Pinnock's improved edition of Dr. Goldsmith's history of Greece, abridged for the use of schools. Revised, corrected, and very considerably enlarged by the addition of several new chapters and numerous useful notes, together with questions for examination at the end of each section

Front matter

n

B«H

DR. GOLDSMITI

Preface

The alterations that have been made in this new edition of the Grecian history are so numerous and extensive, as almost to make it a new work. The original history of Dr. Goldsmith contains many anecdotes of questionable authority, and very doubtful interest, derived from Plutarch and Curtius, while such important matters as the Dorian migration and the sedition of Cylon are wholly omitted. The compiler of the abridgment, following the same track, hurried over some of the most important periods with brief and scanty notice, while he assigned very disproportionate length to a few isolated incidents. The present editor has endeavoured to remedy both evils, by abridging whatever appeared too diffuse, expanding those parts which were so brief as to be scarcely intelligible, and supplying the numerous omissions of the original work. The authorities to which he has principally had recourse, are the histories of Gillies and Mitford in the earlier part of the work, and Leland and Gast for the period subsequent to the third Peloponnesian war. A brief sketch of modern Grecian history is subjoined, in order that the student may have an opportunity of comparing the present prospects with the former fame of Greece.

The introductory chapters are for the most part an abridgment of Professor Heeren's valuable work on the political history of Greece : they contain a view of the principal causes that operated in forming the national character of that people, whose history the student is about to peruse, and a sketch of those circumstances of situation, climate, religion, and government, which influenced, in no small degree, the various fortlll the different states.

The concluding chapters contain some account of Grecian literature and philosophy, designed to stimulate, rather than gratify curiosity: and to excite in the youthful student a desire for more intimate acquaintance with those works which, after the lapse of so many centuries, still continue the noblest monuments of human genius.

A brief sketch of the history of the minor states and of the islands is subjoined to the Appendix, and references are given to the share they had in any of the transactions recorded in the body of the work.

Chapter I

From the fabulous and heroic ages, to the abolition of royalty in the

several states 59

6 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IT.

Of the government of Sparta, and the laws of Lycurgus.

SECTION" I.

The legislation of Lycurgus 68

SECTIOV II.

The laws of Lycurgus that more particularly influenced the Spartan character, and the first Messenian war 74

SECTION III. The second Messenian war 79

CHAPTER 111.

Of the government of Athens, the laws of Solon, and the history of the republic from the time of Solon to the commencement of the first Persian war.

Section II

The sacred war against the Crisseans and Cirrheans — the usurpation of the Peisistratidae 92

CHAPTER IV.

From the expulsion of Hippias to the death of Miltiades.

SECTION I.

The preparations made by Darius for the invasion of Greece 100

SECTION II.

CHAPTER V.

From the death of Miltiades to the retreat of Xerxes out of Greece.

SECTION" I.

The extensive preparations of Xerxes for the invasion of Greece, and the measures taken by the Greeks to secure their independence Ill

SECTION* II.

Second Persian invasion; battles of Thermopylae, Artemisium and Salamis 117

CHAPTER VI.

Page

From the retreat of Xerxes out of Greece to the battle of Mycale. . 127

CHAPTER VII.

From the battle of Mycale to the peace concluded between the Greeks and Persians.

SECTION I.

The rebuilding of Athens — The conspiracy of Pausanias, and banishment of Themistocles 133

SECTION II.

The conclusion of the second Persian war 138

CHAPTER VIII.

From the peace with Persia to the peace of Nicias.

SECTION I.

The causes that led to the war between Athens and Sparta — The Corcyrean war 143

SECTION II.

First Peloponnesian war — The great plague — The siege and destruction of Plataea 149

Section III

First Peloponnesian war continued — The narrow escape of the Lesbians — The civil wars of Corcyra — The affair at Pylos — Death of Cleon and Brasidas — Peace of Nicias 153

CHAPTER IX.

From the peace of Nicias to the end of the Peloponnesian war.

y SECTION I.

The causes that led to a renewal of the war between Athens and Sparta 159

SECTION II.

The Athenian expedition to Sicily 164

SECTION III.

The siege of Syracuse 169

8 CONTENTS.

Section VIII

The battle of ^Egos-Potamos — Athens taken by Lysander, and the Peloponesian war concluded 193

CHAPTER X.

From the demolition of the Athenian power to the peace of Antalcidas.

section r.

The reign of the thirty tyrants at Athens — The restoration of liberty by Thrasibulus 198

SECTION II.

The death of Socrates — The retreat of the ten thousand 203

section III.

The victories of Agesilaus — The peace of Antalcidas 208

CHAPTER XI.

The third Peloponnesian war.

Section I

The early history of Macedon ; the circumstances under which Philip obtained the crown— Greece distracted by the Phocian or second sacred war 03^

SECTION 11.

The Athenians become jealous of Philip— The character of Demoshenes— The termination of the second sacred war 241

section v. Return from India — Death of Alexander 291

CHAPTER XV.

The successors of Alexander 296

CHAPTER XVI.

The Achsean league — The first interference of the Romans in the affairs of Greece 303

CHAPTER XVII.

The wars between the Romans and Macedonians 309

CHAPTER XVIII.

Subjugation of Greece by the Romans 317

CHAPTER XIX.

The modern history of Greece 322

CHAPTER XX.

On the literature of the Greeks.

section ii. The dramatic poets 337

section hi.

The Greek historians and orators 341

section it.

Science and the fiue arts 348

SECTION V.

Page

Appendix

SECTION I.

Historical notices of the Minor Grecian states 361

SECTION II.

Historical notices of the Grecian Islands 365

HISTORY OF GREECE.

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

NATURAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE.

1. A glance at the map of the world, as known to the ancients, will be sufficient to convince us, that no country derived more advantages from its natural position, than that which we, in imitation of the Romans, denominate Greece. It was in the centre of the most cultivated portions of the three continents ; a short passage by sea divided it from Italy ; and the voyage to Egypt, Asia Mi'nor, and Phceni'cia, though somewhat longer, seemed scarcely more dangerous. Its extensive coasts, indented with bays, landing-places, and natural harbours, compensated for the absence of large rivers, and pointed it out in the earliest ages as the country best situated for commerce ; and though Phceni'cia was the parent of navigation, that art is indebted to Greece for its most material improvements. 2. The nature of the country afforded the inhabitants other advantages equally striking; watered in every direction by an infinite number of small streams, intersected by ranges of lofty hills alternating with fertile plains, and enjoying a warmer climate than any other part of Europe, the Greeks were enabled to pay equal attention to the different branches of cultivation, and to pursue a diversity of occupations. 3. Its extent from north to south, viz. : from the promontory of Tae'narum to the Cambunian mountains,* is about two hundred and twenty-five miles ; from its eastern extremity the promontory of Su'nium in

* Macedonia was not reckoned a part of Greece, until a very late period ; it is therefore omitted here, but its geography and history will be found in the first section of the twelfth chapter.

6 13

Attica, to the Leucadian cape, its most western headland, the distance is about one hundred and sixty miles. Its superficial content was about 29, GOO square miles, not quite two-thirds of the extent of the modern kingdom of Portugal.

4. Nature still further subdivided the country into three nearly equal portions, by separating the Peloponne'sus from the mainland, and intersecting the latter by the chain of Mount (Eta, which runs nearly parallel to the northern boundary. The countries in northern Greece were Thessaly on the east, and Epi'rus on the west.

5. Thessaly was the portion of Greece most favoured by nature. It was on three sides surrounded by mountains ; the continued chain of (Eta, O'thrys, and Pin'dus bounded it on the south and west, the Cambu'nian mountains limited it on the north ; and on the east, the peaks of Ossa and Olym'pus rose above them along the coast of the iEge'an sea. It was watered by the magnificent river Pe'neus, which, rising in mount Pindus, flowed through it from west to east; and by a number of tributary streams which joined this river from the north and south. 6. The traditions of the ancients related, that the Pe'neus had stagnated for several centuries, until* an earthquake divided Ossa from Olym'- pus, and opened for it a passage to the iEge'an sea through the delicious vale of Tem'pe. Thus the soil of Thessaly had been long subjected to a fertilizing process, and rose from the floods ready to reward the cultivator by the most luxuriant harvests. 7. It was divided into live provinces ;

1 Estiae'otis, whose chief cities were Gom'phi and Aro'zus:

2 Pelasgio'tis, in which the most remarkable places were Laris'sa, Gon'ni, and the vale of Tempe : 3 Thessalia'tis, which contained the city of Phar'salus, and the memorable plains of Pharsa'lia : 4 Phthio'tis, the country of Achil'les, containing several towns, of which Phe'ree was the most important: and 5 Magne'sia, a district on the sea-coast, with a capital of the same name. There were several smaller districts named from the tribes by which they were inhabited, such as Perrhce'bia, &c. On the north side of the Pe'neus, the pure Hellenic race was not to be found ; the tribes who resided there were of Il'lyrian descent, of whom some considered themselves as belonging to the Thessalian and others to the Macedonian nation.

* The poets say, that this was done by Hercules.

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE. 15

8. Thessaly presented many facilities for internal navi gation, but none of them were improved bv art; in the heroic ages it produced the best soldiers in Greece ; but the fertility of the soil proved their ruin. They rioted in sensual enjoyments, and were proverbial for their intense selfishness "Though Olympus, the habitation of the gods, stood on their land, nothing godlike was ever unfolded within its precincts. '* Their cities, alternately the prey of anarchy and tyranny, never produced men conspicuous for their love of freedom ; and though the country was populous and studded with excellent military positions, it submitted without a struggle first to the yoke of Xerxes, and subsequently to that of Philip. J

9. Epi'roa was next to Thessaly the largest, but it was the least cultivated division of Greece. Its inhabitants were of the lllynan rather than Hellen'ic race, but the royal family claimed to be descended from Achil'les. Its principal divisions were, 1 Molos'sis, of which the chief city was Arabra'cio, on the gulf to which it gave name, and 2 Thespro'tia, whose capital was Buthro'tum. In the interior of Epi'rus, was Dodo'na, celebrated for the oracle of Jupiter, the common object of veneration to all the Hellenic tribes

10. Central Greece, or Hel'las, had the chain of Mount Ckta on the north ; the Mali'ac bay, and the Euri'pus on the east; the Saron'ic and Corinthian gulfs on the south; and the 1 oman sea on the west. It contained nine districts.

11. "I. At'tica, a foreland extending towards the southeast and gradually diminishing. Its length was about sixtvthree miles, and its greatest breadth in a north-westerly direction about twenty-five miles, but it tapers more and more to a point, till it ends in the rocky promontory of feu mum t The country is naturally barren, indeed it never produced corn sufficient for the support of its inhabitants; but the climate was salubrious ; the Ilis'sus, Cephis'sus, and other small streams afforded a plentiful supply of the purest water ; and the plains were particularly adapted to the culture of the olive. Its chief, indeed its only, city was Athens ;± the other towns, such as Mar'athon, Eleu'sis, Dece'lia, &c. were little better than villages. The country was very

* Heeren.

f On the summit of this rock was a temple of Minerva. Some columns still remain, from which Sunium is now called Cape Colonna. ft is the scene of Falconer's beautiful poem, the Shipwreck.

$ See next chapter.

mountainous, but the mountains were not of excessive height; the most remarkable were, Hyme'ttus, Pentel'icus, and Lau'rium.*

12. II. Meg'aris, the smallest of the Grecian countries, lay between Attica, of which it once formed a part, and the Corinthian isthmus. It contained the city of Meg'ara and the celebrated sea-port Nisae'a. Megaris was wrested from the Ionic inhabitants of Attica by a Dorict colony.

13. III. Boeo'tia lay to the northwest of Attica, and exhibited in almost every respect a different character. It may be generally described as a large plain shut in by the chain of Parnas'sus, Hel'icon, and Cithae'ron on the west and south. Mount Cne'mis joined it on the north, and Pto'us lay between that and the sea. Numerous rivers, of which the Cephis'susJ was the chief, descended from these mountains, and stagnating in the plains, produced several marshes and lakes ; among which, Copa'is, celebrated for its delicious eels, is the largest and most remarkable. The soil of Bceo'tia was among the most fruitful in Greece, and the country was the most thickly inhabited. Besides Thebes,§ the capital, it contained Platae'ae, Tanag'ra, Thes'piae, Chaeronei'a, Lebadei'a, Leuc'tra, and Orchom'enus,— names which we shall frequently meet in the ensuing history ; for the fate of Greece was often decided in Bceotia.

14. IV. Pho'cis, a district of moderate size and irregular shape, extending from mount (Eta to the bay of Corinth. It contained the mountain-passes that were considered the key both to Bceo'tia and At'tica. The most important was that near Elatei'a ; and hence arose!| the terror of the Athenians when they learned that Philip had seized on that city. Besides Elatei'a, the capital, Phocis contained the town and celebrated oracle of Delphi,! and the city of Cris'sa with its excellent harbour, Cir'rha. The most remarkable mountain was Parnas'sus.

15. V. Lo'cris; this district was divided into two portions by Pho'cis and mount Parnas'sus ; the eastern part was inhabited by two tribes, the Epicnemid'ii and Opunt'n, deriving their names from mount Cne'mis and the city of O'pus. It lies along the Euri'pus, or narrow strait that separates Eubae'a from Bceo'tia, and contains but one place

* See next chapter. t 8«* History, chap. I.

i This must not be confounded with the Cephiniu in Attica. § See the next chapter. I Set History.

1 Se« next chapter.

EOGRAPHY OF GREECE. 17

of importance — the memorable straits of Thermop'ylae. 16. This pass was considered as the only road by which an army could march from Thessaly to Hellas ; for nothing more than a footpath ran across the mountains : consequently, at the time of the Persian invasion, and indeed at a much later period, it was looked upon as the gate of Greece. The following description of the place, copied from Herod'otus, will enable the reader to conceive how it was, that with such an inferior force, Leon'idas was able to resist the countless myriads of Persia. " At Thermop'ylae, a steep and inaccessible mountain rises on the west side, in the direction of (Eta; but on the east side are the sea and marshes. There are warm* fountains in the pass, and an altar to Hercules stands near them. On going from Trachest to Hellas, the road is but half a plelh'rum (fifty feet) wide, yet the narrowest part is not there, but just in front and at the back of Thermop'ylae, where there is but room for one carriage."

17. VI. The western part of Lo'cris was inhabited by a tribe called Oz'olas: it extended along the northern coasts of the Corinthian bay, and contained two considerable cities — Amphis'sa in the interior, and Naupac'tus, now called Lepanto.

18. VII. The small and mountainous district of Doris at the foot of mount (Eta. This country is only remarkable for having been the residence of the Heracli'dae during their exile, and for having been the native country of those Doric tribes who produced such great revolutions in southern Greece.

19. VIII. and IX. ^Eto'lia and Acarna'nia ; these two provinces, though of considerable size, and as much favoured by nature as any of those we have mentioned, took no prominent part in the affairs of Greece, until the time when the country was about to fall under the dominion of the Romans. The ^Eto'lians then made a fierce but unsuccessful struggle for independence, and were treated with barbarous cruelty by the conquerors. In the heroic ages, both these districts produced several heroes : both were peopled by Helle'nic tribes, and yet they remained sunk in barbarism after Athens had reached the summit oi civilization. The river Adielo'us divided these districts. The principal town

* Hence the place received its name from Thermal, hot springs, and Pylai, gales.

f A town of Phthiotis in Thessaly. b2 of iEto'lia was Cal'ydon, on the Eve'nus ; and of Acarna'- nia, Stra'tus.

20. The peninsula which contains southern Greece was anciently called the A'pian Land ;* but when Pe'lops had established his authority in that part of the country, in honour of him it was named the Peloponne'sus. In modern times it is called the Mo'rea, from its resemblance in shape to the leaf of a mulberry. In the centre of the peninsula is a lofty range of hills, branching out in several directions ; between these are rich and fertile plains, watered by the mountain streams ; but there is not any river of considerable magnitude. It contained eight countries.

21. I. Arca'dia, a mountainous inland district, nowhere bordering on the sea-coast. The general appearance of the country is very similar to that of Switzerland, and this resemblance extended to the character of the inhabitants ; both were distinguished by the love of freedom and the love of money. The Arca'dian mercenaries were just as ready to fight for pay as the Swiss of the seventeenth century, and were equally indifferent to the justice of the cause for which they drew their swords. The inhabitants led a pastoral life, and the poets always described the Arca'dians as models of rural felicity. 22. The principal mountains in Arca'dia were Cylle'ne, Eryman'thus, Mce'nalus, Lycae'us, &c. From these descended the streams which watered the Peloponne'sus, two of which only merit the name of rivers, the Pe'neus and the Euro'tas. Stym'phalus, the only lake in southern Greece, was in Arca'dia : it was the scene of one of the labours of Her'cules. The principal cities of Arca'dia were Mantinei'a, Tegei'a, Orcho'menus, Pso'phis, and Megalo'polis, which in a later age became the capital of the country.

23. II. Laco'nia ; this district, which may well be termed the land of heroes, extended to the south of Arca'dia, about sixty-six miles in length, by thirty-six in breadth. Though rugged and mountainous, it was very thickly inhabited, so that it is said to have contained nearly one hundred towns and villages. It was watered by the Euro'tas, a river celebrated throughout Greece for the clearness and purity of its streams. The chief towns were Sparta f t the capital, Amy'- clae, celebrated for the oracle of Apollo, and Gyth'ium, which was the harbour for the Spartan fleet, when the state, mis-

* See History, chap. I. t Sec next cha P ter »

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE. 19

taking its true policy, endeavoured to become a naval power. Laco'nia terminated in two headlands, between which lay the Laconian bay, called now the Gulf of Colokythia ; the cape at the eastern extremity was named Male'a, now St. Angelo, that on the west was called Taena'rium, now Matapan.

24. III. Messe'nia; the chain of Mount Tayge'tus divides this fertile province from Laconia. The rich plains of Messe'nia early attracted the cupidity of the Spartans, who at length made themselves masters of the country, and by having thus doubled their territories, became the first of the Grecian states.* The chief towns were Messe'ne, Metho'ne, and Py'lus,t the modern Navarino. The other most remarkable places were the mountain fortresses of Ithome and Eira.

25. IV. Ar'golis ; this country, so celebrated in the heroic ages, consists of a neck of land stretching out into the sea about fifty-four miles, until it terminates in the promontory of Scyllasum ; between it and Attica was the Saronic gulf, (now Gulf of Engia,) and on the other side lay the Argolic bay, (now Gulf of Napoli.) Its principal cities were Argos, once the chief in Greece, Mycae'ne, the residence of Agamem'non, Epidau'rus, and Trceze'ne. The other remarkable places were Ti'ryns, Neme'a, and Cynu'ria, the scene of several exploits of Her'cules. The Argives, though possessed of an extensive and well-situated country, lost their pre-eminence after the Trojan war, and did not again take a lead in the affairs of Greece.

26. V. E'lis, on the western side of the Peloponnesus. This district may be called the holy land of Greece, since it was the spot where the different branches of the Hellenic race met together as one people, and forgot petty animosities in their common worship of the Olympic Jupiter. No wars were allowed to violate this sacred soil: armies indeed were permitted to pass through, but they were first deprived of their weapons, which were not restored until they had again crossed the boundaries. It was subdivided into three districts, Elis, deriving its name from the capital city which stood on the banks of the Pe'neus ; Pisa'tis,

* See History, chap. II.

•j- This harbour and the neighbouring island of Spnactena have been the scene of great exploits, both in the ancient and modern wars of Greece.

called after the ancient city of Pisa ; and Tri'phylia, a woody country extending to Messe'nia.

27. Of these the most remarkable was Pisa'tis, as it contained Olym'pia, a district round the city of Pi'sa, where every five years the Olym'pic games were celebrated. The Ele'ans, after having vanquished the Pi'sans, presided at these games ; and thus acquired a considerable influence in Greece. On the banks of the Al'phis stood the sacred grove called Al'tis, a sanctuary of the arts, such as the world has never since beheld. Its centre was occupied by the temple of Olympian Jove, and was in fact the national temple of Greece ; in it was the celebrated colossal statue of Jupiter, probably the most splendid piece of sculpture that ever existed. Besides this temple there was within the enclosure two chapels sacred to Ju'no and Luci'na, the theatre, the sta'dium, where feats of strength were exhibited, and the race-ground. The entire grove was filled with statues, the works of the most eminent artists, and the different Greek states vied with each other in sending rich presents to adorn this spot, which they looked on as the common pride and property of their nation.

28. VI. Achai'a, on the southern shores of the Corinthian bay, in the north-west of the Peloponnesus.* The inhabitants of this district had been expelled by the Do'rians from their original settlements in the south of the Peloponnesus, and had in their turn driven out the Io'nians from this province, to which they gave their own name. They did not take a prominent part in the affairs of Greece until after the death of Alexander ; but then the Achae'an league, as the alliance by which their twelve cities were united was called, became for a time the sole defence of Grecian liberty. But though Achai'a did not become illustrious by giving birth to great generals, statesmen, or poets, it always possessed good laws, which might well compensate for the deficiency. For a long time they continued to enjoy a happy tranquillity, undisturbed by the wars of their neighbours. Their country was in nobody's way, and excited no person's cupidity. Even during the three Peloponnesian wars, when the rest of Greece was suffering from all the horrors of internal discord; the Achae'ans remained neutral. .

29. VII. Sicyo'nia, this was a narrow slip of territory

* See History, chap. I.

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE. 21

between Achaia and the isthmus. Its principal town was Sic'yon, said to have been the most ancient in all Greece.

30. VIII. The isthmus of Cor'inth, between the Co'rinthian and Saron'ic gulfs. In point of extent this was one of the smallest states in Greece, but the commercial advantages of its situation were more than an equivalent for the deficiency of its territorial possession. Like Venice in a subsequent age, the city of Cor'inth* flourished most when its dominions were limited to the immediate precincts of the city.

31. The islands of Greece maybe conveniently classified in three divisions ; those which lie immediately off the coast, those which are collected in groups, and those which lie separate in the open sea. On the west coast in the Io'- nian sea, was a chain of islands, of which the chief were Corcy'ra,t Leuca'dia, Itha'ca, Cephalo'nia, and Zacyn'thus. On the south, off the coast of Laco'nia, lay Cythe'ra. In the Saro'nic gulf were Sal'amis and iEgi'na; ascending further on the eastern side, we meet Euboe'a off the Boeotian coast, from which it is separated by the Euri'pus ; Halonne'sus bordering on Thessaly, and still farther north Tha'sus, Im'brus, Samo'thrace, and Lem'nos.

32. The principal clusters of islands were the Cyc'lades and Spor'ades in the iEgean sea.

The most remarkable separate islands were Crete, Cyprus, and Rhodes, in the Mediterranean sea.

33. This survey of Greece, considered merely in its geographical character, enables us to deduce certain inferences which may throw light on the history of the nation. And first, it appears that Greece was naturally cut up into certain divisions, of which one could not easily control the other. Thessaly could not without difficulty retain dominion over the 'nations south of Mount (Eta ; still less could Hellas exercise supremacy over the Peloponnesus, or the Peloponnesus over Hellas. There were limits provided by nature for those who desired and could enjoy freedom, within which liberty was secured against all attacks of neighbouring states. It was easy to defend Thermopylae and the Corinthian isthmus. Even a foreign conqueror could effect little, so long as the nation refused to forge its own chains.

34. Secondly, there never was a country of the same extent as Greece, in which nature had done so much for

* See next chapter. j- See Clasgical Geography.

the different branches of industry. It was not merely an agricultural, pastoral, or commercial country, but it was all three in conjunction. This variety of pursuits in active life, led to the acquisition of various kinds of knowledge, and prevented that narrowness of thought which arises from attention to a single object.

35. Finally, as we have already stated, no country afforded such facilities to navigation, while the art was as yet imperfect. On the way to Asia Minor and Phce'nicia, one island almost touched another ; it was not difficult to reach Italy; and the coasts of Egypt were not far distant from Crete. Thus does Greece appear, in the dispensation of Providence, to have been marked out as the country by which the blessings of civilization should be brought from the eastern into the western world.

1. What advantages resulted from the geographical position of Greece ?

2. Were any benefits derived from the nature of the country 1

3. What was the extent of ancient Greece ]

4. How was the country naturally subdivided

5. How was Thessaly bounded ]

G. Has any tradition been preserved which accounts for its early fertility 1

7. What were the divisions of Thessaly ]

8. Did the Thessalians maintain a high national character ?

9. How was Epirus divided ]

10. What were the boundaries of Hellas ]

11. Did Attica contain any remarkable places besides Athens?

12. What was the situation of Megaris 1

13. What were the most remarkable places in Bceotia ?

14. Did Phocis contain any places of note]

15. How was Locris divided ?

1 6. In what manner has Thermopylae been described ]

17. What was the chief city of the Locri Ozolae ]

18. Where was Doris situated 1

19. Is there any thing remarkable in the history of the JEtolians]

20. What names have been given to the southern peninsula of Greece ?

21. To what modern nation were the Arcadians similar]

22. What were the most remarkable places in Arcadia ]

23. Did Laconia contain many places of note ]

24. By whom were the Messenians subdued !

25. What were the most remarkable places in Argolis ]

26. Why was the soil of Elis deemed sacred !

27. How is Olympia described !

28. For what was Achaia remarkable ]

29. Which was the most ancient state of Greece ]

PRINCIPAL GRECIAN CITIES. 23

30. What state was situated on the isthmus 1

31. Did any remarkable islands lie immediately off the Grecian coast 1 '

32. What were the other islands 1

33. How does Greece appear to have been naturally fitted for the esta-

blishment of independent states.

34. Did any advantages result from the variety of soil and climate 1

35. Why was Greece the source of civilization to the western world !

Chapter II

PRINCIPAL GRECIAN CITIES. ATHENS, THEBES, DELPHI,

SPARTA, CORINTH.

1. Ath'ens lay in a plain, extending about four miles towards the south-west in the direction of the sea and the harbours, on the other side it was enclosed by mountains. The plain itself was interrupted by several rocky hills, of which, that named the Acrop'olis was the most remarkable.

2. Ath'ens was founded by Ce'crops, a native of Sa'is, in Egypt, about 1556 years before the Christian era, and was named after the Egyptian goddess Neith, whom the Creeks called Athene', and the Romans Minerva. The first buildings were erected on the hill of the Acrop'olis, which probably had been occupied by some of the Pelas'gic* tribes before the arrival of Ce'crops ; thence the city gradually extended on every side, especially towards the sea ; until the long walls built by Themistocles united the city to the Pei'raeus, completed the enclosure of Athens in its greatest extent.