechanical applicances, mechanical movements and novelties of construction; a complete work and a continuation, as a second volume, of the author's book entitled "Mechanical mvements, powers and devices"

Front matter

.

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

Mechanical Appliances Mechanical Movements

Preface

The many editions through which the first volume of "Mechanical Movements" has passed is more than a sufficient encouragement to warrant the publication of a second volume, more special in scope than the first, inasmuch as it deals with the peculiar requirements of various arts and manufactures, and more detailed in its explanations, because of the greater complexity of the machinery selected for illustration. Despite the greater simplicity of the devices which have been pictured and briefly explained in the first volume, the appliances described in this second volume can be just as easily understood, the text having been so worded that no insuperable difficulties are presented to the reader of average mechanical knowledge. More extensive though it may be than "Mechanical Movements," the present work by no means exhausts the subject. Many an apparatus has been omitted, either because limitations of space have intervened, or because of the impossibility of securing adequate details of construction. The machines incorporated, however, cover so vast a mechanical field and have been so carefully selected to supply the needs of the student seeking general information, that they will be found fairly representative of the power devices used in old and modern industries. Mechanical intelligence may well be deemed to have found its highest expression in the contrivances that are illustrated and described in these pages.

Although the author has not the slightest desire to encourage the hopeless pursuit of perpetual motion, he has, nevertheless, thought it advisable to dwell at some length on the exceedingly ingenious means devised by misguided inventors in their endeavors to solve an unsolvable problem. The pages in which perpetual motion machines are described may induce

6 PREFACE.

those who still believe in reaching this ignis fatuus to bend their energies in causes more worthy of their zeal. Moreover, it may be that some of the mechanical movements which have been evolved by the perpetual motion inventor, although they may not attain the end sought by him, may still be applied with profit to his instruction in true mechanical principles and to avoid the errors committed in the search on the lines of this folly of past centuries. This in itself is a sufficient justification of the insertion in this volume of the section on perpetual motion.

The deeper we delve in the research for novelty and variety in the present field of mechanical design, the more we see the possibilities of human ingenuity. The facility and power of construction shown in the complicated mechanism of the past augur well for the future of inventive genius.

Gardner D. Hiscox.

Section I. Mechanical Power Lever

Lever in a Draught Equalizer — Timber or Log Grapple — Lever Equalizer for Sulky Plows — Lever Equalizer for Three Horses — Lever Nippers. ■

Section II. Transmission Of Power

Universal Screw Driver — Quick Coupling — Transmission of Power by Wire Rope and Anchored Levers — Bag Elevator — Horizontal Conveyor — I Beam Trolley — Two Way Conveyor — Rope Tramway Carriage — Friction Pulley — Geared I Beam Trolley — Variable Power and Speed — Worm Gear Elevator — Cash Carrier — Variable Speed Device — Friction Pulley — Panel Clutches — Viscosimeter — Positive Combination Clutch — Pneumatic Belt Shipper — Acoustic Telephone.

Section III. Measurement Of Power, Springs

Registering Wind Vane — Anemometer — Electric Signal Anemometer- — Metallic Thermometer — Wind Force Register — Recording Wind Meter — Recording Barometer — Registering Air Thermometer — Metallic Thermometer — Thermostat — Metallic Thermometer — Maximum and Minimum Recording Thermometer — Sunshine Recording Thermometer — Centrifugal Speed Indicator — Hygroscope — Prony Brake- — Transmission Dynamometer — Thermohydroscope — Power of Springs — Rectangular Spring — Compound Triangual Spring — Volute or Spiral Spring — Helical Spring — Straight Torsion Spring — Helical Torsion Spring — Conical Spiral Torsion Spring — Bolster Springs — Compound Bolster Spring.

Section IV. Generation Of Power, Steam

Internally Fired Boiler — Heat Circulation in a Hein Boiler — Down Draught Boiler Furnace — Triplex Boiler — Water Tube Boiler — Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Flash Coil Boiler — Finger Tube Boiler — Duplex Water Tube Boiler — Flash Type Steam Generator — Novel Motor — Solar Caloric Engine — Mouchot's Solar

Boiler — Marine Water Tube Boiler — Down Draught Wood-burning Furnace — Gravity Feed Furnace — Traveling Link Grate — Under Feed Furnace — Down Draught Furnace — Annular Steam Blower — Steam Blower — Argand Steam Blower — Coal Dust Feeding Apparatus — Coal Dust Burner — Burner for Auto- Boiler — Automobile Boiler — Oil Fuel Furnace — Oil Fuel Burner — Fuel Oil Burner — Liquid Fuel Burner — Petroleum Fire Grate — Chimney Draught Indicator — Plug for Leaky Boiler Tubes — Safety Plugs for Boilers — Simple Float Steam Trap — Automatic Steam Trap — Float Steam Trap — Differential Expansion Steam Trap — Balanced Steam Trap — Return Trap — Automatic Boiler Feeder — Centrifugal Steam Separator — Low Water Alarm — Simple Boiler Feed Device — Feed Water Heater and Purifier — Surface Condenser — Novel Surface Condenser — Evaporator.

Section V. Steam Power Appliances

Types of Compound Engines — Triple Expansion Engine — High Speed Vertical Engine — Compound Steam or Air Engine — Triple Expansion Marine Engine — Compound Corliss Engine — Convertible Compound Engine — Novel Three- Cylinder Engine — Revolving Engine— Friction Relief in D Valves — Novel Triple Compound Marine Engine — Types of Slide Valves — Balanced Piston Valve — Tandem Compound Locomotive Cylinders — Balanced Valve for Steam Engine — Novel Piston Valve — Automatic Valve Motion — Tvpes of Slide Valves — Concentric Valves, Corliss Type — Oscillating Steam and Exhaust Valve — Riding Cut-off Valve — Types of Slide Valves — Parson's Steam Turbine — Steam Turbine — The Stevens Valve Gear — Valve Gear — Corliss Valve Gear — Dashpot for Corliss Engine — Reversing Gear — Flexible Crank for Marine Shafting — Flexible Couplings — Novel Valve Gear — Reversing Gear — Floating Valve Gear — Triple Expansion Valve Gear — Walschaert's Valve Gear — Engine Stopping Mechanism — Shifting Eccentric — Sector Gear Governor — Dashpot Governor — Centrifugal Governors — Friction Power Controller — Inertia Governor — Fan Governor — Adjustable Governor — Marine Governor — Differential Pressure Regulator — Balanced Pressure Regulator — Self -Closing Stop Valve — Reversing Gear — Novel Reducing Valve — Differential Exhaust Valve — Automatic Quick-Closing Valve — Reversible Throttle Valve — Compensating Expansion Joint — Flexible Ball Joint — Balanced Expansion Joint — Universal Flexible Pipe Joint — Cargo Elevator — Factory Heating from Waste Gases — Rotary Engine — Reversible Rotary Engine — Rotary Steam Engine — Pendulum Compound Engine — Rotary Piston Engine — Oscillating Rotary Engine — Steam Ram.

Section VI. Explosive Motor Power And Appliances

The Lightest Gasoline Motor — Combined Gasoline and Steam Motor — Two-Cycle Marine Motor — Alco- Vapor Boiler — Kerosene Oil Engine — Gas or Gasoline

CONTENTS.

Engine — Balanced Engine — Gasoline Atomizer and Vaporizer — Soot-Proof Sparking Plug — Ignition Connections — Multiple Cylinder Ignition — Gasoline Motor Starter — Muffler for Explosive Motors — Exhaust Muffler.

Section VII

HYDRAULIC POWER. AND APPLIANCES.

Wave Motors — Fog-Horn Buoy — Oriental Irrigation Works — Valveless Rotary Pump — Rotary Pump- — Centrifugal Pump — River Motor — Floating Motor for Rivers — Water Motor — 1,000 Horse-Power Turbine — Multinozzle Turbine — Valve Movement — Impact Water-Wheel Governor — Double-Ported Nozzle — Flexible Ball Joint — Iron Sluice Gate — Basket Strainer — Double-Beat Flap Valve — Water Still — Water Pressure Regulator — Venturi Tube and Measuring Meter — Hydraulic Lifting Jack — Uniform Flow of Water — Novel Spraying Nozzle — Hydraulic Press — Hydraulic Punch — Fire Extinguisher — Domestic Refrigerator — Counter-Balancing Hydraulic Elevators — Re-enforcing Wells — Siphon Water Ram.

Section VIII. Air-power Motors And Appliances

Pneumatic Ball Puzzle — Pneumatic Disk Puzzle — Pneumatic Fan — The Sirocco Fan Blower — Aerial Top — Pneumatic Grain Elevator — Sand-Blast Apparatus — Sand-Blast Jets — Air-Moistening Apparatus — Magic Ball — Gyrating Balls — Megascope — Pneumatic Moistening Apparatus — The Pantanemone — A Kansas Windmill — Sailing Wagon — Sail-Rigged Merry-go-round — Flying Propeller — A Kite without a tail — The Eddy Tailless Kite — Tissandier's Electric Air Ship — Santos-Dumont Air Ship — Giffard's Steam-Propelled Air Ship — Dupuy De Lome's Air Ship — The Campbell Air Ship — Power Flying Machine — Renard & Krebs Electric Air Ship — Grain-Drying Apparatus — Pneumatic Lift — Air-Operated Hydraulic Crane; — Valve-Light Ventilator — Fruit-Drying Apparatus.

Section IX. Gas And Air-gas Devices, Etc

Kerosene Portable Forge — Producer Gas Generator — Mond Gas Plant — Air and Vapor Gas Generator — Water-Gas Plant — The "Wells Light" — Lucigen Light — Gasoline Torch — Kerosene Soldering Furnace — Kerosene Oil Burner — Kerosene Cook Stove — Kerosene Heater — Gas Gravity Balance — Gas-fired Limekilns.

IO CONTENTS.

Section X. Electric Power And Devices

Electric Cable-Making Machine — Chloride Accumulator — Electric Wire Insulating Device — Electric Wire Doubling Device — Cable Cover, Braiding Machine — Wire-Covering Machine — Shunt-Wound Dynamo — Shunt Dynamos connected in series — Short and Long Shunt — Separately Excited Dynamo — Compound Wound Dynamos — Multi-Speed Electric Motor — Drum Controller — Commutator Construction — Spring Binding Post — Electric Transformer — Recording Ampere Meter — Novel Arc Lamp — Searchlight Mirror — Electric Engine Stop — Series Arc Lighting Circuit — Rotating Electric Furnace — Electric Blowpipe — Electric Furnace — Tandem Worm-Gear Electric Elevator — Electrically Driven Sewing Machine — Electric Motor Worm-Driven Pump — Electric Incubator — Electrical Soldering Copper — Electric Welding Apparatus — Electric Welding — Electric Revolving Crane — Electro-Magnetic Track Brake — Electro- Magnetic Clutch — Wireless Telegraphy — Automatic Trolley-Wheel Guard — Electric Lighting System — Electrically Heated Chafing Dish — Vibrating Electric Bell — Printing Telegraph — Electric Fire-Alarm System — Electric Tree-Felling Machine — Electric Trumpet — Electric Blue Print Machine — Demagnetizing a Watch — Electric Curling-Iron Heater.

Section XI. Navigation, Vessels, Marine Appliances, Etc

Curious Boats — Greenland Kayak — Racing Yachts — Ancient Feathering Paddle Wheel — Types of Propellers — Screw Propeller — Sheet Metal Propeller — Feathering Blade Propeller — Twenty-five-Foot Launch — Bicycle Catamaran — Bicycle Gear for a Boat — The Manipede Catamaran — Types of Shallow-Draught- Screw-Propelled Boats — Dirigible Torpedo — Automobile Torpedo — The Holland Submarine Boat — Reversing Clutch — Ice Boat — Submarine Cable Grapnel — Steam Sounding Machine — The Drag Steering Gear — Rope Hitches — Knots and Splices — Bell Buoy — The Whistling Buoy — Lighting Buoy — Fog Whistle — Fish Way — Floating Breakwater — Nets and Seines.

Section XII. Road And Vehicle Devices, Etc

Road Grading Wagon — Traction Wheel — Dumping Wagon — Differential Speed Gear — Automobile Steering Gear — Ratchet Brake Lever — Automobile Change Speed Gear — Automobile Steam Engine — Types of Motor Bicycles — Steam Surrey — Steam Freight Wagon — Steam Dray — Interchangeable Automobile.

Section XIII. Railway Devices And Appliances, Etc

Block and Interlocking Signals — Railway Signals — Trolley-Car Sander — Locomotive Sander — Multiple Plate Friction Clutch — Types of Trolley-Car Trucks — Types of Rack-railway Locomotives — Fare-Recording Register — Cable Grip — Railway Track Brake — Rolling and Compressing Steel Car Wheels — Reversing Car Seat — Four-Spindle Rail Drill — Crank-Pin Turning Machine — Extension Car Step — Trolley Replacer — Car Coupler — Bulldozer Press.

Section XIV. Gearing And Gear Motion, Etc

Novel Worm Gear — Swash-Plate Gears — Stop-Gear Motion — Volute Tappet Gear — Geared Reversing Motion — Elliptic Linkage — Interrupting Cam -Gear Motion — Circular from Reciprocating Motion — Crank Substitute — Sun and Planet Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Friction Gear — Parallelism from Circular Motion — Circularly Vibrating Motion — Differential Speed Gear — Epicyclic Train — Transmission Gear — Variable Speed Friction Gear — Variable Speed Gear — Driving Gear for a Lathe — Variable Drive Motion.

Section XV. Motion And Controlling Devices, Etc

Parallel Motion — Three-Point Straight-Line Linkage — The Dead Center Problem — Crank Substitute — Short -Range Walking Beam — Turning a Square by Circular Motion — Double-Link Universal Joint — Change Speed Pulleys — Multiple- Shaft Driving Device — Reciprocating with Stop Motion — Reciprocating Motion — Reciprocating Into Rotary Motion without Dead Centers — Right-Angle Coupling — Reversible Friction Ratchet — Friction-Plate Clutch — Friction Clutch — Expanding Wrench or Chuck — Multiple Ball Bearings — Shaft-Thrust Ball Bearings — Bicycle Ball Bearing — Ball-Bearing Castor — Spring Motor — Weight Driven Motor — Swing Motor — Ammonia Compressor — Coin-in-the-Slot Gas Meter — Spiral Fluting Lathe — Pantographic Engraving Machine — Geometrical Boring and Routing Chuck — Rose Lathe — Plantariums — The Phenakistoscope.

Section XVI. Horological Time Devices, Etc

Electric Pendulum — Electric Clock Controller — Repeating Clock Escapement with Electric Pendulum — Electric Ratchet — Solar and Sidereal Clock — Novel Clock — Electrical Correction ot Clocks — Long-Distance Telegraph-Clock Correction — Flying-Pendulum Clock — Self- Winding Synchronizing Clock.

Section XVII. Mining Devices And Appliances

^lining Lamp — Well-Boring Tools — Prospecting Diamond Drill — Assay Ore Crusher — Ore Roasting Furnace — Magnetic Metal Separator — Magnetic Separator — Quartz Pulverizer — Ore Washing Tower — Automatic Ore Sampler — Pneumatic Concentrator — Ore Car on a Transfer Truck — Dry Placer Gold Separator — Dry Gold Mining Machine — Gold Amalgamator — Sheave WTieels for Gravity Planes — Briqueting Machine — A Briqueting Plant — Coal-Washing Jig — Propeller Pump Agitator — Coal-Handling Plant — Method of Change Direction.

Section XVIII. Mill And Factory Appliances And Tools, Etc

Machine-Made Chains — Suspending Grip — Universal Dog — Drill Chuck — Brick Clamp — Combination Tools — Easily Made Steam Whistle — Gasoline Heated Soldering Copper — Pulley Balancing Machine — Lubricating Drill — Expanding Drill — Taper Attachment to a Lathe — Taper Turning Attachment — Centering Device for a Drill Press — Boring Elliptic Cylinders — Crane Truck — Centrifugal Separator — Blacksmith Helper — Belt-Driven Forging Hammer — Eye-Bending Machine — Angle Iron Bending Machine — Pipe-Bending Machine — Rolled-Thread-Screw Machine — Power Hack-Saw — Seamless Tube Machine — Metal Band-Saw — Hand-Screw Tire-Setting Machine — Hydraulic Tire- Setting Machine — Automatic Furnace — Gas-Heated Hardening and Tempering Furnace — Tempering Bath — Down-Draught Gas-Melting Furnace — Oil or Gas Fired Forge — Melting Furnace — Duplex Melting Furnace — Open Hearth Steel Furnace — Hot-Metal Mixer — Kerosene-Oil Melting Furnace — Petroleum Forge — Petroleum Melting Furnace — Petroleum Fired Reverberatory Furnace — Plate Hardening Machine — Dovetailing Machine — Diamond Millstone-Dressing Machine — File-Cutting Machine — Dovetails — Mortising Dovetail Machine — Bagging and Weighing Scales — Automatic Bagging and Weighing Machine — Turpentine Still — Flour Packer.

Section XIX. Textile And Manufacturing Devices, Etc

Pattern Burring Machine — Cotton-Seed Hulling Machine — Cotton Bat Compressor and Condenser — Cocoanut-Paring Machine — Flock Grinding Machine — Flax- Scutching Machine — Multiple-Strand Cordage Machine — Paper Enameling Machine- — Cordage-Making Machine — Three-strand Cordage Machine — Thirty-two-Strand Cordage Machine — Flocking Machine — Electric Cloth Cutter — Quarter Sawing of Lumber — Evolution of the Lag Screw — Porcelain Molding Machine — Diamond Cutting — Diamond Crusher and Mortar — Diamond Hand Tools and Drills — Combination Press — Artificial Flower-Branching Machine.

Section XX. Engineering And Construction, Etc

Four-Spool Hoisting Engine — Disintegrator — Foundry Construction — Excavator and Rotary Screen — Universal Pocket Level — Adjustable Beam Clamp — Gravity Elevator — Portable Concrete Mixer — Concrete Mixer — Trench Brace — Types of Machine-Shop Construction — Wood Preservation Apparatus — Wire- Guy Gripper — Timer Creosoting Apparatus — Electrically Driven Hammer — Duplex Rolling Lift Bridge — Balanced Swing Bridge — Fall Rope Cable Carrier — Crib Dam — Counterbalanced Drawbridge — Earth Embankment — High Structures — Transfer Bridge — Gigantic Wheel — Moving Platform — Traveling Stairway or Ramp.

Section XXI. Miscellaneous Devices

Portable Saw — Stump-Pulling Machine — Motor Roller-Disk Plow — Automobile Plow — Reversible Plow — Tethering Hook — Fountain Wash Boiler — Potato- Washing Machine — Potato-Rasping Machine — Paris Green Duster — Automobile Mowing Machine — Modern Two-Horse Mower — Cream Separator — Refrigeration — Model Cold-Storage House — Modern Grain Harvester — Compound Thresher — Refuse Crematory — Conical Charcoal Kiln — Coking Oven — Destructor Furnace — Life-Saving Net — Remington Typewriter — United States Army and Navy Guns — United States Magazine Rifle — Breech-Block Mechanism — Magazine Pistol — Artificial Ankle — Artificial Leg.

Section XXII. Draughting Devices

Geometrical Pen — Ellipsograph — The Campylograph.

Section XXIII. Perpetual Motion

Perpetual Motion — The Inventor's Paradox — The Prevailing Type — Marquis of Worcester — Folding-Arm Type — Chain Wheel — Magnetism and Gravity — The Pick-up-Ball Type — The Ball-Carrying Belt — Ferguson's Type to prove its impossibility — Revolving Tubes and Balls — Geared Motive Power — The Differential Hydrostatic Wheel — The Lever Type — The Rocking Beam — Tilting Tray and Ball — The Rolling Ring which did not Roll — Differential Water Wheel — The Gear Problem — Mercurial Wheel — The Air-bag Problem — Air Transfer in Submerged Wheel — Extending weights and water transfer — The

Sponge Problem of Sir W. Congreve, of Rocket Fame — Transfer of Air — Differential Weight of Balls — Inclined Disk and Balls — Self-Moving Water Power — Chain Pump as Known in 1618 — The Archimedean screw for raising balls — Differential Weight by Flotation — The Flotation Problem — Liquid Transfer — ■ Chain-Pump Type — Mercurial Displacement in a cistern of water — Air-Buoyed Wheel — The Overbalanced Cylinder — The Hydrostatic Weight or differential volume problem — Capillary attraction type — Magnetic Pendulum — Magnetic Wheel — Magnetic Mill of the Middle of the Eighteenth Century — Regenerating Pendulum — Magnetic Wheel — Alternate Magnet Type — Electro-Magnetic Type — Electrical Generation.

ADDITIONS TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

Section I — Potato-Digging Machine — Improved Power Crank — Useful Foot Vise — Stone Crusher — Hand-Propelled Velocipede

Section IH — Cement-Testing Machine — Timing Device for Speed Indicator. Section VI — Eight-Cylinder V Engine — Unit Power Plant for Automobiles. Section VH — Hydraulic Power Transmission — Inward Flow Turbine. Section VHI — Zeppelin Airship — Modern Aeroplane. Section IX — Gasoline Vaporizer for Engines.

Section X — Magnetic Drive — Electric Iron — Electric Boat Propeller — Electrically Operated Valve.

Section XI — Hydroplane — Electric Starter for Boat Engines — Adjustable Propeller — Wind-Operated Boat Propeller — Bali-Bearing Thrust Block — Flying Boat.

Section XIII — Coaling Station — Gyro-Car.

Section XIV — Variable Speed Gear — Silent Chain Gearing — Motor Vehicle Steering Gear — Skew Bevel Gearing.

Section XV — Bail-Bearing for Shafts.

Section XVIII— Electric I-Beam Traveler — Triplex Block — Conveyor for Bakery.

Section XIX — Nailing Machine.

Section XX — Aerial Cableway — Continuous Concrete Mixer.

SECTION I.

MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER.

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

AND

NOVELTIES OF CONSTRUCTION,

Section I.

MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER.

i. LEVER IN A DRAUGHT EQUALIZER for four horses.

This equalizer consists of a doubletree having singletrees, a bar pivoted

at one end to a lateral frame on the pole and connected at its outer end to the doubletree, a crossbar pivoted to the rear end of the pole being connected at one end by a rod connected at its other end to the bar pivoted to the lateral frame on the pole. The singletrees on the opposite side of the pole are pivoted to the end of a bar extending across the pole and pivoted to the crossbar. By this construction the draught of the horses secured to all the singletrees will be equalized, the doubletree on the pole being permitted to have a movement backward and forward on the end of a bar which is free to swing beneath the raised portion of a strap secured to the pole. 2 i 7 i8

MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER.

2. TIMBER OR LOG GRAPPLE. A handy device for carrying heavy timbers, joists, railroad ties, telegraph poles, etc.

3. LEVER EQUALIZER FOR SULKY PLOWS. Two jaws, forming a double clevis, attached to the front end of the beam

of the plow, and so arranged that by means of a series of holes in the jaws the plow may be regulated to run at a greater or less depth, and also to cut a furrow of any desired width.

Two levers of different lengths, to which the draught eveners of the team are secured, are pivoted one on either side of the jaws, and are connected by a chain that passes around a sheave secured on the under side of the drawbar. By this means the draught is equalized between the two beams. Swinging arms, pivoted to the sides of the beam, sustain the chains and hold them so as to draw straight from the equalizing levers.

4. LEVER EQUALIZER FOR THREE HORSES on single pole. The arms, A C, are fastened to opposite sides of the tongue,

and the pivots in their ends are at equal distances from the tongue. To the end of the arm, A, is pivoted a doubletree, B, to one end of which a singletree, G, is held, and to the opposite end a singletree, F, is held adjustably by a pin passed through one of a series of holes in the end of the doubletree. The doubletree is pivoted about two-fifths of its length from the outer end. To the end of the arm, C, is pivoted a doubletree, D, on the outer end of which a singletree, H, is held by a pin through one of a row of holes. The inner end of this doubletree is connected by loops, E, with the middle of the doubletree, B. The doubletree, D, is pivoted about one-third of its length from its inner end. By means of the holes in the ends of the two doubletrees the leverage can be varied to suit conditions. The direct draught of the tongue is in the center of the two draught points.

MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER.

5. LEVER NIPPERS. A labor-saving device in the hands of the wire worker. Its lever advantage is readily seen by inspection of the detailed parts as a compound lever, which doubles the cutting power of the nippers.

wnmmmm.

5A. THREE-HORSE EVENER. This three-horse evener differs from the ordinary kind in that the extension parts are used to hitch the third horse in front of the tongue.

It is made by using the

doubletree for a two-horse team and, in place of the singletrees, use the pieces shown.

Each of these pieces is a little longer than one-half the length of the doubletree. Each piece is fastened to the doubletree in place of a singletree at a point one-third the way from one end. The singletrees are fastened to the short end of the pieces, and the longer ends

of the two are joined with two bars and a clevis which is attached to a chain running on the under side of the tongue. The chain is kept from sagging by several hooks or rings fastened in the wood. This evener prevents the lead horse from pulling the greater part of the load. The engraving shows the under side of the tongue.

5B. POTATO-DIGGING MACHINE. By means of this invention the potatoes are not only dug from the ground, but may be separated from the dirt and deposited in piles to enable them to be conveniently gathered later on. The machine comprises a double-

MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER.

wheel truck or barrow, carrying a series of curved teeth which are formed in one piece, after the manner of a rake. These teeth are

operated by a pivoted lever, by means of which they are forced into the ground just at the rear of a hill of potatoes. A reverse movement of the lever lifts the dirt and potatoes above the surface, and the dirt is sifted out between the teeth until only the potatoes remain. A slight movement of the barrow to one side tilts the potatoes out on the ground between the hills, when the machine is advanced to the next hill and the operation is repeated.

5C. IMPROVED POWER CRANK. The illustration represents a crank designed for use in any machine driven by a crank, from a

coffee mill to a locomotive, its use giving greater leverage without increasing the circle traveled by the crank pin or handle. In the engraving the improvement is represented as adapted for bicycle propulsion, Fig. i being a side view and Fig. 2 a view looking down from above, showing the different distances of the pedals from the hub of the sprocket wheel in their downward and upward movement.

The improvement has been patented, and the applicability of the principle to any machine used to transmit power will be readily seen. Forming a part of or rigidly secured to the bearings of the sprocket wheel shaft are projecting bearings for rings which carry the cranks, and which have circular peripheries that are eccentric in respect to the axis of the shaft. The opposite cranks are so secured to

MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER.

the rings as to constitute rigid extensions of them, and both the rings and central shaft are preferably provided with ball bearings. To each end of the shaft is secured an arm whose outer end is connected by a link to the crank, the crank being in advance of the arm, or preceding it in the direction of rotation, whereby the pull of the crank is imparted with most directness during the time the crank is passing through the operative half of its stroke. It will be observed that the gain in leverage is obtained without the use of slotted cranks, slides or other operative elements such as would cause excessive friction.

5D. USEFUL FOOT VISE. This shows a simple foot vise made from a blacksmith's vise in which the jaws are good. Strap A is J^ inch by 2^2 inches.

One is used on each side and bent as shown.

There are four links, E, two on each side, to form a -toggle linkage. A coil spring is used to open the jaws, which are held closed by the foot treadle.

5E. STONE CRUSHER. This powerful machine is a good example of the practical application of lever power. The rocks are

fed in between the fixed crusher plate L and the movable plate K, which is hinged at NN and worked from lever B by toggle link J.

Lever B carries roller G at its upper end and is moved by cam HH. Owing to the great multiplication of power obtained, the material is pulverized in very small particles.

MECHANIC AL POWER. LEVER.

5i. HAXD-PROPELLED VELOCIPEDE. The design of the machine is somewhat similar to the small carts which have been so

popular, but the geared driving mechanism of the latter has been replaced by the rotary drum and belt movement . Pro visic i made for rewinding the belt on the drum after each pull on the driving lever, with a ratchet to release the drum and permit it to run free on the driving shaft while the vehicle is under way. The feet are used to steer the wagon, two sliding braces being placed on the floor within easy reach, excess pressure on either block forcing the adjacent wheel in front. A brake lever is placed within convenient a of the rider, and the seat is capable of considerable adjustment for children of large or small size.

Section II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER

6. UNIVERSAL SCREW DRIVER.

The handle has a ratchet socket in which the three-point blade may be inserted for greater power or to accommodate special conditions.

7. A section showing the ratchet and pawl socket for holding the square shank of the blade for corner work.

8. QUICK COUPLING for

sewer rods. Makes a smooth continuous rod that can not uncouple while in use.

9. TRANSMISSION of power by, wire rope and anchored levers.

The braced tee pieces A B, with their arms connected with a distant rocker by the wire W W, pivoted to the windmill frame and to the crank rod at A, make a very effective method of operating a pump at a distance. A strong fence wire is sufficient for a house pump and may be supported on rollers for long distances. 23

TRANSMISSION OF POWER.

10. BAG ELEVATOR. The bags are delivered from a car door on to a grating through which the forked hands of the elevator picks them up and discharges upon an inclined chute grating to slide to a horizontal carrier from which they are deposited at any desired place.

The forked hands are braced loosely to the sprocket chains, which are guided in grooved posts, so that there is no sag to the forks when the load is on.

ii. HORIZONTAL CONVEYOR. Receives the bags from the elevator (Fig. 10) and deposits them along a warehouse floor by dumping them off the side at places where the inclined guide board is set

12. I BEAM TROLLEY. A simple and effective apparatus with a chain tackle for setting heavy work in lathes and moving light articles in shops.

The I beam makes a most convenient outrigger from the front of a warehouse or factor} r for the transfer of goods to and from trucks.

13. TWO WAY CON- VEYOR. Method by which a rope and disk conveyor can be made to change its direction.

For grain, gravel, sand, clay, and other loose material.

14. ROPE TRAMWAY CAR- RIAGE. Bleichert System. The upper rope is the bearing cable and trolley, the lower one is the hauling rope with the grip device attached to the car frame. The pull of a lanyard starts or stops the car.

15. Shows a side view of the open car frame and grip cam.

16. FRICTION PULLEY. The central hub A, which is keyed to the shaft, is turned up to form a bearing for the pulley and for the

cover B fastened over the circular chamber in the pulley. The gripping dogs or levers C — hung at the ends of the arms on hub A — are finished at one end to fit the friction surface in the pulley chamber. The countershaft is drilled out to receive the hardened rod D, which is connected to the shipper. As the rod is moved in the shaft by the shipper, a double wedge— formed on the rod — forces out the two pins E, and these pins press the gripping levers tight against the friction surface. When the rod is moved in the opposite direction the springs force the pins toward the center and release the levers. A screw plug at the back of the chamber can be removed and the pins E adjusted to give the gripping levers the desired pressure.