The new American orchardist; or, An account of the most valuable varieties of fruit, of all climates, adapted to cultivation in the United States, with their history, modes of culture, management, uses, &c., and the culture of silk. With an appendix on vegetables, ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers

Front matter

Shelf

OR

AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST

Section I. Climate

11. Modern or Landscape Gardens,

III. Utility of Fruits,

IV. New Varieties of Fruits — Modes in which

they are produced — Decline of the Old Varieties ....

Of the Growth of Trees and Plants

Transplanting,

Propagation,

Inoculating, .

Grafting,

Fruitfulness, in seven suhsections.

Noxious Insects, in six subsections.

Page. 3 5

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

Apple, Pear, Old Pears, New Pears, Quince, .

Peach, Nectarine, Almond, .

Apricot, .

Plum,

10 13 15 19 21

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Cherry, . . . . .

. 213

Mulberry,. ....

. 224

Mulberries and Silk, . . .

. 225

Silk, in seventeen sections,

. 234

. 258

Currant, . . . . ,

. 294

Gooseberry, . = . ,

. 296

Raspberry, ....

. 300

Persimmon, . . .

. 302

Strawberry, ....

. 303

Lime Plant, ....

. 313

Melon, ....

. 313

Berberry, ....

. 317

Blackberry, . . . .

. 318

Cranberry, ....

. 319

Cranberry Viburnum,

. 319

Silver Leaved Shepardia,

, 322

. 320

Medlar, ....

. 320

Mountain Ash, .

. 321

Nuts — Walnuts, Chesnuts, Filberts, &c. &c. .

Southern Fruits, in two classes.

327 & 345

. 327

Olive, ....

. 333

Orange, . . . . ,

. 345

Pine Apple, . . . . .

. 349

Plantain and Banana, . . . .

. 351

Many other species, . .

Appendix, ....

. 359

Vegetables, in three classes, .

. 359

Ornamental Forest Trees, Shrubs, &c. .

. 378

Ornamental Flowers, &c.

. 394

Glossary, . . . . .

. 399

Index, ....

. 401

Index to Southern Fruits

. 412

Index to Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, &c

. 413

Select and recommended list of Fruits for a w oderate collection, . . . . .

. 417

The descriptions of the fruits contained in the following pages are drawn from the most authentic testimonies and authorities. Although most of them are already in our country, many of them are new, and of very recent introduction, but a portion only of the new kinds have as yet produced fruit with us.

In the descriptions of the new foreign, and to us unknown kinds, I have sometimes adopted the accurate descriptions of the English for the exterior, while for the more important descriptions of the qualities and flavor of these same kinds, I have had recourse to the French authorities, or those possessed of climates analagous to our own. We shall be enabled to speak of them more decisively after having tried them in our own climate.

To the more common or proper names, I have in many cases annexed the Botanical or descriptive names of the species or varieties ; this being the only one and universal name, by which they are alike known in every part of civilized America and of Europe. I have also, to avoid confusion in the nomenclature, endeavored generally to preserve unaltered, the original or proper names, in the language of their own native country. These will serve in a measure to identify, and also to indicate the climate to which they properly belong.

My obligations to Mr Loweli I have elsewhere acknowledged, — and my obligations to Gen. Dearborn, the President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. I am also under very particular obligations to Mr Manning of Salem, for the many descriptions he has afforded me. All those articles marked R. M., are described on his authority, and are such as he has proved them to be in our climate. Those marked S. H. S. are on the authority of Stephen H. Smith, Esq. of Providence, R. I. ; such have been by him approved as adapted to our climate. To him, therefore, I am particularly indebted. I have availed also of the valuable descriptions in the New England Farmer, of the valuable communications of Mr Downer of Dorchester. Also 1 have availed of communications from the following gentlemen : Messrs Buel of Albany, S. G. Perkins of Boston, John C. Gray of Boston, Robert Carr, proprietor of Bartram's Botanic Garden near Philadelphia, B. V. French of Boston, John Prince of Roxbury, Micah Leland of Sherburne, Gorham Parsons of Brighton, Wm. Prince and Wm. Robert Prince of the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, N. Y. These last named gentlemen are the authors of a work on Horticulture, also another on the Vine and another on Fruits ; Andrew Parmentier, late of the

10 LIST OF AUTHORS, ETC.

Horticultural Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; E. M. Richards of Dedham ; Leonard Stone of Watertown ; E. Vose, jr. of Dorchester ; A. D. Williams of Roxbury ; Dr S. A. Shurtleff of Boston; Dr Ford of Alna, Me. ; Dr Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio ; Dr Holmes, editor of the Maine Farmer, Winthrop, Me. ; and many others.

LIST OF AUTHORS & WORKS aUOTED OR REFERRED TO.

Adlum. — Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the bfst mode of making wine, by John Adlum. 12mo. Washington, 1828.

Annales d'Horticulture. — Annales de la Societe d'Horticulture de Paris, a valuable publication in monthly numbers. 8vo.

Barnet. — Description of the great collection of Strawberries at Chiswick, in vol. vi. Hort. Trans, by James Barnet, occupying 80 pages quarto.

Bon Jard. — Le Bon Jardinier, edited by M. Poiteau and M, Villorin, for the year 1828. Paris ; a work annually published for nearly seventy years.

Bosc. — Louis Auguste Guillaume Bosc, F. L. S. H. S.; author of many articles in^Nouveau Cours Complet d'Agriculture, and other works.

CoBBETT. — American Gardener, by Wm. Cobbett, a celebrated political writer.

CoxE. — View of the cultivation of Fruit Trees, &c. in the United States of Ameiica, &c., by William Coxe, Esq. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1817.

Chev. Parmentier. — The Chevalier Joseph Parmentier of Enghein ; description of various new Fruits in Hort. Trans.

De Candolle. — L. A. de Candolle, author of several articles in Nouveau Cours Complet d'Agriculture. A celebrated writer on Botany, &c.

Mr Cobb. — Jonathan H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedham, Mass, author of an excellent Manual on the Mulberry and culture of Silk, published by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts, and also by order of Congress.

DoM. Ency. — Domestic Encyclopedia, by A. F. M. Willlch, M. D. Edition of Dr James Mease. 5 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1803.

DuH. O. DuH. — Traite des Arb res Frui tiers, par Henri Lewis Duhamel de Monceau. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1768.

N. DuH. — Nouveau Duhamel oii Traite des Arbres, Fruitiers, Nouvelle edition, Augmentee, &c. formerly conducted by Dr Loisleur Deslongchamps; now still continued by MM. Poiteau and Turpin ; several vols, folio, with colored plates. Paris.

Ed. Enc. — Edinburgh Encyclopedia. American edition, by Dr Brewster. The article on Horticulture, to which this principally refers, was drawn up by Patrick Neill, Esq.

Fes. Amer. Gard. — New American Gardener, containing practical directions on the culture of Fruits and Vegetables, &c. by Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor of the New England Farmer.

LIST OP AUTHORS, ETC. 11

Forsyth. — Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit Trees, &c., by William Forsyth, Esq. seventh edition, 8vo. London, 1824.

Count de Hazzi, Counsellor of State of Munich, author of " Complete Instructions for the Plantation and Management of Mulberry Trees, and the Rearing of Silk Worms." Transmitted by him through Dr Mease to Congress. A professed disciple of the Comte Dandolo and M. Bonafous.

Hooker. — Pomona Londinensis, containing representations of the best fruits cultivated in British Gardens, by William Hooker, Esq. F. L. S. H. S. 4to. with colored plates.

HoRT. Soc. Cat. — Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London, at Chisv^^ick. Svo. 1826. Also, the Descriptive Catalogue of 1831, which is ascribed to Mr Robert Thompson.

HoRT. Trans. — Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. 4to. 8 vols.

Mr Knight. — Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. L. S. &c., President of the London Horticultural Society, and the author of nearly a hundred articles in the London Hort. Trans. &c. «fcc., and author of several works on Rural Economy.

LiNDLEY. — A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the most valuable Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain ; with calendars of the work required in the orchard and kitchen garden during every month in the year ; by George Lindley, C. M. H. S. London, 1831.

LoDDON. — Encyclopaedia of Gardening, &c., by John C. Loudon, F. L. S. H. S. &c. London, Svo. 1825. A work of 1233 condensed pages, and several hundred engravings.

Loud. Gard. Mag. — The Gardener's Magazine, by the same author. An excellent work in periodical numbers.

MicHAux. — The North American Sylva, or a description of the Forest Trees, &c. with 156 colored engravings, by F. Andre Michaux. 2vols. 8vo.. Paris, 1819.

Miller. — The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary, &c. by Phillip Miller, F. R. S. 2 vols, folio. Revised by Professor Martyn. London, 1819.

Neill. — Patrick Neill, Esq. A. M. F. L. S., author of the article on Horticulture in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, of the " Horticultural Tour," and other works ; Secretary of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, &c.

Nouv. CouRs Complet d'Agri. Cours Complet. — Nouveau Cours Complet d' Agriculture, &c. ou Dictionnaire raisonne et Universel d'Agriculture, by the members of the Section of Agriculture of the Institute of France, viz. M, M. Thouin, Parmentier, Tessier, Huzard, Silvestre, Bosc, Chassiron, Chaptal, Lacroix, de Perthius, Yvart, de Candolle, du Tour, Du Chesne, Feburier, de Brebisson, and Rosier, (R.) 16 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1823.

Phillips. — Pomarium Britanicum ; a historical and botanical account of Fruits known in Great Britain ; by Henry Phillips, F. H. S. &c. 8vo. London, 1823.

PoiTEAU. — A. Poiteau, one of the conductors of the Bon Jardinier and the New Duhamel ; and author of many of the articles in Annales de Horticulture, &c.

12 LIST OF AUTHORS, ETC.

Pom. Mag. — Pomological Magazine, or figures and descriptions of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in Great Britain. 3 vols. 8vo. London, a late vs^ork.

Pyrus Malus Brent. — Pyrus Mains Brentfordiensis, or a concise description of selected Apples, by Hugh Ronalds, F. H, S., &c. with colored engravings.

QuiNTiNiE. — The Complete Gardener, or directions for cultivating of fruit gardens and kitchen gardens ; with divers reflections on several parts of husbandry. In 6 books. By the famous M. de la Quintinie. Made English by John Evelyn, Esq. 1693.

Rosier. — Cours Complet d' Agriculture, theorique, practique, economique, &c. ou Dictionnaire tjniversel d' Agriculture, &c. 15 vols. 4to. Paris, 1801.

Dr Pascalis. — The Silk Culturist, &c. published in numbers, by Dr Felix Pascalis. New York. Also, author of " Practical Directions on the culture of the Mulberry and of Silk," &-c.

Speechly. — William Speechly, a Treatise on the culture of the Vine, &c. Svo.

Dr Thacher, author of the American Orchardist, and various other valuable works, on history, medicine, &c. <fec.

Thompson, — Robert Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society's Garden at Chiswick ; distinguished alike for his accuracy, intelligence and research. Much of whai, is most valuable in the Pom. Mag. is ascribed to him. Also the reputed author of the descriptive Cat. Lond. Hort. Soc. for 1831.

Thouin. — Monographic de Greffes, ou Description technique de diveres sortes de Greffes, employees pour la multiplication des Vegeteaux, par la Chevalier de Andre Thouin, Professor, &c. in the University of Paris. Paris, &c. folio, with plates.

Van Mons. ■ — Dr Jean Baptiste Van Mons. Catalogue des Arbres Fruitiers, &c. Louvaine, 1823. Also, Pomographie Belgique Moderne, 4to. with places. This work is still in progress, and but a small part of it has been received from him. They are in the Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Dr Willich. — All thus designated refer to the Domestic Encyclopsedia: these were drawn from the works of I. L. Christ, a clergyman of Kronburg, near Frankfort on the Maine.

ERRATA.

Page 18, 3lth line, for Pomone Finale, read Pomme Finale. 19, 15th line, for in the tropics, read of\he. tropics. 31, 12th line, for may be, read may have been. 35, 13th line, for Boyse, read Bosse. 40, 2djline, for interruptedly, read uninterruptedly. 45, 30th line, for Augers, read Angers. 66, 22d line, (or Eppes, read Epses, 114, 11th line for fEpargne, read *Epargne.

114, 35th line, for \ Poire sans Peau, read * Poire sans Peau.

115, 35th line, for Fine or de Septembre, read Fin Or de Septembre. 120. 32d line, Terling is Terling.

123. 12th line, for Trous, read Trout.

Introduction

Horticulture is the most ancient employment ordained by the Creator for man. Its utility and importance have been the pleasing theme of the enlightened in all successive generations. To the poor, — to the rich, — its resources, alike afford subsistence, or a pleasing occupation.

A pursuit so inviting, which allures from cities and their walls, and the haunts of men, to boundless freedom of thought, of action, and repose, — a taste so universal and diffused, seems, indeed, so natural to the human race, that a distaste is considered as a disease of the mind, or as an alteration of its structure, — and as consistent only with a perverted nature — and as opposed to man and his happiness, as the night and its darkness is to day.

And who that admires the consummate works of art, can be insensible to the more beauteous, and glorious works of the Creator — and even the least of them all ? " Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow ; they toil not, neither do they spin ; and yet I say unto you, that even Solomon in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these." — Matt, chap. vi. 28, 29.

A science whose pursuits are alike so conducive to the health of the body, and of the mind — so calculated to render mankind useful, virtuous, and happy, has never wanted advocates.

It has found them, with the best, and most enlightened of all ages — with every friend to his country, and to the human race. In our own country it has, and more especially of late, received that encouragement which its utility demands. This is sufficiently evinced, in the simultaneous organization of the numerous societies for its promotion^ and that of agriculture. With us, its progress has been 2 only commensurate, with the indefatigable zeal of a Lowell to enlighten and encourage, and a host in numbers, and renowned in intellect, to co-operate in its advancement.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society deserve of me also, in this place, a particular notice. This Society although yet in its infancy, has accomplished much. And to the unwearied researches and enlightened zeal of its president, General Dearborn, I am greatly indebted, for much valuable information, which I have to him accredited in the following pages. Also to those numerous individuals, whom I have elsevi'here named.

England, by the exertions of their most intelligent and influential men, and by their societies, particularly that of London, has, confessedly, done a great deal for theadvancement of the science ; and we are greatly indebted to their luminous writers on these subjects ; also to those of France and Belgium.

Those selections of fruit — those select lists, which the late eminent English writers so highly recommend, were evidently never designed for us — but as peculiarly adapted to other climes, and to high northern latitudes, and to that country for which alone these celebrated works were principally designed. Since beneath our serene and cloudless skies, and a sun, more powerful and intense in its heat, many of them appear on trial, to have lost that high reputation, which they could only have acquired in a northern country, with a clouded and humid atmosphere ; and, with some few eminent exceptions, they will not compare with those natives of our own climate, or with those of other climates equally favored with us. While on the other hand, the finest selections during two centuries, from the innumerable native orchards of America, and the finest fruits from Italy, seem to have shared in that climate, a most disastrous fate. [See Section I. page 15, on Climate.]

These remarks will serve to show the manifest impropriety of adopting without reflection, and without a trial, those select lists of fruits, which from necessity alone, are formed on exclusive principles, and as the best adapted to another, and a foreign country, and another climate ; and with no reference whatever to a climate like ours.

To the descriptions of the fruits of the divers climes, which are adapted to the various sections of our country, from the north to south, and bordering on the tropics, I

CLIMATE. 15

have added the useful vegetable plants, and the trees and plants of ornament. — Also, I have added, a select list of fruits, or a recommended list, of a limited number, of those kinds only, which, having been already tried and approved in our climate, can be especially recommended. To many of these I have prefixed an asterisk thus *. But as many of the new kinds, of the highest character, have never as yet borne fruit in our country, and are therefore excluded, it must appear evident, that this list will from time to time require a revision. — The select — the very best possible list, and such alone as we should most of all be desirous of offering the public, cannot be formed until all those new and excellent kinds, which this extraordinary age has produced in Belgium, are put to trial in our climate. Their names, their numbers, and their excellence constitute a host, in all probability far greater than all that the former ages had ever produced. For their introduction to this country, much is due the London Horticultural Society, and especially to the distinguished liberality and philanthropy of Prof. Van Mons.

SECTION I. CLIMATE.

The Territory of the United States comprehends the vast middle section of North America, and is principally included in the best part, or southern half section, of the temperate zone ; with a climate one of the most favored, and a soil the most desirable on earth. It extends from the Gulf of Mexico, and the confines of the equatorial regions, and the Lat. of 24'=', to the Lat. of 48^ and the British possessions on the side of the Atlantic. Southwest is Mexico ; and on the West, and looking towards Asia, it is bounded by the shores of the Pacific Ocean ; and on the North by the Lat, of 54^^ and the possessions of Russia.

The climate of the Atlantic States has been generally characterised as variable and inconstant. These sudden changes are caused in a great measure by the conflicting winds, which blow alternately from the opposite points — the sources of extreme heat and of excessive cold. Those especially from the southeast, and south, bring alternately, clouds charged with sultry vapors, or storms of rain, or the fiery particles and intense heat which they have inhaled in the equinoctial regions. While the winds from the northwest are not only dry, but coming over the enormous mountains, covered with ice and snow, and from the immense frozen territories which stretch towards the Arctic regions, and thence westward, and from the great icy ocean towards the pole, they imbibe, at certain seasons, a degree of cold the most piercing and intense. These adverse winds bring by turns, and often by sudden changes, the heat of the tropical, or the extreme cold atmosphere of the polar regions.

The disastrous effects of these sudden changes from heat to cold during the spring, appear to be much more sensibly experienced in the States of the South, than in those of the North. For in the latter States, the frozen earth at its surface, is for the most part protected during winter, at the freezing point, by the usual covering of snow. Vegetation slumbers profoundly secure, immured in our winters so intensely cold, and so fortunately prolonged — nor awakes till the danger is past.

The climate of our country, in regard to its capacity and vegetable productions, is not to be estimated by the measure of its distance from the equator, nor by the average temperature of the ivinter, or even that of the year — but rather by the mean heat of tlie summer, and its duration. For while the average temperature, or heat of the year, is greater at Rome, and at Marseilles, than at Cambridge, Mass. the average heat of the summer months may he nearly equal, since the mean of the greatest heat at Cambridge, exceeds that of Rome by 11^ — and that of Marseilles by 8^ — the mean of our greatest summer hea>t being 97® ; though 100'^ and over, in some summers, is not with us uncommon.

From the average of the observations which have been made in 20 cities on the Continent of Europe, the climate of America has been compared. And the proportion of rain which annually falls is two-fifths greater with us than with them, or as 50 inches to 30. Yet our rainy days are annually, from a fourth to a third less in number, than with them, or as 85 or 90 days of rain with us, to 122 days with them. The rain with us descending in profuse showers, and often in torrents, with tremendous lightning and thunder. While on the other hand, the number of our fair days, or days of sunshine, in the year, is double that of the 20 cities of Europe, or as 130 bright days with us, to 64 with them. In this respect our climate is doubly blessed, in

CLIMATE. 17

diit serene skies, and our more perpetual and brilliant sunshine.

The climate of a country is variously modified by its situation in regard to mountains and to the ocean. The temperature of the climate on our extensive Atlantic coast, differs considerably from those parts of Europe and of Africa, which lie in corresponding latitudes. In like manner, the climate of our country will be found continually varying, as we advance longitudinally, from its eastern to its western shores.

It has also been observed, that within the temperate zones, the western coasts of continents, and large islands, are found to possess a higher mean temperature than the eastern coasts. Our climate, on the shores of the Atlantic, must, therefore, correspond nearly with that of the eastern coasts of China, Japan, and Chinese Tartary, and the islands on its coast. And the climate of our country which bounds on the Pacific, may correspond nearly with that of Europe on the coasts of the Atlantic, in the corresponding latitudes.

Elevation above the level of the ocean, has the same effect in lowering the mean temperature, as an increase of latitude. Mons. de Candolle has ascertained, by experiments on some mountains in France, that the elevation of 180 or 200 yards, affects the mean temperature, in the same proportion as a degree of latitude to the north, on that same meridian; and in a similar proportion for any increase of height.

The growth of trees and plants, in rich moist soils, and in warm and protected situations, is not only unusually rapid, but is also prolonged to a very late period in autumn, or until suddenly arrested by frost ; and the immature wood of a forced growth being tender, is the more liable to be killed by early frosts and by winter.

On the other hand, those trees and plants which grow on dry and stony or sandy soils, and on the open plains, and on the hills which are most of all exposed to cold winds, the wood completely matures in due season ; and such trees are found to suffer least of all from early and destructive frosts, and from winter.

Delicate trees and plants, the natives of southern climes, become more hardy, and more capable of supporting the northern winters, by being planted on the north sides of

18 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDlSt.

buildings and in their shade. Their growth being thus modified, the exposure to the most intense degree of cold, in such situations, is more than compensated by the protection which is thus afforded to the plants during winter, from the pernicious, and far more destructive rays of the sun.

More delicate shrubs or plants, may be protected by being surrounded by a thin covering of straw. They may also be protected by a few inches of litter placed around their trunks, and over their roots. Moss from the meadows, or evergreen boughs, being more incorruptible, are to be preferred for delicate plants. For it has been lately announced, as an important fact, that the destruction of delicate plants which is sometimes occasioned by winter, is caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the earth at its surface — that death commences at the surface, which this protection will prevent.

The finest fruits of the tropics, when cultivated in countries remote from the equator, lose their good quality and sweetness. In the climate of England, we are assured from undisputed testimony, that the finest peaches of America prove " worthless.''^ Even those which confessedly, travellers with us, so much admire, with but two exceptions, prove good for nothing in their hostile climate, not coming to their full maturity and excellence, even on the walls to which their cultivation is confined. Fifty American kinds were contained in their garden, at Chisvvick, at the time their account was written. [See Pom. Mag. No. 54. Also, Cat. Lon. Hor. Soc. for 1826.]

The Pavies particularly, are there denounced, generally ; while in warm countries they are preferred to all others.

Some of the finest apples of America, and of Italy, seem also in that country to have shared a like disastrous fate — and the Pomone Finale, or Mela Carla, which in the climate of Italy, is reputed to be the finest apple in the world, proves in open culture, in England, but an ordinary fruit, as their writers assure us.

The reverse of this is also true, and many fruits of the north will be found to depreciate, when cultivated in a warmer latitude. And the White Moscow or Astracan, which by the celebrated M. Christ, is described as a fruit so very extraordinary " in a suitable situation and climate, which is not under 49® of polar elevation." This fruit is

LANDSCAPE GARDENS. l^

pronounced but at mediocrity at Paris, and with us proves an indifferent fruit. And many of the fruits, the natives of England, and of other northern countries, and of high reputation there, have proved but ordinary when brought down to our own latitudes, and compared with our own fruits, and those of climates equally favored with us.

The Cherry tree, the Pear, the Apple, and many other kinds, when carried within the tropics, become unproductive or barren, or the fruit worthless.

The olive and the vine may indeed grow within the tropics ; but we are assured they produce little or no fruit, except in the mountainous elevations.

The cereal varieties of grain, the annual plants and productions, those most necessary to the subsistence of man, have by him been acclimated from the borders in the tropics, to very high northern latitudes.

Man himself has become habituated to all climates. The horse, the most noble of animals, and the ox, the most useful, seem, under the guardianship of man, in some measure, alike constituted. The horse and his rider traverse the earth, from the burning deserts of Sahara, to the frozen regions of Siberia, and the boundaries of the Arctic circle.

Section II. Op Modern Or Landscape Gardens

In northern latitudes, the location of a garden should be if practicable, on the south side of a hill. Or it may be screened on the cold quarters, either by hills, or by dense and deep borders of evergreen and other forest trees, intermixed with fruit trees and shrubs of ornament. An undulating surface is by all means to be preferred, and water should not be wanting.

The art of Modern Gardening, is to form a landscape the most beautiful. Nature having drawn the outline, art must accomplish the rest. Art itself being subservient, or so far concealed, as that all may appear the work of nature alone. Walls and boundary fences should be demolished, or as far as possible concealed. The ha-ha is a concealed wall, constructed in the bottom of a dry ditch, and rising no higher than the surface of the earth. Straight lines and right lined walks are to be avoided ; and in their stead devious lines only are adopted ; — the serpentine, or the gently waving lines, which bring continual and agreeable change. Striking and agreeable objects in the landscape, whether near or more remote, should be brought frequently, and sometimes suddenly into open view ; while unpleasant objects, should from all conspicuous points, be masked from the sight, by shrubbery or by trees. To the hills an artificial elevation may be given by planting their summits with the stateliest trees. And depth is preserved to the valleys, by converting them to lawns. Views of water, it must not be forgotton, are essential to the perfect landscape.

The first garden, of which we have any account on record, was planted by the Almighty, " Eastward in Eden," and in it, every tree that was pleasant to the eye, or useful for food. Out of Eden went a river, which watered the garden ; and from thence it was parted into four heads. 1st. Pison, on the side of Havillah. 2d. Gihon, on the side of Ethiopia. 3d. Hiddekel, towards Assyria. 4th. The Euphrates.