The life and times of Washington

Preface

TO THE FIRST VOLUME.

The following work was commenced several years ago, but the prosecution of it has been repeatedly interrupted by other occupations, by a long absence in Europe, and by occasional derangement of health. It is only within the last two or three years that I have been able to apply myself to it steadily. This is stated to account for the delay in its publication.

The present volume treats of the earlier part of Washington's life previous to the war of the Revolution, giving his expeditions into the wilderness, his campaigns on the frontier in the old French war ; and the other " experiences," by which his character was formed, and he was gradually trained up and prepared for his great destiny.

Though a biography, and of course admitting of familiar anecdote, excursive digressions, and a flexible texture of narrative, yet, for the most part, it is essentially historic. Washington, in fact, had very little private life, but was eminently a public character. All his actions and concerns almost from boyhood were connected with the history of his country. In writing his biography, therefore, I am obliged to take glances over collateral history, as seen from his point of view and influencing his plans, and to narrate distant transactions apparently disconnected with his concerns, but eventually bearing upon the great drama in which he was the principal actor.

I have endeavored to execute my task with candor and fidelity ; stating facts on what appeared to be good authority, and avoiding as much as possible all false coloring and exaggeration. My work is founded on the correspondence of Washington, which, in fact, affords the amplest and surest groundwork for his biography. This I have consulted as it exists in manuscript in the archives of the Department of State, to which I have had full and frequent access. I have also made frecpient use of " Washington's Writings," as published by Mr. Sparks ; a careful collation of many of them with the originals having convinced me of the general correctness of the collection, and the safety with which it may be relied upon for historical purposes ; and I am happy to bear this testimony to the essential accuracy of one whom I consider among the greatest benefactors to our national literature ; and to whose writings and researches I acknowledge myself largely indebted throughout my work.

W. I.

PREFACE

TO T H K I- A S T V O T, U M K

Thk present volume completes a work to wliicli the author had loug looked ibrward as the crowning effort of his literary career.

The idea of writing a life of Washington entered at an early day into his mind. It was especially pressed upon his attention nearly tliirty years ago while he was in Europe, by a proposition of the late Mr. Archibald Constable, the eminent publisher of Edinburgh, and he resolved to undertake it as soon as lie should return to the United States, and be within reach of the necessary documents. Various circumstances occurred to prevent him from carrying this resolution into prompt effect. It remained, however, a cherished purpose of his heart, which he has at length, though somewhat tardily, accomplished:

The manuscript for the present volume was nearly ready for the press some months since, but the author, by applying himself too closely in his eagerness to finish it, brought on a nervous indisposition, which unfitted him for a time for the irksome but indispensable task of revision. In this he has been kindly assisted by his nephew, Pierre Munro Irving, who had previously aided him in the course of his necessary researches, and who now carefully collated the manuscript with the works, letters, and inedited documents from which the facts had been derived. He has likewise had the kindness to superintend the printing of the volume, and the correction of the proof sheets. Tlius aided, the author is enabled to lay the volume before the public.

How far this, the last labor of his pen,iaiiay meet with general acceptation is with him a matter of hope rather than of confidence. He is conscious of his own short-comings and of the splendid achievements of oratory of which the character of "Washington has recently been made the theme. Grateful, however, for the kindly disposition wliich has greeted each successive volume, and with a i)rolbund sense of the indulgence he has experienced from the public through a long literary career, now extending through more than half a century, he resigns his Jast volume to its fate, with a feeling of satisfaction that he has at lengtli reached' tlie close of his task, and with the comforting assurance that it has been with him a labor of love, and as such has to a certain degree carried with it its own reward.

Washington Irving.

"Washington's fame will go on increasing until the brightest constellation in yonder lieavens is called by his name."

Thomas Jefferson.

" The chai-acter of Washington, in war, in peace, and in private life, the most sublime on record.'''' Wm. H. Prescott.

" A Character, of virtues so happily tempered by one another, and so wholly xnialloyed by any vices, is hardly to he found in the pages of history.''^ Chas. Jas. Fox.

(letter to WASHINGTON.)

" 1 liave a large acquaintance among the most valuable and exalted classes of men ; but you are the only human being for whom I ever felt an awful reverence, I sincerely pray God to grant a long and serene evening to a life so gloi'iously devoted to the universal happiness of the world." Lord Erskine.

" It will be the duty of the Historian and the Sage, in all ages, to omit no occasion of commemorating this illustrious man ; and until time s/icdl be no more will a test of the progress which our race lias made in wisdom and virtue he derived from the veneration paid to the immortal name q/" Washington." Lord Brougham,

" His Life of Washington is a marvel."

George Bancroft.

" The Ijife of Washington is a noble consummation of a literary career of half a century." H. T. Tuokerman.

"The Biographer has well merited the gratitude of his countrymen."

S. Austin Allibone.

" What a noble capital yoiir Life of Washington makes to your literary column ! " . Wm. C. Preston.

" I have read it as I would read a romance. To me it is history alive.

Chas. L. Brace.

d ^are

ITS ORIGIN AE"D EARLY HISTORY.

Ml

The Life and Times

J

By WASHINGTON IRVING.

WITH APPENDIX AND INDEX.

ILLUSTRATED EDITION,

WITH FINE ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL, FROM DRAWINGS BY DARLEY, TRUMBUEL,

AND OTHERS.

'' Hia LIFE OF WAHHIAG TON IS A J/.li? T^i."— GEO. BANCROFT.

J. B. HOLLAND.

ASSOCIATION BUILDING, 308 FOURTH AVENUE. 1872.

Ktitereil according to Aot of CoiiKress, in the year 1871,

By PIERRE Jr. IRVINO,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

Contents

VOL. I.

Chapter I. Genealogy of the "Washington Family, . 5

Chap. II. The Home of Washington's boyhood— His Early Education— Lawrence Washington and his Campal^ in the West Indies— Death of Washington's Kather—The widowed Mother and her Children— School Exercises, 11

Chap. III. Paternal Conduct of an Elder Brother— The Fairfax Familj- — Washington's Code of Morals and Manners — Soldiers' Tales— Thfir Influence— Washington prepares for the Navy— A Mother's Olijections— Return to School— Studies and Exercises— A Schuol-lioy Passion — The Lowland Beauty— Love Uitties at Mount 'Vernon —Visit to Belvoir— Lord Fairfax— His Character— Fox-hunting a Kemcdy for Love— Proposition for a Surveying Expedition, 13

Chap. IV. Expedition beyond the Blue Ridge— The Valley of the Shenandoah — Lord Halifax— Lodge in the Wilderness— Surveying — Life in the Backwoods— Indians— War Dance— German Settlers — Return Home- Washington as Public Surveyor— Sojourn at Grecnway Court— Horses, Hounds, and Books— Rugged Experience among the Mountains, . .... 16

Chap. V. English and French Claime to the Ohio Valley —Wild State of the Country— Projects of Settlements — The Ohio Company— Enlightened Views of Lawrence Washington — French Rivalry— Celeron de Bienville — His Signs of Occupation— Hugh Crawford — George Croghan, a veteran trader, and Montour, his interpreter — Their Mission from Pennsylvania to the Ohio Tribes — Christopher Gist, the Pioneer of the Yadkin — Agent of the Ohio Companj' — His Expedition to the Frontier — Reprobate Traders at Logstown — Negotialions with the Indians— Scenes in the Ohio Country — Diplomacy at Piqua — Kegs of Brandy and RuUs of Tol)apco — Gist's return across Kentucky — A Deserted Home — French Scheme — Captain Jonoaire, a Diplomat of the Wildernens — His Speech at Logstown — The Indians' Land — "Where?" 19

Chap. VI. Preparations for Hostilities — Washington appointed District Adjutant-general- Mount Vernon a School of Armri — Adjutant Muse a veteran Campaigner — Jacob Van Braam a Master of Fence — 111 health of Washington's brother Lawrence— Voyage with him to the West Indies— Scenes at Barbadoes— Tropical Fruits —Beef-steak and Tripe Club— Return homo of Washington—Death of Lawrence, 24

Chap. VII. Council of the Ohio Tribes at Loestown— Treaty with the English— Gist's Settlement— Speeches of the Half-king and the French Commandant — French Aggressions — The Ruins of Piqua — W-isliington sent on a Mission to the French Commander — Jacob Van Braam, his Interpreter — Christopher Gist, his Guide — Halt at the Confluence of the Monongahela and Allegany — Projected Fort — Shingiss, a Delaware Sachem — — Logstown — The Half-king — Indian Councils — Indian Diplomacy — Rumors concerning Joncairo — Indian Escorts- The Half-king, Jeskakake, and White Thunder, ......... 27

Chap. , VIII. Arrival at Venango— Capt.ain Joncaire— Frohtier Revelry— Discussions over tlie Bottle — The Old Diplomatist and the Young — The Half-king, Jeskakake, and White Thunder staggered— The Speech-belt— Departure— La Force, the wily Commissary— Fort at French Creek — The Chevalier Legardeur de St. Pierre, Knight of St. Louie— Captain Reparti— Transactions at the Fort

—Attempts to seduce the Sachems— Mischief brewing on the Frontier— Difliculties and Delays in Parting- Descent of French Creek— Arrival at Venango, . SO

Chap. IX. Return from Venango— A Tramp on Foot- Murdering Town— The Indian Guide— Treachery— An Anxious Night— Perils on the Allegany River— Queen Aliquippa— The old Watch-coat— Return across tlie Blue Ridge, 3o

Chap. X. Reply of the Chevalier de St. Pierre— Trent's Mission to the Frontier— Washington recruits Trooi^s— Dinwiddle and the Ilonse of Burgesses- Independei.t Conduct of the Virginians— Expedients to gain Recuils —Jacob Van Braam in Service— Toilful March to Wills' Creek— ContreccBur at the Fork of the Ohio— Trent's refractory Troops, 36

Chap. XL March to the Little Meadows- Rumors from the Ohio — Correspondence from the banks of the Yougliiogeny— Attempt to descend that River— Alarming Reports—Scouting Parties— Perilous situation of the Camp — Gist and La Force— Message from the Ikilf-kii g— French Tracks— The Jumonville Skirmish— Treatment of La Force— Position at the Great Meadows— Belligerent feelings of a young Soldier, 39

Chap. XII. Scarcity in the Camp— Death of Colonel Fry— Promotions— Mackay and his Independent Comptuiy— Major Muse— Indian Ceremonials— Public Prayers in Camp— Alarms — Independence of an Independent Company— Affairs at the Great Meadows— Desertion of the Indian Allies— Capitulation of Fort Necessity- Van Braam as an Interpreter— Indian Plunderers— Return to Williamsburg— Vote of Thanks of the House of Burgesses—Subsequent fortunes of the Half-king— Comments on the Atfair of Jumonville and the Conduct of Van Braam, 43

Chap. XIII. Founding of Fort Cumberland— Secret Letter of Stobo— The Indian Mensenger- Project of Dinwiddic— His Perplexities— A Taint of Repulslicanism in the Colonial Assemblies- Dinwiddle's Military Meas- •m-es- Washington quits the Service— Overtures of Governor Sharpe, of Maryland— Washington's dignified liepiy— Questions of Rank between Royal and Provincial Tj'-oops— Treatment of the French Prisoners— Fate of La Force— Anecdotes of Stobo and Van Braam, . 49

Chap. XIV. Return to quiet Life— French and English prepare for Hostilities— Plan of a Campaign— General Braddock— His Character— Sir John St. Clair Quartermaster-general —His Tour of Inspection — Projected Roads— Arrival of Braddock— Military Consultations and Plans— Commodore Keppel and his Seamen— Ships and Troops at Alexandria— Excitement of Washington —Invited to join the Staff" of BracMock— A Mother's Obieotions— Washington at Alexandria— Grand Council of iaovernors— Military Arrangements— Colonel William Johnson— Sir John St. Clair at Fort Cumberland— His Explosions of Wrath— Their Effects- Indians to be enlisted—Captain Jack and his Band of Bush-beaters, 52

Chap. XV. Washington proclaimed Aide-de-camp— Disappointments at Frederioktown— Benjamin Franklin and Braddock — Contracts — Departure for Wills' Creek — Rough Roads— The General in his Chariot— Camp at Fort Cumberland— Hugh Mercer— Dr. Craik— Military Tactics — Camp Rules- Secretary Peters— Indians in Camp— Indian Beauties — The Princess Bright Lightning—Errand to Williamsburg— Braddock'B Opinion of Contractors and Indians— Arrival of Conveyances, 57

Chap. XVI. March from Fort Cumberland— The Great Savage Mountain — Camp at the Little Mcadows^Divi-

CONTENTS.

sion of the Forces— Captain Jack and his Band — Scarooyadi in Danger — Illnesu of Washington — His Halt at the Youghiogeny— March of Braddock — The Great Meadows—Lurking Enemies— Their Tracks— Precautions — Thicketty Run — Scouts — Indian Murders — Funeral of an Indian Warrior — Camp on the Monongahela — Washington's Arrival there— March for Fort Duquesnc— The Fording of the Monongahela— The Battle — The Retreat —Death of Braddock 61

Chap. XVII. Arrival at Fort Cumberland— Letters of Washington to his Family — Panic of Dunbar — Triumph of the French, 69

Chap. XVIII. Costs of Campaigning — !&reasures for Public Safety — Washington in Command- Head-quarters at Winchester — Lord Fairfax and his Troop of Horse— Indian Ravages — Panic at Wincherter — Cause of the Alarm — Operations elsewhere— Shirley against Niagara — Johnson against Crown Point — Affair at Lake George —Death of JDieskau, 70

Chap. XIX. Reform in the Militia Laws — Discipline of the Troops — Dagworthy and the Question of Precedence —Washington's Journey to Bn.ston— Style of Travelling — Conference with Shirley — The Earl of Loudoun — Military Rule for the Colonies — Washington at New York — Miss Mary Philipse, 75

CnAP. XX. Troubles in the Shenandoah Valley — Greenway Court and Lord Fairfax in Danger — Alarms at Winchester — Washington appealed to fur Protection — .Vttacked by the Virgniia Press — Honored by the Public —Projects for Defence — Suggestions of Washington — The Gentlemen Associators — Retreat of the Savages — Expedition against Kittanning — Ca|itain Hugh Mercer — His Struggle "through the Wirderuess, ... 78

Chap. XXI. Foundmg of Fort Loudoun — Washington's Tour of Inspection — Inefficiency of the Militia System — Gentlemen Soldiers — Cross-puriioses with Dinwiddle — Military Atl'airs in the North — Delays of Lord Loudoun — Activity of Montcalm — Loudoun in Winter Quarters, 82

Chap. XXII. Washington vindicates his conduct to Lord Loudoun — His reception by his Lordship— Military Plans — Lord I>oudoun at Halifax — Montcalm on Lake George — His Triumphs — Lord Loudoun's Failures — Washington at Wiucliester — Continued Misunderstandings with Dinwiddle — Return to Mount Vernon, . . 85

CtTAP. XXIII. Washington recovers his Health — Again in Command at Fort Loudoun — Administration of Pitt — Loudoun succeeded by General Abercrombie — Military Arrangements — Washington Commander-in-cliief of the Virgmia Forces — Amherst against Louisburg — General Wolfe — Montgomery — Capture of Louisburg — Abercrombie on Lake George — Death of Lord Howe — Repulse of Abercrombie— Success of Bradstreet at Oswego, 88

Chap. XXIV. Slow Operations — W.ashington orders out the Militia — Mission to Williamsburg— Halt at Mr. Cliaraberlayne's— Mrs. Martha Custis— A brief Courtsliip— An Engagement — Return to Winchester — The Rifle Dress— Indian Scouts— Washington elected to the House of Burgesses— Tidings of Amherst's Success— The new Road to Fort Duquesne- March for the Fort- Indiscreet Conduct of Major Grant — Disastrous Consequences — Washington advances against Fort Duquesne — End of the Expedition — Washington returns Homo — His Marriage, 92

Chap. XXV. Plan of Operations for 1759— Investment of Fort Niagara — Death of Prideaux — Success of Sir William Johnson — Amherst at Ticonderoga— Wolfe at Quebec — His Triumph and Death — Fate of Montcalm — Capitulation of Quebec — Attemjjt of Do Levi to retake it— Arrival of a British Fleet— Last Stand of the French at Montreal — Surrender of Canada, ... 96

Chap. XXVI. Washington's Installation in the House of Burgesses — His Rural Life — Mount Vernon and its Vicinity — Aristocratical daj's of Viririuia — Washington's Management of his Estate — Domestic Habits — Fox-hunting—Lord Fairfax — Fishing and Duck-shooting — The Poacher — Lj'uch I^aw — Aqn.-itic State — Life at Annapolis— Washin'glon in the Dismal Swamp, . 102

Chap. XXVII. Treaty of Peaco-Pontiac's War— Course of Public Events— Board of Trade against Paper Currency—Restrictive I'olicy of England— Navigation Laws —Discontents in New England— Of the other Colonies- Proj'-'Cts to raise Revenue^ by Taxation— Blow .at the Independence of the Judiciary— Naval Commanders emjiloycd as Custom-house Officers- Retaliation of the C!oluaists— Taxation resisted in Boston— Passing of the Stamp Act- Burst of Opposition in Virginia — Speech of Patrick Henry, 108

CnAP. XXVIII. Washington's Ideas concerning the Stamp Act — Opposition to it in the Colonies — Portentous Ceremonies at Boston and New York— Non-importation Agreement among the MerchantB--'Waehing:tOQ and George Mason— Dismissal of Grenville from tho British Cabinet — Franklin before the House of Commons—Repeal of the Stamp Act— Joy of Washington — Fresh Causes of Colonial Dissensions— Circular of tho General Court of Massachusetts — Embarkation of Troops for Boston— Measures of the Bostonians, 111 i Chap. XXIX. Cheerful Life at Mount Vernon— Wash- | ington and George Mason — Correspondence concerning tho NoB-importation Agreement — Feeling toward England—Opening of the Legislative Session— Semi-regal St.ate of Lord Botetourt — High-toned Proceedings of the House — Sympathy with New England — Dissolved by , Lord Botetourt— Washington and the Articles of Association, 114 '■

Chap. XXX. Hood at Boston—The General Court refuses ', to do Business under Military Sway — Resists the Billeting Act — Effect of the Non-importation Association — Lord North Premier— Duties revoked except on Tea — The Boston Massacre — Disuse of Tea— Conciliatory Con- ; duct of Lord Botetourt— His Death, . . . 117 '

Chap. XXXI. Expedition of Washington to the Ohio, in behalf of Soldiers' Claims— Uneasy State of the Frontier — Visit to Fort Pitt — George Croghan — His Mishaps during Pontiac's War— Washington descends the Ohio— ^ Scenes and Adventures along the River — Indian Hunting " Camp — Interview with an old Sachem at the mouth of ' the Kenawha — Return — Claims of Stobo and Van Braam — Letter to Colonel George Muse, .... 119

Chap. XXXII. Lord Dnnmore Governor of Virginia — Piques the Pride of the Virginians — Opposition of the I Assembly — Corresponding Committees — Death of Miss i Custis — Washington's Guardianship of John Parke Custis— His Opinions as to Premature Travel and Premature i Marriage, 122

Chap. XXXIII. Lord North's Bill favoring the Exporta- ' tiou of Teas — Ships freighted with Tea to the Colonies — Sent Ijack from some of the Ports — Tea destroj'ed at i Boston — Passage of the Boston Port Bill — Session of tho House of Burgesses— Splendid Ojjening — Burst of Indignation at the Port Bill— House Dissolved— Resolutions at the Raleigh Tavern— Project of a General Congress — Washington and Lord Dunmore — The Port Bill goes into Effect — General Gage at Boston— League and Covenant, 124

Chap. XXXIV. Washington Chairman of a Political Meeting— Correspondence with Bryan Fairfax— Patriotic Resolutions — Washington's Opinions on Public Affairs — Non-importation Scheme — Convention at Williamsburg — Washington appointed a Delegate to the General Congress— Letter from Bryan Fairfax— Perplexities of General Gage at Boston 127

Chap. XXXV. Meeting of the First Congress— Opening Ceremonies — Eloquence of Patrick Henry and Henry Lee— Declaratory Resolution — Bill of Rights— State Pajiers — Chatham's Opinions of Congress— Washington's Correspondence with Cant. Mackenzie — Views with respect to ludependence— Departure of Fairfax for England, ISO

Chap. XXXVl. Gage's Military Measures— Removal of Gunpowder from the Arsenal — Public Agitation — Alarms in the Country — Civil Government obstructed— Belligerent Symptoms — Israel Putnam and General Charles Lee, their Characters and Stories — General Election— Self-constituted Congress — Hancock President — Adjourns to Concord — Remonstrance to Gage — His Perplexities-Generals Artemas Ward and Sett Pomeroy — Committee of Safety — Committee of Supplies— Restlessness throughout the Land — Independent Companies in Virginia — Military Tone at Mount Vernon — Washington's Military Guests— Major Hor.atio Gates— Anecdotes concerning him — General Charles Lee — His Peculiarities and Dogs — Washington at the Richmond Convention — War Speech of Patrick Henry — Washington's Military Intentions, 134

Chap. XXXVII. Infatuation in British Councils— Col. Grant, the Braggart — Coercive Measures — Expedition against the Military Magazine at Concord— Battle of Lexington — The Cry of Blood through the Land— Old Soldiers of the French War— John Stark— Israel Putnam — Rising of tho Yeomanry — Measures of Lord Dunmore in Virginia — Indignation of tho Virginians — IIuL'h Mercer and tho Friends of Ijberty — Arrival of the News of Lexington at Mount Vernon — Effect on Bryan Fairfax, Gates, and Washington, 139

Chap. XXXVIII. Meeting of Troops in the East— Camp at Boston — General Artemas Ward — Scheme to suri^rise Ticonderoga — New Hampshire Grants — Ethan Allen and tho Green Mountain Boys— Benedict Arnold— Affair of Ticonderoga and Crown Point — A Dash at St. Johns, 143

Chap. XXXIX. Second Session of Congress— John Hancock—Petition to the King— Federal" Union— Military

CONTENTS.

HI

Measures^Detiatea about the Army— Question as to Commander-in-cliief — Appointment of Washington — Other Appointments— Letters of Washington to his Wife and Brother— Preparations for Departure, . 146 Jhap. XL. More Troops arrive at Boston — Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clintnai — Proclamation of Gage — Nature of the American Army— Scornful Conduct of the British Officers— Project of the Americana to seize upon Breed's UiU— Putnam's Opinion of it— Sanctioned by Prescott- Noctui-nal March of the Detachment— Fortifying of Bunker's Hill— Break of Day, and Astonishment of the Enemy, 149

Chap. 5LI. Battle of Bunker's Hill 153

Chap. XLII. Departure from Philadelphia — Anecdotes of General Schuyler— of Lee— Tidings of Bunker's Hill — Military CouncilB — Population of New York— The Johnson Family— Governor Tryon —Arrival at New York— Military InstructionB to Schuyler— Arrival at the Camp 157

VOL. II.

Chapter I. Washineton takes Command of the Armies ^Sketch of General Lee— Characters of the British Commanders, Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne — Survey of the Camps from Prospect Hill — The Camps contrasted — Description of the Revolutionary Army— Rhode Island Troops — Character of General Greene — Washington represents tJie Deficiencies of the Army — His Apology for the Massachusetts Troojis- Governor"Trumbull — Cragie House, Washington's Head-Quarters, 163

Chap. II. Questions of Milit.ary Rank — Popularity of Putnam — Arrangements at Head-Quarters— Colonel Mifflin and John Trumbull, Aides-de-Camji — Joseph Reed, Washington's Secretarj' and Confidoutial Friend — Gates as Adjutimt-General— Hazardous Situation of the Army- Strengthening of the Defences — Efficiency of Putnam — Rapid Changes — New Distriijution of the Forces — Rigid Discipline — Lee and his Cane — His Idea as to Strong Battalions — Arrival of Rifle Companies — Daniel Morgan and his Sharp Shooters — Wasliington declines to detach Troops to distant points for their Protection — His Reasons for so doing, 167

Chap. III. Washington's Object in distressing Boston — Scarcity and Sickness in the Town — A Startling Discovery — Scarcity of Powder in the Camp — Its Perilous Situation — Economy of Ammunition — Correspondence between L5e and Burgoyne — Correspondence between Washington and Gage — The Dignity of the Patriot Army asserted, 170

Chap. IV. Dangers in the Interior — Machinations of the Johnson Family — Rivalry of Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold — Government Perplexities about the Ticonderoga Capture — Measures to seciu-e the Prize — Allen and Arnold ambitious of further Laurels— Projects for the Invasion of Canada — Ethan Allen and Seth Warner honored by Congress — Arnold displaced by a Committrc of Inquiry — His Indignation — News from Canada — The Revolution to be extended into that Province — Enlistment of Green Mountain Boys — Schuyler at Ticonderoga — State of Aft'airs there — Election for Officers of the Green Mountain Boys — Ethan Allen dismounted — Joins the Army as a Volunteer — Preparations for the Invasion of Canada — General Montgomery — Indian Chiefs at Cambridge — Council Fire — Flan for an Expedition against Quebec — Departure of Troops from Ticonderoga— Arrival at Isle aus Noix, .... 174

Chap. V. A Challenge declined — A Blow meditated— A cautious Council of AVar— Preparations for the Quebec Expedition— Benedict Arnold the Leader — Advice and Instructions— Departure— General Schuyler on the Sor^'l — Reconnoitres St. Johns — Camp at Isle aux Noix — Illness uf Schuyler — Returns to Ticonderoga — Exjicdition of Montgomery against St. Johns-:-Letter of Ethan Allen—His Dash against Montreal — Its Catastrophe — A Hero in Irons — Correspondence of Washington witli Schuyler and Arnold — IIis Anxiety about them, . ISO

Chap. VI. British in Boston send out Cruisers — Depredations of Captain Wallace along the Coast — Treason in the Camp — Arrest of Dr. Church — His Trial and Fate — Conflagration of Falmouth— Irritation throughout the Country— Fitting out of Vessels of War — Embarkation of General Gage for England — Committee from Congress — Conferences with Washington — Resolutions of Congress to carry on the War— Return of Secretary Reed to Philadelphia, 186

3nAP. VII. Measures of General Howe — Desecration of Churches — Three Proclamations — Seizure of Tories — Want of Artillerj-- Henry Knox, the Artillerist— His Mission to Ticonderoga— R'e-enlistment of Troops — Lack of Public Spirit— Comments of General Greene, 189

Chap. VIII, Affairs in Canada— Capture of Fort Chamblee — Siege of St. Johns— Maclean and his Highlanders — Montgomery on the Treatment of Ethan Allen — Repulse of Carleton— Capitulation of the Garrison of St. Johns — Generous Conduct of Montgomery — Maclean reembarks for Quebec— We.wy Struggle of Arnold throut-h the WUderness — Defection of Colonel Enos — Arnold "i;i the Valley of the Chaudierc— His Arrival opposite Quebec — Surrender of Montreal — Escape of Carleton

Home-sickness of the American Troops, . . 191

Chap. IX. Washington's Anticipations of Success at Quebec—His Eulogiuin of Arnold— Schuyler and Montgomery talk of resigning— Expostulations of Washington— Tjieir Effect— Schuyler's Conduct to a Captive Foe, 195

Chap. X. Difficulties in ffiling up the Army— The Connecticut Troops persist in going Home— Their reception there— Timely Arrival of Spoils in the Camp— Putnam and the Prize Mortar— A Maraud by Americans— Rebuked by Washington— Corres]iondence of Washington with General Howe about the treatment of Ethan Allen —Fraternal Zeal of Levi Allen— Treatment of General Prescott— Preparations to bombard Boston— Battery at Lechmere's Point— Prayer of Putnam for Powder, 196 Chap. XL Mount Vernon in Danger— Mrs. Washington invited to the Camp— Lund Washington, the General's Agent— Terms on which ho serves— Instructed to keep up the Hospitality of the House- Journey of Mrs. Washington to Camp— Her Equipage and Liveries— Arrival at Camp— Domestic Affairs at HeadQuarters— Gajetics in Camp— A Brawl between Round-Jackets and Rifle- Shirts, 200

Chap. XII. Affairs in Canada— Arnold at Point Levi— Quebec reinforced— Crossintr of the St. Lawrence— Landing in Wolfe's Cove— Arnold on the Heights of Abraham—Cautious Counsel— Quebec aroused— The Invaders baffled— Withdraw to Point aux Trembles— Booming of Cannon- Carleton at Quebec— Letter of Washington

to Arnold, 202

Chap. XIII. LordDunmore— His Plans of harassing Virginia— Lee's Policy respecting Tory Governors and Placemen — Rhode Island harassed by Wallace and his Cruisers, and infested by Tories— Lee sent to its Relief— His Vigorous Measures— The Army disbanding — Washington's Perplexities— Sympathy of General Greene— IIis Loyalty in time of Trouble— The Crisis— Cheering News from Caiiada— Gloomy Opening of the New Year— News

from Colonel Knox, 204

Chap. XIV. Military Preparations in Boston — A Secret Expedition— Its Object— Lee's Plan for the Security of Is ew York— Ojiinion of Adams on the Subject— Instructions to Lee— Transactions of Lee in Connecticut — Lee's Policy in regard to the Tories — Uneasiness in New York — Letter of the Committee of Safety to Lee — His Reply —His Opinion of the People of Connecticut— Of the Hysterical Letter from the New York Congress, . 207 Chap. XV. Montgomery before Quebec— His Plan of Operations—A Summons to Surrender- A Flag Insulted — The Town Besieged— Plan of an Escalade— Attack of the Lower Town— Montgomery in the Advance — His Death— Retreat of Colonel Campbell— Attack by Arnold — Defence of the Lower Town — Arnold wounded — Retreat of the Americans — Gallant Resoh-e of Arnold, 210

Chap. XVI. Correspondence of Washington and Schuyler on the Disasters in Canada — Reinforcements required from New England — Dangers in the Interior of New York— Johnson Hall beleaguered — Sir John capitulates — Generous Conduct of Schuyler— Governor Tryon and the Tories — Tory Machinations — Lee at New York— Sir Henry Clinton in the Harbor— Menaces of Lee — The City and River fortified — Lee's Treatment of the Tories —His Plans of Fortification — Ordered to the Command in Canada— His Speculations on Titles of Dignity, £14 CuAP. XVII. Monotonous State of Aft'airs before Boston -^V/ashington anxious for Action — Exploit of Putnam — Its Dramatic Conseqiiencos — The Farce of the Blockade of Boston — An Alarming Interruption — Distresses of the Besiesred — Washington's Irksome Predicament — His Bold Proposition — Demur of tlie Council of War — Arrival of Knox with Artillery — Dorchester Heights to bo seized, and fortified-Preparations for the Attempt, 21S Chap. XVIII. The Affair of Dorchester Heights- American and English Letters respecting it — A Laborious Night — Revelations at Daybreak — Howe in a Perplexity —A Night Attack meditated— Stormy Weather— Tl;e Town to be evacuated— Negotiations and Arrangements —Preparations to Embark — Excesses of the Troops— Boston evacuated— Speech of the Duke of Manchesteron the subject- A Medal voted by Congress, . . . 220 Chap. XIX. Destination of the Fleet— Commission of the two Howes — Character of Lord Howe — The Colonies divided into Departments— Lee assigned to the Soutliern