The life of John Livingston Nevius, for forty years a missionary in China

Front matter

\\\i iCtbrarg of

5r THE SAME AUTHOR.

Demon Possession

Introduction

In early days — more than half a century ago — when North China was closed alike to merchant and missionary, Dr. Medhurst and Mr. Stevens made a voyage of exploration to the borders of Shantung. Cradle and sepulcher of their greatest sage, that province is a Holy Land to the Chinese. What wonder they brought back the tracts distributed, saying, " We have examined your books, and neither approve nor desire them. We have the instructions of our sage; they are sufficient for us " ! The wonder is that the experience of later missionaries has been so entirely different. How would those explorers have rejoiced had they seen in vision Nevius and his colleagues planting churches through the length and breadth of the peninsula!

Imbued with the spirit of an apostle, and burning to preach the gospel in " the regions beyond," Dr. Nevius was a pioneer in more than one field. In Shantung, the principal scene of his life-work, he was preceded by missionaries of other churches ; but at Hang-chow, which has become a mission center of vast importance, he was the first to find a footing — unless, indeed, Bishop Burdon may contest the honor. The war which drove him from that station opened for him the gates of the North.

Prior to these forward movements he had spent some years

4 INTRODUCTION

at Ningpo. It was for him the best of schools. He not only learned there the Chinese language in its written and spoken forms ; he learned how to work, being made pastor of the mission church, and preparing one of his best books for the use of his flock.

It was there that he and I formed a friendship which strengthened with the flight of years. How truly each looked on the other as alter ego may be inferred from the fact that each contributed paragraphs or pages to a book of the other, and felt gratified when the author accepted them as his own. A better proof of friendship was his pressing me to take his best overcoat, when the unexpected arrival of a steamer obliged me to leave suddenly for the North to act as interpreter in the negotiation of the Treaty of Tientsin.

But my obligations go deeper than overcoat or borrowed page ; for to him, under God, I am indebted for dissuading me from a half-formed purpose to quit China at that early stage. Learning what I was thinking about (and I believe I never revealed it to another), he expostulated in burning words which rung in my ears like the warnings of a prophet.

It was obvious even then that he possessed that " concord of harmonious powers " required by the career that lay before him. A strong body, a vigorous and well-trained intellect, a sound judgment, and a firm will — these were the corner-stones of a character which, abounding in natural magnetism and penetrated by the grace of God, was marked out for usefulness of no ordinary type. His inborn dignity compelled respect from the highest ; his kindly sympathies were such that the lowhest might approach him with confidence. Serious, but

INTRODUCTION 5

not morose ; at times mirthful, but never frivolous, he was the most genial of companions. His society was sought by the worldly, though most appreciated by those who could enter the sanctuary of his religious affections.

In a word, he was a man whom human wisdom might have selected out of thousands ; and have we not the amplest evidence that a Higher Wisdom chose and fitted him for his special work ?

In a day when so many " weak brethren " are inclined to enter the mission field, when some societies seem to think more of the number than the quality of their agents, is it not well to hold up for an example this strong man, full of faith, yet trained in all that our seminaries had to teach?

What he accomplished may be learned in part — the part that hes this side eternity — from the following pages, which, along with his remarkable personaHty, present a vivid picture of the grandest field now inviting the enterprise of the church. Graceful in narrative, judicious in selection, they will be found eminently readable, abounding in incidents and covering a wide arena of long and varied experience.

Contrary to the common rule. Dr. Nevius is happy in having his widow for biographer. Her sympathy with her husband's work, and participation in it from first to last, have fitted her above all others for the task which she has so successfully discharged. She may be said to have begun it when she wrote, long ago, a pleasant little sketch of the first five years of their life in China. To those five the Lord has added thirty-five, and, frail as she then appeared, spared her to erect this monument to his memory.

6 INTRODUCTION

To her the church in China is more indebted than it is aware of. It may know something of her labors with tongue and pen. It may know that she lost her own sweet voice in the effort to introduce our Christian psalmody, leaving instead God's praises on a thousand native tongues. What it does not know, and will not learn from this biography, is that, at a critical moment, she compelled her husband to stay at his post, when his whole future might have been imperiled by leaving it. She being ordered home on account of health, he proposed to accompany her; but she replied in my hearing, "John! Sooner will I remain and die here than have you leave yoiu- work."

To the friends of missions — and to enemies, if there are any — this book is cordially commended.

Chapter I Page

Ancestry of John L. Nevius — Marriage of his Father, Benjamin

Nevius, to Mary Denton — Death of Benjamin Nevius 17

CHAPTER n

Reminiscences of John L. Nevius's Early Life, Written by him at the

Age of Twenty 26

Chapter XI

Mrs. Nevius's Illness — Letter to Hon. Walter Lowrie on Bible Translations, and Various Letters to Dr. Coan and to Mrs. Eastman — Mrs. Nevius's Return to the United States — Work During her Absence — The San-poh Outstation 145

Chapter XVI

Return to Ningpo in the Winter of 1861 — Literary Work — Decision to go to the North — Passage to Chefoo — ^Journey Overland to Tung-chow — Trip to Tung-chow — Death of Mrs. Danforth — Description of Shantung — The Scenery — Customs of the People — Incidents 207

Chapter XVII

Incursion of the " Long-haired Rebels " — First Winter in Tung-chow — Book-making — Converts — Account of the Conversion and Defection of Mr. Swun — Country Tours — Cholera in Tung-chow and Chefoo — Many Deaths among the Missionaries and Natives 217

Chapter XVIII

Letter to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions Relating to the Establishment of a Theological Seminary and also of the Synod of China 230

Chapter XIX

Work in Tung-chow — Again " Suspects " — Incidents — Death of Rev. H. V. Rankin — A Flood — Mrs. Nevius's 111 Health — Voyage down the Coast — Visits to the Five Open Ports — Winter Spent in Literary Work in Ningpo, Preparatory to Returning to the United States — Tea-Industry 243

Chapter XXIII

Writing "China and the Chinese" — Departure for China in the Steamer "Arizona" via Aspinwall and Panama — Visit in Ningpo — Country Tours — Book-making and Revision — Promise to Return to Teach Theological Students — Journey across the Country to Shanghai — Return to Tung-chow — Letters 273

Chapter XXIV

Winter Spent in Hang-chow, Mrs. Nevius Remaining in Tung-chow — Return to Tung-chow — Anti-foreign Agitation in North China — Excitement in Tung-chow — Tientsin Massacre — First Synod of China, held at Shanghai in the Autumn of 1870 282

Chapter XXV

Theological Class in Tung-chow — Removal to Chefoo in the Autumn of 1871 — Building the " Nan-lou " — Description of Missionary Houses — Letter to Dr. Ellinwood on Subject of House-building, etc. — The " Nan-lou " a Sanatorium 289

Chapter XXVI

Letters about the Mission Press in Shanghai — Reference to Mrs. Nevius's Industrial Class and Pupil Salah — Routine of a Day — Journal of Country Tour in Company with Rev. L. W. Eckard — Letters to Rev. R. D. Nevius, with Reference to First Audience of the Emperor — Visits to Tientsin, Peking, and Chinan fu — Work Laid Out for Ensuing Winter 297

TABLE OF CONTENTS II

Chapter XXVII Page

Letters to Mrs. Nevius During her Absence in Shanghai — Visit from Dr. and Mrs. Ellinwood in the Autumn of 1874 — Visit with Dr. Ellinwood to Peking — Country Tour in Company with Rev. C. P. Scott in the Early Spring of 1875 — Visits to Stations in China — Meeting of Synod in Chefoo in the Summer of 1875 — Serious Illness During Country Tour, and Return Home and Starting Again — Journal of Tour and Letters — 'Little Me-li — Again Visited Chinan fu — First Hopeful Indications in Country Work — Visit of Dr. and Mrs. William Speer — Plans for First Missionary Conference in Shanghai 308

Chapter XXVIII

The First Famine in Shantung — Full Journal and Letters — Translation of Testimonial from Famine Sufferers 318

Chapter XXIX

Country Tour — Native Wheelbarrow — Visit to Ching-chow fu — Visit to Village of " Twin Mountain Stream " ; to I-chow, Chu-ching, and Many Other Places — Incidents of the Burning of a House — Chinese Feasts — Evidences of Increasing Interest in Christianity — Letter to Dr. Ellinwood of December, 1877, Relating to Country Work in his Parish of Three Millions 334

Chapter XXX

Letters and Journals from the Country in 1878 — Illness and Native Remedies — Great and Extending Interest in Christianity — Visit to Home of Liu Mao-lin — Visit to Ching-chow fu — Way of Working — A Reminiscence — Visit to I-chow — Increasing Encouragement in Missionary Work — Numerous Inquirers — Meeting of Synod in Shanghai — Autumn Tour of 1878 — Description of Visit to Yu-kia Shan-chien — Letters Written en Route — Mrs. Yien — Meeting with Leng Shien-chin and Others — Incessant Work for Christians and Inquirers — Story of Sen Pao-chin — Mrs. Nevius's Illness 347

Chapter XXXI Page

Return of Mrs. Nevius to the United States via Italy, France, and England — Dr. Nevius's Winter Spent in Country Stations — Death of Mrs. Yien — Visit to Chinan fu — Journey on a Wheelbarrow with Rev. C. P. Scott to Tai-an fu — Ascent of Tai-shan Mountain — Visit to the Home of a " Possessed" Man, Mr. Kwo — Letters to Mrs. Nevius — Letters to Dr. Ellinwood about Country Work and the Kind of Missionaries Required for China 370

"CHAPTER XXXII

Translation of a Letter from Fung Shi-tien to Mrs. Nevius — Beginning of Dr. Nevius's Work on "Demon Possession" — Visits to Stations in 1880, Accompanied by Rev. J. A. Leyenberger — Incidents and Continued Encouragement — Letters to Mrs. Nevius — Preparations for Leaving China — Dr. Nevius's Journey Home — Intended Visit to the Holy Land — Voyage across the Ocean — Little Poem, " Sea-gull " 383

Chapter XXXIII

Dr. Nevius's Arrival in America — Violin Surprise — Incidents of Visits in the United States — Address before the General Assembly— Address at Asbury Park — Dr. Nevius's Views upon the Subject of Woman's Work — Letter Relating to the Wei-hien Mission — Death of Dr. Coan and of Mrs. Coan — Return to China, Accompanied by Miss Lisle Bainbridge 394

Chapter XXXIV

Voyage from San Francisco to Shanghai — Arrival at Chefoo — Departure for Winter in Country Stations — Reference in a Letter to Importance of Principle of Self-support in Mission Work — Dr. Nevius's Invariable Deference to the Opinions of Others — Letters to his Wife — References to Dr. Nevius's Devotional Habiis — His Passion for Beautiful Scenery — Lawsuits in China — Religious Persecutions — Baptisms and Extension of Religious Interest — Description of Dr. Nevius's Bible or Theological Classes — Autumn Tour of 1883 402

Chapter XXXV Page

Description of the " Manual for Inquirers " ; also of the " Methods of Mission Work " — Dr. Nevius's Delay in Organizing Churches with Native Elders — Letter to Dr. Ellinwood with Reference to Methods of Work — Spring Tour of 1884, Accompanied by Rev. J. H. Laughlin — Mr. Laughlin's Reminiscence — Tours in Autumn of 1884 and Spring of 1885 — Work Retarded by Silver-mine Craze — Preparation of Books — 'A Joint Committee for Arranging Division of Territory with English Baptists 414

Chapter XXXVI

Marriage of Rev. J. H. Laughlin at the " Nan-lou " — Death of Salah — Meeting of Presbytery and the Mission at Wei-hien in 1886 — Mention of New-Year's Calls in 1887, and References to Dr. Nevius's Views on the Claims of Society — Summer of 1887, Spent in Teaching Theological Class — Letters — Account of Dr. Nevius's Plan for Changing the Fruitage of Shantung, and his Success in Introducing Foreign Fruits — A Few Extracts from Journal — Letters During the Autumn Tour of 1887 — At a Meeting of the Mission held in Chinan fu in November, 1887, Dr. Nevius Resigned the Charge of his Country Stations — Birthday Letter to Mrs. Eastman on March 4, 1888 425

Chapter XXXVII

Visit to Peking and the Great Wall — The Meeting of the Synod of China in Tung-chow in 1888 — Death of Mrs. Corbett — A Marriage at the " Nan-lou " — Autumn Tour in Company with Rev. J. H. Laughlin — Visit to the Famine Region — Dr. Nevius's Return Home — Begging Letters — Success in Gaining Help — Mrs. Nevius's Dangerous Illness — Letter Relating to the Employment of Laymen — Mission Meeting of 1889, held in Chefoo. . . . 435

Chapter Xxxviii

Second Missionary Conference in Shanghai — Dr. Nevius Chosen Moderator — Extracts from Reports of Conference — Return to Chefoo — Mrs. Nevius's 111 Health — Departure for the United States — Visit to Korea — Visit to Japan — Dr. Nevius's Visit to Nikko — Poem 443

Chapter XXXIX Page

Voyage across the Pacific in the Steamer "Abyssinia" — Summer Spent at the " Hermitage," Seneca County, New York — Visit at Clifton Springs — Preparation for the Press of Book on " Demon Possession and Allied Themes " — Missionary Addresses — Visits to Canada, to New York, to Philadelphia, to New Jersey, and to Washington, D. C. — A Few Weeks at the " Hermitage " — Incidents— Return to China — Journey across the Continent — Voyage in the "Empress of China" — Evening Lectures on Board Ship — Arrival in China — Loss of the "Bokhara" — Arrival in Chefoo 452

Chapter XL

Bible Translation — Visit of Rev. R. D. Nevius, D.D. — Visitors in Chefoo — Intended Evangelistic Tour with Rev. F. W. Jackson, Jr. — Death — Burial 461

Appendix 471

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

1. John Livingston Nevius Frontispiece

2. The Ningpo Pagoda To face page 127

3. Chinese Beggars Putting up for the Night 171

4. The North Gate of Tung-chow fu 210

5. Reception hall of a Chinese Temple 216

6. Graves Outside of Tung-chow fu 245

7. Harbor and Village of Chefoo 289

8. The " Nan-lou " 295

9. Dr. Nevius and " Famine Boys " 327

10. Dr. Nevius in his Wheelbarrow 335

11. Mr. Chang Ming-Kiai 339

12. Memorial Arch in a Shantung Village 380

13. A Chinese Mandarin and his Wife 405

14. A Group of " Inquirers " 425

15. Presbyterian Mission, Shantung 441

16. The Cemetery at Chefoo 469

Map of Eastern Shantung follmving page 475

IS

Chapter I Ancestry

JOHN LIVINGSTON NEVIUS was of Dutch descent, his first American ancestor, Johannes Nevius, having emigrated from Zoelen, a town on the river Linge, in Gelderland, Holland. The exact date of his emigration is not known ; but it must have been before 1652, as there is a record of his having been witness in March of that year to a baptism in the Dutch church of New Amsterdam, now New York. His residence was in High Street, since known as Pearl Street. In the year 1654 he was chosen city schepen, the office corresponding to that of alderman. Later on he was appointed secretary of the Board of Schepens, and was also clerk of the Court of Burgomasters. In the year 1658 the High Street property was sold, and the secretary and his family went to live in the City Hall, a huge stone building facing the East River, on what is at present known as Wall Street, opposite

Coenties Slip. He resided here in his capacity of custodian of the city property and its records. Broad, unappropriated fields surrounded the City Hall, and it is recorded that Secretary Nevius received permission to sow these fields with grain and, I have also been told, to pasture his cows on the lawn adjoining the state-house !

Johannes Nevius resigned all his government offices when, in the year 1665, the city of New Amsterdam fell into the hands of the English, to whom he was obliged to take the oath of allegiance, thus becoming, perhaps unwillingly, a British subject. In November of 1663 Johannes Nevius was married to Adriaentje Bleyck, daughter of Cornelis de Potter and Swantje Jans, from the island of Java. She is elsewhere called Adriana van Braeckel, the village of Braeckel being in the neighborhood of Zoelen, the birthplace of Johannes Nevius. What led Adriaentje to her future home by so circuitous a route as a voyage to the island of Java we can only imagine. Perhaps she may have been the guiding star which directed her lover's course hither ; or it may be that they both came, as did so many of our earliest settlers, seeking for " freedom to worship God."

William, Prince of Orange, died in 1584, less than seventy years before the emigi'ation of Johannes Nevius to the almost unknown wilds of America. The wars of the Netherlands were scarcely over, and the memory of the religious persecutions in that country, and their unparalleled cruelty, must have been fresh in the minds of every Hollander. History shows what loyal citizens of the new republic, in course of time, these Hollanders came to be. None were more so. There is a tradition that the Nevius family was of French Huguenot extraction, and that about the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes they were scattered in many directions, some going to Belgium and Holland, and others to Great Britain, where the name survives as Neave, while in France it is still

MARRIAGE OF BENJAMIN NEVIUS 19

Neve. It is not known when its Latinized form — Nevius — became common. The legend that the Latin poet Cn. Nsevius was the first progenitor of the family, though not impossible, is only a conjecture.

There lies before me a genealogical table in which the names John, Peter (or Petrus), John P., Peter P., occur with rather tiresome iteration. One is glad that in the eighth generation from the original Johannes the name was changed to John Livingston, which was given out of regard to a warm friend and well-known doctor of divinity in New Jersey — Dr. Livingston.

Peter P. Nevius, of the fifth generation from Johannes, was the great-grandfather of John Livingston. He died in 181 5, and is buried in the graveyard of Pleasant Plains, N. J. His son, John P., the grandfather of John Livingston, married Gertrude Hageman. They had eight children. When the eldest of these, Benjamin Hageman — born in 1803 — was fifteen years of age, the family removed to what was known as the " Lake Country " of western New York, where they purchased a large farm midway between two villages — Ovid and Lodi — in Seneca County. In 1826 Benjamin Nevius mamed Mary Denton, who still lives (1895), at the age of nearly ninety. On their marriage they went at once to a cottage on the estate, where they remained until he had built a fine, large house, a short distance from the homestead. Their two sons, Reuben and John, were born while they lived in the little cottage, which nestled down behind an orchard. Close by it was a remarkable spring of purest water, and on every side were fields and meadows, with Seneca Lake gleaming through the trees, about two miles distant.

Mary Denton's maternal grandfather — Captain Kinney, a rich Englishman — bequeathed all his property to his son. His only daughter, early left a widow, was obliged to struggle with poverty in rearing her large family of children. She was universally loved and respected. She spent her last years with her daughter Mary, and died at an advanced age without a moment's illness. John was born March 4, 1829. Even after Benjamin H. Nevius had been dead more than thirty years there were some who remembered him well and spoke of him in the most affectionate terms. An elderly woman once said to me, " Yotu" husband is not such a handsome man as his father was." Perhaps so. Benjamin was taller than his son John, with much the same form and carriage, frank blue eyes, fair complexion, and brown hair. He was a splendid horseman, and his sons inherited from him his love for horses and his skill in managing them.

At that time of our country's history, there being no large standing army, every man of suitable age was considered its servant and soldier, and each year they were obhged to come together in what was called " general training," to be drilled in army tactics, and for at once taking the field in case of war. This was truly an important occasion. Large fields, or a meadow, were chosen for the grand parade. Uniforms were freshened, swords were biunished, and both militia and cavalry were assembled in force. Officers with plumed hats and shining epaulets rode hither and thither, and the "rank and file " marched and countermarched, " presented arms," "grounded arms," fired volleys, and rushed forward toward an imaginary foe, or retreated slowly, as they might have done in real earnest had they lived half a century earlier. The fire of patriotism burned very warmly in the breasts of our fathers who lived so shortly after the Revolutionary War. Among all the oflficers who commanded on those make-believe battle-fields there was none more admired than young Benjamin Nevius. I have still in my possession the sword which he carried on these occasions.

But there was a sterner battle-field on which he did more worthy service. He had strong and radical views on some of

CHARACTER OF BENJAMIN NEVIUS 2i

the burning questions of his day, and, had he Hved long, might have been noted as a social reformer. The temperance movement was then just being inaugurated, and he threw himself into it heart and soul. It was the custom of the times to use liquor almost as freely as water. It was offered to every guest, and workmen in manufactories or the fields demanded it as their right. Intemperance was a great and growing evil. When once convinced of this fact, Benjamin Nevius determined with all his might to combat it. His father had generously stocked the wine-cellar of his son's new house. Benjamin removed the bungs from the barrels and allowed the beautiful red wine, or the more valued stronger spirits, to flow out upon the cellar floor. He positively refused to furnish his harvest hands the drink to which they were accustomed, thus making it almost impossible to get workmen at any price. In those primitive times, when a frame building was in process of erection it was the custom to have what was called a "raising." The timbers having been prepared by the carpenter, the neighbors were called together, and by their strong arms the frame was raised to its position ; after which all sat down to dinner, where wines and liquors soon made a noisy party and too often a drunken one. Benjamin Nevius had a large barn to be erected ; how should it be done ? The neighbors, with scarcely an exception, were indignant at his puritanical notions, and determined to teach the young man a lesson. At first not one of them would go to his " raising." Only a few years ago an old man related this occurrence to my husband, and was delighted to say that he himself had been the means of helping the young reformer out of his difficulty. He went around among the country-people saying, " Let us not be too hard on young Nevius. He is a good fellow, as we all know, in spite of these absurd new notions. Let us give him a lift. It will be a kindness to him and do us no harm." So they forgave the indignity, as they considered it, and the barn was built without further difficulty. The young wife gave a sumptuous dinner — much better than could have been expected — and thus helped to allay the ill will her husband had incurred.

But Benjamin Nevius was not merely a temperance man and social reformer ; he was, before all else, a Christian, honest, outspoken, and conscientious. His pastor, Mr. Lounsbury, then a young man, leaned upon him as his right arm in all church matters. Whoever else might be absent from his place on Sunday or week-day services, Benjamin was sure to be there, thoughtful, earnest, and ready to do his duty.

The Sunday-school was a new institution in those days. Benjamin Nevius became a very successful and faithful teacher in it. The following letter from my sister to my husband refers to this work :

" My very dear Brother: , . . Rev. Mr. Gulick, a Methodist minister, in an address on the importance of Sunday-school instruction, stated that when a boy he belonged to a Sunday-school class taught by a young man who not only expounded to the members of it the truths of the Bible, but with great earnestness labored to bring them to a saving and experimental knowledge of those truths ; ' and,' said he, ' I believe that his endeavors were blessed to my conversion and to that of three others of his class, who, after years of careful preparation, entered the ministry, and have already given to the world one hundred and twenty years of gospel preaching.' The names of three of these I obtained for you, that you may know some of the stars that shall shine in the diadem of your father's crown. . . .

" Dear brother, do you realize what a blessing it has always been to you that your father was a prince who 'had power with God ' ? I have heard you say that you have been at times amazed at the power of the truth on the minds of those among whom you have labored. A father's prayers have

THE CHURCH AT OVID 23

been answered for you. Your mother, too, daily follows you with hers, and the answers fall upon you as a benediction wherever you go. I bless God that you have been so highly honored in your work. To me all earthly honors pale before his who shall be the means of ttu-ning many unto righteousness. . . .

" Elizabeth Coan Bolter."

The Presbyterian church of Ovid village was a large and, for the times, an imposing edifice. It stood at the western end of a long street leading to the lake. Its acoustic effects, by some happy accident, were excellent, and the preacher's voice could be heard in the remotest corner, and his eye pierce to the deep recesses of the most distant pews, where sometimes boys and girls sought to while away the tedious hours of the long sermons by eating nuts or apples, or by little quiet games, or reading a book. But woe to such a child if discovered ! I well remember one occasion when the offender was the minister's own daughter. " Caroline ! " The voice rolled over the heads of the congregation, reaching the trembling children, who at that time formed part of the choir directly opposite the pulpit — " CaroHne " among them. Had it been the trump to wake the dead we could not have been more horribly frightened. Expectant and ashamed, we crouched in our corner, sharers in the disgrace which our consciences told us we well deserved.

In the absence of any town hall or lecture-room, the Presbyterian church was used once a year for what was called the " exhibition " of the academy. Here the two boys, Reuben and John, made their first appearance as "public speakers," though too small for anything but a boy's inconspicuous place. They probably recited :

" You'd scarce expect one of my age To speak in public on the stage ; "

which completed, with a bob of the head intended to be a bow, they rushed from the stage to take their seats in the audience, Hstening to and being much interested in the older and more experienced speakers. For this occasion the church was made into one gigantic bower with wreaths and evergreens, while candles — furnished in a prodigal way by the farmers' wives far and near — gave plenty of light. The really capital speeches, compositions, and dialogues well deserved the attendance of the large audiences which usually filled the house to overflowing. As it was the custom in those days to take very small children to church, John and Reuben attended regularly, the former, no doubt, carried in his father's arms.