The progress of Australasia in the nineteenth century

Front matter

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY SERIES

EDITORS OF THE SERIES:

REV. W. H. WITHROW, M.A., D.D., F.R.S.C.

Chapter I. Discovery Of Australia And Arrangements Made Fok Founding A Colony

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First Discoverers of Australia uot Known. — Chinese and Malays had Knowledge of the Continent in the Thirteenth Century. — Marco Polo's Early Visit. — Traditions of Terra Australis. — Portuguese Claim to be the First Discoverers. — Expedition of Philip the Third of Spain Early in the Seventeenth Century. — Discovered the New Hebrides Group. — The Portuguese Pilot, De Quiros. — De Torres, the Commander. — Mutiny of the Crew. — Other Early Explorers. — The Natives a Brave and Warlike People. — Fought the Invaders. — The First English Navigator to Sight Australia was William Dampier. — Made the First Exploration of the Coast. — Great Voyage of James Cook, 1769-70. — Astronomical Observations. — The Discovery of many Places Including Botany Bay. — Great Variety of New Plants Discovered. — Cook's Vessel, the Endeavour, Nearly Wrecked. — The Naming of New South Wales. — Cook's Report in England Turned all Eyes to Australia. — Botany Bay Decided upon as a Place to Send Convicts 1

?i CONTENTS.

Chapter II. Foundation Of New South Wales

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A Colony in New South Wales Determined upon in 1787, by Viscount Sydney, Secretary of State for the Colonies. —A Fleet Sails from England, May, 1787. — Arrives in Botany Bay, January, 1788. — A more Unsuitable Site for a New Settlement could Hardly have been Chosen. — Captain Arthur Phillip, R. N., Governor, Determines to Explore the Coast. — He Reaches Port Jackson. — Its Surroundings. — Sydney Cove Decided on as the Site for the Colony. — The Colonists Meet a French Exploration Party. — A Flag-staff Erected and a Union Jack run up at Sydney Cove. — An Attempt to Raise Wheat Fails. — The Little Community on the Brink of Starvation. — Another Batch of Colonists. — Ships Sent to Cape Colony andBataviato Procure Provisions. — The Colony Snatched from the very Brink of Destruction by Famine. — Other Difficulties with which the Colonists were Beset.— Attempts of Convicts to Escape from the Colony. — Captain Phillip an Ideal Governor of a Penal Colony. . 11

Chapter III. New South Wales As A Penal Colony

Captain Hunter Succeeds Phillip as Governor. — Brings out a Number of Free Settlers. — Farming Becomes a Success. — Population in 1800 over 6,000. — Discovery of Coal. — The Discovery of Bass Strait. — Philip Gidley King the Next Governor. — Constitution of the New South Wales Corps. — The Officers Become Importers of Rum. — Even Set up Private Stills. — The Importers' Indignation with King. — A Serious Mutiny among the Prisoners. — The Initiation of Wool-Growing by John Macarthur. — King Succeeded in 1806 by William Bligh. — Given Strictest Injunction to Stop the Trade in Spirits.

CONTENTS. vii

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—Order Issued to Stop it. — The Government Opposed by the New South Wales Corps Throughout the Whole Period of Bligh's Rule.— The Climax of the Contest.— The Arrest of Macarthur. — Major Johnston Called upon by the Inhabitants to Place the Governor under Arrest. — Bligh put in Close Confinement. — Set Free on Promising to Proceed to England. — Major-General Macquarie Despatched to the Colony as Governor. — His First Act to Arrest Johnston and Send him to England. — The Colony Enters a Stage of Progress. — Abolition of the Rum Traffic Followed by a Marked Improvement in the Morals of the Population. — Macquarie Assisted in his Endeavours by his Wife. — The Favour with which he Treated the Beneficial " Emancipists." — Macquarie Retires in 1821 to the Regret of the Entire Population. — He is Followed by Sir Thomas Brisbane. — Exploration of the North-Eastern Coast Line. — Immigration of Free Settlers Encouraged by Sir Thomas Brisbane. — An Important Change Soon Wrought in the Colony. — Censorship of the Press Abolished, Oct. 15, 1824.— Trial by Jury Introduced about the Same Period. — An Act Passed by the Imperial Government in 1823 Provided that the Governor should Nominate a Legislative Council of Seven Members. — Major-General Ralph Darling Becomes Governor. — He Nearly Succeeds by a Series of Blunders in Destroying the Beneficial Result of the Efforts of his Predecessors. — Further Explorations. — The French Suspected of Plans to Form Settlements in Australia. — In 1831 the Population was Over 51,000, Exports £500,000.— Sir Richard Bourke the Real Founder of the Present Free Institutions. — Immigrants Arrive in Large Numbers. — The First Vote in Aid of Immigration made at Bourke's Suggestion. — The Amount Given by the Colony Doubled by the British Government. — Sir Richard Bourke's Great Achievement. — The Establishment of Religious Equality and the Breaking up of the Monopoly of Government Aid Enjoyed by One Community.— A Statue Erected to Bourke in Sydney. — The Famous Expeditions of Sir Thomas Mitchell. — The Administration of Sir George Gipps. — The Abolition of viii CONTENTS.

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Transportation. — The Introduction of a New Constitution 18

Chapter IV. Industrial Crisis Of 1843 And Discovery Of Gold

Withdrawal of British Money and Fall in the Price of Sheep Cause Financial Distress. — Sir Geo. Gipps was Succeeded as Governor by Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy. — Fretful Agitations Concerning the Transportation Question. — Discovery of Gold. — Formation of the Colonies of Victoria and Queensland. — Great Influx of People from all Parts of the World to Gold Fields. — The Effects of this Great, Great Boom. — Growth of the Desire for Self -Government. — The Controversy before the Desire was Granted. — Draft of the New Constitution.—Form of Government Adopted. — Composition and Members of the First Government. — Interruption of Communications with England, by Russian War. — First Railway Line from Sydney to Paramatta Opened. — Death of the Surveyor-General, Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, also Rear- Admiral Phillip Parker King. — Great Floods of 1857, Followed by very Severe Droughts. — Wreck of the "Dunbar" and the "Catherine Adamson." — Construction of Better Light-houses. — First Electric Telegraph Line Established. — Rush to the Gold Field of Queensland. — Distress at the New Gold Fields 33

Chapter V. The Robertson Lands Acts And The Chinese Trouble

Unsettled State, at First, of the Governing Bodies, under the System of Responsible Government. — The Various Ministries and their Measures. — The Reform Measure, Granting Greater Electoral Equality and the Adoption of the Voting by Ballot System. — Better Condition of the Miners and the Granting of £3000 for the Relief of the Flood Sufferers. — Outbreak among the Cattle of the " Cumberland Disease." — Conviction of John Tawell

CONTENTS. ix

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of Murder and his Execution. — Disagreement of the Ministry with the Governor and its Resignation. — Departure of the Governor and Reconsideration of its Resignation by the Cabinet. — Sir John Young Succeeds as Governor. — Sir John Robertson Introduces his Land Bill. — Sir John Robertson becomes Secretary for Land and Works. — Introduction and the Passing of the Crown Lands Alienation Bill by Parliament. — Mr. Henry Parkes and Mr. W. B. Dalley sent by Government to England. — Trouble between Chinese and Europeans Causes Riots. — A Bill was Passed which Restricted the Freedom of the Chinese Entering the Colony. — Discussion Leading up to and the Passing of " Grants in Aid of the Public Worship Prohibition Bill," in 1862.— Resignation of Went worth as President of the Legislative Council, Succeeded by Sir Terence Aubrey Murray. — Conference at Melbourne of Delegates from New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania, March, 1863 48

Chapter VI. Bushranginq Epoch. — The O'farrell Case

The Prevalence of Bushrangers. — Bushranging Act. — Fights of the Authorities with the Bushrangers. — A Season During which Non-appearance of the Bushrangers was Noticeable. — Revival of the Pest and Murder of Dr. Wardell. — Trial and Execution of some of the Gang. — Capture of the Jewboys' Gang and Their Extermination.— Steady Increase of Bushranging. — Special Measures Adopted to Cope with the Evil. — Trial of Alexander and Charles Ross and William O'Connor. — Hold up of the Coach at Engowra, 15th June, 1862. — Gang Overtaken and Chief Members Captured with Booty. — Capture of the Clarkes and their Execution. — The Educational System up to 1848. — Mr. Parkes' School Bill, 1866.— The Earl of Belmore Succeeded Sir John Young as Governor, 1868. — Visit of Duke of Edinburgh and Attempted Assassination by H. J. O'Farrell. — " Bill for the Better Security of the Crown and Govern-

X CONTENTS.

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ment of the United Kingdom and for the Better Suppression and Punishment of Seditious Practices and Attempts " Passed Unanimously. — The " Kiama Ghost." — Defeat of the Martin Ministry. — Report of the " Select Committee." — Mr. Parkes' Amendment to the Report. . 64

Chapter VII. New South Wales Fkom 1869 To 1888

Some Direct Effects of the Robertson Land Acts. — Material Prosperity. — Faith as to the Future of the Colony and its Fruit. — Great Influx of Money to the Colony. — Conference Seeking for Customs Union. — Intercolonial Exhibition, 1870. — General Election. — Convention of January, 1867. — Arranging of the Customs Duties. — Death of William Charles Went worth, 1874.— Excitement Caused by the Release of Gardiner the Bushranger.— Inducements to Emigrants. — Governmental Extravagance and Embarrassment. — Annexation of the Fiji Islands. — Death of Sir Charles Cowper, 1875. — Sir Hercules Robinson Resigns the Governorship. — Preparation for the International Exhibition of 1879. — Coalition Government under Sir Henry Parkes Formed in 1878. — Trials of the Various Governments. — The Parkes- Robertson Administration. — Great Increase of Chinese. — Chinese Restriction Act. — Close Watch on Vessels for Chinamen. — Intercolonial Conference on the Chinese Question. — Sending of the New South Wales Contingent to the Nile Expedition. — Rt. Hon. Baron Carrington becomes Governor, 12th December, 1885. — Death of Sir James Martin. — Controversy over the Filling of the Chief-Justiceship. — Bulli Coal Mine Explosion, 1887. — Royal Commission on Explosion Reports 83

Chapter VIII. Recent History. — Labour Troubles

Height of Prosperity in 1884. — Suspension of Several Southern Collieries, During 1885-86. — Years of Great Industrial Depression and Labour Troubles, — Death of Rt.

CONTENTS. xi

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Hon. W. B. Dalley in 1888.— The Great Strike of 1890.— Sailing of the "Royal Tar" in 1893 to Monte Video.— Failure of the Colony. — The Labour Party's Platform. — Growth of the Labour Party. — Death of Sir John Robertson, 1891. — Resignation of the Earl of Jersey as Governor, 1893. — The Run on the New South Wales Savings Bank, Financial Crisis, 1893. — Suspension of Various Banks Nearly Causes a Panic. — Government Declares Bank Notes Legal Tender, and Allays the Panic. — Death of Sir Alfred Stephen, 1894, and Sir William Montague Manning, 1895. — Sir William Robert Duff, the Governor of the Colony Dies March, 1895. — The Case of Geo. Dean, Ferry-boat Captain. — Royal Commission to Look into the Affair.— Confession of Dean's Lawyer, and its Outcome. — Death of Sir Henry Parkes, April 27th, 1896 103

Chapter IX. Voyages Of Discovery

Landing of George Bass in Western Port, 1798. — Landing of Lieut. Grant in the " Lady Nelson," 1801. — Discovery of Seals on Schnapper Island by him. — Grant First Tills the Soil of Victoria. — Lieut. Murray, Six Months after, Finds Abundant Crops. — First Victorian Harvest-Home. — Grant Explores Port Phillip. — A Brush with the Natives.— Colours of Great Britain and Ireland Hoisted. — Discoveries by Mr. Grimes, Surveyor-General of New South Wales in 1803.— Despatch of H. M. S. " Calcutta," and Transport " Ocean " to Port Phillip.— Unfavourable Report Given by the Commander, Collins. — Convicts Sent Out, and Give Trouble.— Collkis Leaves in 1804.— First Overland Journey from New South Wales to Port xii CONTENTS.

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Phillip. — An Effort Once More Made to Plant a Colony at Western Port 118

Chapter X. The Hentys At Portland Bay

Timidity about Occupying New Territories. — Coming of the Hentys from Tasmania to Victoria. — They Receive a Government Grant of Land. — The Hentya Import Sheep, Cattle, Pigs. — Progress Made at Portland Bay. — Mr. Blair Appointed as Police Magistrate in 1840. — Meeting between Surveyor-General of New South Wales and Edward Henty. — Captain Start's Explorations on the Murray River. — Major Mitchell's Voyage of Discovery. — His Discovery of Henty's Settlement 126

Chapter XI. Batman And Fawkner

Association Promoted by John Batman of Tasmania to go to Western Port. — Landed at Port Phillip and Got into Intercourse with the Natives. — John Pascoe Fawkner Arrives at Port Phillip later, also. — The Two Rivals Clash with Each Other.— With the Rapid Growth of the District, the Feud Dies Out. — Fawkner Publishes the First Newspaper. — Governor Bourke Appoints a Police Magistrate Over the District. — Founding of Melbourne. — A Magistrate was Appointed to the Batman Settlement 183

Chapter XII. Separation From New South Wales

Mr. Charles Latrobe Appointed in 1839 Superintendent of Port Phillip. — Discoveries by Macmillan and Strzelecki. — Slight Troubles with the Blacks and Bushrangers. — The Disposal of Crown Lands. — Crown Land Sales Act of 1842. — Effect of the Act. — The Separationists. — Constitution Act of 1850. — Port Phillip District becomes an Independent Colony. — Mr. Latrobe First Governor of the Colony 138

CONTENTS. xiii

Chapter XIII. Discovery Of Gold

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Gold Discovery in both New South Wales and Victoria in 1851.— February 6th, Black Thursday.— Strzelecki's Report on the Vale of Clwydd. — Rush of People to the Gold Mines. — Government Efforts to Regulate the Miners. — Accommodation for the Emigrants. — Difficulties of " Travelling " to the Mining Districts. — Finding of the "Canada Gully" Nugget. — Scenes at the Mining Camps. — Human Streams to Ballarat, Bendigo and Forest Creek 143

Chapter XIV. Eureka Stockade

Riots and General Difficulty with the Miners. — Delegates From Mining Centres Air their Grievances before the Governor. — Sir Charles Hotham Succeeds Mr. Latrobe as Governor. — Miners Hail him with Delight. — Killing of a Miner Causes Disturbances. — Soldiers and Policemen in Readiness to Prevent Trouble. — A Reform League at Ballarat. — A Commission Appointed to Report on Gold Fields. — Mischievous Agents Stirring up Strife among Miners. — Great Disaffection among the Miners. — Commissioner Johnstone Pelted with Stones. — Thousands of Armed Miners in Readiness. — Captain Thomas Attacks the Rioters and Disperses them. — On General Mickle's Arrival, Martial Law was Proclaimed for a Few Days. — Electoral Privileges Granted to the Miners. — Trial of the Eureka Prisoners.. 149

Chapter XV. Responsible Government

The Governor Carries Out Promised Reforms of the Finances. — At Work Drafting the New Constitution. — The Victorian Bill Receives the Royal Assent 23rd November, 1855. — Governor Hotham Dies, and is Succeeded by Sir Henry Barkly. — Philosophical Institution of Victoria and its Works. — An Expedition Sent out under Robert;

xiv CONTENTS.

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O'Hara Burke with W. J. Wills as Surveyor. —Expedition itself a Failure. — Sir Henry Barkly is Succeeded as Governor by Sir Charles Darling, in 1863. — Conflicts between the Advocates of Free Trade and Protection.— Sir Charles Darling Recalled on the Ground of Political Partiality. — Rt. Hon. J. H. J. Manners Sutton is Appointed Governor in his Stead. — Black Wednesday.— Payment of Members Bill and Appropriation Bill. — Arrival of Premier Berry and Professor Pearson in England. — End of the Deadlock 155

Chapter XVI. Recent History

Capture of the "Kelly Gang* at Glenrowan Hotel, and their History. — Coalition Ministry under Mr. James Service in 1883. — The Public Service Commissioners Appointed to Regulate Promotions upon Equitable Principles.— Members of Legislative Council Increased to 48 in 1888, and of the Assembly to 95. — Victoria Reached its Highest Point of Prosperity in 1888. — Financial Crisis in 1893, Many Banks Suspend Payments.— Activity in Railroad Building. — Commerce on the Murray River. — Natural Resources 161

Chapter XVII. Beginnings Op Settlement

Surveyor-General John Oxley and his Expedition in the "Mermaid" to Moreton Bay, 1823. — Adventures of Thomas Pamphlet. — Pamphlet and Oxley Row up the Brisbane River. — Report on Moreton Bay Favourable. — Oxley Establishes a Penal Settlement at Red Cliff Point.

CONTENTS. XY

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— Oxley is Succeeded by Captain Logan. — Increase of the Convict Population and Growth of the Settlement. — Logan's Explorations and Tragic Death, 1830. — Discovery of Darling Downs by Allan Cunningham ; his Further Discoveries. — Abandonment of Moreton Bay as a Penal Settlement, 1839 16G

Chapter XVIII. Explorations

Regulations Restricting the Settlement. — Explorations of Andrew Petrie and Patrick Leslie. — Emigration to the Darling Downs. — Stuart and Sydenham Russell and their Explorations. — Governor Gipps Visits Moreton Bay in 1842. — First Sale of Crown Lands. — Expeditions by Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt. — Experiences with the Natives. — Sir Thomas Mitchell Explores Much of Tropical Australia. — Further Expeditions of Dr. Leichhardt. —Kennedy's Ill-fated Expedition in 1848.— Death of Kennedy at the Hands of the Blacks. — Queensland Government Set Aside Certain Tracts of Land for the Blacks. — Chinamen as Shepherds 171

Chapter XIX. Separation From New South Wales

Moreton Bay Gains Political Independence. — First Governor Sir Geo. Ferguson Bowen. — Composition of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. — Education.— Acts Making Provision for Municipal Government.— Scarcity of Cheap Labour. — The Land Act. — Expeditions of Burke and Wills. — Growth of Agriculture.— Financial Crisis in 1865. — Country Bordering on a Panic. — Issue of Treasury Bills and Notes to Prevent Financial Ruin. — Growth of Sugar Industry by 1869. — New Land Act. — Discovery of Great Mineral Wealth. — Miners, after Arriving, in Great Distress. — Further Discoveries of Gold, also Tin and Copper and Coal. — Phenomenal Discoveries on Mount Morgan 178 xvi CONTENTS.

Chapter XX. Recent History

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Activity of France and Germany among the Islands. — French Claims in Regard to the New Hebrides in 1883. —Convention of 1891.— Sudden Death of a Member, Hon. J. M. Macrossan. — Federal Bill Drafted and then Referred to Various Colonies. — Queensland Local Parliament Rejects Federal Enabling Bill.— Promotion of the Aims of the Separation League. — France's Penal Settlement in New Caledonia. — Queensland Annexes the Unclaimed Part of New Guinea and Germany Seizes the Other Part. — Importation of Kanakas for Cheap Labour. — Growth of Polynesian Labour. — Problem of the Chinese Emigration. — Maritime Strike in 1890. — General Strike of Shearers. — New Australia Movement. — Rapid Progress of the Colony 183

Chapter XXI. Foundation Of The Province Of South Australia

Edward Gibbon Wakefield's New Scheme for Colonising. — South Australian Land Company Formed in 1831. — In 1834 South Australia Association was Formed. — Bill for the Colonisation of South Australia. — Colonel Torrens was Appointed Chairman of Board of Commissioners.—The Other Officers.— Captain Hindmarsh Appointed Governor.— First Settlement on Kangaroo Island. — Arrival of Governor Hindmarsh.— Quarrel between Governor, Commissioner and Surveyor-General. — Governor Hindmarsh Recalled and Colonel Gawler Succeeds him.— Condition of Adelaide on the Arrival of the New Governor. — Characteristics of the New Governor.

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Bad Condition of the Colony. — Slump in Land Speculation.— Natural Resources First Used to Any Extent. — Captain Grey Succeeds Colonel Gawler as Governor. — Discoveries During Gawler's Regime. — Loan of £150,000 to Colony from the Imperial Government. — Governor Grey's Aims. — Marked Advance in Agricultural Pursuits.— Discoveries of Rich Copper Mines at Kapunda and Burra-Burra. — Stimulation of Enterprise. — Colonel Robe becomes Governor. — Very Unpopular and was Recalled Again. — Sir Henry Edward Fox Young Succeeds as Governor in 1848. — Wise Administration. — Efforts to Establish Navigable Route up the Murray. — Establishment of Effective Road System and District Councils . 190

CHAPTER XXH.

Part Six. Tasmania

CHAPTER XXIH.

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT.

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Tasman, Cook and other Navigators Visit Tasmania. — First Settlements in Van Diemen's Land 1803, at Risdon. — Lieutenant Collins Forms a Settlement at Sullivan's Cove, now Hobart. — Port Dalrymple Founded. — First Clash with the Natives at Risdon and Port Dalrymple. — Norfolk Islanders Removed to Van Diemen's Land. — Famine makes Necessary the Release of Many Convicts. — Bushranging in the Island. — Davey Resigns and is Succeeded by Col. Sorell. — Sorell Encourages Sheep-farming. — Legislative and Executive Councils Established by Imperial Government. — Governor Arthur Suppresses Bushranging. — Progress of Island under Rule of Governor Arthur 209

CHAPTER XXIV.

BUSHRANGING TROUBLES AND NATIVE DIFFICULTY.

Bushranging under Governors Collins and Davey. — Sorell puts down Bushranging. — Michael Howe's Career. — Recrudescence of Bushranging. — Vigorous Measures of Arthur to Suppress the Bushrangers. — Fieudishness of Bushrangers. — Reprisals of Natives. — Governor Arthur's Plan to Secure the Aborigines. — Failure. — George Augustus Robinson Succeeds where Force Failed.— Last of the Native Race 222

CHAPTER XXV.

ABOLITION OF TRANSPORTATION.

Sir John Franklin Lieutenant-Governor. — Social and Intellectual Life of Hobart. — Stream of Convicts to the Islands Arouses Opposition of Free Settlers. — Franklin's

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Convict Policy not a Success. — Depression in the Colony. —Recall of Franklin, 1843.— Sir Eardley Wilmot Succeeds Franklin. — Dangerous Proportion of Convicts to Free Settlers in the Colony. — Proposal of Governor to Increase the Duties. — The " Patriotic Six " Resign. — Recall of Wilmot. — Governor Denison Restores the " Patriotic Six." — Agitation against Transportation. — Anti- Transportation League. — Transportation Policy Abandoned.— Van Dieinen's Land becomes Tasmania 232

CHAPTER XXVI.

BESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT.

Sir Henry Young Succeeds Wilmot. — Prosperity of the Colony. — Legislative Council Attempts to Exercise Tyrannical Powers. — Responsible Government in Tasmania.— Educational and Municipal Institutions. — Public Works Policy Agitation. — Industrial Conditions in 1870. — Railways and Railway Troubles. — Mineral Resources of Tasmania. — Position and Prospects of the Colony. — Tasmania Favours Federation 242

Part Seven. Westekn Austkalia

CHAPTER XXVII.

FROM FIRST SETTLEMENT TO ABOLITION OF TRANSPORTATION.

Major Lockyer Forms a Settlement at King George's Sound. — Swan River Settlement. — Liberal Terms as to Land Grants. — Difficulties and Discouragements of the Early Settlers. — Progress of the Colony. — Troubles with the Natives Occur. — Population Grows Slowly. — Transportation Petitioned for and Granted. — Convicts Employed by Governor Hampton to Build Roads. — Pearl Shell Beds Discovered at Nickol Bay. — The Natives and the Pearling Industry 253

XX CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT.

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Governor Weld Succeeds Governor Hampton. — Isolation of Settlements Lessened by Coasting Steamers, and by Telegraph Lines. — First Railway of the Colonies. — Great Progress of Colony under Governor Weld. — Agitation for Responsible Government Entered upon by Chief Secretary Barlee. — Governor Robinson Succeeds Weld and the Agitation for Responsible Government Drops. — Under Governor Ord, the Agitation is Renewed. — Frequent Changes of Governor Places Administration in the Hands of the Executive Council.— Legislative Council Secures Control of Finances of Colony. — Government Abandons the Policy of State-Built Railways. — Responsible Government for Western Australia " One and Undivided." — First Ministry under New Constitution, 1890.— Western Australia 265

CHAPTER XXIX.

GOLD DISCOVERIES.

Gold Discoveries in Victoria Lead to Search for Gold in the Colony.— Hargraves' Unfavourable Report, 1862. — Gold Discoveries in the Kimberley District, 1885.— Yilgarn and Pilbarra Gold-fields Discovered. — Gold Discoveries Cause Movement of Population to Western Australia.— Messrs. Bayley and Ford Discover the Famous Coolgardie Gold Fields, 1892.— Other Fields Discovered. — Table Showing Gold Productions. — Trade Returns. — The Future of Western Australia Depends upon Gold Fields. — Coal of Colony Inferior in Quality. — Agitation re Federation 278

CHAPTER XXX.

EXPLORATIONS.

" Western Australia has never Given up the Subject of Exploration." — Expedition of Captain Grey and Lieutenant Lushington in the Glenelg River Country. — Cap-

CONTENTS. xxi

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tain Grey Explores the Country between Shark Bay and Perth. — Coastal Surveys of Captains Wickham and Stokes. — Eyre Travels Overland from South Australia to Western Australia, 1841.— Mr. J. S. Roe, " the Father of Australian Explorers," Explores 1800 Miles of the Colony, 1848. — Assistant-Surveyor Austin Reports the Neighbourhood of Lake Austin " one of the finest gold-fields in the world." — Discoveries of Pastoral Land by A. C. and F. T. Gregory. — Necessity for New Pasture Lands Leads to many Exploring Parties from 1860 to 1900. — In 1869, Mr. John Forrest began his Memorable Series of Explorations. — Exploring Expeditions of Warburton and Gosse. — Giles, after Two Failures, Crosses from Adelaide to Perth. — The Sad Expedition of Mr. L. A. Wells to the East Murchison and Fitzroy Rivers District.— Expeditions of Hiibbe and Carnegie 289

Part Eight. Industrial History

CHAPTER XXXI.

1788-1821.

Chief Industries of this Period. — Australia only Intended for a Penal Settlement. — No Operation of Industrial Forces. — Power of the Governor. — Government the Main Employer of Labour. — What Composed the Labouring Classes. — Harshness and Callousness of the General Orders the First Thirty Years. — Regulations Defining the Hours of Toil, Price of Wages and Employment of Labour. — Prices Paid for Various Kinds of Labour. — Convicts and Soldiers Allowed to Hire themselves out after Hours. — Great Transportation from England and Ireland in 1817. — Voluntary Emigration almost Ceases. — Imperial Government also Places Restrictions upon Emigrants. — Manner in which Wages were Paid. — The Average Market Rates of Certain Goods. — British Seainen Forbidden to go on Board of a Foreign Vessel. — xxii CONTENTS.

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Duty on Foreign Goods Brought into the Colony. — Regulations Defining the Bate of Interest to be Given. — Manufacturing Establishments. — Trade of the Period. — Trade Restrictions. — Extortion by Traders. — Condition of the People. — Condition of the Currency. — Bank of New South Wales Opened for Business, April 8th, 1817. — Extent of Land and Population when Major- General Lachlan Macquarie Entered upon the Government of the Colony, January 1st, 1810.— The Island of Tasmania 309

CHAPTER XXXII.

SECOND 1NDUSTKIAL PERIOD,

1821-1838.

New Discoveries of the Second Period. — Colonisation of the Various Colonies.— Labour Legislation of this Period. — Encouragement of Assisted Emigration. — Wages of the Various Kinds of Labourers in this Period. — Select Committee of 1838. — Government Fixes Rations to be Given to Servants. — Ruling Rates of Provisions in 1823- 24.— High Price of Corn, 1827.— The Australian Agricultural Company. — Prices of Various Grains. — Good Crop of Grain after the Drought, in Van Diemen's Land. — Selling by Auction of Public Stores of Grain. — Rentals very High. — Principal Articles of Manufacture. — Selling of Surplus Products of Coal Mines, May, 1822. — Repeated Efforts to Reduce Currency to a Fixed Standard of Sterling Value. — Decision of the Lords Commissioners of the King's Treasury as to the Currency.— The Governor's Announcement on the Currency. — Bank of Australia Instituted in 1826 and Savings Bank in 1832 824

CHAPTER XXXIII.

1838-1852.

Favourable Auspices on the Opening of this Period. — Abolishment of System of Assigning Prisoners to Settlers.—Master and Servants Act.— Employment of

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Coloured Labour. — Labour Questions. — Great Increase in Wages in 1839.— Fall in "Wages in 1841.— Failure of Crops in 1838-39.— Decline in the Price of Wool.— General Speculative Activity during Opening Years. — Withdrawal of British Money, Together with Government's Actions Caused Impending Ruin. — Large List of Insolvents of 1843. — Great Boom in Land. — The Inevitable Crash. — Existing State of Affairs Renders Great Sacrifices Compulsory. — Commercial Relations with Hong Kong and British India. — Fisheries Exports for 1839-40. — Discovery of Copper. — Policy Pursued by Legislature in Reference to Labour Question. — The Great Employers, the Real Rulers of the Country. — The Anti-Transportation League. — Emigration from Australia to California, 1849. — Wages Paid in this Period. — Great Depression in Trade. — Discovery of Gold Changes Condition of Things, 1851-52. — The Industries of this Period.— Manufactures of this Period 340

CHAPTER XXXIV.

FOUKTH INDUSTRIAL PERIOD, 1852-1858.

Labour Question at the Commencement of this Period. — Effect of Gold Booms on the Population of the Different Colonies. — General Financial Embarrassment. — The Government and the Mining Element. — Class of People who Emigrated to the Colonies. — Prices for Labour During the Gold Booms. — Prices for Provisions and Clothing.— Effect of the Golden Era on the Social Welfare of the People. — Increase in the Pastoral Industry and the Discovery of " Salt-Bush." — Increase in Trade. — Great Decrease of the Fishing Industry. — Victoria Ranks as the First of all Colonies. — Growth of Melbourne. — Building of Railroads. — Steam Communications with England. — Restless State of the Country between 1859-62.— Renewed Attention to Agriculture. — Condition of the Working Classes 363 xxiv CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXV.

1858-1872.

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Bad Effect of Floods and Droughts on the Country. — Great Commercial Depression towards the End of the Period. — Victoria takes The Lead in Agriculture. — Building of Telegraph Lines. — Influx of Chinese. — Dislike of Chinese by Miners. — Marked Decline in Rates of Wages. — Intercolonial Conference at Melbourne, 1863. — Slow Progress in Railway Construction. — The Bushranging Epoch 376

CHAPTER XXXVI.

1872-1893.

NEW SOUTH WALES AND VICTORIA.

NEW SOUTH WALES :

Output of Gold in 1872. — Expansion of Agriculture. — Opening up of the Country. — Expenditure for Public Works. — Great Purchase of Public Lands. — Favourable Conditions which Attracted Great Numbers of Men. — General Increase in Wages. — Influx of Great Amount of Capital. — Substantial Progress of the Colony. — Reduction of Expenditure on Public Works and its Effects. Fall in Price of Wages. — Increase in Output of Gold.. 382

VICTORIA :

Marked Improvement in Price of Wages. — Decline of Wages again in 1893. — Prosperity among the Working Classes, 1875-90. — Progress in Agriculture. — Introduction of Capital by Government from England. — General Financial Condition.— The Surplus of Capital Causes Great Land Speculation 388

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXVH.

SIXTH INDUSTRIAL PERIOD.

QUEENSLAND : SOUTH AUSTRALIA : TASMANIA AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

QUEENSLAND :

PAOK

Material Progress very Satisfactory. — Trade Returns of 1871 and in 1881. — Foreign Labour Element During the Period. — Improvement in the Price of Wages. — Introduction of Foreign Capital. — Surplus Capital. — External Trade ................................................ 394