Modern Europe

Preface

The present volume is, in large measure, a new edition of my Modern European History, altered, however, in important particulars. Chapters on England in the Seventeenth Century, on France under Louis XIV and on the Industrial Revolution have been added, as well as one on the Conference of Paris and the present situation '"f the world. The book covers, therefore, approximately three enturies of European history and comes down to the close of the ear 1919. Numerous changes of detail have also been introduced 1 the line of greater condensation or expansion of various topics, he small nations have been brought together into a single chapter A'ith a view to greater simplicity and effectiveness of treatment. The attempt has been made to keep constantly in mind the vital, continuing factors in the evolution of modern Europe, to show clearly how the present is the product of the past.

America has come to realize how ignorant she has been of European history and of European conditions and how heavily that ignorance has cost her. Not only her citizens but also her official leaders, high and low, have frequently revealed, during the appalling crises of the last five years, a lamentable and dangerous lack of comprehension of things vital to their own welfare and to the welfare of the world. As a nation we have successfully " muddled through " the great entanglement of our times, but it is not safe for nations, any more than for individuals, to muddle, since the issue may not always be happ}', and is at any rate always purchased at too high a price. It ought to be clear even to the blind, atfter the events of the past five years, that the destinies of America and Europe are not disconnected but are inextricably intertwined and will remain so. \\'hether we like it or not makes no difference with the situation.

It behooves us, therefore, to inform ourselves as thoroughly as we can, concerning that situation, concerning the factors and the forces active in the world to-day. " History," said Napoleon, " is the torch of truth," and contemporary history offers, of course, the iv PREFACE

best approach to a knowledge of the contemporary world. It must therefore form an essential and important part of our educational program. One runs little risk in prophesying, after the experience through which we have recently passed, that the history of modern Europe will occupy increasingly the attention of Americans in the years to come. No one who takes his citizenship seriously can admit that he knows nothing and cares nothing about it. He will care, if he cares for the welfare of his own country.

• It is the privilege as well as the duty of every teacher and writer 'of modern European history to aid in this process of enlightenment. It is a work not only of necessary education but of elementary patriotism. The American citizen, if he is to think correctly on the problems of his age, if he is to show intelligence and breadth of view in the exercise of his suffrage, must know, first the history of his own country, and then the history of the modern world outside. Nor is this a passing necessity of the hour ; it is a permanent requirement of the situation. Any school curriculum which makes no provision for this indispensable and richly rewarding study fails in a fundamental obligation to America since, in that degree, it acquiesces in the un preparedness of the citizens of this country to meet and solve, with wisdom and with judgment, the great and vital questions of national policy.

And no school ought to fail to give some attention to European history because it cannot give much. Better a little knowledge than none at all. Schools vary greatly in character, in resources, in the demands put upon them by the communities they serve. But where it is difficult to find time for a full year's course it may well be found possible to give one of a half a year or of three months. The present book, or any other text of a similar character and scope, admits of great flexibility in usage. If a teacher does not have the time to cover the entire ground he can with profit begin with 1789 or with 181 5 or with 1848 or with 1870, all, for various reasons, significant and natural dividing lines in modern history. Whichever one of these dates is taken as the point of departure the subsequent period will be found to present an essential unity, full of instruction and of suggestion of direct and obvious utility in equipping the boy or girl for life. For the study of this subject is not a mere self-indulgence, not a mere source of cultivation, though that were an amply sufficient reason for pursuing it, but is a pressing,

PREFACE V

urgent, and most practical requirement of the age. It is essential to the proper education of the American democracy. That democracy which is the best educated, not that which is merely the richest or the most populous, is destined to leadership in the modern world.

C. D. H.

Columbia University, December 22, 1919.

Introduction

PAGE

England in the Seventeenth Century i

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

begrnnesigs of the revolution ii3

REACTION AND REVOLUTION

The Second French Republic and the Founding of the

Second Empire 407

vii

CONTENTS

UNIFICATION

CHAPTER PAGE

XX. The Making of the Kingdom of Italy 419

XXL The Unification of Germany . 435

XXII. The Second Empire and the Franco-Prussian War . 445

ARMED PEACE

XXIII. The German Empire 458

XXIV. France Under the Third Republic 483

XXV. The Kingdom of Italy since 1870 508

XXVI. Austria-Hungary since 1848 . 515

XXVII. England since 1868 527

XXVIII. The British Empire 563

XXIX. The Partition of Africa 583

XXX. The Small States of Europe 593

THE NEAR AND THE FAR EAST

XXXI. The Rise of the Balkan States 610

XXXII. Russia to the War with Japan 628

XXXIIT. The Far East 642

XXXIV. Russia since the War with Japan 655

XXXV. The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 660

XXXVI. The World War 679

XXXVII. Making the Peace 760

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

James I 5

King Charles the First ... 6

John Hampden 9

Oliver Cromwell 13

Trial of Charles the First . . 17

Louis XIV 29

Vauban 30

Strasburg in the 17th Century . 33 Revocation of the Edict of

Nantes 36

The Louvre and the Tuileries . 38 Royal Court of the Chateau de

Versailles 41

Gardens and Park of Versailles

Colbert 45

Moliere 46

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham . 53

Peter the Great 71

Catherine II 76

Maria Theresa 82

The Palace of Versailles ... 86 The Coach Ornamented with Symbols in which Louis XVI went to His Coronation 88

The Parlement of Paris ... 99

Sieyes loi

Protestant Worship in the Wilderness 104

Montesquieu 107

Voltaire 108

Jean Jacques Rousseau . . . no

Louis XVI 114

Coronation of Louis XVI, in the

Cathedral of Rheims, 1775 . 116

Marie Antoinette 119

Turgot 121

Necker 122

The Opening of the States-General 124

Costumes of the Three Orders . 126

Mirabeau 128

The Tennis Court Oath . . . 129 The Storming of the Bastile,

The Session of August 4 . . . 133 The March of the Women to

Versailles, October 5, 1789 . 136 The Palace of Versailles on October 6, 1789 137

Lafayette 140

An Assignat 148

The Tuileries 152

The Return from Varennes.

Arrival in Paris .... 143

The Jacobin Club 161

A Session at the Jacobin Club . 162

Liberty Cap and Pike . . . 163

Madame Roland 165

The Attack Upon the Tuileries,

The Prison of the Temple . . 173

Marat 174

Danton 177

Last Portrait of Louis XVI . . 178

The Execution of Louis XVI . 180

The Hall of the Convention . . 183

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

200 208

The Guillotine 187

The Execution of Marie Antoinette 191

MUe. Maillard, "Goddess of

Reason" 194

Robespierre 197

The Fete of the Supreme Being,

June 8, 1794 ....

Card of Admission to the Festi

val of the Supreme Being A Director in Official Costume

Charles Bonaparte 210

Laetitia Ramolino, Napoleon's

Mother 211

The House at Ajaccio in which

Napoleon was Born . . . 212

The Bridge of Lodi 216

Napoleon at Areola 220

Removal of the Bronze Horses

from Venice, May, 1797 Official Costume of a Member

of the Council of the Five

Hundred . . .

Lucien Bonaparte . .

Bonaparte, First Consul

Josephine

Josephine at Malmaison The Three Consuls . .

The Duke d'Enghien .

Napoleon Crowning Josephine Napoleon in the Imperial Robes Joseph Bonaparte, King of

Naples

Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland

Elise Bonaparte, Princess of

Lucca 263

Pauline Bonaparte, Princess of

Borghese 264

Caroline Bonaparte, Duchess of

Berg, and Marie Murat . 265 Joachim Murat, Duke of Berg . 266

233 236

237 242 248 249

254 255

261 262

PAGE

Jerome Bonaparte 267

Napoleon Receiving Queen

Louise of Prussia at Tilsit,

Lord Nelson 271

Queen Louise of Prussia . . . 273

Empress Marie Louise . . . 284

Baron vom. Stein 2891

Pope Pius VII 291

Napoleon's Camp Bed . . . 293 Napoleon Returning to France,

Decem-ber, 181 2 .... 295 Napoleon's War Horse,

"Marengo" 298

The Duke of Wellington . . . 302

Bliicher 303

Napoleon Embarking on the

" Bellerophon " .... 304

The Island of St. Helena . . . 304 Longwood, Napoleon's House at

St. Helena 305

Napoleon's Tomb in the In-

valides, Paris 306

Tomb of Napoleon at St. Helena 307

The Congress of Vienna . . . 309

Metternich 316

The Old Parliament Buildings,

Burned in 1834 .... 341 Passing the Reform Bill in the

House of Lords .... 348 Queen Victoria at the Age of

Twenty 355

Richard Cobden 359

John Bright 361

Sir Robert Peel 362

Houses of Parliament, London.

Begun 1840, completed

1852 363

Louis XVIII 367

The Construction of a Barricade 370

Street Fighting on July 28, 1830 373

Leopold I 377

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Alexander I 379

Louis Philippe 383

Guizot 386

Louis Kossuth 393

Francis Joseph I 399

The Parliament of Frankfort . 403

Lamartine in 1832 408

Napoleon III 414

Empress Eugenie 417

Joseph Mazzini 420

Cavour 425

Garibaldi 431

Victor Emmanuel II ... . 433

William I 436

Bismarck 438

Moltke 442

Leon Gambetta 454

The Proclamation of William I as German Emperor, Versailles, January 18, 187 i . 456

Dropping the Pilot 472

William II 476

Thiers 486

Marshal MacMahon .... 490

Jules Grevy 491

Jules Ferry 492

Sadi-Carnot 493

Emile Loubet 495

Alfred Dreyfus 497

Interior of the Chamber of

Deputies 501

Theophile Delcasse 505

Francis Deak 517

William E. Gladstone . . . . 528 Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield 546

Charles Stewart Parnell . . . 542 Queen Victoria at the Age of

Seventy-eight 549

David Lloyd George . . . . 554

Herbert Asquith 555

Interior of the House of Commons 557

PAGE

Interior of the House of Lords . 558 The Cabinet Room .... 560

Majuba Hill 576

Joseph Chamberlain . . . . 578

Paul Kruger 579

Lord Roberts 580

General Gordon 590

Lord Kitchener 591

Oscar II 601

The Congress of Berlin . . . 618

Abdul Hamid 11 626

Alexander II 632

Nicholas II 640

Francis Joseph 666

Sir Edward Grey 684

Facsimile of Article VII of the Treaty of 1839, which Guaranteed the Independence and Perpetual Neutrality of Belgium . . . 687

King Albert I 691

Marshal Joffre 693

Ruins of What was Once a Famous Spot in Picturesque

Verdun 708

Decorations Bestowed on the City of Verdun by France

and Her Allies 709

The "Lusitania" leaving New

York, May i, 1915 . , . 721 Bronze Medal Awarded to Men Who Helped sink the

"Lusitania" 722

President Wilson before the Joint Session of Congress, Severing Diplomatic Relations with Germany, February 3, 1917 724

America's Declaration of War . 726 Arras Cathedral, After the

War 732

The Ruins of Lens 733 xu

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

General AUenby Entering Jerusalem 737

Marshal Foch 742

Ruins of Chateau-Thierry . . 744 Arrival of First American

Troops in France .... 746 First German Prisoners Captured by the Americans in the Saint-Mihiel Salient . 748 American Military Cemetery at

Belleau Wood, France . . 752 Compiegne Forest, France . . 757

Croix de Guerre 758

Internment of the German Fleet 764

The Weimar Assembly . . . 768

Home-Coming Parade of the

27th Division, on Fifth

Avenue, New York, March

25, 1919 773

President Poincare Opening the

Peace Conference in Paris . 777

Premier Clemenceau . . . . 778

A Plenary Session of the Conference of Paris 780

The Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors 783

Facsimile Pages of Treaty of

Versailles with Signatures . 786

The People of Strasburg Celebrating their Reunion with France 797

Expressing the National Gratitude for Victory in the Magnificent Amphitheater of the Sorbonne .... 801

Delivery of Peace Treaty to the Austrian Delegates in the Chateau of Saint-Germain 812

The Chateau of Saint-Germain 813

MAPS

PAGE

Europe in 1740. (In color)

Frontispiece Italy in the Eighteenth Century,

1770 58

The Growth of Prussia under

Frederick the Great ... 61

Germany in 1789. (In color) . 68

The Partition of Poland ... 81

France Before the Revolution . 90

Europe in 1789. (In color) . . 120

France by Departments . . . 145 Northern Italy, Illustrating

Bonaparte's First Campaign 222

Egypt and Syria 227

Europe in 181 1 277

Map Illustrating Campaigns of

Europe in 1815. (In color) . . 314 Distribution of Races in Austria- Hungary 318

The German Confederation,

1815-1866. (In color) . . 322 The Unification of Italy. (In

color) 428

The Growth of Prussia Since

Canada and Newfoundland . .

Australia and New Zealand . .

Africa, European Possessions in

Africa in 1919. (In color) . .

The Rise of the Balkan States (In color)

Asia in 1914. (In color) . . .

The Balkan States According to the Treaty of Bucharest

Colonial Possessions of the European Powers in 19 10 (In color)

Europe in 191 2. (In color) .

Western Front, 1914 . . .

Eastern Front

The "Middle Europe" Scheme

Italian Front

Russia in 1918 After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . . .

Western Front, 1918 . . ,

447 568 572

587 588

680 690 694 701 714 735

MODERN EUROPE