The New world compared with the Old: a description of the American government, institutions, and enterprises, and of those of our great rivals at the present time, particularly England and France

Front matter

I

OFFICIAL RESIDENCES OF RULERS.

1— The Vatican at Rome. 2— White House, Washington. 3— The Tuileries, Paris.

Preface

The volume which is introduced by these lines is intended to diffuse cosmopolitan political information in as picturesque fashion as the subject will permit, or the author can present it. Much is said in our day about our position amongst states, and our privileges amongst peoples. I have tried in these pages to ascertain the truth under both heads, and I consider the three years I have spent in Europe as a poorer qualification for the task, than the access I have been so cheerfully accorded to the fine Library of Congress.

The work was at times embarrassed by improvements in the institutions of Europe : by a change of front in the French Imperial Government, by the Revolution in Spain, by the unfinished condition of Germany and Italy, by the Disraeli Reform Bill, and by Gladstone's disestablishment of the Irish Church in the United Kingdom. The title of the book might more truly have been " The Old World Compared with the New," as what is described of America is mainly meant to arrest attention and fix the eye upon the successive European institutions ; but the book will read either way, and it is not impossible that an Englishman might take it up and compare our civilization with his. The inquiry was so profitable to myself that I felt almost chagrin when I came abruptly to the limit of the volume, and, reading it over now, I remember much that I had intended to tell, sacrificed in the consciousness that one cannot bind the globe into a book.

IV

PREFACE.

Perhaps that which impressed me most in this research was the superiority of European authorities upon America to our own literature of Europe. We have believed the contrary, and have made outcry upon foreign travellers and writers amongst us ; but we have never sent a De Tocqueville abroad nor apprehended our own future with the intelligence of a Cobden. Our travellers in Europe have been mainly provincial in mind, and in observation superficial ; some of them write full of wonder, and some with lofty village scorn. The very best of our travellers was Fenimore Cooper, whom we berated for his frankness as heartily as we took our foreign critics to task. • In Hawthorne, we sent one Consul abroad who looked about him, but wrote too little. In our diplomatic establishment there is scarcely one experience, save Jefferson's, which is marked by the fine contemporary analysis of both the politician and the traveller. Within the past ten years, however, several philosophic foreigners have become naturalized amongst us, and these have laid the foundation of an American political literature upon Europe ; the tone of our foreign correspondence in the newspapers and reviews has also improved since the civil war, and we are throwing out of our schools those pernicious guides to a true estimate of continental politics, — histories of Europe based upon English opinion.

For fifty j^ears our boys have been taught that Pitt's statesmanship was the wisest, and Wellington's sword the brightest ; that the French devolution was only infidel and circumscribed by the w Reign of Terror," and that everybody but ourselves is incapable of Republican government. Against this English Toryism a reaction as baneful has been led by certain American clergymen, sitting at the feet of Coesar, and these have covered the land with indiscriminate praises of the Napoleons. Between the two schools, our youth escape altogether the mod-

PREFACE. V

erate period and party of continental Europe, which is in affinity with our own temper and institutions, and has sent hither the most intelligent and friendly travellers. The great names in political economy, reciprocity, and international philanthropy have been lost to us in the rivalry of merely warlike reputations. Peel is obscured by Bismarck, and Alison is read instead of Martineau. Our Academies and Colleges would do well to begin the study of modern history with the year 1815, for all prior to that time will be read and retained by the student of his own will ; whereas the attention, carried up to a giddy climax in the story of Napoleon, relaxes at his downfall, and listens languidly to the w History of the Peace," which is the truer and more elevating history of our era and of European glory.

The sole object of this comparison is to popularize political information, and wherever a quotation could be made judiciously, it has been preferred to original statement, as carrying authority, and as being, besides, a sample of foreign thought, idiosyncrasy, or oratory. Personal conviction upon disputed points has been evaded by citing opinion from both sides ; but the general conviction is retained throughout that we have the happiest government, and that only popular defection or neglect can overthrow it. The publishers have wished me to print a list of authorities consulted in the preparation of the book ; but this custom has been so frequently abused by writers who seek to establish authenticity merely by parading a catalogue, that I shall confine myself merely to some general indication of books still in print and procurable ; other authorities will be named in the text.

Harriet Martineau's " History of the Peace " is incomparably the best and fairest book upon English affairs since 1815. It has been issued in an American edition of four volumes, specially edited by the author.

YI PREFACE.

The " Statesman's Year Book," annually published by Macmillan and Co., of London, is a book of nearly eight hundred pages,- containing a succinct account of every government of note, and of the colonies of each, as well.

Many hand-books of Church and State have been issued in England, and of these one of the cheapest is published by Murray, London.

The only political history of note in America is that of Jabez Hammond, " The Political History of the State of New York," in three volumes, and but few copies are now in circulation; it recites with impartial faithfulness the rise of parties between the close of the War of Independence and the death of Silas

Wright.

Dr. Edward Fischel's work on the English Constitution has been translated into English, and published by Bosworth and Harrison of London ; it is close, entertaining, and more censoriously just than similar English books.

Libraries are all supplied with Benton's "History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years," which is full on many points, and on some dogmatic. A very useful book on the " Laws and Government of the States and the United States " is that of William B. Wedgwood, published in 1866. New York. An abridgment of the United States Census and an abridged Blue Book have also been circulated by private publishing houses.

The English Black Book is a caustic, partisan, and somewhat sensational account of abuses, sinecures, and evils in the English political system; Jenckes's Report on the American Civil Service is a more careful book upon a part of the parallel subject.

The political history of the Continent of Europe is to be found in an immense variety of publications, few of which are

PREFACE. VH

in English. Kinglake's sketches of parties in France are severe and bigoted, but in many respects just. On the French Church I have consulted the "Almanack du Clerge pour Van de Grace, 1867 ; " on legislation, politics, and finance, the works of Casimir Perier and Adrien Huard.

A good book on Germany, particularly on North Germany, is much needed in America. I have read, in the French, Eugene Veron's History of Prussia down to the battle of Sadowa, with advantage.

"Russia and its People," by Count Gurowski, is a pithy and savage book ; for a charming view .of citizen life in Russia, one cannot do better than to read Turgenieff 's novel of " Fathers and Sons, " nicely translated by Consul Schuyler, and published in New York. "The Russians in Central Asia," by Valikhanof, and Veniukof, is a book pertinent to our new Asiatic relations, and issued in English, London, 1865. The cheapest compendium of travel, railway fares, distances, steamship routes, cities, etc., to be found in Europe or America, is "Bradskaw's Special Guide for the Continent," imported by August Brentano, New York, every month, at the price of about three dollars, currency. Other English guides to Europe are offensive and partisan, particularly Murray's ; and American guides to Europe are worthless, being based upon them.

To conclude : many of the statistics cited here will be found to vary at different periods, and with different authors. The publishers design to keep the book in these respects up to the latest information. I hope that some reader may grow interested in the great contemporary questions here discussed, and hold a truer mirror up to government, so that we may become larger politicians in the sense expected of a republican, who is at once a citizen and a sovereign.

LIST OF ILLUSTEATIO^S.

OFFICIAL RESIDENCES OF RULERS,* Frontispiece. Page.

1. The Vatican at Rome.

2. White House, Washington.

3. The Tuileries, Paris.

4. Buckingham Palace, London.

5. King's Palace, Berlin.

COUNTRY SEATS OF RULERS, ....... 37.

6. Ulricksdal, Sweden.

7. Windsor Castle, England.

8. fontainebleau, france.

9. Soldier's Home, Washington. 10. Tivoli, Rome.

HOUSES OF THE LEGISLATURES, . . V V Y . 83.

11. Modern Capitol, Rome.

12. Palace of the Corps Legislatif, Paris.

13. Capitol, Washington.

14. House of Parliament, London.

15. Parliament Houses Ottawa, Canada.

ECCLESIASTICAL EDIFICES, . . . .... 189

16. Winchester Cathedral, England.

17. Rheims Cathedral, France.

18. Notre Dame, Paris.

19. Trinity Church, New York.

20. Interior of St. Paul's, London.

21. St. Sophia's Mosque.

22. St. Peter's, Rome.

MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES, ....... 241.

23. Alexander Column, St. Petersburg.

24. Column Vendome.

25. Arc De Triomphe, Paris.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX

26. Bunker Hill Monument. Page.

27. Washington Monument.

28. Statue of Columbus.

Seats of municipal government, 282.

29. The City Hall, New York.

30. The City Hall, Paris.

31. New City Hall, Baltimore.

32. The City Hall, London. j

33. The City Hall, Brussels.

NATIONAL WORKS, . 317.

34. Suspension Bridge at Niagara.

35. The Victoria Tubular Bridge, Montreal.

36. Pont Neuf, Paris.

37. Chicago River Tunnel.

38. Menai Bridge, Wales.

MILITARY INSTITUTIONS, 344.

39. Woolwich Academy, England.

40. School of St. Cyr, France.

41. West Point, New York.

MONETARY INSTITUTIONS, 374.

42. The Bourse, Paris.

43. United States Treasury, Washington.

44. The Bourse, St. Petersburg.

45. The Royal Exchange, London.

NATIONAL SHRINES, „ . 399.

46. Fanueil Hall, Boston.

47. State House, Philadelphia.

48. Napoleon's Tomb.

49. Tower of London.

NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 469.

50. Hotel Des Invalides, Paris.

51. Hotel Dieu, Paris.

52. Greenwich Hospital, London.

53. Hospital at Cincinnati.

REGALIA OF STATE, . . . . . . . . 496.

54. Queen's Diadem.

55. Queen's Coronation Bracelets,

56. Prince of Wales Crown.

-X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

57. Old Imperial Crown. Page.

58. Queen's Crown.

59 Spiritual Scepter.

60. Temporal Scepter.

61. Bishop's Hat. •

62. Pope's Hat.

63. Regalia of Scotland.

GREAT STATE CEREMONIES, 528.

64. The Fete at Venice.

65. The Pope Blessing on Christsias Day.

66. Coronation of the Queen of England.

HALLS OF LEGISLATION, 572

67. The Saloon of State, Paris.

68. The Senate of France.

69. The House of Commons, London.

70. The House of Representatives, Washington.

REPRESENTATIVE HOMES OF CITIZENS, .... 589.

71 Palace of the Prince of Prussia.

72 Duke of Wellington's Home.

73 Chateau of Duke De Lynnes, France.

74 Residence of A. T. Stewart, New York.

75. Home of Bayard Taylor.

HARBORS AND FORTRESSES 504.

76. Ehrenbreitstein.

77. Gibralter.

78. The Narrows.

79. Fortress Monroe.

80. Citadel, Quebeo.

CONTENTS. . '

Chapter I. Washington And London

Page

Washington city and its onvirons, as seen from the dome of the Capitol — Reminiscences of its site — Character of its outlying scenery — Permanence of the city as the political metropolis — London, seen from the dome of St. Paul's — Association of the great metropolis with American history and institutions — Ancient Rome and London in relative populousness — The Thames and the Potomac — London topographically considered — Relation of the great parlimentary suburbs to the old city — Relation of "the city" to the capital suburb of Westminster

— Influence of the municipality upon the nation from the earliest ages — Impending improvements and the cost of them — Old monuments in London — The "season" of fashion and politics . • •_, • • • • • 21

Chapter II. The Queen And The President

Their comparative power, salary, place of residence, and attendants — English opinion of the White House — Sketches of St. James, Kensington, Whitehall, and Buckingham Palaces, and of Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and Balmoral Castle, the Queen's residences — The family of Victoria — Death of the King, her predecessor

— Manner of her succession and "Proclamation" — Her dress when she first appeared before the people — Her first state ceremony — The girl become Queen — Her holding of the first court — The Queen going to Parliament to dissolve it — Minute account of the procession — The Queen's wardrobe — Her visit to London city and gorgeous reception there — Parliament votes her salary — Coronation of the Queen compared with the inauguration of our Presidents — Sketch of Westminster Abbey with the assembled peers, officials, and commons — - The Queen's regalia — History and description of the crown and sceptre — Homage paid to her

— Balls of inauguration and of coronation — How Prince Albert courted the Queen — The marriage ceremony in St. James' palace — Honeymoon at Windsor

— A poor German prince grows thrifty after marriage — No objection on the Queen's part to becoming a mother — Royal house-keeping — Birth of the Prince of Wales — Death of the Prince Consort — Victoria's empire — Her influence upon the people — Permanence of her dynasty on the throne _. . . • .37

Chapter III. The British Aristocracy

American " best families" — Vigor, number, and influence of the British aristocracy*

— Its dislike of our institutions — Cotton creates a rival aristocracy — The dis-

XI

XII CONTENTS.

senting church vs. the nobility — Disraeli's refusal to take a peerage — Origin of the aristocracy of England — Example of the pedigrees of British peers — Classification of nobles — Difference between princes, dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, and barons — Meaning of each of these terms — Baronets and gentry, not noblemen — The prefixes "Sir" and " Right Honorable" — The oldest noble families of the present day — How nobles are created — The great expense of a nobleman — Privileges of peers above other persons — The nobles of the royal household — The British nobility compared in power and purity of blood with those of other nations

— Nobles who have been Americans — Splendid parks and baronial estates of the British nobles — The Marquis of Westminster, the Duke of Bedford — Burke's Book of the Peerage — The Cavendish family — The estates of Chatsworth and Blenheim described — N. P. Willis' description of a fortnight at Gordon Castle — "Town houses" of the peers — The dissolute nobility — Orders of British knighthood— The Garter, Thistle, Bath, St. Patrick, Star of India — Complete identification of the nobility with the land — To destroy the aristocracy, tax the land . 62

Chapter IV

Sketches of the United States Capitol building and of the British House of Parliament

— The architects of the two edifices, and their cost — Incomplete character of both buildings — The Parliament Houses of Melbourne and Ottawa — Picture of great groups of bridges and palaces at Westminster — Origin of the site as a place of historic reminiscence — Defects of the Parliament Houses — The influence of the spot upon America — Minute account of the ornamentation of the House of Lords

— The royal throne — The peers in their seats — Their number and distribution

— The president of the Senate and the lord chancellor — The clerks, sergeant-at-arms, and ushers — Political feeling in the House of Lords — The Queen opening Parliament — Gorgeous scene in the House of Peers on state occasions — The reporters'gallery — Noisy behavior of the Commons coming up to the Lords — The oath against popery — Duration of a Parliament — Riot in the presence of William IV. — Passage of the reform bill over the heads of the peers — The trial of an impeachment — Warren Hastings — Lord Kingsborough — Literature of the aristocracy— Mrs. Yelverton — Earl Ferrers hanged — The Queen never comes to Parliament as a spectator — The veto power — Parliamentary law in the Senate and the House of Lords 83

Chapter V. The House Of Commons And The House Of Representatives

The architecture and dimensions of the chambers of both bodies — Their committee rooms, restaurants, and libraries — Number of members in the two assemblies — Members of Parliament paid no salaries — Scene when the Commons are assembled— Telegraph and reporting arrangements — The speaker's office and perquisites— Chairman of committee of the whole — Salaries of the clerks and the sergeants-at-arms — Persons disqualified from sitting in Parliament — Congressional district? and parliamentary boroughs — Definition of a county, a corporate city, a borough, a university, — Rise and growth of parliamentary government — The reform ^\ bills of 1832-1867 — Number of voters in England — Bribery in parliamentary elections — Clubs and tho House of Commons — Instances of certain boroughs and

CONTENTS. XIII

their representation — English Boston, York, Hartford — Sir Morton Peto — Pleasant and honorable life of an M. P. — Gross cases of corruption — Quakers, Jews, and Catholics, in Parliament — Regular order of parliamentary business — Tho Budget — Expunging resolutions — Petitions — Pvespect for the Queen and our President in debate — The lobby — The official reporters — Printing of the debates

— The Congressional Globe — The London Times — Excess of forms in Parliament

— Stranger's gallery — Manners in Parliament — Riotous and disorderly behavior

— Parliamentary ignorance — O'Connell — Crowing, hissing, and coughing in tho Commons — Castelar and the foreign orators compared with the British — John Bright — A comparison of American and British eloquence: Disraeli and Bancroft on Abraham Lincoln — Familiar sketches of Lords Derby, Stanley, and Russell

— Sir Robert Peel, Cobden, and Disraeli — Prize fighters in Congress and Parliament— Defects of the organization of the House of Commons .... 115

Chapter VI. The Prime Minister And The Cabinet

The prime minister of England compared with the President — Difference between parliamentary and popular government — The Queen' relations with the prime minister— The English government familiarly constructed in America — Politics and the prime minister — The President in cabinet meeting — Cabinet recognized by law in neither country — Names and salaries of recent cabinet officers in England and America — Unpopular cabinet officers — Duke of Wellington as a statesman

— The aristocracy and the cabinet — The privy council and the English cabinet

— Lord Chancellor Clarendon and his dishonesty — Sketch of the inauguration of General Grant and of Sir Robert Peel, prime minister — The bedchamber plot and Lord Melbourne — Andrew Jackson and Mr. Duane — A Presidential election and a change of ministry — Queen disagreeing with her prime minister — Objections of ministers to the Queen's leaving English shores — A regency — Salmon P. Chase quitting Lincoln's cabinet — Earl Gray retiring from his premiership — Mrs. Eaton and Jackson's cabinet — A. T. Stewart and the treasury — Lincoln's cabinet signing the act of emancipation — Wellington and the reform bill — The galaxy of prime ministers and presidents compared in ability — Pendleton's bill to seat cabinet officers in Congress — Impeachment of Andrew Johnson — Murder of Percival in Parliament — Pensions to prime ministers — Attempts to murder the Queen — Secrets of cabinet council — William Pitt and Gladstone — Bright on political selfishness . .... e ... . 150

Chapter VII. Church And State

The Queen as the head of the established church — The Archbishops of York and Canterbury— Their residences and salaries — Descriptions of various English cathedrals— The bishops and deans of England — The Scotch established church

— The Irish church before its disestablishment — Maynooth college — Struggle of dissenters — Ritualism — The difference in doctrine and form between the Established and the Roman Catholic church — Rise of the English church — The German and English reformations — Connection of the Protestant Episcopal church in America with the English church — The parish system and the payment of church rates — Agitation against the church — The state prayers of the church — : The Queen's chapel — Beauty of English parish churches — Livings and presenta-^

XIV CONTENTS.

tions — Salaries of London preachers — Foreign cemeteries — Catholic church in America and England — Dr. Pusey — John Wesley — Gladstone's book on church and state — The Pope's council — Guizot and French Protestants — The Deity in the Constitution — Trinity Church, New York, and St. Paul's — John Knox and Calvinism in Ireland and Scotland — Aggressive movements of the people upon the church 189

Chapter VIII. The Office-holders, And The Offices In America -and England

Comparison of the departmental buildings of Washington and London — Whitehall — The new public offices of London — The colonial office — Meeting of Nelson and Wellington — New offices at Washington — Contracts for public buildings — Number of officials in the two countries — The New York custom house — English judicial system — The attorney general — Salaries of Judges — Treason to kill a judge — Manner of conducting law proceedings in England — Coke and Raleigh — The United States Supreme Court — Lord Chancellor as a judge — Master of the rolls — The records — Jail for bankrupts — The pol ice courts — Inspectorships — Commissions — American and English patent offices — Agricultural bureau at Washington — Salaries of clerks under both governments — British internal revenue — Blue books — State paper office — Trinity house — English post office — Coleridge and Sir Rowland Hill — The money-order system — Purchase of telegraph lines by government

— Letters not inviolate in England — Plates of postage between America and Europe

— Franking system — The evils and debaucheries of the American civil service — Mr. Jencks and Mr. Layard — Superiority of the British — Its construction and • management — Testimony of eminent Americans against rotation in office — Incompetentofficial salaries in America — Testimony of Mr. Browning — Houses for American officials of high rank — Somerset house — Baneful desire for office under the republic— Montalembert on this question . . . . . . . .213

Chapter IX. National Art And Education

The national schools of England, and the public-school system of the United States — Statistics of both systems — Republican nature of American schools — The Philadelphia high school — George Peabody — Ignorance in the British army, navy, and provinces — Conservatism of British schools and students — Sketches of the schools of Christ's Hospital, Charter House, Westminster, Eton, and Harrow — Yale and Harvard Colleges compared with Oxford and Cambridge — Charles Astor Bristed at Cambridge — Origin and association of English universities — Complete account of Oxford and Cambridge — Dissoluteness of life and thought there — Academical costumes — Fellowships — Races on the Isis, Cam, and on lake Quinsigamond — Cost of education at Yale and at Oxford — Durham university — The London university— Toryism affected by the English students — Tom Brown at Worcester, Massachusetts — Tho libraries of the world — Trier- congressional library — The British Museum — Our sculptors and artists abroad — American medical colleges

— The English Inns of Court — Tho Washington monument — Tho Richmond Washington monument — The Albert memorial in Hyde Park 241

CONTENTS. ' XV

Chapter X. Local Government In The States, Counties, And Provinces

Indian names of states — Saxon names of English countries — The country abroad compared with the American state, in its mode of government, and connection with the central administration — The lords' lieutenant, and the governors — English sheriffs

— Number of counties in England — Their origin — Their public buildings — Flogging in the state of Delaware — Description of Lancaster county, England — Varieties of provincial life — Gypsies and cricketers — The English "commons " and parks

— Hold of the aristocracy upon town sites — Game in England — Use of small states

— Gladstone on small boroughs — Justice of the peace — Superiority of the English justices — Municipal counties — New York state — Its growth into the powers of an independent commonwealth — New Albany state capitol — Government of New York city — The New York civil service list — Salaries of American state officers — The neglect of the people in their state duties as electors — Government of the Isle of Man — Channel islands — Scotch local government and courts of law — Scotch Judges and their salaries — The Stuart dynasty — The great emoluments of the lord lieutenant of Ireland — His privy council — Speculations upon English tyranny and Irish obstinacy — Causes of the quiet of Scotland and the discontent of Ireland

— O'Connell — His objects, his glory, and his decline — Harriet Martineau upon his latter days — Happy and safe government of the states under a limited union

— De Tocqueville on the use of states . 265

Chapter XI. British Provinces And Provincial Cities

Jealousy of American cities — No municipal republics in America — Every city controlled%by its state — Contrary condition of English cities — What is a metropolis— Tour of the English cities — Bristol and Liverpool racing for supremacy — A verbal map of England constructed on the territory of the United States

— Density of population in America and Europe — Relative measurement of the mountains and rivers — The environs of Boston and the environs of London— Picturesque* circuit of all the counties radiating from London — Portsmouth, Southampton, Hull — Rise of Manchester and Birrninglmm — Relative influence of Dublin and Edinburgh — Birmingham and Pittsburg compared — Lowell described by Anthony Trollope — Our working people better off than the British — Bradford and Leeds — The woollen and cotton trade in America and England — York county and New York — Tariff and transit — The resemblances and differences of Glasgow and Edinburgh — River steamboats of Europe — Ship building — Railway system of Europe — Early history of Scotland — Broad gauge and narrow gauge — Cobden on the uniform gauge — Opening of the first railway in England — Opposition from the aristocracy — Excursion trains — Excitement over railway schemes in early days — The voyage from Wales to Dublin — Trinity College and Glasgow University — Phoenix Park and Central Park — Belfast and Londonderry — Irish flax — Orangemen and Ribbonmen — Literature of Dublin and Edinburgh — Dilke, or the Irish in American cities — Municipal reform bill

— Great activity of American cities — Repose of the English towns . . . 282

XYI • CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIL,

A tablo of all the English colonies — Their mode of acquisition, area, exports, imports? and population — Area of the United States — European possessions of England — Heligoland — Ionia — Malta — Gibraltar — African establishment — Sierra Leone and Liberia — Pvoyal governors — The Abyssinian war — The American revolution in its effects Upon the other British colonies — Taxation given up — Salaries of governors-general — Immense perquisites and salary of the governor of India — Kise of the British power in the orient — The East India Company — Clive, Cornwallis, and Warren Hastings — Cornwallis after his surrender at Yorktown — Residence of the governor-general of India — Russell's visit to him during the Sepoy revolt — Cause and effect of this revolt — Debt of India — The Pacific and the India railways — English treatment of the Hindoos — Rottenness of the British empire in India — The governor-general's court — Colonel Parker and the Amerian Indians — Long talk with the Indian Commissioner — Thefts of Indian agents — Fate of the redskin — How we have acquired our territory— Seward's plan of buying manifest destiny — Australia's peaceable settlement— Liberia our only colony — Filibustering — France in the new world — Do Tocqueville on the Anglo-Saxon in the new world — Population of America in 1870 — Table of population of the globe — Permanence of American territory — Fate of British colonies — George III. on bidding adieu to his thirteen colonies . ',

Chapter XIII. The British And American Army And Navy

Pride of the two Anglo-Saxon nations in their navies — Jealousy of their standing armies — The American army before and after the war — Dimensions of the British army — Pay of officers —^ English militia, yeomanry, and volunteer^ — The army in Ireland — Military districts of the United Kingdom — The army in the colonies — Grants of money to volunteers — Our volunteer force in the war — The grades of general and admiral — The English commander-in-chief — His salary, perquisites, staff, and dignities — Pensions and half-pay — Buying commissions — Wraxall on the aristocracy in the army — Military hierarchy — West Point and Annapolis *naval school compared with Sandhurst, Woolwich, and Dublin — General Garfield on West Point — Corps of royal engineers — Fortifications of England — The Stevens' battery — The Dutch at Chatham — Nelson's life, services, and character — Decatur — Collingwood — Wellington's reward for winning Waterloo — Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror invading England — Flogging in the army and navy — The Army and Navy Medical Museum at Washington— Conscription — Relative navies of England and America — Description of Annapolis school and school fleet — U. S. steam sloop Wampanoag the swiftest in tho world — The right of search . . . . . . . . . '