Front matter
A mW AND COMPLETE TREATISE
AUTS OF TANNING, CUEMING,
AND
Preface
The art of tanning has for a long time consisted of a series of empirical operations, notwithstanding the fact that there is no art which is so dependent upon certain fixed principles, and on which chemistry exerts so gre^t an influence. The processes followed in manufactories, in the past, have varied according to their localities; and have been transmitted from father to son, as heirlooms which they have had great scruples in abandoning or even touching. All new innovations were viewed with scorn, and rejected, even without experiment. When a workman had succeeded in producing good work, he believed he had attained the ne plus ultra of his art, and he would have believed he was unworthy of this title, if he could have been persuaded that he had yet many things to learn.
Prejudice and routine are, nearly always, the faithful associates of ignorance and pride, principally with those who, accustomed to manual occupations, look upon as useless, and even banish as dangerous, those theories which alone can transform an empirical art into a rational one. For a long time yet, industry will be thus hampered and the benefits of science disregarded, and it is only by degrees that it will verify the arts.
The closing years of the eighteenth century, and those of the nineteenth which have passed, have changed, the ideas of manufacturers. Those who, located in the large
Vlll
PREFACE.
cities, have been benefited by the help of science, have found imitators, and their innovations have gradually spread over the civilized world.
The art of tanning was one of those of which the theoretical study was the most neglected; the first author who seems to have given his attention to it was M. Desbillettes, member of the Academic des Sciences, who in 1708 published a work on tanning, and in 1754 furnished to the celebrated astronomer Delalande very good materials for his encyclopedical work on tanning and currying. The researches of M. Delalande give exact processes, and a true picture of the method then followed. Guided by these works, several experimenters, amongst whom we may mention MacBride, Pfeffer, and St. Real, published processes for the improvement of the art of tanning, which, if they were not completely adopted, at least presented useful views. Such was the position of this art when one of the fellowlaborers of the illustrious Lavoisier, M. Seguin, proposed in 1774 to tan hides in from one to two or three months. The quality of the leather did not, however, correspond with the quickness of the operation. Notwithstanding this failure, the works of this chemist exercised a powerful influence on the progress of the art, principally after his chemical studies of tannin. Several English chemists adopted the ideas of Seguin, while others modified them, and discovered new processes. The art of tanning ceased to be an entirely empirical one, when chemistry began to help it, by the difierent works and researches of Gettliffe, the father and the son, Monier and Ray, Paillard Vaillant, Grouvelle, Duval Duval, Salleron, Dolphus, Fischerstroem, Payen, Kartsoff, Didier, J. Smith and J. Thomas, Trempe, Nenory, Tournal, Curaudeau, Conche, Poul, Labarraque, Leprieur, Bagnal,
PREFACE.
IX
We have here given the important facts, and the principles established by these investigators and authors on this subject.
While gladly and fully acknowledging our indebtedness for much matter to Professor Morfit's edition of De Fontenelle and Malepeyre's treatise, prepared some years since for the publisher of this volume, the present publication may lay claim to being a new work, by reason as well of the numerous additions as by the considerable and important changes and improvements we have made throughout it.
We take great pleasure in acknowledging our indebtedness to those who have so kindly assisted us in our Tesearches, and would express our particular obligations to the Hon. J. C. G. Kennedy, Hon. D. P. HoUoway, I). Aldrich, Esq., Hatch, the Shaker Society of New i\ebanon, etc. We have taken several articles from the tVo most important industrial publications of this cduntry, the Shoe and Leather Reporter and the Scientific A'kerican, and desire here to acknowledge our obligatioiis to them. We have consulted nearly all foreign and\ home publications; in a word, we have neglected neitVer pains nor trouble to make this work a standard one. We trust it will answer the purposes for which it is designed, and our reward will then be found in the services we have rendered to the profession.
PAGE
Introduction 17
Imports of hides at New York for the past sixteen years . . .21
" " at New York for 1863 22
" " at Boston for 1863 24
" " at Philadelphia 26
" " at Salem, Mass. 26
Leather produced ia the United States in 1850 and 1860 . . .27
Origin and Development of the Art of Tanning 31
Parchment Dressing 38
PAET L
CHEMISTRY OF TANNINa.- SECTION L
TAN AND TANNIN.
Chapter I. Pure Tannin
Chemical properties, 44. — Composition, 50. — Preparation, 50.
Chapter II. Impure Tannin
'Chemical properties of impure tannin ; Preparation ; Varieties in the impure tannin, 53. — Preparation of tannin from nutgalls, 55. — Proust's process, 55. — Dej'eux's process, 56. — Dize's process, 56. — Merat-Guillot's process, 56. — Bouillon-Legrange's process, 57. — Tromsdorff's process, 57. — Serturner's process, 58. — Varieties of impure tannin, 58. — Tannin of catechu, 59. — Tannin of bark of trees ; Sumach ; Kino, 59. — Tannin which forms a bluish-black precipitate in solutions of a sesqui-salt of iron, 60. — Tannin which forms a green precipitate in the dissolution of iron, 60.
Xll
Chapter III. Artificial Tannin
Properties, 61. — Composition, 62. — First variety, 62. — Second variety, 63. — Third variety, 63. — Preparation of a tanijin from turf, 63.
CHAPTER TV.
TANNIN FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, 64.
CHAPTER Y.
GALLIC AND ELLAGIC ACIDS.
Gallic acid, 65. — Preparation, 66. — Sclieele's process, 66. — Fiedler's process, 66. — Braconnot's process, 66. — lire's process, 67. — Properties, 68. — Composition, 71. — EUagic acid, 71.
CHAPTER VI.
Section II. Tanning Materials
CHAPTER YII.
TANNING SAPS — TANNING JUICES — KINO — CATECHU.
Tanning saps, 78. — Sap of the beech tree, 79. — Tanning juices, 80. — Kino, 80. — African kino, 81. — J amaica kino, 82. — South American, Columbia, or Caraccas kino, 82. — Catechu, 82. — Cake catechu, 84. — Pegu catechu, 84. — Bengal catechu, 84. — Bombay catechu, 84. — Gambir, 84.' — Areca catechu, 85.
CHAPTER YIII;
EXCRESCENCES CONTAINING TANNIN.
Nutgalls, 86.
CHAPTER IX.
LEAVES — TEA — FLOWERS AND FRUITS — SEEDS AND BULBS.
Leaves, 88. — List of tanning leaves, 89. — Tea, 90. — Flowers and fruits, 91. — Yalonia, 91. — Divi-divi, 93. — Of tanning flowers and flower tops, 94. — Seeds and bulbs suitable for tanning, 95.
CHAPTER X.
WOODS — ROOTS — BARKS.
Woods, 96.— Roots, 96.— Dentelaria, 96.— Malefern, 96.— Rhatany, 97.— Marsh rosemary, 97. — Barks, 98. — Cinnamon, 101. — Sassafras, 102. — Birch bark, 103. — Chestnut bark, 103. — Horse-chestnut, 103. — Beech
CONTENTS.
XIU bark, 103. — Lombardypoplarbark, 103. — Black thoiii bark, 103. — Pomegranate bark, 103. — Ash bark, 104. — Elm bark, 104. — Oiuchona bark, 104.— Poisou oak, 104.— Sumach, 104.— Willow bark, 106.— Tamarisk, 107.— Hemlock bark, 107.
CHAPTER XI.
OAK BARKS.
European oaks, 108. — American oaks, 110.
CHAPTER XII.
BARKING OF THE TREES.
Parts of the bark containing the most tannin, 112. — Age of the trees relatively to the richness of the barks in tannin, 113. — Barking and the most convenient time for it, 113. — Influence of seasons and place at the time of barking on the richness in tannin, 115. — Decrease in weight of smooth bark when exposed to the air, 115.
CHAPTER XIIL
PLANTS CONTAINING TANNIN USED AS SUBSTITUTES FOR OAK BARKS, 117.
CHAPTER XIY.
METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE TANNING POWER OP ASTRINGENT SUBSTANCES.
Examination of barks, 123. — Chemical examination, 123. — R. Warrington's process, 124. — Davy's process, 125. — Bell Stephens' process, 125. — MuUer's process, 126.— Method of Dr. D. W. Gerland, 131.— Table of the quantities of tannin contained in the principal tanning substances, 134. — Comparative quantities of different tanning substances necessary to tan an equal quantity of leather, 136.
CHAPTER XY.
TAN OR POWDERED OAK-BARK.
Bagnall's machine for chopping bark and fleshing hides, 138. — Weldon's mill for grinding oak-bark, 143. — Farcot's bark-chopping machine, 146. — Bourgeois's bark mill, 150. — Lespinasse's bark mill, 153. — Birely's mill, 159.
CHAPTER XVI.
TANNING EXTRACTS.
J. Connel's concentrated extract, 161. — A. Steers's process, 162. — The Author's process, 163. ^ xiv
CONTENTS.
Section III. Skin
CHAPTER XVII.
PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES OF LEATHER — STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN,
Proximate principles of leather, 165. — Structure of the skin, 166. — Behavior of the epidermis and cutis with reagents, 167.
CHAPTER XYIII.
CONSTITUTION OF THE SKIN.
Composition of the skin, 169. — Fibrhi, 169.— Gelatine, 171, — Albumen, 172. CHAPTER XIX.
THE PROPER TREATMENT OF HIDES AND SKINS — KINDS OF SKINS SUITABLE FOR TANNING — SALTING OF THE HIDES.
Ox-hides, 177.— Calves' skins and kips, 178. — Horse-hides, 178.— Sheepskins, 179. — Go5Lt-skins, 180. — Deer-skins, 181, — Hog or pig-skins, 181. — Seal-skins, 181. — Porpoise-skins, 181. — Hippopotamus hides, 181. — Mode of salting hides, 181.
Part II, Tanning
SECTION lY.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SKINS.
CHAPTER XX,
WASHING AND SOAKING.
Soaking of foreign hides, 186
CHAPTER XXI,
INFLUENCE OF THE WATER UPON THE QUALITY OF LEATHER,
Rain water, 192.— Snow water, 192.— Spring water, 192.— River water, 193 Lake water, 193,— Marsh water, 193,— Well water, 193.
CHAPTER XXII,
* SWELLING OR RAISING OF THE HIDES,
Lime process, 195,
CONTENTS.
XV
CHAPTEE XXIII.
STACKING OF THE HIDES, 198.
CHAPTER XXIV.
INCONVENIENCE OF THE LIME PROCESS, 201.
CHAPTER XXV.
METHOD OF RAISING BY ACID, 202.
CHAPTER XXVI.
DEPILATION BY STEAM, 203.
CHAPTER XXVII.
DEPILATION BY CAUSTIC SODA, 204.
CHAPTER XXVIIL
DEPILATION BY SULPHURET OF CALCIUM AND SODA.
Preparation of the hydrosulphate of lime, 206.
CHAPTER XXIX.
COOL SWEATING PROCESS, 208.
CHAPTER XXX.
CHAPTER XXXI.
WALLACHIA LEATHER.
Method of working the dressings, 223. — Bran dressing, 225. — Decomposition of the white dressings, 226.
CHAPTER XXXII.
KYE DRESSING, OR TRANSYLVANIA LEATHER, 227.
CHAPTER XXXIII,
RAISING BY SOUR TAN-LIQUOR.
Preparation of the tan-liquor, 233.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
RAISING BY YEAST, 236.
CHAPTER XXXV.
WORKING ON THE BEAM, 237.
xvi
CONTENTS.
SECTION Y.
TANNING PROCESS.
CHAPTER XXXVL
TAN VATS.
Wheat's patent vat, 244.
CHAPTER XXXVII. heald's apparatus for tanning hides, 247.
CHAPTER XXXYIII.
TIME NECESSARY FOR TANNING, 251.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
PROPORTIONS OF THE BARK USED, 252.
CHAPTER XL.
DRYING OP THE LEATHER, 253.
CHAPTER XLI.
BEATING OF THE LEATHER, 257.
CHAPTER XLII.
BEATING AND ROLLING BY MACHINERY.
Debergue's machine, 260. — Flotard and Delbut's machine, 264. — Berendorf 's machine for pressing hides, 270. — Cox's machine, 275. — Wiltse's rolling table, 277. — Seguin's machine to flesh and gloss leather, 279.
CHAPTER XLIII.
TISSUE AND QUALITY OF LEATHERS — THEIR DEFECTS AND THE WAY OF ASCERTAINING THEM.
Action of frost on leather, 282.
CHAPTER XLIY.
BELT LEATHER.
How to manufacture cow-leather into uppers of a superior quality, 288 CHAPTER XLY.
CHAPTER XLYI.
TANNING OF CALF-SKINS FOR THE PREPARATION OF WAXED CALF-SKINS. BY M. RENE.
Classification of untanned calf-skins, 295. — Washings, 295. — Liming, 296. — Salted skins, 298. — Dried calf-skins, 298. — Dry calf-skins from foreign countries, 299. — River work, 300. — Operation first, 302. — Treatment with strong liquors, 316. — Dressing, 321.
CONTENTS.
XVll
CHAPTER XLYII.
TANNING OF GOAT AND SHEEP-SKINS.
Bleaching of goat-skins, 326. — Coloring of wliole sheep-skins, 327.
CHAPTER XLYIII.
MOROCCO LEATHER DRESSING CORDOVAN LEATHER, 329.
CHAPTER XLIX.
TANNING OF HORSE-HIDES, 335.
CHAPTER L.
TANNING OF DIFFERENT SKINS, 337.
CHAPTER LI.
TANNING OF THE SKINS OF SHEEP'S LEGS FOR MAKING TUBES WITHOUT SUTURE, FOR COVERING THE CYLINDERS USED IN COTTON AND WOOL SPINNING.
Leather bottles, 338.
CHAPTER LII.
CHAPTER LIII.
DANISH PROCESS, 339.
CHAPTER LIY.
CHEMICAL THEORY OF TANNING.
Chemical researches on the art of tanning. By M. Knapp, 344.
SECTION VI.
IMPROVED PROCESSES.
CHAPTER LY.
SEGUIN's PROCESS, 352.
CHAPTER LYI.
PROCESS OF PREPARING GLOSSED LEATHER BEFORE THE TANNING OPERATION.
Details of the work of the preparation of the leather, 353. — Hides, 3^.— Smelting, 353. — Liming, 354. — Cleaning, 354. — Description of the apparatus, 354. — Tanning, 356.
CHAPTER LYII.
TANNING WITH MYRTLE, 356.
CHAPTER LYin.
TANNING WITH GRAPE-SKINS, 357.
B
XVIU
CONTENTS.
CHAPTEE LIX.
TANNING WITH STATICE, 358.
CHAPTEE LX.
leprieub's tanning process.
Sugar of lead bath, 360.— Tan liquor baths, 360.— First series of infusions 361. — Second series of infusions, 362. — Tanning in the vats, 363. — Quantities of tan employed for tanning 220 lbs. of leather, 365.
CHAPTEE LXI. d'arcet's process by the sulphate of sesqui-oxide of iron, 366.
CHAPTEE LXII.
Newton's process, 367.
CHAPTEE LXIII.
PREPARING DRY FLINT »IDES, 368. I
CHAPTEE LXIV.
PROCESS OF TANNING OF H. C. JENNINGS, 370.
CHAPTEE LXY.
CHAPTEE LXVI.
CORNIGUET's PROCESS OF SUBSTITUTING THE FRUIT OP THE PINE FOR THE BARK
IN TANNING, 379.
CHAPTEE LXVII.
VAUQUELIn's PROCESS.
Description of the figures, 383.
CHAPTEE LXVIII.
OGEREAU'S PROCESS, 390.
* SECTION VII.
AMERICAN, ENGLISH, AND OTHER PROCESSES.
CHAPTEE LXIX.
PROCESS OP TANNING WITH A DECOCTION OF OAK BARK, 391.
CHAPTEE LXX.
Desmond's process, 393.
CONTENTS.
XIX
CHAPTER LXXI.
J. burbridge's process with extract of oak bark and catechu, 393.
CHAPTER LXXn. kleman's process, 394.
CHAPTER LXXin. spilsbury's process by pressure, 396.
CHAPTER LXXIV.
M. w. drake's process, 398.
CHAPTER LXXY. eotch's quick process of tanning leather, 399.
CHAPTER LXXVL
J. F. KNOWLIS'S PROCESS, 402.
CHAPTER LXXVn.
TANNING APPARATUS OF D. ALDRICH, OF ST. LOUIS, MO., 403.
CHAPTER LXXVIII.
TANNING WHEEL OF V. E. RUSOO, 413.
CHAPTER LXXIX.
NEW MODE OF TANNING SKINS BY A LIQUOR OP TAR AND SOOT.
reparation of the tan liquor, 417. — Preparation of the soot liquor, 418. — Preparation of the skins intended for leather^ 418. — Preparation of leather for soles, 419.
CHAPTER LXXX.
INDIAN METHOD OP PREPARING ELK-HIDES, 419.
CHAPTER LXXXI.
hatch's process of tanning, CALLED ILLINOIS FRENCH TANNING, 420.
CHAPTER LXXXII.
IRISH PROCESS, 425.
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING LEATHER CALLED CUIRS A MURON, 425.
Chapter I.xxxiv. Kalmucks' Process, 427
XX
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER LXXXV.
LEATHER MANUFACTURE IN TURKEY, 429.
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
J. hannoye's process, 433.
CHAPTER LXXXVII.
M. nossiter's process, 438.
CHAPTER LXXXYIII. squire's process, 442.
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
ENGLISH PROCESS FOR TANNING NETS, SAILS, AND ROPES, 443.
CHAPTER XC.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE TANNING OF CALF-SKINS WITH TAN, DIVI-DIVI, CATECHU, ANB ELECAMPANE BARK.
Oak bark, 444.— Divi-divi, 445.— Catechu (terra japonica), 445— Elecampane bark, 445.
CHAPTER XCI.
TANNING HIDES, BY J. W. JOHNSON, 447.
CHAPTER XCII.
TURNBULL's PROCESS, 447.
CHAPTER XCni. s. Snyder's process, 452.
CHAPTER XCIV.
H. HIBBARD's PROCESS.
Preparation of the skins, 455.— Composition for tanning, 455.
CHAPTER XCV.
HEMLOCK TANNING.
Process of tanning as performed at the Shaker Tannery, New Lebanon, N. Y., 458.
CHAPTER XCYI.
HALVORSON's process for RENDERING HIDES HARD AND TRANSPARENT, 461.
CONTENTS.
xxi
CHAPTER XOVIL
TAWING.
Kid leather, 463. — Imitation kid, 466.
CHAPTER XCYHI.
THE BEST METHOD OP TANNINO SMALL LAMB-SKINS CALLED CHAMOIS, AND ESPE- CIALLY WHITE PELTRY FOR FURRIERS, 467.
CHAPTER XCIX.
NEW METHOD OF COLORING WHITE TAWED LEATHER, 469.
CHAPTER C.
QUICK TANNING.
S. Dunseith's process, 473. — M. D. Kennedy's process, 474. — I. L. Wells' process, 475. — J. Cochran's process, 475. — W. R. Webster's process, 475. — Bunting's process, 476. — Thompson's process, 476. — L. Robinson's process, 476. — T. G. Eggleston's process, 476. — A. Dietz's process, 477. — P. Daniel's process, 478. — D. Needham's process, 479. — R. Harper's process, 479. — A. Hill's process, 480. — J. Nuessley's process, 480. — M. A. Bell's process, 480. — Blet's process, 481. — Baron's process, 481. — Quick process, 482. — Guiot's process, 483.
CHAPTER CI.
EESIDUES AND PRODUCTS OF TANNERIES, 484.
PAET III.
CURRYING.
SECTION YIII.
GENERAL WORK OP THE CURRIER.
, CHAPTER CII.
DIPPING, 488.
CHAPTER cm.
SHAVING, 492.
CHAPTER CIV.
POMMELLING, 493.
XXll
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER CV.
STRETCHING, 494,
CHAPTER CVI.
WORKING WITH THE ROUND KNIFE, 496.
CHAPTER CVII.
PREPARATION OF STRETCHED LEATHER, 498.
CHAPTER CYIII.
PREPARATION OF SLEEKED LEATHER, 499.
CHAPTER CIX.
COMPARISON OF SLEEK LEATHER WITH ALUM-DRESSED LEATHER, 502.
CHAPTER ex.
TALLOWED OR GRAINED LEATHER.
Grain black ; how to improve it, 506.
CHAPTER CXI.
WATER LEATHER, 510.
CHAPTER CXII.
OIL LEATHER.
Oiled leather, 515.
. CHAPTER CXIII.
WAXED LEATHER, 518.
CHAPTER CXIV. •
ENGLISH HIDES, 518.
CHAPTER CXV.
WHITE LEATHER AND COMMON RUSSET, 521.
CHAPTER CXVI.
CURRYING OF CALF-SKINS — OILED CALF-SKINS, 522.
CHAPTER CXYH.
TALLOWED CALF-SKINS, 524.
CHAPTER CXVIII.
ENGLISH CALF-SKINS, 525.
CONTENTS. XXlll CHAPTEE CXIX.
WAXED CALF-SKINS.
Fleshing and shaving, 526.— Bleaching or Whitening, 542.— Graining, 5l5. —Mode of making the blacking and its applications, 547.— Finishing, 550.
CHAPTER OXX.
GRAINED CALF-SKINS, 556.
CHAPTER CXXI.
CALF-SKIN LEATHER FOR BELTS, 557.
CHAPTER CXXII.
CHAPTER CXXm.
SATURATION OF LEATHER WITH GREASE, 563.
CHAPTER CXXIV.
CHAPTER CXXY.
F. JAHKEL'S PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING LEATHER FOR HARNESS-MAKERS, 569.
CHAPTER CXXYI.
CURRYING OF GOAT-SKINS, 571.
SECTION IX.
RUSSIA LEATHER.
■ CHAPTER CXXVII.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING RUSSIA LEATHER, 575.
CHAPTER OXXVIII.
DISTILLATION OF THE EMPYREUMATIC OIL OF BIRCH-BARK FOR RUSSIA LEATHER.
- Fischerstroern's process, 578.— Another process, 579.— Grouvelle and Duval-Duval's process, 579.— Payen's process, 580.
CHAPTER CXXIX.
NATURE OF THE ODORIFEROUS SUBSTANCE OF THE BIRCH-TREE BARK, 582.
CHAPTER CXXX.
PREPARATION OF RUSSIA LEATHER, 583.
Xxiv CONTENTS.
CHAPTER CXXXI.
COLORING OF RED RUSSIA LEATHER, 584.
CHAPTER CXXXII.
EXTRACT FROM A MEMOIR ON THE PROCESS OP TANNING SKINS IN RUSSIA BY THE COUNT OF KARTSOFF, 586.
CHAPTER CXXXIII.
CHAPTER CXXXI V.
SHAGREEN AND PARCHMENT.
Shagreen, 592.
CHAPTER CXXXY.
SECTION X.
PATENT LEATHER.
CHAPTER CXXXVI.
FABRICATION OF THE PATENT LEATHER, 600.
CHAPTER CXXXVII.
DIDIER's PROCESS.
White polished leather, 603.— Red polished leather, 603.— Blue polished leather, 604.— Yellow polished leather, 604. — Polished leather of leather color, 604. — Black lacquer for shoes and leather work, 604. — Process for varnishing leather for belts, &c., 605.
SECTION XL
WATER-PROOF LEATHER.
CHAPTER CXXXVIII.
PROCESS OF J. SMITH AND J. THOMAS, 606.
CHAPTER CXXXIX.
NENORY's PREPARATION TO RENDER LEATHER WATER-PROOF AND IMPERVIOUS.
Preparation of siccative oil, 607.— Preparation of the elastic gum, 607.— Preparation of the compound, 608.— Process of using the composition, 608.
CONTENTS.
XXV
CHAPTER OXL.
dean's process for rendering leather impervious.
First composition, 608. — Second composition, 609. — Third composition, 609.^ — Fourth composition, 609. — Application of the composition, 610.
CHAPTER CXLI.
DIFFERENT PROCESSES.
Cheap method of making leather water-proof, 611. — Jenning's process, 611.
HUNGAEY LEATHER. ^ ^
SECTION XII.
CHAPTER CXLII.
GREASE AND ANIMAL OILS.
Lard, 615. — Mutton suet, 616. — Beef tallow, 616. — Medullary beef tallow, 616.— Fish oils, 616.— Dolphin oil, 617.— Porpoise oil, 617.— Different fish oils, 617. — Process by which to give to a mixture of different oils and greases the properties of fish oils, 618. — Process for rendering vegetable oils fit to take the place of fish oils, 618.
CHAPTER CXLIII.
RIVER WORK, 618.
CHAPTER CXLIV.
ALUMING THE HIDES, 619.
CHAPTER CXLV.
SECOND ALUMING, 622.
CHAPTER CXLVI.
DRYING AND STRETCHING, 622.
CHAPTER CXLVII.
TREADING ODT THE HIDES, 623.
CHAPTER CXLYIII.
XXyi CONTENTS.
CHAPTER CXLIX.
FLAMING, 628.
CHAPTER CL.
EXPOSURE TO THE AIR, 629.
CHAPTER CLI.
WEIGHING. — MARKING. — PILING, 630. »
CHAPTER cm.
HUNGARY LEATHER MADE OF COW AND CALF-SKINS, 631.
CHAPTER CLIII.
HUNGARY LEATHER MADE OF HORSE-HIDES, 631.
CHAPTER CLIY.
M. KRESSE's process of PREPARING BLACK HUNGARY LEATHER, 633.
CHAPTER CLV.
DEFECTS IN THE QUALITY OF HUNGARY LEATHER, 634.
CHAPTER CLVI.
uses of HUNGARY LEATHER, 635.
CHAPTER CLVII.
IMPROVEMENT OF M. CURANDEAU, 636.
PART Y.
GUT-DRESSING.
SECTION XIII.
PREPARATION OF THE INTESTINES OF CATTLE.
CHAPTER CLVIII.
OPERATIONS FOLLOWED IN THE PREPARATION OF INTESTINES OF CATTLE.
Description of the workshop, 638.— Scouring, 638.— Turning over, 639.— Putrid fermentation, 639.— Scraping, 640.— Washing, 640.— Insufflation, 640.— Desiccation, 641.— Disinsufflation, 641.— Measuring, 641.— Sulphuration, 641.— Folding, 642.
CONTENTS.
XXV 11
CHAPTER CLIX.
DISINFECTION OF THE WORK-SHOPS. — MODE OF SUPPRESSING PUTREFACTION, 642.
CHAPTER CLX.
gold-beater's SKIN, 643.
CHAPTER CLXI. lathe-cords, 644.
CHAPTER CLXII.
MANUFACTURE OP CORDS FROM THE INTESTINES OF SHEEP, 645.
CHAPTER CLXm.
DIFFERENT CORDS.
Cords for rackets, 647. — Whip cords, 647. — Hatter's cords for bowstrings, 648. — Clock-maker's cord, 648.
CHAPTER CLXIV.
CORDS FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENT STRINGS, 649.
PART VI.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF APPARATtTS USED BY LEATHER MANUFACTURERS.
CHAPTER CLXV.
IMPROVED MACHINE FOR ROLLING GREEN OR WET LEATHER.
Operation, 659.
CHAPTER CLXYI.
CHAPTER CLXVII.
LEATHER POLISHING MACHINE, 673.
CHAPTER CLXVIII.
JACOB Perkins's machine for pommelling and graining leather, 675.
CHAPTER CLXIX. nisbet'b grounding and pumicing machine, 678.
xxviu
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER CLXX.
EMBOSSING OF LEATHER.
Bernlieim and Labouriau's process, 682.— F. W. East's process, 686.
CHAPTER CLXXI. degrand's machine for splitting and shaving leather, 687.
CHAPTER CLXXII. giraudon's machine for splitting and shaving leather, 688.
CHAPTER CLXXIII. machines for splitting and shaving leather. Richardson's machine, 694.— Chapman's improved leather splitting machint 697. — Introduction of splitting machine into German heavy and uppe leather tanneries, 699.
THE
ARTS OF TANNING, CURRYING,
AND
LEATHEE-DEESSING.
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You’ve reached the end of A new and complete treatise on the arts of tanning, currying, and leather-dressing : comprising all the discoveries and improvements made in France, Great Britain, and the United States : edited from notes and documents of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, Dessables, Labarraque, Payen, René, de Fontenelle, Malepeyre, etc. etc..