History of the City of New York

Front matter

Columbia (Hntorotftp intljfCitpofJlrttJgark

THE LIBRARIES

James G. Phelps Stokes.

Chapter I

New Tort as It was — Aborigines of Manhattan — Causes which led to the discovery of the island— Early navigators — Discovery of Manhattan by Henry Hudson— Landing of the first white men — Death and burial of Colman — Hudson returns to Holland — ■ Opening of the for trade— First honsea built on the island— Building of "The Restless " — Organization of the New Netherland Company — Alliance with the natives — Charter granted to the West India Company — Cornelissen Jacobsen Mey appointed first Director—Arrival of the first colonists — The Walloons— William Verhulst appointed

• second Director — Organization of a Provincial Government — Peter Minuit appointed Director-general of New Netherland — Purchase of the island of Manhattan — Building of Fort Amsterdam — The Patroons — Building of the mammoth ship, " New Netherland, ' at Manhattan — Growth of the colony — Recall of Peter Minuit — His departure for Holland, and subsequent events, 21 — 62

Chapter II. 1633—1643

Arrival of Wonter Tan Twiller — First clergyman and schoolmaster— Church built at Fort Amsterdam — " Special right" granted to the city — Contention between Tan Twiller and Bogardus — The William sails to Fort Orange, and is forced to return — He Tries and the Director— English difficulties on the Connecticut River — Anthony Tan Corlaer, the Trumpeter — Settlement of Flatlands — Purchase of Governor's Island by Wouter Tan Twiller — Removal of the Sellout Fiscal — Purchase of Pavonia — Recall of Tan Twiller — Arrival of Wilhelm Kieft, the new Director — Reform of abuses — Peter Minuit at Fort Christina — Liberal policy of the Company— Increase of emigration — Settlement of Staten Island — Settlement of Gravesend — The Jauscns de Rapelje— English difficulties— Progress of the city— City lots— Tavern built at Coenties Slip— Church built at Fort Amsterdam — The Seawant currency, 63 — 101

Chapter III. 1643—1664

The Indian War — Causes which induced it — Murder of Claes Smits — First public meeting in New Amsterdam— The Twelve Men — Massacre at Pavonia aDd Corlaer's Hook — Progress of the war — The deposition of Kieft proposed by the citizens — Adriaensen and the Director — A truce proclaimed— Renewal of hostilities — The Eight Men— Battles of Mespath and Strickland's Plain— End of the war— Palisades through Wall streets-Excise imposed by Kieft on beer, brandy, and beaver — Dissatisfaction of the people — Memorial of the Eight Men— Kieft's recall determined on— Petrus Stuyvesant appointed his successor — Quarrel between Kieft and Bogardns — Arrival of Stuyvesant — Municipal Reforms— Melyn and Kuyter— Shipwreck and death of Kieft and Bogardus — Council

"V vi

CONTENTS.

of Nine Men chosen by the people — Firewardens appointed — Origin of the Fire Department of New York— City improvements— Municipal government granted to Brcuckelen — " Burgher government " established at Manhattan — First stadtlniys at Coeuties Slip — Invasion threatened by the English— Lease of the Long Island Ferry — First seal granted to the city — Expedition against the Swedes— The Indians attack the city— First survey and census — Progress of the city — The Duke of York's patent — The English invest the city— Surrender of the fort — Death of Stuyvesant— His burial-place — The old Stuyvesant pear-tree, 102 — 155

Chapter IV. 1664—1674

Col. Richard Nicolls, Governor — The Nicolls Charter— City incorporated tinder a Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriff— Mayor Willett— The Lutherans — War between England and Holland — Fortification of the city— Peace of Breda — New Netherland ceded to England— Eeturn of Nicolls — Col. Francis Lovelace, Governor — Popular grievances — New seal granted to the city — The Exchange— Sale of a Swedish planter— Purchase of Staten Island — War with HuUhtkI — Hostile expedition — Conduct of Manning — Recapture of the fort by the Dutch — New York becomes New Orange — Punishment of Manning— Restoration of the Dutch form of municipal government — Anthony Colve, Governor— Return of the fleet — Warlike preparations — Mayor's duties in olden times- Trials for witchcraft — Treaty of peace — Final cession of New York to the English — Sir Edmund Andros, Governor — The first council — William Dervall, Mayor — Mayors De- Iavall, Steenwyck, "Nicoll, and Lawrence — New York, and its parent, New Amsterdam 156—174

CHAPTER Y.

New Amsterdam in the old Dutch colony times— Houses and furniture of the Burghers of New Amsterdam — Carpets — Beds — Chests and cupboards — Chairs and tables— Tea parties of New Amsterdam — ClockB — Looking-glasses and pictures — Hearthstones of the Knickerbockers — Manners and customs — Costumes of the early settlers — Church going — Early streets in the city— Social customs — Holidays — New Year's Day— Faas and Pinster— Christmas — Santa Clans, 175—195

CHAPTER YI.

1674—1689.

Sir Edmund Andros, Governor— Despotism of the Duke of York— Expedition of Androa to New England — Nicholas de Meyer, Mayor — New city ordinances established — Freedom of the city— Tavern rates— The Shoemaker's Land— Improvement of Broad street —Stephanus Y*an Cortlandt, Mayor— Seven public wells built in the city— Water of the island of Manhattan — Francois Romboufs, Mayor — Bolting monopoly granted to the city — Establishment of the First Admiralty Court in the province — Indian laws — William Dyre, Mayor — Visit of Andros to England— Dyre arrested by the citizens for abuse of power in his office of Collector of Customs and sent to England for trial — Cornelius Steenwyck, Mayor — Recall of Andros, and appointment of Col. Thomas Dongan as Governor— First Popular Assembly under the. English government — Charter of Liberties— Municipal ordinances— City divided into six wards — Monopoly of packing flour and making bread for exportation granted to the city — Aldermen and Councilmen for the first time elected by the people — Gabriel Minveille, Mayor — Succession of the Duke of York to the Throne— Nicholas Bayard, Mayor— Persecution of the Jews — Powder magazine established in the city — The Dongan Charter granted to the city — City Seal of 1686— Stephanus Van Cortlandt, Mayor — Water street proposed — Wall street laid out — Indian affairs — Recall of Dongan— Sir Francis Nicholson assumes command of the province— Revolution in England— Accession of William and Mary to the throne, 196—218

CONTENTS. VU

CHAPTEE VII.

1689—1692.

Dissension between the officials and the people— Jacob Leisler chosen as the popular leader— Seizure of the fort by the Leislerian party— Committee of Safety appointed — Seizure of the Custom House — Impotent resistance of Nicholson and his party — Flight of Nicholson to England — Leisler appointed Commander-in-Chief— Fortification of the city — Pieter IManoy, Mayor — Two mayors — Letter of Bayard to the train-bauds of New York— War on the northern frontiers — Expedition of Milborne to Albany— Arrival of instructions from England — Leisler assumes the title of Lieutenant Governor— Arrest of Bayard — Massacre at Schenectady — Leisler acknowledged by the Albanians — Expedition againsi Canada — Henry Sloughter appointed Governor — Arrival of Major Ingoldsby— Refusal of Leisler to surrender the fort — Arrival at Sloughter — His reception by the anti-Leislcrian party — Arrest of Leisler and Milborue — John Lawrence appointed Mayor — Trial of the Prisoners— Execution of Leisler and Milborne — Subsequent reversal of the act of attainder — Assembly of 1(51)1 — Supreme Court instituted — Abraham De Peyster, Mayor — Pine and Cedar streets laid out — Support of public paupers assumed by the city — South Dutch Church built in Garden street — Death of Sioughter, 219—246

CHAPTER VIII. 1692—1702.

Benjamin Fletcher, Governor — Change in the Council — Threatened repeal of the Bolting Act — Unavailing opposition oi the Corporation — Repeal of the monopoly— First newspaper established in New York— Church difficulties— The Episcopal Church the established church of the province— Trinity Church erected— King's Farm donated to it by Queen Anne — Chapels of tiie church — Indian affairs — Piratical depredations— Fletcher recalled and Lord Bellamont appointed his successor — William Merrit. Mayor — Measures for the suppression of piracy — The Adventure Galley — Captain Kidd — His history and future career — Arrest and execution of Kidd — New City Hall erected in Wall street— Sale of the old S tad t-Hnys— Streets lighted for the first time— Fire wardens appointed by the corporation — Scarcity of bread in the city — Johannes De Peyster, Mayor — Assembly of l(i'J!) — Remains of Leisler and Melborne disinterred and reburied in the church in Garden street — Efforts for the renewal of the Bolting Act — David Provost, Mayor — New market-houses — Hospital for paupers established in the city — Lease of the ferry — Ferry rates — Isaac De Riemer Mayor — Visit of Bellamont to Boston— His death and burial in the chapel in the fort— John Nanfan. Lieutenant Governor — Removal and Impeachment of Robert Livingston — The Noell election — Arrest of Bayard — Arrival of Lord Cornbury as Governor, and subsequent change iu the aspect of affairs, 246—268

Character and antecedents of Cornbury— His instructions from Queen Anne— Indian Laws — Market for Slaves in Wall street — Difficulties with the negroes— Reception of Cornbury by the Corporation — First free grammar school established in the city — Yellow fever in New York — Panic among the Citizens— Removal of Cornbury to Jamaica — Religions persecution— Trinity cemetery donated to the church — Purchase by Trinity Church of the property of Aneke Jans — War proclaimed against France and Spain — Fortification of the City — Poll tax instituted — Assembly of 1715 — Despotism of Cornbury— Religious persecution and imprisonment of the clergy — His recall and subsequent imprisonment hy his creditors— Progress of the city — Philip French, Mayor — William Peartree, Mayor — French Church built in Pine street by the Huguenots — Settlement of the Huguenots on Staten Island — Riot of privateersmen — Ebenezer Wilson, Mayor— Broadway paved for the first time- — New ferry lease granted to James Harding—Arrival of Lord Lovelace as Governor— Conduct of the Assembly — Death of the Governor — Gerardus Beekmanatthe head of affairs — Robert Hunter, Governor — Commencement of German immigration — The Palatines— Lutheran Church built in Broadway — Lewis Morris of Morrisania — Hostile expedition against Canada — First negro plot in the city — Peace of Utrecht — Contest between the Governor and Assem-

Vlll

CONTENTS.

bly — Institution of a Court of Chaneery — Return of Hunter to England — Government administered by Peter Schuyler— Jacobus Van Cortlandt, Mayor— Progress of the city— Municipal ordinances of the administration of Hunter — Caleb Heathcote, Mayor — His history and antecedents — Aims House and House of Correction erected in tbe Commons — James Johnston, Mayor — First public clock in the city — Presbyterian Church erected in Wall street — First ropeivalk built in Broadway — Jacobus Van Corlandt, Mayor— Arrival of WiUiam Burnet as Governor, 269—302

CHAPTER X.

1720—1732.

Marriage of the Governor to a lady of New York— Debut of Cadwallader Colden in political affairs — Glance at affairs on the northern and western frontiers — Policy of Burnet — Abolition of the circuitous trade — Opposition of the merchants — Opening of the fur trade to private enterprise — Congress of Governors at Albany — Difficulties in the French church in Pine street — Contest between Burnet and the Assembly — Burnet superseded by John Montgomerie — Robert Walters, Mayor — Municipal ordinances of his administration — Johannes Jansen, Mayor— Robert Lurting, Mayor — The Montgomerie Charter granted to the city— Middle Dutch Church built in Nassau street— Jew's Burial ground established in Chatham street — Powder House built in an island in the Collect — Greenwich and Washington streets constructed — Line of stages established between New York and Philadelphia — Foot post to Albany — First public library of the city— Markets of the city— The White Hall— The Bowling Green— The Commons— The Vineyard— The Collect— The Swamp— The Shoemaker's Land— VanderclifTs Orchard— The "Bowery" — The Lantberg Hills— Minetta Brook— Orummashie Hill— The Inclenberg— Bayard's Mount— Corlaer's Hook— Potter's Hill— Wolfert's Marsh— The King's Farm— City divided into seven wards — Fire engines introduced into the city — First organization of a Fire Department — Death of Montgomerie — Rip Van Dam assumes the charge of affairs — Arrival of William Cosby as Governor, 303—328

CHAPTEE SI.

1732—1741.

Character of Cosby — His controversy with Rip Van Dam— Suit instituted in the Exchequer—Its result — Chief Justice Morris removed from office and James De Lancey appointed in his stead — Public Sentiment — Publication of Zenger's Weekly Journal — First newspaper controversy in the city — Zenger's paper ordered to be publicly burned —Refusal of the Mayor and Corporation to witness the ceremony — Zenger imprisoned on a charge of libel— Artifices of the accusing party — Smith and Alexander removed from the bar — Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, retained as counsel for Zenger — Trial of Zenger in the City Hall in Wall street — Eloquent defence of Hamilton — Acquittal of the prisoner — Public rejoicings— The freedom of the city presented to Hamilton by the Corporation — Inconsistency of the municipal authorities— Freedom of the city presented to the brother and son-in-law of the Governor, together with Lord Augustus Fitzroy — Secret marriage of the latter to the Governor's daughter — Death of Cosby — Previous suspension of Van Dam from the Council — Contest between Clark and Van Dam— Ciark appointed Lieutenant-Governor— His acts and policy — Smith and Alexander restored to the bar — Disfranchisement of the Jews — Retrospect of city affairs — First Poor House erected on the Commons — Cortlandt street opened — Paul Richard, Mayor — Commencement of the Battery on Whitehall Rocks — Extension of Water street — Rector street opened— Quarantine at Bedloe's Island — John Cruger, Mayor— Market-house built in Broadway opposite Liberty street— Hard winter of 1740-41 — Snow six feet on a level — The approaching catastrophe, 329 — 354

CHAPTEE XII.

1741—1753.

The negro plot of 1741— Causes and effects — Robbery at the house of Hogg — ArreBt of Hughson and his associates — Buildings in the fort destroyed by fire — Successive conflagrations— The Spanish negroes— Suspicion and arrest of the slaves — Trial of the prisoners — Confession of Peggy Carey — Further arrests— Execution of Prince and

CONTENTS.

ix

Caesar— Execution of Hughson, his wife and Peggy Carey— Progress of the trials — Universal panic — More executions — Proclamation of Pardon and reward to confessing conspirators— More accusations— Trial and condemnation of John Ury — Other whites accused by Mary Burton— Stay of proceedings— Review of the plot— Yellow fever in New York— George Clinton arrives as Governor — Proceedings of the Assembly — New war with France— Stephen Bayard, Mayor— King's College proposed— Edward Holland, Mayor — Opening of Beekman and the contiguous streets — Moravian Chapel built in Fulton street — First Merchants' Exchange erected in the city — St. George's Chapel built in Beekman street — Dissensions between the Governor and Assembly — Outrage by the captain of the Greyhound — Popular indignation — Resignation of Clinton— Sir Danvers Osborn appointed Governor — His arrival and reception — His suicide and Burial — James De Lancey Lieutenant-Governor, 355—380

CHAPTEE XIII.

1753—1763.

Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey— Position of the two great parties of the province — De Lancey's policy — The third intercolonial war — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle— Congress at Albany— Charter of King's College signed and sealed by the governor— Controversy between the Episcopalians and Presbyterians— City journals : The Post Boy, Weekly Mercury, and independent Reflector — Society Library founded — Walton House built in Pearl street— Ferry between New York and Staten Island— Peck Slip opened— New war between England and France — Fortification of the city — Sir Charles Hardy, Governor — He returns to England — De Lancey again Lieutenant-Governor— John Cruger, jr., Mayor — The Corporation and Lord Loudon — Progress of the French and Indian War — Conquest of Canada — Death of De Lancey — Cadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor — Attempted impressment in New York harbor— Visit of General Amherst to New York — His reception by the municipal authorities — Death of George II., and accession of George III. — Theatre opened in Beekman street — Robert Monckton, Governor — His reception by the Corporation — Position of public affairs— Departure of Monckton for Martinique— His return— The city lighted at public expense — Assize of provisions — Dr. Cooper, second president of King's College — Progress of the Institution — Early graduates—Sandy Hook lighthouse first lighted — Jersey City ferry established — Travelling accommodations of olden times — Methodist Church built in John street — Riot of the British soldiers — Resignation of Monckton — His return to England — Cadwallader Colden at the head of the Government, , 381 — 404

CHAPTER XIY.

1763—1769.

The American Colonies at the beginning of the Revolution— Policy of Great Britain — Navigation Acts — Proposed scheme of parliamentary taxation — Lord Grenville at the head of the British Cabinet — Stamp Act proposed — Protest of the New York Assembly— Passage of the Stamp Act— Reception of the news in the city — The Sons of Liberty— Constitutional Courant published— Affair of the Garland— Impressment of the Fishermen— First colonial Congress held in New York — Opposition of Colden — Declaration of rights and grievances— Journals of New York — Holt's Gazette and Post-Boy — Meeting of the Merchants at Burns' Coffee House— The non-intercourse agreement — Committee of Correspondence — Arrival of the stamps — Resignation of McEvers, the Stamp Distributor of New York — Stamps received by Colden — Riots of the 1st of November— Colden burnt in effigy on the Bowling Green — Proclamation of Colden — Delivery of the Stamps to the Mayor and Corporation— Fair established for the sale of home manufactures — Plan of union proposed by the Committee of Correspondence — Address to General Gage — Whig and Tory — Arrival of Sir Henry Moore as Governor — Captain Jacobson— Stamps for Connecticut burned by the Sons of Liberty — Lewis Pintard — First stamp brought into the city from Canada — Its reception by the citizens

Grenville, Colville, and^Murray burned in effigy on the Commons — Repeal of the

Stamp Act — First liberty pole erected on the Commons — Statues of Pitt and George III.

Battles around the liberty pole— Outrages of the British soldiery — Whitehead Hicks,

Mayor — New York Assembly of 1761-1768 — The Mutiny Act — Contest between the Governor and Assembly — Disfranchisement of New York by the British Parliament — Tax on tea— Spirited action of the Sons of Liberty — Patriotism of the New York merchants— Formal dissolution of the Assembly — A new one convened — Disposition of the new Assembly — Sympathy with the Bostonians — Burning of the Governor and Sheriff of Boston in effigy on the Commons — Death of Moore and consequent accession of Cadwallader Colden, 405—442

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XV.

1769—1773.

Disposition of the Assembly of 17G9— Emission of Bills of Credit — Handbills posted denouncing the Assembly — Meeting on the Commons — Public protest — John Lamb charged with libel, and subsequently dismissed — Arrest and imprisonment of Alexander McPougall — Movements of the Sons of Liberty— Lord North at the head of the British Cabinet — Tax removed from all articles except tea— Attack of the British soldiers on the liberty pole— Conflict at Montague's— Fourth liberty pole cut down by the soldiers — Indignation meeting on the Commons— Battle of Golden Hill — Defeat of the British soldiers— Permission to erect a liberty pole refused to the citizens by the Mayor and Corporation- — Fifth liberty pole erected on private property by the Sons of Liberty— Purchase of Hampden Hall by the Liberty Party— Xew attack on the liberty pole by the British soldiers — Their defeat — Final destiny of the liberty pole- Nathan Rogers burnt in efligy on the Commons — Committee of One Hundred — Resumption of importations — Protest of the Sons of Liberty— Lord Duiimore arrives as Governor — Trial of McDougall — William Tryon appointed Governor — New arrangements in respect to the salaries of officials— Sears removed from office, to give place to Montague — Xew York Hospital founded — Burning of the Governor's house in the fort 443—165

CHAPTER XVI.

1773—1776.

Scheme of Parliament for forcing the tea on the colonies — Reception of the news in New York— Resolutions of the Mohawks and Liberty Boys— Apprehensions of the London merchants — Meeting of the Sons of Liberty on the Kith of December — The people resolve to receive no tea — Tryon returns to England— Golden again at the head of the government — Arrival of the tea ship Nancy— Her reception by the Sons of Liberty — Captain Chambers of the London arrives with tea — The New York tea-party — Public leave-taking of the captains of the tea-ships — The Boston Port Bill— Visit of Paul Revere to New York — Proposition to renew the non-importation agreement — Dissent of the Committee of Fifty-one — Great meeting in the fields — Debut of Alexander Hamilton — Second Colonial Congress at Philadelphia — Election of the New York delegates— Committee of Sixty appointed in the city — The James of Glasgow sent back to England by the Vigilance Committee — First Provincial Congress assembles in New York — The Asia stationed before the town — Hoards destined for the barracks at Boston seized by the Sous of Liberty — News of the battle of Lexington — Vigorous measures of the Sons of Liberty — Committee of Safety organized and preparations made for defence — Seizure of military stores at Turtle Bay — Commencement of open hostilities— Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief— His visit to New York and reception by the Provincial Congress — Return of Tryon— The Asia tires upon the town— Abdication of Tryon — Rivington's Gazette demolished by the Sons of Liberty — General Putnam in command at New York— Ideas of Independence — "Common Sense" — "Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress " — Reception of the news in the city— Washington in New York— Battle of Long Island— Retreat of Washington from New York— Capture of Fort Washington— The British in possession of the Citv 466—509

CHAPTER XVII.

1776—1783.

the British in New York — Gen. Howe, Commander-in-Chief— Prisons of the Revolution

The North Dutch Church — Brick Church in Beekman street — Friends' Meeting House —French Church in Pine street— Middle Dutch Church— Reminiscences of John Pintard— Old sugar house in Liberty street— Bridewell — New Jail— Reminiscences of John Pintard, Levi Hanford and others— The prison ships — The old Jersey, Scorpion, Falmouth and others — Frenean's Poem on the Prison Ship — Conflagration of 1776 — Death of Cadwallader Colden — Burning of the house of Oliver De Lancey— Journals of the City — Arrest and imprisonment of Gen. Lee — First constitution of the State of New

CONTENTS.

York — Gen. Clinton, Governor — Aid from France — "Valley Force — Cabals against Washington thwarted by the Action of the New York delegal ion— Count d'Estaiug at New York — Conflagration of 1778 — David Mathews, Mayor — Knyphausen in command at New York— Cold winter of 1789-90— Treason of Arnold — His residence in the city — Project for his abduction by Ckampe— Capture of Cornwallis — Clinton superseded by Sir Guy Carleton— Conclusion of peace between the United States and Great Britain — Evacuation by the British troops of the city of New York, 510 — 568

CHAPTER XVIII.

1783-1801.

Mutilation of the flag staff by the British troops previously to the evacuation— Gen. Knox, Commander-in-Chief at the fort — Parting of Washington wilh his officers at Frauuces' Tavern in Pearl streets — Municipal Government reorganized— James Duane, Mayor — Departure of Lafayette for France — Visit of Jay, Washington, and Steuben — Their public reception by the civic authorities — The city at the close of the Revolution — Improvement of the Collect— The Commons— First sidewalks in the city — Streets numbered by order of the Corporation — The Doctors' Mob — Articles of Confederation— National Convention — Federal Constitution proposed — Popular opposition— The ''French Party" — State Convention at Pougbkeepsie — Federal procession in New York — Adoption of the Federal Constitution — Riots in the city — Destruction of the office of the -'Patriotic Register " — John Lamb's house in Wall street attacked by the rioters — City of New York the seat of the federal government — City Hall repaired — Washington and Adams elected President and Vice-President — Their arrival and reception by the public authorities— Washington inaugurated in the Federal Hall in Wall street — Arrival of Mrs. Washington — Washington in New York— John Street Theatre — " Hail Columbia" — Style of address — Illness of Washington — First session of Congress — Bunker'* Mansion House — Second session of Congress— Assumption of State debts — Removal of the Capital to the District of Columbia — Visit of the Creek deputation to the city — Alexander McGillivray — Treaty concluded between Washington and the Chiefs — Col. Richard Varick, Mayor— War between France and England — Arrival of Genet — His reception by the citizens — Proclamation of neutrality — Arrival of the Ambuscade — Engagement with the Boston— The French fleet — Genet in New York — His marriage at the Walton House and subsequent recall — The Jay Treaty — Yellow fever in the city — Politics of the city at the close of the eighteenth century, 669—614

CHAPTER XIX.

New York in the beginning of the nineteenth century — Bounds of the city — Roads — Potter's Field — Public gardens — Country seats — Richmond Hill Mansion — The Van Ness House — Chelsea— Murray Hill— The Varian House— The Apthorpe House— The Grange — The Beekman House — Madame Jurnel's — The Belvidere — Fraunces' Tavern — The Kennedy House — Bunker's Mansion House — State Prison — Penitentiary — Bellevue establishment — Bridewell — New Jaiip-House of Refuge — New York Hospital — New York Dispensary — )^o]ujnbiii_CjiL^ Institutions — Tontine Association — Religious Associations — Churches of New York in the beginning of the nineteenth century— Primitive manners and customs of the Reformed Dutch Church — Society Library — Custom House — Post Office — Banks — Theatres — Newspapers — Markets — Ferries — Ship yards— Fire Departments — llilitia — Manners and customs, 613— -662

CHAPTER XX.

1801-1825.

Tnn >T^nhnttfln_\y a tor Works— City Hall erected in the Park— De Witt Clinton, Mayor— Politics of th cuity— Duel of Hamilton and Burr — Foundation of the Historical Society — Fire of 1S04— Public School Society— Steam Navigation— Fulton and Livingston— The Clermont — Ferries between New York and Brooklyn — Steam ferry-boats — Marinus Willet, Mayor— St. John's Chapel erected — Jacob Radcliff, Mayor— Interment of tho

CONTENTS.

remains of the prison-ship martyrs— Fire of 1811— New York Island surveyed and the F laid ont — War of 1812 — Meetings in tEe] yark— Harbor fortifications— Preparations for defence— Close of the War — P_oIitics_ of the city — Cadwallader D. Colden, Mayor — Stephen Allen, Mayor — William Paulding, Mayor — Visit of Lafayette to New York — The Erie Canal Celebration— Death of De Witt Clinton, 663—722

CHAPTER XXI.

1825— 1855.

Introduction of gas into the. .city — Joint stock companies— Financial panic of 1826— The Italian Opera— The Garcia Troupe— Introduction of marble as a building material- Merchants' Exchange built in Wall street — Anti-Masonic Excitement— Walter Bowne, Mayor — Amended Charter of 1830 — Politics of the city — Gideon Lee, Mayor — Cholera of 1832— Journalism in the city— Establishment of the Penny press— The Moon Hoax — Cornelius W. Lawrence, Mayor— Great fire of 1835— Financial panic of 1837 — Aaron Clark, Mayor — Isaac L. Yarian, Mayor — Eobert H. Morris, Mayor — Steamships Sinus and Great Western— Introduction of the Croton into the city — First Magnetic Telegraph Line — Fire of 1845— James Harper, Mayor — Politics in thfi_ci±y — Mayors Havemeyer, Miclclc, Brady and Woodhull — Amended Charter of 1849— Astor Place Opera House Eiot — Ambrose C. Kingsland, Mayor — Jenny Lind in New York — Arrival of Kossuth— Jacob A. Westervelt, Mayor — The Crystal Palace — Franconi's Hippodrome— New York in 1856, 723—753

CHAPTER XXII.

1855—1859.

Fernando Wood, Mayor — Opening events of his administration — The Central Park — . Financial panic of 1857 — Suspension of the Banks — Meetings of workingmen in the Park— The Cable celebration— Burning of the City Hall — Amended Charter of 1857 — Daniel F. Tiemann, Mayor — City and County government — Suburbs of the city— New York in 1859, 754—792

Index, fist of Illustration*.

1. — HENKT HUDSON.

%— LISPENARD'S MEADOWS (in the heart of which now stands the St. Nicholas Hotel).

3. — HALF MOON ASCENDING THE RIVER.

4. — THE COUNCIL AT TAWASENTHA, IN 1617. 6.— SEAL OF NEW AMSTERDAM.

6. — WRATH OF VAN TWILLER.

7. — NIEUW NEDERLANDT (supposed to be the Earliest View of New York now

extant).

8. — INDIANS BRINGING TRIBUTE.

9. — MASSACRE OF INDIANS AT PAVONIA.

10. — OLD HOUSE, corner Peck Slip and Water street.

11. — PETER STUYVESANT, the last of the Dutch Governors.