Front matter
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NEW AND COMPLETE TREATISE
AETS OF TANNING, CURETING,
Preface
The art of tanning has for a long time consisted of a series of empirical operations, notwithstanding the fact that there is no art which is so dependent upon certain fixed principles, and on which chemistry exerts so great an influence. The processes followed in manufactories, in the past, have varied according to their localities; and have been transmitted from father to son, as heirlooms which they have had great scruples in abandoning or even touching. All new innovations were viewed w4th scorn, and rejected, even without experiment. When a workman had succeeded in producing good work, he believed he had attained the ne plus ultra of his art, and he would have believed he was unworthy of this title, if he could have been persuaded that he had yet many things to learn.
Prejudice and routine are, nearly always, the faithful associates of ignorance and pride, principally with those who, accustomed to manual occupations, look upon as useless, and even banish as dangerous, those theories which alone can transform an empirical art into a rational one. For a long time yet, industry will be thus hampered and the benefits of science disregarded, and it is only by degrees that it will verify the arts.
The closing years of the eighteenth century, and those of the nineteenth which have passed, have changed the ideas of manufacturers. Those who, located in the large
Vlll PREFACE.
cities, have been benefited by the help of science, have found imitators, and their innovations have gradually spread over the civilized world.
The art of tanning was one of those of which the theoretical study was the most neglected; the first author who seems to have given his attention to it was M. Desbillettes, member of the Academic des Sciences, who in 1708 published a work on tanning, and in 1754 furnished to the celebrated astronomer Delalande very good materials for his encyclopedical work on tanning arid currying. The researches of M. Delalande give exact processes, and a true picture of the method then followed. Guided by these works, several experimenters, amongst whom we may mention MacBride, Pfeffer, and St. Real, published processes for the improvement of the art of tanning, which, if they were not completely adopted, at least presented useful views. Such was the position of this art when one of the fellowlaborers of the illustrious Lavoisier, M. Seguin, proposed in 1774 to tan hides in from one to two or three months. The quality of the leather did not, however, correspond with the quickness of the operation. Notwithstanding this failure, the works of this chemist exercised a powerful influence on the progress of the art, principally after his chemical studies of tannin. Several English chemists adopted the ideas of Seguin, while others modified them, and discovered new processes. The art of tanning ceased to be an entirely empirical one, when chemistry began to help it, by the different works and researches of Gettliffe, the father and the son, Monier and Ray, Paillard Vaillant, Grouvelle, Duval Duval, Salleron, Dolphus, Fischerstroem, Payen, Kartsoff, Didier, J. Smith and J. Thomas, Trempe, Nenory, Tournal, Curaudeau, Conche, Poul, Labarraque, Leprieur, Bagnal,
PREFACE. IX
"Weldon, Dessables, Delbut, Boetger, Boudet, BerlinguGj Berendorf, Cox, Beringer, Vauquelin, Ogereau, Spilsburg, Kampfmeyer, Turnbull, Snyder, and others.
We have here given the important facts, and the principles established by these investigators and authors on this subject.
While gladly and fully acknowledging our indebtedness for much matter to Professor Morfit's edition of De Fontenelle and Malepeyre's treatise, prepared some years since for the publisher of this volume, the present publication may lay claim to being a new work, by reason as well of the numerous additions as by the considerable and important changes and improvements we have made throughout it.
We take great pleasure in acknowledging our indebtedness to those who have so kindly assisted us in our researches, and "v^uld express our particular obligations to. the Hon. J. C. G. Kennedy, Hon. D. P. HoUoway, D. Aldrich, Esq., Hatch, the Shaker Society of New Lebanon, etc. We have taken several articles from the two most important industrial publications of this country, the Slioe and Leather Reporter and the Scientific American, and desire here to acknowledge our obligations to them. We have consulted nearly all foreign and home publications; in a word, we have neglected neither pains nor trouble to make this work a standard one. We trust it will answer the purposes for which it is designed, and our reward will then be found in the services we have rendered to the profession.
Contents
PAGfE
Imports of hides at New York for the past sixteen years . . .21
at New York for 1863 22
Chapter II. Impure Tannin
Chemical properties of impure tannin ; Preparation ; Varieties in the impure tannin, 53. — Preparation of tannin from nutgalls, 55. — Proust's process, 55. — Deyeux's process, 56. — Dize's process, 56. — Merat-Guillot's process, 56. — Bouillon-Legrange's process, 57. — Tromsdorff's process, 57. — Serturner's process, 58. — Varieties of impure tannin, 58. — Tannin of catechu, 59. — Tannin of bark of trees ; Sumach ; Kino, 59. — Tannin which forms a bluish-black precipitate in solutions of a sesqui-salt of iron, 60. — Tannin which forms a green precipitate in the dissolution of iron, 60.
XU CONTENTS.
OHAPTEE III.
ARTIFICIAL TANNIN.
Properties, 61. — Composition, 62. — First variety, 62. — Second variety, 63. — Third variety, 63. — Preparation of a tannin from turf, 63.
CHAPTER lY.
TANNIN FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, 64.
CHAPTER T.
GALLIC AND ELLAGIC ACIDS.
Gallic acid, 65. — Preparation, 66. — Scheele's process, 66. — Fiedler's process, 66. — Braconnot's process, 66. — lire's process, 67. — Properties, 68. — Composition, 71. — EUagic acid, 71.
CHAPTER YI.
Section II. Tanning Materials
CHAPTER YII.
TANNING SAPS — TANNING JUICES — KINO — CATECHU,
Tanning saps, 78. — Sap of the beech tree, 79. — Tanning juices, 80. — Kino, 80. — African kino, 81. — Jamaica kino, 82. — South American, Columbia, or Caraccas kino, 82. — Catechu, 82. — Cake catechu, 84. — Pegu catechu, 84. — Bengal catechu, 84. — Bombay catechu, 84. — Gambir, 84. — Areca catechu, 85.
CHAPTER YIII.
EXCRESCENCES CONTAINING TANNIN.
Nutgalls, 86.
CHAPTER IX.
, LEAVES — TEA — FLOWERS AND FRUITS — SEEDS AND BULBS.
Leaves, 88. — List of tanning leaves, 89. — Tea, 90. — Flowers and fruits, 91. — Yalonia, 91. — Divi-divi, 93. — Of tanning flowers and flower tops, 94. — Seeds and bulbs suitable for tanning, 95.
CHAPTER X.
WOODS — ROOTS — BARKS.
Woods, 96.— Roots, 96.— Dentelaria, 96.— Malefern, 96.— Rhatany, 97.— Marsh rosemary, 97. — Barks, 98. — Cinnamon, 101. — Sassafras, 102. — Birch bark, 103. — Chestnut bark, 103. — Horse-chestnut, 103. — Beech
CONTENTS. Xlll
bark, 103. — Lombardy poplar bark, 103. — Black thorn bark, 103. — Pomegranate bark, 103. — Ash bark, 104. — Elm bark, 104. — ^Cinchona bark, 104.— Poison oak, 104.— Sumach, 104.— Willow bark, 106.— Tamarisk, 107.— Hemlock bark, 107.
CHAPTER XL
OAK BARKS.
European oaks, 108. — American oaks, 110.
CHAPTER XII.
BARKING OF THE TREES.
Parts of the bark containing the most tannin, 112. — Age of the trees relatively to the richness of the barks in tannin, 113. — Barking and the most convenient time for it, 113. — Influence of seasons and place at the time of barking on the richness in tannin, 115. — Decrease in weight of smooth bark when exposed to the air, 115.
CHAPTER XIII.
PLANTS CONTAINING TANNIN USED AS SUBSTITUTES FOR OAK BARKS, 117.
CHAPTER XIY.
METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE TANNING POWER OF ASTRINGENT SUBSTANCES,
Examination of barks, 123. — Chemical examination, 123. — R. "Warrington's process, 124. — Davy's process, 125. — Bell Stephens' process, 125. — MuUer's process, 126.— Method of Dr. D. W. Gerland, 131.— Table of the quantities of tannin contained in the principal tanning substances, 134. — Comparative quantities of different tanning substances necessary to tan an equal quantity of leather, 136.
CHAPTER XY.
TAN OR POWDERED OAK-BARK.
Bagnall's machine for chopping bark and fleshing hides, 138. — Weldon's mill for grinding oak-bark, 143. — Farcot's bark-chopping machine, 146. — Bourgeois's bark mill, 150. — Lespinasse's bark mill, 153. — Birely's mill, 159.
CHAPTER XVI.
TANNING EXTRACTS.
J. Connel's concentrated extract, 161. — A. Steers's process, 162. — The Author's process, 163.
XIV CONTENTS.
Section III. Skin
CHAPTER XVII.
PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES OF LEATHER — STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN,
Proximate principles of leather, 165. — Structure of the skin, 166. — ^Behavior of the epidermis and cutis with reagents, 167.
CHAPTER XVm.
CONSTITUTION OF THE SKIN.
Composition of the skin, 169. — Fibrin, 169. — Gelatine, 171 . — Albumen, 172. CHAPTER XIX.
THE PROPER TREATMENT OP HIDES AND SKINS — KINDS OF SKINS SUITABLE FOR TANNING — SALTING OF THE HIDES.
Ox-hides, 177. — Calves' skins and kips, 178. — Horse-hides, 178. — Sheepskins, 179. — Goat-skins, 180. — Deer-skins, 181. — Hog or pig-skins, 181. —Seal-skins, 181. — Porpoise-skins, 181. — Hippopotamus hides, 181. — Mode of salting hides, 181.
•
PAET II.
TANNING.
SECTION lY.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SKINS.
CHAPTER XX.
WASHING AND SOAKING.
Soaking of foreign hides, 186
CHAPTER XXI.
INFLUENCE OF THE WATER UPON THE QUALITY OF LEATHER.
Rain water, 192. — Snow water, 192. — Spring water, 192. — River water, 193 Lake water, 193.— Marsh water, 193.— Well water, 193.
CHAPTER XXII.
SWELLING OR RAISING OF THE HIDES.
Lime process, 195.
CONTENTS. XV
CHAPTER XX III.
STACKING OF THE HIDES, 198. \
CHAPTER XXIV.
INCONVENlkNCE OF THE LIME PROCESS, 201.
CHAPTER XXY.
METHOD OF RAISING BY ACID, 202.
CHAPTER XXVI.
DEPILATION BY STEAM, 203.
CHAPTER XXVII.
DEPILATION BY CAUSTIC SODA, 204.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
DEPILATION BY SULPHURET OF CALCIUM AND SODA.
Preparation of the hydrosulphate of lime, 206. CHAPTER XXIX.
COOL SWEATING PROCESS, 208.
CHAPTER XXX.
CHAPTER XXXI.
WALLACHIA LEATHER.
Method of working the dressings, 223, — Bran dressing, 225. — Decomposition of the white dressings, 226.
■ CHAPTER XXXII.
RYE DRESSING, OR TRANSYLVANIA LEATHER, 227.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
RAISING BY SOUR TAN-LIQUOR.
Preparation of the tan-liquor, 233.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
RAISING BY YEAST, 236.
CHAPTER XXXV.
WORKING ON THE BEAM, 237.
XVI CONTENTS.
SECTIOIsT V.
TANNING PROCESS.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
TAN TATS.
Wheat's patent vat, 244.
CHAPTER XXXYII.
HEALD's apparatus rOR| TANNING HIDES, 247.
CHAPTER XXXVni.
TIME NECESSARY FOR TANNING, 251.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
PROPORTIONS OF THE BARK USED, 252.
CHAPTER XL.
DRYING OF THE LEATHER, 253.
' CHAPTER XLI.
BEATING OF THE LEATHER, 257.
CHAPTER XLII.
BEATING AND ROLLING BY MACHINERY.
Debergue's machine, 260. — Flotard and Delbut's machine, 264. — Berendorf 's machine for pressing hides, 270. — Cox's machine, 275. — Wiltse's rolling table, 277. — Seguin's machine to flesh and gloss leather, 279.
CHAPTER XLIII.
TISSUE AND QUALITY OF LEATHERS — THEIR DEFECTS AND THE WAY OP ASCERTAINING THEM.'
Action of frost on leather, 282.
CHAPTER XLIV.
BELT LEATHER.
How to manufacture cow-leather into uppers of a superior quality, 288 CHAPTER XLY.
CHAPTER XLYI.
TANNING OF CALF-SKINS FOR THE PREPARATION OF WAXED CALF-SKINS. BY M. RENE.
Classification of untanned calf-skins, 295. — Washings, 295. — Liming, 296. — Salted skins, 298. — Dried calf-skins, 298. — Dry calf-skins from foreign countries, 299. — River work, 300. — Operation first, 302. — Treatment with strong liquors, 316. — Dressing, 321.
CONTENTS. XVll
CHAPTER XLYII.
TANNING OF GOAT AND SHEEP-SKINS.
Bleaching of goatrskins, 326. — Coloring of whole sheep-skins, 327. CHAPTER XLYHI.
MOROCCO LEATHER DRESSING — CORDOVAN LEATHER, 329.
CHAPTER XLIX.
TANNING OF HORSE-HIDES, 335.
CHAPTER L.
TANNING OF DIFFERENT SKINS, 337.
CHAPTER LI. ,
TANNING OF THE SKINS OF SHEEP's LEGS FOR MAKING TUBES WITHOUT SUTURE, FOR COVERING THE CYLINDERS USED IN COTTON AND WOOL SPINNING.
Leather bottles, 338.
CHAPTER LII.
RED LEATHER, 339.
CHAPTER LIIL
DANISH PROCESS, 339.
CHAPTER LIV.
CHEMICAL THEORY OF TANNING.
Chemical researches on the art of tanning. By M. Knapp, 344.
SECTION YI.
IMPROVED PROCES'^ES.
CHAPTER LY.
SEGUIN's PROCESS, 352.
CHAPTER LYI.
PROCESS OF PREPARING GLOSSED LEATHER BEFORE THE TANNING OPERATION.
Details of the work of the preparation of the leather, 353. — Hides, 353. — Smelting, 353. — Liming, 354. — Cleaning, 354. — Description of the apparatus, 354. — Tanning, 356.
CHAPTER LYII.
TANNING WITH MYRTLE, 356.
CHAPTER LYHL
TANNING WITH GEAPE-SKINS, 357.
XVIU CONTENTS.
CHAPTBE LIX.
TANNING WITH STATICE, 358.
CHAPTER LX.
LEPRIEUR's TANNING PROCESS.
Sugar of lead bath, 360. — Tan liquor baths, 360. — First series of infusions 361. — Second series of infusions, 362. — Tanning in the vats, 363. — Quantities of tan employed for tanning 220 lbs. of leather, 365.
CHAPTER LXI.
d'arcet's process by the sulphate of sesqui-oxide of iron, 366.
CHAPTER LXIL
Newton's process, 367.
CHAPTER LXIII,
PREPARING DRY FLINT HIDES, 368.
CHAPTER LXIY.
process of tanning of H. C. JENNINGS, 370.
CHAPTER LXY.
CHAPTER LXYI.
CORNIGUET's PROCESS OF SUBSTITUTING THE FRUIT OF THE PINE FOR THE BARK
IN TANNING, 379.
CHAPTER LXVn.
YAUQUELIN's PROCESS.
Description of the figures, 383.
CHAPTER LXYIII.
OGEREAU'S PROCESS, 390.
SECTION YII.
AMERICAN, ENGLISH, AND OTHER PROCESSES.
CHAPTER LXIX.
PROCESS OF TANNING WITH A DECOCTION OF OAK BARK, 391.
CHAPTER LXX.
Desmond's process, 393.
CONTENTS. XIX
CHAPTER LXXI.
J. burbbidge's peocess with extract of oak bark and catechu, 393.
CHAPTER LXXIL
kleman's process, 394.
CHAPTER LXXin.
spilsbury's process by pressure, 396.
CHAPTER LXXIV,
M. w. drake's process, 398.
CHAPTER LXXy.
botch's quick process of tanning leather, 399.
CHAPTER LXXVI,
J. F. KNOWLIS'S PROCESS, 402.
CHAPTER LXXYH.
TANNING APPARATUS OF D. ALDRICH, OF ST. LOUIS, MO., 403.
CHAPTER LXXYHI.
TANNING WHEEL OF V. E. EUSCO, 413.
CHAPTER LXXIX.
NEW MODE OF TANNING SKINS BY A LIQUOR OF TAR AND SOOT.
Preparation of the tan liquor, 417. — Preparation of the soot liquor, 418. — Preparation of the skins intended for leather, 418. — Preparation of leather for soles, 419.
CHAPTER LXXX.
. INDIAN METHOD OF PREPARING ELK-HIDES, 419.
CHAPTER LXXXI.
hatch's process OF TANNING, CALLED ILLINOIS FRENCH TANNING, 420.
CHAPTER LXXXII.
IRISH PROCESS, 425.
CHAPTER LXXXni.
PEOCESS OF MANUFACTURING LEATHER CALLED CUIRS A MURON, 425.
CHAPTER LXXXIY.
KALMUCKS' PEOCESS, 427.
XX CONTENTS.
CHAPTEE LXXXY.
LEATHER MANUyACTURE IN TURKEY, 429.
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
J. hannoye's process, 433.
CHAPTER LXXXVII.
M. nossiter's process, 438.
•
CHAPTER LXXXVITI.
squire's process, 442.
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
ENGLISH process FOR TANNING NETS, SAILS, AND ROPES, 443.
CHAPTER XC.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE TANNING OF CALF-SKINS WITH TAN, DIVI-DIVI, CATECHU, AND ELECAMPANE BARK.
Oak bark, 444. — Divi-dj^vi, 445. — Catechu (terra Japooica), 445. — ^Elecampane bark, 445.
CHAPTER XCI.
TANNING HIDES, BY J. W. JOHNSON, 447.
CHAPTER XCII.
CHAPTER XOni.
S. SNYDEK'S PROCESS, 452.
CHAPTER XCIT.
H. HIBBARD's PROCESS.
Preparation of the skins, 455. — Composition for tanning, 455. CHAPTER XCV.
HEMLOCK TANNING.
Process of tanning as performed at the Shaker Tannery, New Lebanon, N. Y., 458.-
CHAPTER XCYI.
HALTORSOn's PROCESS FOR RENDERING HIDES HARD AND TRANSPARENT, 461.
CONTENTS. Xxi
CHAPTER XCVII.
TAWING.
Kid leather, 463.— Imitation kid, 466.
CHAPTER XCYIH.
THE BEST METHOD OF TANNING SMALL LAMB-SKINS CALLED CHAMOIS, AND ESPE- CIALLY WHITE PELTRY FOR FURRIERS, 467.
CHAPTER XCIX.
NEW METHOD OP COLORING WHITE TAWED LEATHER, 469.
CHAPTER C.
QUICK TANNING.
S. Dunseith's process, 473. — M. D. Kennedy's process, 474. — I. L. Wells' process, 475. — J. Cochran's process, 475. — W. R. Webster's process, 475. — Bunting's process, 476. — Thompson's process, 476. — L. Robinson's process, 476. — T. G. Eggleston's process, 476. — A. Dietz's process, 477. — P. Daniel's process, 478. — D. Needham's process, 479. — R. Harper's process, 479. — A. Hill's process, 480. — J. Nuessley's process, 480. — M. A. Bell's process, 480. — Blet's process, 481. — Baron's process, 481. — Quick process, 482. — Guiot's process, 483.
CHAPTER CI.
RESIDUES AND PRODUCTS OF TANNERIES, 484.
PART III. CUERTINa
SECTION VIII.
GENERAL WORK OP THE CURRIER.
CHAPTER CII.
DIPPING, 488.
CHAPTER CIII.
SHAVING, 492.
CHAPTER CIY.
POMMELLING, 493.
B* xxii' CONTENTS.
CHAPTER CV.
STRETCHING, 494.
CHAPTER CVI.
WORKING WITH THE ROUND KNIFE, 496.
CHAPTER CVII.
PREPARATION OF STRETCHED LEATHER, 498.
CHAPTER CYIII.
PREPARATION OF SLEEKED LEATHER, 499.
CHAPTER CIX.
COMPARISON OF SLEEK LEATHER WITH ALUM-DRESSED LEATHER, 502.
CHAPTER ex.
TALLOWED OR GRAINED LEATHER.
Grain black ; how to improve it, 506.
CHAPTER CXI.
" WATER LEATHER, 510.
CHAPTER CXII.
OIL LEATHER.
Oiled leather, 515.
CHAPTER CXHI.
WAXED LEATHER, 518.
CHAPTER CXIY.
ENGLISH HIDES, 518.
CHAPTER CXV,
WHITE LEATHER AND COMMON RUSSET, 521.
CHAPTER CXYI.
CURRYING OF CALF-SKINS — OILED CALF-SKINS, 522,
CHAPTER CXYII.
TALLOWED CALF-SKINS, 524.
CHAPTER CXYHI.
ENGLISH CALF-SKINS, 525.
CONTENTS. XXlll
CHAPTEE CXIX.
WAXED CALF-SKINS.
Flesliing and shaving, 526. — Bleaching or Whitening, 542. — Graining, 545. — Mode of making the blacking and its applications, 547. — Finishing, 550.
CHAPTER CXX.
GRAINED CALF-SKINS, 556.
CHAPTEE CXXI.
CALF-SKIN LEATHER FOR BELTS, 557.
CHAPTEE CXXII.
CHAPTEE CXXm.
SATURATION OF LEATHER WITH GREASE, 563.
CHAPTEE CXXIY.
CHAPTEE CXXY.
F. JAHKEL's PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING LEATHER FOR HARNESS-MAKERS, 569.
CHAPTEE CXXYI.
CURRYING OF GOAT-SKINS, 571.
SECTION IX.
RUSSIA LEATHER.
CHAPTEE CXXVII.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING RUSSIA LEATHER, 575.
CHAPTEE CXXVIII.
DISTILLATION OF THE EMPYREUMATIC OIL OF BIRCH-BARK FOR RUSSIA LEATHER.
Fischerstroern's process, 578. — Another process, 579. — Grouvelle and Duval-Duval's process, 579. — Payen's process, 580.
CHAPTEE CXXIX.
NATURE OF THE ODORIFEROUS SUBSTANCE OF THE BIRCH-TREE BARK, 582.
CHAPTEE C^XX.
PREPARATION OF RUSSIA LEATHER, 583.
XXIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER OXXXI.
COLORING OF RED RUSSIA LEATHER, 584.
CHAPTER CXXXII.
EXTRACT FROM A MEMOIR ON THE PROCESS OF TANNING SKINS IN RUSSIA BY THE COUNT OP EARTSOFF, 586.
CHAPTER CXXXIII.
RED LEATHER, 590.
CHAPTER CXXXIV.
SHAGREEN AND PARCHMENT.
Shagreen, 592.
CHAPTER OXXXV.
SECTION X.
PATENT LEATHER,
CHAPTER CXXXVI.
FABRICATION OP THE PATENT LEATHER, 600.
CHAPTER CXXXVII.
didier's process.
White polished leather, 603. — Red polished leather, 603. — Blue polished leather, 604. — Yellow polished leather, 604. — Polished leather of leather color, 604. — Black lacquer for shoes and leather work, 604. — Process for varnishing leather for belts, &c., 605.
SECTION XL
WATER-PROOF LEATHER.
CHAPTER CXXXVIII.
PROCESS OF J. SMITH AND J. THOMAS, 606.
CHAPTER CXXXIX.
NENORY's preparation to RENDER LEATHER WATER-PROOF AND IMPERVIOUS.
Preparation of siccative oil, 607. — Preparation of the elastic gum, 607. — Preparation of the compound* 608. — Process of using the composition, 608.
CONTENTS. XXV
CHAPTER CXL.
dean's process for rendering leather impervious.
First composition, 608. — Second composition, 609. — Third composition, 609. — Fourth composition, 609. — Application of the composition, 610.
CHAPTER CXLI.
different processes.
Cheap method of making leather water-proof, 611. — Jenning's process, 611.
Part IV. Hungaky Leather
SECTION XII.
CHAPTER CXLII.
grease and animal oils.
Lard, 615. — Mutton suet, 616. — Beef tallow, 616. — Medullary beef tallow, 616.— Fish oils, 616.— Dolphin oil, 617.— Porpoise oil, 617.— Different fish oils, 617. — Process by which to give to a mixture of different oils and greases the properties of fish oils, 618. — 'Process for rendering vegetable oils fit to take the place of fish oils, 618.
CHAPTER CXLIII.
RIVER WORK, 618.
CHAPTER CXLIY.
■ ALUMING the HIDES, 619.
CHAPTER OXLY.
SECOND ALUMING, 622.
CHAPTER CXL VI.
DRYING AND STRETCHING, 622.
CHAPTER CXLVIL
TREADING OUT THE HIDES, 623.
CHAPTER CXLVIII.
, I
XXVI CONTENTS.
CHAPTER OXLIX.
FLAMING, 628.
CHAPTER CL.
EXPOSURE TO THE AIR, 629.
CHAPTER CLI.
WEIGHING. — MARKING. — PILING, 630.
CHAPTER OLII.
HUNGARY LEATHER MADE OF COW AND CALF-SKINS, 631.
CHAPTER CLIII.
HUNGARY LEATHER MADE OF HORSE-HIDES, 631.
CHAPTER CLIY.
M. KRESSE's PROCESS OP PREPARING BLACK HUNGARY LEATHER, 633.
CHAPTER CLY.
DEFECTS IN THE QUALITY OF HUNGARY LEATHER, 634.
CHAPTER CLYI.
uses of HUNGARY LEATHER, 635.
CHAPTER CLYII.
IMPROVEMENT OF M. CURANDEAU, 636.
PAET Y.
GUT-DRESSING.
SECTION XIII.
PREPARATION OP THE INTESTINES OF CATTLE,
CHAPTER CLYIII.
OPERATIONS FOLLOWED IN THE PREPARATION OF INTESTINES OF CATTLE.
Description of the workshop, 638. — Scouring, 638. — Turning over, 639. — Putrid fermentation, 639. — Scraping, 640. — Washing, 640. — Insufflation, 640. — Desiccation, 641. — Disinsufflation, 641. — Measuring, 641. — Sulphuration, 641.— Folding, 642.
CONTENTS. XXVll
CHAPTEE CLIX.
DISINFECTION OF THE WOEK-SHOPS. — MODE OF SUPPRESSING PUTREFACTION, 642.
CHAPTER CLX.
gold-beater's SKIN, 643.
CHAPTER CLXI.
LATHE-CORDS, 644.
CHAPTER CLXII.
MANUFACTURE OF CORDS FROM THE INTESTINES OF SHEEP, 645.
CHAPTER CLXni.
DIFFERENT CORDS.
Cords for rackets, 647. — Whip cords, 647. — Hatter's cords for bowstrings, 648. — Clock-maker's cord, 648.
CHAPTER CLXIY.
CORDS FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENT STRINGS, 649.
PAET YI.
DIFFEKENT KINDS OF APPARATUS USED BY LEATHER MANUFACTURERS.
CHAPTER CLXY.
IMPROVED MACHINE FOR ROLLING GREEN OR WET LEATHER.
Operation, 659.
CHAPTER CLXYI.
CHAPTER CLXYII.
LEATHER POLISHING MACHINE, 673.
CHAPTER CLXYin.
JACOB Perkins's machine for pommelling and graining, leather, 675.
CHAPTER CLXIX.
NISBET'S GROUNDING AND PUMICING MACHINE, 678.
XXVlll CONTENTS.
CHAPTER CLXX.
EMBOSSING OF LEATHER.
Bernheim and Labouriau's process, 682. — F. W. East's process, 686.
CHAPTER CLXXI.
degrand's machine for splitting and shaving leather, 687.
CHAPTER CLXXII.
gikaudon's machine for splitting and shaving leather, 688.
CHAPTER CLXXIII.
machines for splitting and shaving leather. Richardson's machine, 694. — Chapman's improved leather splitting machine, 697. — Introduction of splitting machine into German heavy and upper leather tanneries, 699.
THE
ARTS OF TANNING, CURRYING,
LEATHER-EEESSING.
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