The oldest and the newest empire: China and the United States

Front matter

TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Digitized by

.^o- COLLBGJI

Preface

The relation which the writer has held to Christian and philanthropic efforts in behalf of a race whose advent to our shores is now awaking universal and anxious inquiry as to their character, their capacities and their probable influence upon the future of our country and continent, has imposed upon him the necessity of preparing the present volume. In the years 1840 to '42 the Opium War strongly drew his attention toward China, where was presented the strange ^ spectacle of a heathen but civilized nation sutiering the bombardment and destruction of numerous citic:*, and the slaughter of thousands of its people, in its natural and righteous, but vain, resistance to the fraudulent introduction among them of what it justly styled "a flood of poison," the track of which in society was black and desolate as that of a stream of lava down a mountain's side. In 1846 he was sent by the Presbyfc^rian Board of Foreign Missions to the province of Canton, and in 1852 to California, where he was the first to preach the gospel in their own language to the Chinese coming there. In the very trying circumstances in which they were placed during the first few years of their immigration to a country whose people, language, laws and usages were so strange to them, and where their peculiarities became the subjects of grave and pernicious misapprehensions on the part of the Americans, it pleased God to make his labors the means of rendering to them important benefits.

These facts will explain whatever of peculiarity this book may possess. It is largely made up of materials which have grown up in the writer's experience, labors and intercourse with the Chinese under circumstances which drew out the best side of their character,

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PREFACE.

warmly interested his feelings and personally attached him to many of them ; and which led him to consider the nation and its institutions in a new light. He has been made to carefully and practically examine the past relations of China with the United States and this continent, the advantages we may expect to derive from the increasing political and commercial intimacy, and from the introduction of many of the people into various departments of labor in all parts of our country, and the duties we owe to these new wards which the great Father of all has brought and placed in our national family.

It has been deemed important by judicious friends that in connection with the volume as thus constituted there should be presented for the benefit of popular readers a summary account of the Chinese at home, the history of their empire, their manners., arts, institutions, etc., which should be a ground-work for the information and suggestions connected with their relations to us. For some of the chapters devoted to this object (the third to the twelfth) I am indebted chiefly to an English compilation published by Bohn, of London, prepared by various hands, the materials of which were drawn from Gutzlaff's History of China," Williams' " Middle Kingdom," Davis' *' General Description of China," and other well-known and reliable books. To the portions used of this compilation I have made considerable additions, have re-written parts of them, corrected many mistakes and misapprehensions into which compilers not well acquainted with the Chinese people and language would fall, and given to them a more candid and Christian tone.

It is a strange thing that we Americans have acquired the fashion of speaking of the Chinese with contempt and dislike. It is a fashion — and it should be changed. In almost all the nations of Southern and Western Asia and of the Continent of Europe, the Empire of China has been generally mentioned and described in language of honor and admiration. Louis the Fourteenth of France, and many other distinguished European monarchs, have taken the warmest interest in its history and institutions, and in the efforts to

PREFACE.

impart to its people the advanced science and the religious knowledge of the West. Some of the most intelligent of the French nobility have gone to China as religious missionaries, with the royal advice and approbation, and that too at times when it was probable that their lives would be a sacrifice. A leading German philosopher (Frederick Von Schlegel), in summing up the characteristics of the Chinese, says that their skill in agriculture, and " their unique and, in their way, excellent products of industry and manufacture, prove the very high degree of civilization to which this people has attained that they are " entitled to a high, even one of the highest, places among civilized nations," and are " remarkable for the utmost polish and refinement of manners." It is hard to account for the common estimate of China and its people in Great Britain and America otherwise than by attributing it to the influence of the bad East India Company and the diabolical opium trade.

The Chinese are a heathen people, and much that is evil can truthfully be said against them. But why do we judge them so much more severely than other heathen empires which have not excelled or equaled them in morality ? The Romans were a far more depraved and cruel people than the Chinese. Their idolatry was more gross and loathsome.

. . . . " Idols of monstrous guise.

Terrific, monstrous sliapes, preposterous gods, Of fear and ignorance, by the sculptor's hands Hewn into form and worshiped ; men to these. From depth to depth in darkening error fallen, At length ascribe th' inapplicable Name." ^

And yet many of our poets have exhausted the language of praise upon the Romans and their virtues. They have painted a glory which,

.... "Like the dav, diffused itself, and still • Blesses the earth — the light of genius, virtue, Greatness in thought and act, contempt of death, God-like example."

» J . Dyer, Ruins of Rome. * Samuel Kogees, Italy.

PREFACE.

Can we not then exercise candor in forming our opinions of the Chinese ? In the case of a people in whom we and our descendants must be so much interested, it surely becomes us to act with fairness and with charity. They have had reason to judge us, our institutions and our religion with severity. This book is an attempt to make our people better acquainted with them, and to incite efforts which shall lead them to hold a better opinion of us. It will have subserved a good end should it accomplish no more than to bring their manly and indignant Remonstrance to the Congress of THE United States thoroughly before the attention of our legislators and people.

The volume is made as full and complete as possible, in the free use of a mass of original and other materials which the author has ^J)een long accumulating for this end. For any defects Vv'hich may be discerned in it he can only plead that it has been finally put in shape for the press in hours taken from rest and relaxation amidst the weighty cares of a sacred and responsible office which he dare not neglect. Were he to have attempted a formal dedication of the book it would have been in the line of the work in which he is now engaged — to the Christian young men of the United States, whose task and honor it will be, by the diffusion of the blessings of education and the gospel, to accomplish the regeneration of this Newest Empire of the world as the chief human means of effecting that of its Oldest Empire. This seems to be the consummating work which the Church and our nation have to perform in order to prepare the earth for the Kingdom of the Messiah.

Contents

PAGE

List of Illustrations, with explanations.

3 19

Chapter I

introductory.

Mammoth Trees of California, a symbol of the Chinese Empire — 21. Several respects in which it is the first in the world — 23. Peculiar Relations to United States — Source of our Aborigines — 23. Discovery of America — Indians" means Chinese — Marco Polo — 24. Subsequent efforts to reach China — Ponce de Leon — Object of Carver's visit to Minnesota — 25. Era of Discovery of Gold in California — Importance of the Immigration of the Chinese to this Continent — Interest to the Historian, to the Philosopher, to the Patriot, to the Christian — 26. Future of this Immigration — The two National Elements — Resemblances of the two Countries, of the people — Differences, as to History, Arts, Labor, Population — Probable Influence of China on the New World — Importance of understanding our Relations and Duties — 28. Influence of the two nations on others bordering the Pacific ocean — 31.

THE CHINESE PEOPLE : THEIR ORIGIN — RACES IN THE EMPIRE.

Sir John Maundeville's accounts of wonderful races in India, China, etc. — Wealth of the East — How Diamonds grow — 32. Grotesque ideas of ourselves held by the Chinese — 34. Heathen Origin of these fables — Tendencies of Infidel Science — 35. Christian Views — 36. Fuhi probably means Noah — Early Colonization — 37. First use of Silk — Origin of the name " China"~38. References to it in the Old Testament and in the New— 39. Name " Tsin" from Tsan, the silkworm — 40. Fragments of the Turanian race in China — 41. Expelled by the Aryans — 42. Hill-tribes of China — Remarkable resemblance to our Indians — 43. Various Sources of Indian tribes on this Continent — Note, 44. Number of Population of China — Recent Census — 45. Comparison of Censuses of last century — Reasons for supposing them true — 47. Colonial Possessions — Practical bearings of question of Population — 48.

CHAPTER IL

CONTENTS.

Chapter III. Geography, Vegetable Productions, Animals

Eemarkable Physical Resemblances between China and the United States, Latitude, Contour, Gulf Stream, Climate, River Systems, Minerals, Vegetable Productions, Races, Institutions — 50. Extent of Empire — Varieties of Climate, etc. — 52. General Aspect — 53. Yang-tsz-kiang and Yellow rivers — 55. Provinces of North and East, Peking, Nanking, regions whence Tea and Silk come — 57. Mining regions. Volcanic signs, Petroleum, etc., in the West — 58. Cassia and Camphor districts — 59. Description of Canton Province — 60. Manchuria and Colonial Regions north ; Ginseng, cause of first trouble between China and United States, letter from Rev. Jonathan Edwards — 61. Araoor region — 62. Mongols — Tibetan tribes — 62. Formosa and other Islands — 64. European nations long counted " tributary" — 64. Zoology — Numerous wild Animals — 65. Splendid native Birds — Fishing Cormorants — Quail-fighting — 66. Reptiles — 67. Fish, endless variety — Gold and Silver fish — How brought to America — 68. Curious Insects — 68. Splendid Moths — Cricket-fighting — Cicadas — 69. Sources of Wax — Mantis, or Soothsayer — 70. Abundance and variety of Vegetable Productions — 71. Tea, sources, cultivation — 72. Fortune's botanical explorations, takes Tea to Assam — 72. Difference of Green and Black Tea — 74. Processes of Manufacture — 75. Painted green to suit Americans and English — 77. The national Beverage in China, Tartary, etc. — 78. Chinese Eulogies upon it — 79. Rice, its Cultivation — 79. Simplicity of Agricultural Implements — 80. Sugar and its uses — 81. Cultivation of Cotton and Mulberry — Silk — 82. Bamboo, its uses — Paper and Printing — 83. Camphor and Tallow trees — Japan, or Lacker varnish — 87.

Chapter IV. Social Life, Amusements, Popular Festivals, The Government

Chinese Civilization and Refinement, peculiar but genuine — 88. Style of Houses and Furniture — 89. Cabinets, Lanterns and Ornaments — 91. Condition of Women — Dress of Ladies — 91. Dress of Gentlemen — 93. Visiting, Social Customs — 94. Dress of Common People — 95. Boat-people — The Queue — 96. Tables of the Rich — Birds'-nest Soup — Sharks' fins — 97. Customs in eating and drinking — 97. Cookery — 98. Rob't Fortune's description pf an Inn — 99. Amusements — Gambling — Kite-flying — Shuttlecock — 101. Theatrical Performances described by Tiffany — 102. Religious Forms — New Year the great Festival — Trying to Debtors— 107. Feast of Lanterns — Dragon-boat Festival — 110. Public reading of Moral Essays, the Sacred Commands — 112. Abundance of Schools — 114. Examinations of Boys — 115. Examinations of Candidates for degrees — 116. Higher degrees, re-

CONTENTS.

joiclngs over Rpccessful Candidates — 117. Number and Character of Civil officers — 119. Power and responsibility of liigbest Officers — 120. Peking, the present Capital — Description of city — 122. Principal Temples — Scenes in Streets — The new part — Triumphal Arches — 124.

Chapter V. The Patriarchal Age In China

First nine Sovereigns of China — Arts they introduced — First Silk-weaving and Husbandry — 127. Imperial honor rendered to Agriculture — 128. Early Inventions — Division of Time by sixties, like Chaldeans — 129. Chinese origin of Mariner's Compass — 130. Foundation of Political Institutions — Gradual Population of the Country — 130. Beginning of authentic History — 131. Chinese Coinage — Useful implement for counting — Division of Weights and Measures by decimals — 133. Markets — Hunting — Early Commerce — Warfare — 135. Honor to Education — Estimation of the art of Writing — Industry of females in the manufacture of Silk — 138. Struggles of rival kingdoms — Beginnings of Commerce across the Continent — 140. Era of Babylonish Captivity — Colony of Jews upon the Yellow river — Purpose of Dispersion of Jews — 141, Age of Confucius the turning-point in Chinese history — Life and Character of Confucius — 144. Account of his Writings — 148. Their Moral Influence — Stationary Character of Chinese Institutions — 151.

CHAPTER VL

AUGUSTAN AGE IN CHINA.

China during the Augustan Age in Rome, its extent and greatness — 153. " Prince of Peace" on the throne at the Birth of Christ — Universal Expectation of Christ — 155. Chi Hwang-ti, Founder of the first General Dynasty — 155. Building of the Great Wall, stupendous character of the Work — 156. Destruction by this Emperor of previous Literature — Burial of wife and slaves with him at Death — 158. Usurpation of throne by Liu-pang — 159. Invasions of the Tartars — 160. Invention of Paper and Books — 161. Paper brought to Europe by the Arabs — 162. Invention of Ink — 163. Slavery — 164. Traces of the Apostles — 164. Introduction and Character of Buddhism — 165. Native System of Tauism — The Elixir of Life — The Philosopher's Stone — 166. Roman Embassy to China — 168. Chinese Envoys to Western Nations — 169. Frequent Rebellions — 169. Interference of Women with Government — 171. Employments of Common People — Social Customs — Rules as to Names of Children — Laws as to Inheritance — 171. Costumes of People — Faith in Omens and Astrology — 174.

CONTENTS.

Chapter VII. . The Middle Ages In China

Superiority of China to Western Nations in the Middle Ages — 176. The Ancient Capitals — 177. Tartar Invasions — 178. Umbrella an Ancient Emblem of Royalty — Note i., 178. Luxuriousness of the Tsin Dynasty — 178. Revolution under Liu-yiu — 180. Five Dynasties in Rapid Succession— 181. Extensive Trade with Arabians and Persians — 181. Silk brought to Europe by Nestorian Missionaries — 182. Illustrious Race of Tang — 183. Justice of Tai-tsung — 184. Famous Christian Statesman, Kwoh tsz-i — Labors of Nestorian Missionaries — 185. Canals and increase of Trade — 185. Han-lin, or Imperial College — 186. Literature for the Young — 187. Advance of Arab Commerce — Mohammedans in China — Extant Narrative of two Mohammedan Travelers — Their account of Tea —188. Custom of binding the Feet adopted — 190. Corruption of the Court — Invention of Printing — 192. Establishment of the Lung Dynasty — 193. Irruptions of the Tartars — Famous Porcelain Factories in Kiangsi — Exports of Silks and Spices — Decline of the Empire — 195. Conquests of the Mongols in Asia — Become Masters of China — 196.

CHAPTER VIIL

THE MONGOL DYNASTY.

Closer Communion of China with sister Nations — Romantic history of Zingis Khan — 198. Conquest of China by Kublai Khan — His illustrious Character— 199. Capital established at Peking — 201. Paper Money — Grand Canal opened, Utility of it — 202. Residence of Matteo and Nicolo Polo in China — Sent as Ambassadors to the Pope of Rome — 204. Visit of Marco Polo — Valuable Narrative of his Travels — 206. His Description of the Improvements made by Kublai Khan — Accommodations for Travelers— Extent and good order of Cities — 208. War with the Japanese — 211. Grand Festival on Birth-day of Emperor — 212. The Imperial Palaces — Tartar Hunts — 214. Extent of Mongol Dominions — 216. Favor to Buddhism — 217. Decay of Mongols — 217. A poor lad rises to the Imperial Throne — 218. Comparison of China and Europe at that Period — 219. Character of Marco Polo— 219.

Chapter IX The Last Native Dynasty — The Ming

Emperor Tai-tsu, his Reforms in the Government and in Buddhist Monasteries — 221. Conflicts for the Succession — 222. Proposed Invasion of China by Tamerlane, his Death — 223. First Arrival of Portuguese — Their Piracies

CONTENTS.

— 224. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto and his Ck)rapaniona — Their Crimes — Well flogged by the Cliinese — 225. First Portuguese Embassy — 229. Establishment of Portuguese Colony of Macao — 230. Romish Missions — Francis Xavier — 231. Spaniards at the Philippine Islands — Colony estabr^f^ lished at Manila — 232. Visit of Spanish Monks to China — Sent home — 232. Commencement of other Romish Missions — 233. Emperor Wan-lieh — Red Book, or Court Calendar — 233. Anarchy in the Country — Way prepared for the Manchu Tartars — Father of Wu San-kwei — 234. Downfa\l of the Ming Family — 238. Dutch first come to China — Settlement on Pescadore Islands — On Formosa — Dutch Protestant Missions — 238. English open Trade — Captain Weddell, Destruction of Chinese Forts and Junks —240. French in China— 242.

Chapter X. The Manchu Dynasty — First Emperors

Careful Education of the Young — Emperor Shun-chi — 243. Destruction of Nanking — Famous maritime chief Koshinga — 243. The Queue, a badge of Subjection — Black Turban worn in Fu-kien — 244. Form of the Present Government — Private Cabinet — General Council — Six Boards: Civil Office, Finance, Rites, War, Punishments, Public Works — 246. Embassy from Russian Emperor Alexis — Disputes about ko-tau — 249. Dutch Embassy — Their Compliance — 250. Influence of Jesuit Adam Schaal — 253. Troubles of the Dutch on Formosa — 254. Quarrels of Romanist Monks and their EflTects — 256. Subjection of Formosa — 257. Description of the Island — Traces of Dutch Missions — 258. Greatness of Emperor Kang-hi — 261. Jesuits cast Cannon for him, prepare Almanacs — Handsome presents made by them, their success — Become Politicians and Ambassadors — 263. Kanghi's wars with Eleuth and other Tartars — Rejoicings on Sixtieth Anniversary of his Accession to the Throne — 270. Spring Festival, Emperor Ploughing — 271. Kang-hi's "Sacred Instructions," account of the Book —274. His Literary Character — 276. Troubles with Mongols — 277. English obtain a footing — First exports of Tea — East India Company — Quarrels with the Chinese — 278. New Embassy of Dutch — 280. Successive Missions of Russia — 281. Overland Tea — 286. Installation of Emperor Yung-ching — Severe Persecution of Romanists — 288. Mild Character of Emperor— 289. Russian Trade at Kiakhta — 290. Mourning at the Decease of an Emperor — 292. Chinese Funeral Rites — 294.

CHAPTER XL

THE GREAT KIEN-LUNQ.

Resemblance of Kien-lung to Kang-hi — Extraordinary Length of their Reigns — 296, Princes of the Empire — 297. Persecutions of the Jesuits — 299.

CONTENTS.

Conquests in "Western Tartarj — Defeat in Bnrmah — 299. Wars with t'he Mountain Tribes — 300. British Embassy of Lord Macartney, Origin in trouble with Hong Merchants — Narrative of tlieir Journey to Peking — 303. Their Keception at the Palace of Jeh-ho — 311. Dignity and Condescension of Kien-lung — 313. Amusements — Tartar ladies — Anniversary of the Emperor's Birth-day — 315. Eeturn of the British Embassy — 317. Accession of Kia-king — His Profligate Habits — Courageous Eebuke by a Minister — • Dissatisfaction of the People — 319. New Efforts to expel Roman Priests — 322. Increase of Piracy — A Female Corsair — Unsettled state of Country — 322. Emperor's Life saved by his Son — 325. Unsuccessful British Embassy of Lord Amherst — 325. Floods in the Yellow river — 3^7.

Chapter XII. Tau-kwang Ani> The Opium Wak

Insurrections among the Tartar tribes — Among the Mountain tribes of the Interior — 329. Causes of the Opium War — Immense amount of Opium smuggled — 331. Lord Napier arrives as Superintendent of British Commerce, his unhappy Death — 333. Succeeded by J. F. Davis, he by Captain Elliott — Increase of Smuggling — 335. Celebrated Chinese Commissioner Liu — Twelve Millions of Dollars' worth of Opium destroyed — 336. English establish themselves at Hong-kong — 338. Naval battle at the Bogue — 339. Chinese Array — 340. Taking of the Island of Chu-san — Negotiations at Tien-tsin — Return to Canton — 341. Terrible battle at Bogue Forts — Slaughter of the Chinese — 343. Ransom of Canton for six millions of Dollars — 345, Sir Henry Pottinger as Plenipotentiary — Capture of Amoy — 346. Brave defence of Chiu-hai by the Tartars — Fearful slaughter of them — 348. Beautiful Country about Ningpo and Hang-chau — 349. Capture of Ningpo — 351. Characteristic Appeal of People to British army--352. Bloody battle with Tartars at Cha-pu— 353. Fleet in the Yang-tsz-kiang — 354. Desperate defence of Chiu-kiang — Suicide of the Tartar General — 355. City of Nanking — Porcelain Pagoda — Ancient Glory of the City — Treaty of Peace — 356. Stipulations of the Treaty — Twenty-one millions of Dollars paid for Opium and British expenses — 358. Resistance to opening of Fuh-chau — 359. Advantages of port of Shanghai — 360. Improvements at Hong-kong — 361. Hostile Publications of Chinese and mobs at Canton — 361. Bad Character of Hong-kong — 363. Effects of Opium War upon the Emperor Tau-kwang — Upon the Chinese people — 364. Interest felt in Europe^Hon. Caleb Gushing Ambassador from United States — Treaty of Wang-hia — Hon. A. H. Everett, Resident Minister — 365. General distress in China — Rebellions in Kokonor, etc. — Energy of Liu — 366. Death of Tau-kwang— His amiable Character —367.

CONTENTS.

Chapter XIII. Results Of The Opium War

Opium War, Great Crisis in the history of China— 370. Opium, ancient use as a Narcotic by Greeks, Hebrews, etc. — 371. Introduction from India — 372. Destructive Effects — Resistance of Chinese Government — Immense Injury to the people — 373. Enormous Profit to Great Britain — Its Responsibility— 375. Effect on Christian Missions — Darkest Stain on the Nineteenth Century — 377. Connection of America with it — Duty of Great Britain — 379. Robert Morrison, first Pro.testant Missionary — His translations of Scriptures and Dictionary — Bridgeman, first American Missionary — The Chinese Repository — 381. New Translations — Preaching in Chinese — Missionary Hospitals — 381. Mission Schools and extensive Results — 383. Succession of Hien-fung to the throne — Disorders in the country — 384. Hung Sew-tsuen receives Christian Books — Beginning of the Tai-ping Rebellion— Bright promise, sad End, partial good Results — 385. New War with Great Britain and France — Origin in Opium smuggling — 390. Bombardment of Canton — Capture of Forts on the Pei-ho — Treaty of Tien-tsin — Heavy Assessment for expenses — Legalization of Opium trade — 391. Failure of Chinese government to Ratify — Capture of Peking — Sacking of the Summer Palace — Death of the Emperor — 393. New Ports opened — Treaties with various European Powers — 395. French Protection to Romanism — Present State of Romish Missions — Reason of Opposition of Government to them — 396. Russian Treaty — Accession of territory on the Amoor river — Prospective Colonization and importance — 399. Present condition of Foreign Commerce with China — 401. Opening of Route by Isthmus of Suez — Its History and Importance — 402. Late Rebellions — Mohammedans of South-west — 405. Troops drilled by American and European Officers — Advantages gained by them — Rejection of Vessels of War purchased in Great Britain — 406. Youthful Emperor Tung-clii — Regency of Empress Dowager and Prince Kung — 407.

Chapter XIV. American Relations With The Chinese Empire

Early Trade of East India Company with American Indians — 410. Resistance to Introduction of Tea — Destruction of cargoes at Boston — First American ship to China — Beginning of Fur trade — 411. Effect upon Discovery on our Pacific coast — Expedition of Lewis and Clarke — Enterprises of Astor — Benefits to United States — 412. Influence in Christianizing Sandwich and other Islands — 415. Advancement of the art of Ship-building — Era of Clipper Ships — Of Steam Vessels — 417. Important Provisions of treaty of Wang-hia — 419. Friendly feeling to the United States — Interesting Trib- •

CONTENTS.

ute of Seu Ki-yu's Geography to George Washington — Present of Portrait to him from our Government — His Degradation and restoration to power — 420. New American treaty — Its Provisions — First Announcement by the Atlantic Cable — 426. Kecent Development of Foreign trade — Danger of Alienation of Chinese territory — 427. Honorable career of Mr. Burlingame — Origin of Mission to Western Powers — 429. Recent treaty with China, its Effects — Honors to the Embassy — 431. Treaty with England, Presentation to Queen — Address of Lord Stanley — 433. Treaties with other European Powers — Probable Effects — 435.

Chapter XV. Ancient Connections With This Continent

Variety of Races found on this Continent — Civilization of Aztecs, Toltecs, Per.uvians, etc. — 438. Question of their Origin — 438. Asiatic Source — Dates of their Arrival — 438. Evidence from Agencies of Nature — Great Ocean Currents, Pacific Gulf Stream — Courses of Winds, Monsoons — Typhoons— 439. Evidence from Recent Wrecks on our coast — Japanese and Chinese junks, Remains on this Continent and the neighboring Islands — 442. Spread of the Malay family among Pacific islands — 444. Evidence from Legends among Asiatic nations, Tartars, Japanese, etc. — 445. Translation from Chinese Encyclopaedia, on Fu-sang — Interesting Discussions as to Application— Opinions of eminent Scholars — 446. Corroborations from Aztec Customs, etc. — Letters of Cortez — Oriental character of Aztec life and institutions— Answer to objections — Aztecs certainly Buddhists — Other Legends — 449. Evidence from Resemblances of Modern American Languages and Customs to Asiatic — 454. Tribes on either side of Behring's straits — Resemblances of Tchuktchis, Malemutes, Esquimaux, etc. — 455. Athapascas and Apaches — 456. Customs and Legends in Peru, Oriental and Buddhist — 457. Remains of Wonderful Military Roads, described by Humboldt — 459. Future of Peru and Mexico — 461.

CHAPTER XVL

CHINESE IMMIGRATION.

Ancient Separation of Old and New Hemispheres — Anglo-Saxon Occuj)ation of New — Tuition of African Race — Advent of Asiatic — 462. Emigrations of Chinese Races in former Ages — 463. To other Asiatic Regions — Chinese in Indian Archipelago — Pleasing picture of Chinese Life in Borneo — In Java — 464. Reasons for opposition to Intercourse — 468. Commencement of Immigration here — Early Usefulness — 470. Interest in them, subsequent Opposition — 47lJ All from Province of Canton— 472. No Coolies in California— What are Coolies? — No Caste in China — 473. Motives and Means of Emigration— 478. Hindu Coolies in Guiana — 479. Chinese in Cuba — In Peru and Chincha Islands— Terrible Crimes of Coolie trade — 479

CONTENTS.

Prohibitions of by various Nations — English, French and American Conventions with Chinese Government — 483j Validity of Contracts for Labor — 485. Extent of future Immigration — Causes of Increase in the Past — 486. Number of Chinese in California — 487. Their Dispersion over other States, Territories and Countries — 488. Influence of Varieties of Population of difTerent Provinces on future Immigration — 489. They must be treated as Freemen — Laws necessary for Emigrant Ships — 490. Fidelity to Contracts — 491. Families should be brought — Our Duty — 492.

CHAPTER XVIL

CHINESE LABOR.

Elements which make Chinese Labor peculiar — 493. Its Characteristics — Industry of the People — Exhibitions of this in China — Illustrations to foreigners— 494. Economy — Utilization of Materials — Regard for Utensils, Time, etc. — Wages — 496. Intelligence — General Information — Cheerfulness and Patience in Work — 497. Variety of Employments — Early Occupations in this Country — 499. Faults of Chinese — 500. Difference in Individuals — Practical Difficulties in Employing Chinese — 502. Fields for Application of Chinese Labor — Characteristic of Servants — 502. j Usefulness in Agriculture— Value in California — 503.j Cultivation of Colton — Original Seats of it in Asia — Cotton Regions of China — Peculiar Adaptation of Pacific Coast to Cotton — 504. British Plans for Cotton Culture in Indian Archipelago — Superiority of our Advantages — 506. Manufacture of Silk, its great Value — ^Extraordinary Advantages of Pacific coast — Chinese Labor an important item — 509. Silk at recent Agricultural Fair — Japanese Colony — Comparison of Japanese and Chinese — 510. Variety of Moths which produce Silk, a provision for various climates — 512. English Experiments in India — Varieties in China and America — English Silk Supply Association — 513. Manufacture of Silk in the United States, Extent, Results, Prospects — 517. Other Chinese Textile Plants — 520. Introduction of Tea — Success of British in Assam — Tea Plant in Java, Brazil and our Southern States — 521. Rice — Sugar — Fruits — Pea-nuts — Value of Bamboo — 523. ^Capacity of Chinese as Common Laborers — Workmen in factories — Miners — 524^ Employment on Public Works — Our Debt to them in construction of Pacific Railroad — Immense Field for their employment — 525. [^alue as Consumers of American products — 527. ' Favorable Testimonials from various classes of Americans — 528.