The life of Gen. Andrew Jackson ...

Front matter

Book J_5!2=

COPVRIGHT DEPOWT

THE LIFE

Chapter I. Tage

1767. Introductory remarks — Birth and parentage of Andrew Jackson — His early life — Influence of his mother — War of the Revolution — Colonel Buford surprised and defeated — Martial spirit of the colonists — Andrew Jackson joins the American army — Heroic conduct in defending Captain Lands — Surprise of the Waxhaw settlers at their rendezvous — Escape and capture of Jackson — His stratagem to prevent the seizure of Thompson — Imprisonment at Camden — His release, and death of his brother and mother — Pecuniary difficulties — Commences the study of the law — Is licensed to practice — Appointed Solicitor for the western district of North Carolina — Arrival at Nashville. 1789 17

Chapter II

1789. Early settlements on the Cumberland — Hardships en. dured by Jackson, in the discharge of his official duties — Escape trom the Indians — His presence of mind — Adventures in the wilderness — Locates at Nashville — Fruitless attempts to intimidate him — Indian depredations — Becomes acquainted with Mrs. Robards — His marriage — A member of the Tennessee convention — Chosen a senator in Congress — His resi^ation, and appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court —Firmness and decision of character as a judge — Difficulty with Governor Sevier — Resigns his office, and devotes himself to agricultural pursuits. 1804 • 29

H

33 CONTENTS.

Chapter III. Page

j1804. Fondness of General Jackson for horses — Duel with Dickinson — Forms a mercantile partnership — Pecuniary diffi- .culties — Adventure with the Choctaw agent — Affray with Colonel Benton — Their subsequent friendship for each other — Hostilities with Great Britain— Declaration of war in 1812 — Jackson raises a volunteer force — Their services accepted by government — Ordered to embark for Natchez — Arrival of the troops, and order to disband them — His disobedience of orders — Attempt of General Wilkinson to prevent the return of the volunteers — Object of the order — Jackson's decision exhibited — Shares the privations of the soldiers on their homeward march — Return, and disbandment of his force. 1813 . 42

Chapter IV

1813. Depredations committed by the Creeks on the borders of Tennessee and Kentucky — Attack on Fort Mimms — Preparations for war — Jackson calls out tjie volunteers and militia — Address to the troops — Takes the field — Enforces strict military discipline — Rapid march to Huntsville — Delay in forwarding supplies — Thwarted in his movements by General Cocke — Jealousy of the latter — Scarcity of provisions — Efforts of Jackson to procure supplies — Address to the soldiers on entcrino; tiie enemy's country — Arrival at the Ten Islands — Difficulty with tlie contractors — Destitute condition of the army — Battle of Tallushatchee — Humanity of Jackson — His adoption of an Indian boy. 1813 55

Chapter V

1813. Erection of Fort Strother, and' establishment of a depot on the Coosa — Continued difficulties growing out of the movements of General Cocke — Battle of Talladega — Gallant conduct of Colonel Carroll and Lieutenant-Colonel Dyer — Destitution of the army — Generosity and benevolence of Jackson — His e.xample in submitting to privations — Anecdote of the acorns — Discontent among the troops — Mutiny suppressed by his firmness and resolution. — His appeal to the contractors to furnish supplies — Answer to the overtures of peace made by the Hillabee tribes — Efforts to raise additional troops — Letter to his friend in Tennessee — Demand of the volunteers to be discharged, on the ground that their term of service had expired — Reply of Jackson — His unflinching determination — Suppression of the mutmy , and return of the volunteers. 1813, 63

CONTENTS. 13

Chapter VI. Page

1814. Arrival of recruits — Battle of Emuckfaw — Return of the army. — Ambuscade of the enemy — Battle of Enotochopco — Bravery of General Carroll and Lieutenant Armstron<j — Return to Fort Strother — The army reinforced — Battle of Tohopeka — Kindness of Jackson to a prisoner — Preparations to attack Hoitlilewalle — Address to the troops — The Indians abandon their towns at Jackson's approach — Termination of the campaign — Operations of the British at Pensacola — Conduct of the Spanish governor — Proclamation of Colonel Nicholls — Unsuccessful attack on FortBowyer — Jackson marches to Pensacola and demolishes it. 1814 87

CHAPTER Vn.

1814. Jackson marches to New Orleans — Preparations to defend the city — Surrounded by traitors and spies — Situation of the country — Strength of the British expedition — Firmiiess of Jackson — The city placed under martial law — Vigorous measures rendered absolutely necessary — Landing of the British — Alarm in the city— Jackson determines to attack them — DisposiHon of his forces— Battle on the night of the twenty-third of December — Gallant conduct of tlie Aiuerican troops— Repulse of the British — The complete triumph of the Americans prevented by the darkness of the night — Adventure of Colonels Dyer and Gibson — The Americans fall back to a new position, and prepare to fortify it — Efiect of the battle. 1814 gg

CHAPTER VIIL

1814. The Americans fortify their position — Jackson's peremptory orders to Major Jjacoste— Defence of the Pass Barrataria — Captam Lafitte— Attack made by the British on the 28th of December— Defensive preparations hastened— Death of Colonel Henderson— Disaffection in New Orleans— Information communicated to the British fleet— Stratagem of Mr. Shields— Conduct of the Louisiana legislature — Patriotic reply of Jackson to the committee— Attempt to supply his troops with arms— Gallantry of Colonel Hinds— Cannonade' on the 1st of January — Position of the American army — Jackson's orders to the Frenchman to defend his property — Defences on the right bank of the river— Caution of Jackson

in concealing the number of his troops. 1815 117

14 Contents.

CHAPTER IX.

FAGS

1815. Arrival of fresh troops from Kentucky — Preparations of both armies for an attaclv — The disposition of Jackson's force made known to the British by a deserter — Success of Colonel Thornton on the right bank of the river — Eagerness of the American soldiers ior an engagement — Activity and energy of Jackson — The eighth of January — Advance of the British towards the American intrenchmeiits — Destructive hre i'rom the fortifications — Repulse of the British — Death of Sir Edward Packenham — Terrible havoc made in the ranks of the €nemy — Bravery of Colonel Rennie — Number of killed and wounded m the battle — Watchword of the British army — Generous benevolence of the American soldiers — An armistice proposed by General Lambert and accepted, with modifications — Brave conduct of the American troops — Want of arms prevents Jackson from capturing the whole British army — English version of the battle. 1815 141

CHAPTER X.

1815. Gratitude of the citizens of New Orleans to their deliverer — Jackson strengthens his position — Anonymous publications inciting his troops to revolt — The author placed in arrest — Judge Hall ordered into custody for his interference — The British retire to their shipping — Treaty of peace signed — • Cessation of hostilities — Jackson submits to the fine imposed by the judge^ — Farewell address to his troops — Return to Nashville— Depredations committed by the Seminole Indians — Jackson ordered to take command of the southern army — Enters Florida with his army. — Execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister — Capture of St. Marks and Pensacola — Terriiination of hostilities — Jackson's conduct approved— Appointed governor of Florida — Administration of his judicial duties — Difficulty with the E.x-governor, Callava — Jackson's ill health compels him to return home. 1821 158

CHAPTER XI.

1821. Jackson resigns his office, in the army — Testimonials of public respect — A candidate for the Presidency — Defeated in the House ol Representatives — Election of Mr. Adams — Course of Jackson's friends — His renomination — Warmth of the contest — Elected president — Death of his wife — Kindness to her relatives — His first message — Veto of the Maysville road bill — Dissolution of the Cabinet — Opposition to the Unhed States Bank — Veto message — Re-elected president — Difficulty whh the nuUifiers — Assaulted by Lieutenant Randolph — Removal of the deposits — Public excitement — Controversy with France — Retirement to private life. 1837 . . 173

CONTENTS. 15

CHAPTER XII.

PAGE

1837. Ill health of General Jackson— Arrival at the Hermitage — Influence with his party — Friendly to the annexation of Texas — His occupations — Embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs — Refunding of the fine imposed by Judge Hall — Failure of his health — His last illness — His Christian resignation and death — Honors paid to his memory — Remarks of Reverdy Johnson — Speech of Daniel Webster— Character of Jackson — His qualifications as a soldier and statesman — Attachment to his friends — His personal appearance — His patriotism. 1845 186

Appendix

Message to the United States Senate, on returning the Bank Bill 199

Proclamation on the Nullification Question 221

Extracts from the Protest 245

Letter to Commodore Elliott, declining a Sarcophagus . . . 287

LIFE

ANDREW JACKSON.

Chapter I

1767. Introductory remarks — Birth and parentage of Andrew Jackson — His early lite — Influence of his mother — War of the Revolution^^Colonei Buford surprised and defeated — Martial spirit of the colonists — Andrew Jackson joins the American army — Heroic conduct in defending Captain Lands — Surprise of the Waxhaw settlers at their rendezvous — Escape and capture of Jackson — His stratagem to prevent the seizure of Thompson — Imprisonment at Camden — His release, and death of his brother and mother — Pecuniary difficulties — Commences the study of the law — Is licensed to practice — Appointed Solicitor for the western district of North Carolina. — Arrival at Nashville. 1789.

In seasons of high party excitement, it is not to be expected, that full and impartial justice will at all times be rendered to the statesman or politician. There is an ancient French maxim, which cautions the legislator to " think of the rising generation, rather than of that which is passed." It is not amid the prejudices and jealousies of the present, but in the enlightened judgment of the faroff future that he must look for his reward. Cotemporaneous history is always hasty, and often unjust, in its conclusions; but " the sober second thought" of posteriiy is ever prompt to repair the wrong. It was the fortune of the subject of these memoirs to occupy, for a series of years, a prominent place in the public estimation, as the leader of the political party to which he was attached. During that time, much was said, both for and against him, which it would scarcely become the dignity of history 2* 17 to record ; nor would his most devoted admirer ask, at this day, that any thing should be written concerning him, except what was conceived in the same spirit that prompted the memorable remark of the iron-hearted Cromwell to young Lely, " Paint me as I am !" His death has hushed the embittered passions of the hour, and public opinion has already settled down upon a conviction highly favorable to his memory. Few men have ever lived, who exhibited, in a more remarkable degree, those salient points of character, calculated to enforce attention and respect, or possessed those peculiar traits of disposition, which are sure to inspire the warm and devoted attachment of personal friends. His life and his character, both as a public and private citizen, the storied incidents of his military career, and the important services rendered to the country, are now regarded, by general consent, as the common property of the nation. Like truly great men, he has left the impress of his mind upon the age in which he lived ; and there is not a single American, whose heart is alive to the emotions of patriotism, but feels it beat with a quicker and warmer glow, at the mention of his honored name.

Andrew Jackson was descended from a Scotch famil5r, who emigrated to the north of Ireland, at a very remote period. His ancestors suffered many hardships, on account of the cruel and arbitrary exactions of the English government. The continuance of these sfrievances, which at times almost passed the limits of human endurance, induced his father, Andrew Jackson, after whom he was named, to emigrate to this country, with his wife and two sons, Hugh and Robert, in the year ITfio. He landed at Charleston, in South Carolina, and shortly afterwards purchased a tract of land, in what was then called the " Waxhaw settlement," about forty-five miles above Camden, and near ihe boundary line of North Carolina, where he settled with his family. His son, Andrew, was born on the 15th day of March, 1767, about two years subsequent to the arrival of his parents in this country.

Soon after the birth of young Andrew, his father died; leaving him, and his two brothers, to the sole care and

HIS YOUTH. 19

juardianship of their mother, who appears to have heen ^most exemplary woman. She possessed many excellent qualities, both of head and heart ; and her children were, eai-ly in life, deeply imbued with the straight forward resoluteness of purpose, and Spartan heroism of character, forwhich she was distinguished. Among the many noble moiliers, whose sons have reaped the rich harvest of renown springing from the seed planted by their hands, none, deserve higher praise or commendation. To the lessons she inculcated on the youthful minds of her sons, may, in a great measure, be attributed that fixed opposition to British tyranny and oppression, which they afterwards manifested. Often would she spend the winter evenings, in recounting to them the sufferings of their grandfather at the siege of Carrickfergus, and the oppressions exercised by the nobility of Ireland over the laboring poor; impressing it upon them as a first duty, to expend their lives, if it should become necessary, in defending and supporting the natural rights of man.

As they inherited Hit a small patrimony from their father, it was impossible that all the sons could receive an expensive education. The two eldest, therefore, were only taught the rudiments of their mother tongue, at a cornmon country school. But Andrew, being intended by his mother for the ministry, was sent to a flourishing academy at the Waxhaw meeting-house, superintended by Mr. Humphries, Here he was placed on the study of the dead languages, and continued until the revolutionary war, extending its ravages into that section of South Carolina where he then was, rendered it necessary that every one should either betake himself to the American standard, seek protection with the enemy, or flee his country.

When the revolutionary war first broke out, in 1775, Andrew Jackson was but eight years old, and it was a long time before its horrors were felt in the immediate vicinity of his residence. But from his youth up, he was familiar with the story of the repeated aggressions and insults, which forced the American colonists to resort to the last remedy of an injured people. He eagerly hstened

20 LIFE OF JACK&O:;.

to the thrilling accounts that reached his quiet neighborhood, of the heroic deeds performed by his brave countrymen, at Lexington and Bunker-hill, Saratoga and Mmmouth ; and while he hstened, his heart burned with the fire of an incipient patriotism, to avenge the wrongs of his native land. The young and middle-aged men arornd him were constantly training themselves for any emergency, and his mother encouraged, rather than checked, his growing passion for a soldier's life, instead o' the peaceful profession for which he was designed. It ivas a critical time in the destinies of the infant republic, and she required the aid of every stout hand and :>lrong heart, whether it beat beneatli the surplice of the i'riest, or the rough haljiliments of the back-woodsman.

An opportunity v.-as soon aflbrded, for hiiu iu gratify his ardent desire of mingling in the deadly slriie which had imbrued the American soil vi'ith blood. South Carolina was invaded by the British, under General Prevost, in 1771>, and in the month of May of the following year. Colonel Buford and about four hun^d mert- under his command were overtaken by Colonel Tarlelon, who had been dtspatched to cut off" the party by Lord Cornuallis, with a force of seven hundred men, and an indiscriminate slaughter ensued, although little or no resistance was offered. Many begged for quarter in vain. The only answer was a stroke of the sabre, or a thrust of the bayonet. This act of atrocious barbarity was followed by others of a similar character. Men could not sleep in their own houses unguarded, without danger of surprise and murder. Even boys, who were stout enough to carry muskets, were induced, by a regard for their own safety, as well as from inclination, to incur the dangers of men. Young Jackson and his brothers had their guns and horses, and were almost always in company with some armtd })arty of their kindred or neighbors. Hugh, who was the eldest of the three, was present at the baitle of Stono, and lost his life, from the excessive heat of the weather and the fatigue of the day. Shortly after this event, Mrs. Jackson retired before the invading army, with her two remaining sons, Robert and Andrew, into North Carolina. She remained

ATTEMPTED StTRFRISE OF CAPTAIN LANDS. 21

there but a short time, and, on returning to the Waxhaws, b^th Robert and Andrew joined the American army, and •vvVre present at the battle of Hanging Rock, on the sixth of August, 1780, in which the corps to which they belonWd particularly distinguished itself. In the month of September, Mrs. Jackson and her sons, Avith most of the Waihaw settlers, were again compelled to retire into North Carolina ; from which they returned in February, 1781, as soon as they heard that Lord Cornwallis had crossed the Yadkin.

It was during the trying scenes of this period of the revolutionary struggle, that Andrew Jackson gave the first illustration of that quickness of thought, and promptitude of action, which afterwards placed him in the front rank of military commanders. A Whig captain, named Lands, who had been absent from home for some time, desired to spend a night with his family. Robert and Andrew Jackson, with one of the Crawfords, and five others, constituted his guard. There were nine men and seven muskets. Having no special apprehensions of an attack, they lay down on their arms, and, with the exception of a British deserter, who was one of the party, went to sleep. Lands' house was in the centre of an enclosed yard, and had two doors, facing east and west. Before the east door stood a forked apple-tree. In the southwest corner of the yard were ^ corncrib and stable under one roof, ranging east and west. On the south was a wood, and through it passed the road by which the house was approached.

A party .of Tories became apprized of Lands' return, and determined to surprise and kill him. Approaching through the wood, and tying their horses behind the stable, they divided into two parties, one advancing round the east end of the stable towards the east door of the house, and the other round the west end towards the west door. At this moment, the wakeful soldier, hearing a noise in the direction of the stable, went out to see what was the matter, and perceived the party which were entering the yard at the east end of the building. Running back in terror, he seized Andrew Jackson, who was near-

-«» LIFE OF JACKSON.

est the door, by the hair, exclaiming, " The Tories are upon us." Our young hero ran out, and, putting his gun through the fork of the apple-tree, hailed the approachirg band. Having repeated his hail without an answer, and perceiving the party rapidly advancing and but a few rods distant, he fired. A volley was returned, which killed the soldier, who, having aroused the inmates of the house, had followed young Jackson, and was standing near him. The other band of Tories had now emerged from the west end of the stable, and mistaking the discharge of the advance party, then nearly on a line between them and the apple-tree, for the fire of a sallying party from the house, commenced a sharp fire upon their own friends. Thus both parties were brought to a stand. Young Andrew, after discharging his gun, returned into the house ; and, with two others, commenced a fire from the west door, where both of his companions were shot down, one of them with a mortal wound. The Tories still kept up the fire upon each other, as well as upon the house, until, startled by the sound of a cavalry bugle in the distance, they betook themselves to their horses, and fled. The charge was sounded by a iVIajor Isbel, who had not a man with him, but, hearing the firing, and knowing that Lands was attacked, he gave the blast upon his trumpet to alarm the assailants.

The British commander, having been advised of the return of the Waxhtw settlers, despatched Major Coffin, with a corps of light dragoons, a company of infantry, and a considerable number of Tories, for their capture and destruction. Hearing of their approach, the settlers appointed the Waxhaw meeting-house as a place of rendezvous, and about forty of them, among whom were the two Jacksons, had assembled there on the day appointed, and were waiting for a friendly company under Captain Nisbett, When the enemy approached, their commanding officer placed the Tories in front, in order to conceal the dragoons ; and the little band of settlers were completely deceived by the stratagem. Supposing the reinforcement for which they had been waiting was approaching, they were prepared to welcome them as friends, but the mo-

TAKEN PRISONER BY THE BRITISH 23

merit after they discovered their unfortunate mistake. Eldven of the number were taken prisoners, and the rest sought for safety in flight. The two Jacksons were amohg those who escaped, and temporarily eluded pursuit. They remained together during the ensuing night, and on the approach of morning concealed themselves in a thicket on the bank of a small creek, not far from the house of Lieutenant Crawford, who had been wounded and made prisoner. Becoming very hungry, they left their horses in the wood, and ventured out to Crawford's for food. But a party of Tories, who were well acquainted with the country, and the passes through tlie forest, unfortunately passed the creek, in the mean time, at the very point where the horses and baggage had been left ; and, guided by one of their number, whose name was Johnson, they approached the house, in company with a small body of dragoons, and presented themselves at the door, before the young Jacksons were aware of their approach.

Resistance and flight were alike hopeless, and neither was attempted. Mrs. Crawford, with several children, one of whom was at the breast, were the inmates of the house. A scene of destruction immediately took place. All the glass, crockery, and other furniture, were dashed in pieces. The beds were ripped open, and the feathers scattered to the winds. The clothmg of the whole family, men, women, and children, was cut and torn into fragments. Even the children's clothes shared the fate of the rest. Mercy for the wife and little ones of a husband and father, who was already wounded and in their hands, and doomed to imprisonment, if not death, touched not the hearts of these remorseless men, and nothing was left to the terrified and wretched family, but the clothes they had on, and a desolate habitation. No attempt was made, by the British otRcer commanding, to arrest this destruction. While it was in progress, he ordered Andrew Jackson to clean his muddy boots. The young soldier refused, claiming to be treated with the respect due to a prisoner of war. Instead of admiring this manly spirit in one so young, the cowardly ruffian struck at his head with his sword ; but, throwing up his left hand, the intended victim received a gash upon it, the scar of which he carried to the grave. Turning to Robert Jackson, the officer ordered him to perform the menial task, and, receiving a like refusal, aimed a furious blow at his head also, and inflicted a wound from which he never recovered.

After these exhibitions of ferocity, the party set Andrew Jackson upon a horse, and ordered him, on pain of instant death, to lead them to the house of a well-knoAvn Whig, by the name of Thompson. Apprehending that Thompson was at home, it occurred to his young friend that he might save him by a stratagem. At that Time, when men were at home, th(;y generally kept a look-out to avoid surprise, and had a horse ready for flight. Instead of leading the party by the usual route, young Andrew took them through woods and fields, which brought them over an eminence in sight of the house, at the distance of half a mile. On reaching the summit, he beheld Thompson's horse tied to his rack, a sure sign that his owner was at home. The British dragoons darted forward, and, in breathless apprehension, Andrew Jackson kept his eye upon Thompson's horse. With inexpressible joy, he saw Thompson, while the dragoons were still a few hundred yards distant, rush out, mount his horse, dash into the creek which ran foaming by, and in a minute ascend the opposite bank. He was then out of pistol shot, and as his pursuers dared not swim the rapid stream, he stopped long enough to shout execration and defiance, and then rode leisurely off.

Andrew Jackson and his brother, with about twenty other prisoners, were mounted on captured horses, and started for Camden, over forty miles distant. Not a mouthful of food, or drop of water, was given them on the route. The streams v/hich they forded had been swollen by recent rains ; but when they stooped to take up a little water in the palms of their hands, to assuage their burningthirst, they were ordered to desist by the brutal guard.

Arrived at Camden, they were confined, with about two hundred and fifty other prisoners, in a redoubt surrounding the jail, and overlooking the country to the north. No

IMPRISONMENT AT CAMDEN. 25

attention was paid to their wounds or their wants. They had no beds, nor any substitute ; and their only food was a scanty supply of bad bread. They were robbed of a portion of their clothing, taunted by Tories with being rebels, and assured that they would be hanged. Andrew Jackson himself was stripped of his jacket and shoes. With a refinement of cruelly, the Jacksons and their cousin, Thomas Crawford, two of them severely wounded, were separated as soon as their relationship was known, and kept in perfect ignorance of each other's condition or fate. In aggravation of their sufferings, the small-pox made its appearance among them. Not a step was taken to stay its progress or mitigate its afflictions. Without physicians or nurses, denied even the kind attentions and sympathy of relatives who were fellow-prisoners, their keepers left them to perish, not only without compassion, but with apparent satisfaction.

One day Andrew Jackson was sunning himself in the entrance of his prison, when the officer of the guard, apparently struck with his youthful appearance, entered into conversation with him. With characteristic energy, the fearless lad described to him the condition of the prisoners ; and among the rest, their sufferings from the scantiness and bad quality of their food. Immediately meat was added to their bread, and there was otherwise a decided improvement. The Provost was a Tory from New York; and it was afterwards alleged that he withheld the meat he had contracted to supply for the support of the prisoners, to feed a gang of negroes, which he had collected from the plantations of the Whigs, with intent to convert them to his own use.

During the confinement of the Waxhaw prisoners at Camden, General Greene made his unsuccessful attack on the British forces at that post under Lord Rawdon. The American army was encamped on Hobkirk's Hill, about a mile distant, and in full view of the redoubt in which the prisoners were confined. On the morning of the 24th of April, Andrew Jackson became convinced, from what he saw and heard, that a battle was soon to take place. He was exceedingly anxious to witness the conflict, but the thick plank fence that extended around the redoubt, completely shut out the view of the surrounding country. Determined that he would not be foiled in his wish, he set himself at work with an old razor-blade, which had been given to the prisoners to eat their rations with, and by working the greater part of the night, he contrived to cut one of the knots out of a plank, and through this obtained a view of Greene's encampment, and of the sanguinary struggle which took place on the following day.

In a few days after the battle before Camden, the two Jacksons were released, in pursuance of a partial exchange effected by the intercessions and exertions of their mother, and Captain Walker of the militia. While he was confined in prison, Robert had suflered greatly from the wound in his head which had never been dressed. Inflammation of the brain soon after ensued, which brought him to his grave, in a few days after his liberation. The mother also, worn out with anxiety and soh'citude for her children, and her incessant efforts to relieve the sufferings of the prisoners who had been brought from her own neighborhood, was taken sick, and expired in a few weeks, near the lines of the enemy in the vicinity of Charleston. These repeated afrlictions were keenly felt by young Jackson, and it was some time before he entirely recovered from the shock occasioned by so sudden a bereavement. He was tenderly attached to his mother and brother, and as they were his only relatives, their death must have been a severe blow to him. The buoyancy of youth, however, enabled him to bear up manfully against misfortune, and he soon after entered into the enjoyment of his estate, which, though small, was sufficient to have given him a liberal education. Unfortunately he had become quite intimate with a number of the most polished citizens of Charleston, who had retired to the Waxhaw settlement, during the occupation of that city by the British, and had contracted habits, and imbibed tastes, which it was unwise in him to indulge. He accompanied his friends on their return to Charleston ; and, as he determined not to be outdone by his associates, his money was expended so profusely that his whole patrimony was