History of the Council of Trent

Front matter

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Columbia (MnitJeisitp

Chapter I. (1520-1545.)

UNIVERSAL CRY FOR A COUNCIL: OPPOSITION OF THE POPES. THE COUNCIL

OF TRENT AT L.VST SUMMONED.

Inti*oduction — Fii*st wislies — i^nint Rorimrd and Lutlicr — Awakeninc — Antipathies — Leo X. — Illusion — Twenty-four years to wait — Adrian VI. — His theory of Indulgences — Projected reforms — Projected exteniiinations — The Popedom in Germany — Admissions made by the Pope — ^The hundred grievances — Clement VII. and the Diet of Nuremberg— Counter-diet — Charles V. and Francis I. — Tiattle of Pavia — Two letters — The Colonna< — The Throne and the Tiara — The Constable de IJourbon — The Sack of Rome — Hypocrisy — Reconciliation — Interview at Bologna — The Augsburg Confession — Christ and Belial— There is no fear of the heavens falling — The League of Smalkalde — The Turks — Geneva — Paul III. — Ten \-ear3 yet — ^The Sons of the Pope — Negotiations — Difficulties — Mantua — Vicenza — Trent — War breaks out again — Hostilities cease — The Council is about to open — Retrospect 1

CHAPTER II. (1545.) FIRST CONVOC.\TION : INTUIGLta, DIFFICULTIF-'S, AND DELAYS

The arrival of the Legates — ^Thrce years' indulgence — Scruples — Four himdred seat.-^ and no })ishops — Parturiunt monies — ^The imagination of Father Hinor — Simple arithmetic — A notable admission — CEcumenical Councils — The Chureh'.s Representatives — .bTusalem and Trent — I)i[)lomacy — Had the Protestants promined obedience — Every epoch has its fixed idea — Luther's trepidation — The real object of his wishes — \'iciou3 circle — Where was the doctrine of Infallibility

IV CONTENTS.

— Affairs of Cologne — Who was iu the wrong — Complications — By what did the Council hold? — The Procurators — Infallibility by Delegation— Charles V. and heresy — The Pope's offers — The priest-king — The Morals of the Popes — New Scandals — Of happy memory— Papal Infallibility — Certain questions — The Popedom at Rome 20

Chapter III

(1545-46.) THE COUNCIL AT LAST OPENED. SESSIONS L, IL, III.

The Bishops begin to be impatient — First Session, 13th December, 1545 — Formidable task — What Catholicism had been hitherto — Bossuet and St. Augustine — Progress in Religion — Reasonable Inconsistencies and absurd Logic — A wise Decree — In whose name was it to be published — Pope and Council — Prcesidentihus legatis — Foxes — Second Session — Protests — Were appearances really saved — People know not where to begin — Indecision and Alarm — "Day of Battle! Glorious Day!" — Dangerous medley — What the weak-minded may think — The Queen of the Virtues — Credo — Third Session— ^An able General — The Italians at Trent — Their Oath — The Consent of the Church 42

Chapter IV

(1546.) DEATH OF LUTHER. THE AUTHORITY OK THE COUNCIL. FICTITIOUS UNITY.

Luther dies — Shut, shut the Bible ! — Let us open it — The question of Authority — Its bearing exaggerated — What is Authority in Religion — What can it be — Dilemma — What, at bottom, is the Submission of those who think — What is Authority without Force — God might have, God ought to have — What know you of that — Three Objects — To regulate the faith, to preserve the faith, to maintain unity — Regulate the Faith — What that supposes and to what it leads — To preserve the Faith — Have they succeeded — Variations — ^An eternal Burthen — Unity — Does God intend it — Conclusion 61

Book II

HISTORY OF THE COUNCIL FROM ITS THIRD SESSION (1546) TO ITS REMOVAL FROM TRENT (1547).

Chapter I

SESSION IV. DECREES ON THE RULE OF FAITH, THE CANON AND USE OF

SCRIPTURE, AND THE VULGATE.

Homage to the Bible — What is Tradition — Limits to credibility — What the Fathers thought of it; and the councils — What it had hitherto been — Papal aberration — Of what is Holy Scripture composed — Why had this still to be decided — The divines at the council — The Apocrypha — Three opinions — Strange omnipotence — The Vulgate — Its history down to the time of the council — ^The decree would admit

CONTENTS. V

no delay — Results — The Vulgate as it stands — Whose province is it to interpret Scripture — Demi-liberalism — Absolute bondage — The god of Epicurus — Historical question — The Old Testament — The New — The Fathers — The last of the Fathers — Saint Augustine and the Bible Societies — A false quotation — Decree on the reading and the interpretation of the Bible — Fate of this decree in the hands of the popes — Deadly Pastures — Port-Royal — Liberty in Roman Catholicism— Sophisms — Difficulties in drawing up the decree — The Anathemas— Historical aspect of the case — Hesitations in the council — Decrees on the faith — Decrees on reformation — Alarms — Precautions — Fourth Session — The pope's confirmation — What had been gained — Perpetual compromise — External difficulties *77

Chapter II

(1546.) SESSION V. DECREES ON ORIGfNAL SIN AND ON PREACHING. THE IMMACU- LATE CONCEPTION.

Altercations about the choice of subjects — Preaching — The bishops and the monks — Mutual recriminations — Indemnifications to the bishops — General relaxation of morals to the advantage of the popes — Lutheran opinion — Question of original sin — Four problems — Infants dying without baptism — The Roman catechism — All explanations but by anathemas, abandoned — Reflections on this subject — Five canons — The immaculate conception — Historical views — Fluctuations— How the Roman dogmas establish themselves — Fii-th Session — Disputed votings 114

Chapter III

(1546.) SESSION VI. TROUBLES IN THE COUNCIL. EPISCOPAL RESIDENCE. DECREES

ON GRACE AND JUSTIFICATION.

The ambassadors — Peter Danes — Holy War — Jubilee — Miscalculations — Alarms on the side of Trent — Projects for transferring the council to another place — Victories of Charles V. — Fresh altercations on the choice of subjects — Residence — Historical view — The legates severe at the expense of the bishops, and the bishops severe at the expense of the pope — Grace — Two extremes — AVhat is in truth the Romish doctrine — Warm disputes — What we are to believe respecting grace — Draft of the decree — Herculean task — Inconsistency and audacity — Quarrel betwixt Soto and Catherini — No solution — Benefices — Historical view — Pious donations — Origin of the quarrel about the Divine right — Efforts to keep the pope out of it — Decree on residence — Abuses without end — Samson's courage — Sixth Session — To be still and adore 128

Chapter IV

SESSION VII. CANONS AND DECREES ON THE SACRAMENTS. PLURALITIES.

GOVERNMENT OF CATHEDRALS.

Question of the Sacraments — The number seven — Historical and dogmatical difficulties — Oddities — Omnia a {}^rts<o instituted — How this

VI CONTENTS.

•lecree was twisted — The sacrameuts — Their necessity — Inaccuracies and sophisms — Intention necessary — Occasions or causes of grace — Warm disputes — What does the Koman Church really teach? — The intention of the priest — Objections — What is to be done? — Baptism — Baptism of heretics — H0I3' Chrism — Confirmation — Historical view — Anathemas — Whose province it is to confirm — Receiving the holy Chrism — Gratuitously — Historical view- — Sad realities — Twentyecven anathemas — Water of baptism — Human arrangements — Pluralities— Historical view — Unions and commendams — The pope, always the pope — The eleven articles of the Spanish prelates — Reference to the pope — Replies — Scdva seiiiper — Results — Roman immutability 150

Chapter V. (1547.) Session VIII, Traxslatiox Of The Council To Bologna

Projects of translation — The plague — Great hurry — Decree of translation— Eighth Session — Minority — Resistance — To obey in order to be obeyed 181

Book III

FROM THE TRANSLATION OF THE COUNCIL TO BOLOGNA (1547) TO THE SECOND SUSPENSION AT TRENT (1552.)

Chapter I. (1547-1549.)

KESSIONS IX. AND X. THE COUNCIL AT BOLOGNA AND THE RLTMP AT TUENT. PROROGATIONS AND POLITICAL COMPLICATIONS. THE INTERIM.

Two councils instead of one — The pope says nothing — Ninth and Tenth Sessions — All is brought to a halt — Victories of Charles V. — Paul IH. allies himself with France — Old dotard — Protestation — What Rome has read at all times in the hearts of her friends — Fresh protests — New mask — Mutual affronts — Thunder and finesse — Fourteen months already lost — ^The pope's death universally expected and desired — The Interim — Criticisms — Resistances — Conferences resumed — Nuncios sent into Germany — Their powers — Checks and affronts . 187

CHAPTER 11.

(1549-1551.)

--.ESSIONS XL AND Xtl. DEATH OF PAUL III. COUNCIL RECONVENED BY JU- LIUS III. QUARREL OF THE POPE WITH HENRY II.

T>oath of Paul HL — Glance at his life — The conclaves — Historical Review— Tedious delays — Sad heroism — Factions — Combinations — Julius HL — All difficulties return — They seem to grow easy — Fresh ones appear — The pope eludes them — Second convocation of the council — The bull is keenly criticised — How interpreted by Charles V. — The council opened anew with fifteen bishops — Eleventh Ses- BiCN — Was it still-bom — Political occurrences — Rupture with France

CONTENTS. Vn

— Gallicaii iticonsistenoies — How retleemed by Henry 1 1. — Mew ciuisos of distrust — Will the Protestants come — John Huss — Twelfth Session — Adjournments — Amyot — Parliamentary audacities .... 203

Chapter III

(lo5I.) SESSION Xlir. DKCREES ON THE EUCII.\RIST. TR.\NSUB6TANTIATI0N AXU

EPISCOPAL JURISDICTION.

The communion under both kinds — State of the question in the sixteenth century — Discussion — Authorities — Trent and Constance — Drink ye all of it — Sophisms — True motives — A safe-conduct granted — Transubstantiation — Production and adduction — Did Luther believe in transubstantiation? — Physical objections — ^Miracle xipon miracle — Axioms — Is trans;ibstantiation a miracle like any other — This is my body — Scriptural objections — Analysis of the narrative — Historical objections — The Apostles and the New Testament — The Fathers — The idea advances but slowly — Admissions — The Mass — The priest — Indiscreet questions — Theory and practice — Adoration of the host — Jesus Christ whole and entire — What purpose does transubstantiation really serve — Ignoble questions — Dilemma — Superstitions— Idolatr}" — Episcopal jurisdiction — Origin — Objections — Historical review — How the pope became its centre — The council avoids going back to principles — Concessions — Thirteenth Session 216

Chapter IV

(1551.) SESSION XIY. PENANCE. ABSOLUTION, THE CONFESSIONAL. EXTREME UNC- TION.

Complaints against the divines — Regulations on that head — ^The sacrament of Penance — The confession — Scriptural objections — Falsifica-

^ tions and sophisms — Let every man examine himself — To loose is the most miraculous and the most divine of powers — The more it is alleged to be necessary, the more is it objectionable — Have the Protestants renounced what is reasonable and good in confession — What the Church ordains at present is not what was recommended in primitive times — The council shuts its eyes and pursues its own course — Other difficulties — In what manner is penance a sacrament — What proves too much proves nothing — Was the right to bind and loose given to the priests alone — Reserved cases — A conclusion drawn in passing — What there is most false and most dangerous in confession— Good results, the value of whicli, however, must not be exaggerated— Peoples — Kings — Phrases and facts — Absolution — Absolute or conditional — Logically it can only be absolute — Questions addressed to a good woman — Deplorable results, to which ever3thing concurs — Inconveniences in detail — The Compendium — Admissions — Conclusion — Extreme unction — One Apostle only speaks of it — Scriptural discussion — Contradiction — Difficulties arising out of the only passage that can be adduced in favour of this sacrament — Elders and priests — Formula in common use — Reiteration — Extreme imction of little use, and often dangerous — Fresh discussions on episcopal jurisdiction— Numerous abuses — Insufficient corrections — Dispensations more rare but more dear — Fourteknth Session 244 vm CONTENTS.

Chapter V

SESSIONS XV. AND XVI. PROTESTANT DEMANDS. PAPAL FEARS. SUSPEN- SION OF THE COUNCIL.

The affair of the safe-conduct taken up again — Reception of the Protestant ambassadors — Fifteenth Session — Proi'ogation — The situation again becomes menacing — Fears and precautions of the pope — Arrival of some Protestant doctors — All ceases and dies — War bursts out in Germany — The emperor takes to flight — Suspension for two years — Involuntary Gallicanism — Peace of Passau and abolition of the Interim — The council no more talked of — Rome thinks she has got rid of it .. 265

BOOK lY.

FROM THE SUSPENSION IN 1552 TO THE END OF THE TWENTY-SECOND SESSION IN 1562.

Chapter I. (1555-1561.)

council suspended. POPES MARCELLUS XL, PAUL IV., AND PIUS IV. PO- LITICAL complications.

Ten years' interruption — Death of Julius III. — Election of Marcellus II. — ^He reigns only one-and-twenty days — Election of Paul IV. — His character — His incoherent projects — Manoeuvres — The States of the Church invaded — Violent acts of the pope — His deliverance — What he meant to make of the council — His pretensions with respect to kings and kingdoms — Ferdinand resumes the offensive — The Reformation spreads in all directions — The Inquisition — Servetus and Roman Catholic historians — Pius IV. — New tactics — Delays on the part of Rome and impatience of France — Attempts to create a divei'sion — Geneva and its history — David before Goliath — The charity of St. Francis de Sales — Shows and appearances, injinite protraction of business and disguising of real intentions — Plan of a European confederation against the Protestants — The project miscarries — A new council is desired, and not the continuation of the old — It is proposed that one should be held in France — The pope is compelled to hasten matters— ^Third convocation of the council — Difficulties eluded — Of the unity of the Council of Trent — The bull satisfies no one — The six legates — Meeting of the States at Orleans — Bold demands — Catherine de Medicio and the Reformation 271

Chapter II

THE CONFERENCE OF POI.SSY. GALLICANISM NOT ROMANISM.

Colloquy of Poissy — The Chancellor de I'Hopital — Did he attack the pope alone — The Protestants have the ball at their feet — Be/a nnd

CONTENTS. IX

the Cardinal de Lorraine — Lainez — The praises he receives — What Gallicanisni is in the ej^es of the popes — Philip II. — The sympathies he could reckon upon in France — Tlie true country of a priest's affections— The colloquy concludes that the cup should be conceded to the laity — The pope consults the cardinals — Their unanimous refusal — ^The matter referred to the council 290

Chapter III

SESSION XVII. -XX. DISPUTES ABOUT THE AUTIIORITV OF THE LEGATES AND INDEX EXPURGATORIUS. TREACHEROUS SAFE-CONDUCT. DIVINE RIGHT OF BISHOPS. EMPTY SESSIONS.

Bad feeling on the part of the court of France — Re-opening of the council — ^Seventeenth Session — Ambiguous decree — False reasoning — Precautions taken — Proponentibus Icgatis — Question about forbidden books — Historical review — Gelasius, Leo X., and Paul IV. — Embarrassment and puerilities — A monstrous libert}' — Absolute enslavement— An illusory appeal made to the Protestants — Eighteenth Session— The safe-conduct and the Inquisition — Spanish Gallicanism — The question of residence taken up anew — It becomes complicated and envenomed — Voting upon it — Reference to the pope — Murmurs — Pius IV. dreads pronouncing upon it — Momentary calm — ^Several questions of detail examined — Abuses pointed out — These none durst touch without the consent of the pope — His evasive reply on the question of the Divine Right — Nineteenth Session — No result — Pius IV. conceives a dislike for the council — Would fain dismiss it or have it entirely under his hand — Jealousies among the members — The pope's pensionaries — Offers of money to the king of France — Arrival of the French anibassadoi*s — Satirical harangue — Dissimulation — Another Session (Twentieth) without result 296

Chapter IV

SESSION XXI. COMMUNION IN BOTH KINDS. THE COL^'CIL INTRACTABLE. MORE PAPAL INTRIGUES. NO RESULTS.

Question of the communion in both kinds again, with a false turn — Twenty demands made by the emperor's ambassador — All becomes complicated anew — the pope blames the legates — He takes up arms — Imminent ruptures — Digression — What the pope was in the eyes of the princes — Their motives for maintaining and sparing him — Pius IV. has again the upper hand — Visconti's mission — Is the suppression of the wine in the supper ordained in Scripture or only commanded — Neither the one nor the other — Analysis — Of what is the lay person deprived — ^This question eluded — ^The question of the concession of the cup resumed — The council seems less liberal than the pope — Urgent demands of the ambassadors — Tergiversations of the legates — Twenty-first Session — Unexpected debates — Several points left undecided— General disappointment — ''They do only what they have a mind to" — Neutrality of the king of Spain — Advantage which Pius IV. derives from it — ^The supper viewed as a sacrifice . . .812

X CONTENTS.

Chapter V

(1562.) SESSION XXII. IS THE MASS A SACRIFICE? DECREES ENACTED AMID POLIT- ICAL INTRIGUES.

The mass — Definitions and principles — A first and a wide breach — Can there be any parity between the mass and Jesus Christ's sacrifice— J71 remembrance of me — Offered 07ice — What we ask of every sincere Roman Catholic — How people come to believe everything — To admit that the mass is not incontestably in the Bible amounts to the admission that it is not there at all — Serious difficult}^ — To finish as speedil}'' as possible — Recriminations — The pope's new precautions — " It is thus that the king anl the world are deceived" — Splitting of parties — The small matters — Three opinions on the question of the cup — Conditions laid down — Majority against the concession — Project of referring it to the Pope — Frictions of oil — Sundry wise regulations— Absolute prohibition of receiving payment for masses — Doctrinal canons — Do this — Long debates — Masses for temporal wants — Masses in honor of the saints — Private masses — A little water in the wine — Worship in Latin — Scriptural objections — Histoi'ical objections — True motives — Twenty-second Session — Minorities — Submission and silence 332

BOOK Y.

EIGHT MONTHS OF DISCUSSION AND INTRIGUE WITH-

OUT A SESSION.

Chapter. I

(1562.) discussions on ORDERS AND ORDINATION. CONTINUED PROROGATIONS.

All begins anew ; one might suppose he had mistaken the page — Eight successive prorogations — Opening of the debates on the sacrament of orders — Imprudent haste — Are orders a sacrament? — Calvin's opinion— In what sense were orders instituted by Jesus Christ? — Scriptural and historical discussion — Roman system — Few advantages and many inconveniences — The seven orders — No scriptural foundation— Difiiculties that cannot be resolved — The council evades them — The mass the basis of the Roman priesthood — Order and the orders — Grace in ordination — Endless uncertainties and obscuties 355

Chapter II. (1562.) Discussions Of The Divine Right Of The Episcopacy Again

The hierarchy — Is Episcopacy to be found in the New Testament — In what sense it is legitimate — Contradictions of the Roman system — How these were removed at Trent — The old question of the divine I'ight changes its aspect — It becomes simplified on the one hand, and complicated on the other — New efforts to leave the pope out in the discussion of it 365

CONTENTS. xi

Chapter III

(1502.) DISCISSION OF THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE. DANGEROUS QUESTIONS.

Tlio popedom — T/fou art Peter — St. Peter in tlic Xcw Testament — His-, tory — "Writings — Is tradition more favourable — llow the Fathers explained Thou art Peter — Whatever Peter may have been, is the pope his successor — Chronological difficulties — What is required in order to the testimony of the Fathers being conclusive — Iren.fus — The ajjotitolical conatitutions — The lloman element — Internal difficulties — How to link the chain — Independence of the Apostles and of all the pastors established by them — The patriarchs — The right of conquest no right — Contrast between the embarrassment of the Church's doctors, and the hardihood of the popes — Gregory XVI. in 1832 — Some facts — Nice — Carthage — Gregory' I. . . " 3*70

Chapter IV

(1562.) THE POPE EVERYTHING OR NOTHING. ULTRAMONTANISM AND GALLICANISM.

Tlie pope is necessarily all, or nothing — Pangs of the Roman part}' — The vote is taken but the discussion continues — It comes upon the ground of the authority of the council — The perilous position of things becomes more and more evident — All the objections reach farther than is thought desirable by those even who make them — The cause is committed to Lainez — His speech — The Church is essentially subject— It was to Peter alone that it was said, " Feed my sheep" — Absolute ultramontanism — A Roman Catholic has logically no reply to make — Irritation increases — Complaints of the bishop of Paris — The French of that time, and those of the present day 387

Chapter V

(1562.) ARRIVAL OF CARDINAL LORRAINE. NEW POLITICAL COMPLICATIONS.

The Cardinal of Lorraine — Precautions taken — Urgency of the Spaniards— Rumours and factions — New draft of the decree on residence — A return to what had been prepared in 1551 — Point of issue — Arrival of the Cardinal of Lorraine — His speech — What were at bottom his projects — New causes of distrust— The pope's illness — The Cardinals — Historical remarks — No foundation for their rights — The Cardinal of Lorraine describes the calamities of France — Du Ferrier's conclusions — Ours — In what sense the Church has a horror for blood — New fluctuations on the Cardinal's part — A bad Frenchman, a bad Spaniard — Fabian delays — The pope sends three formulas on the institution of bishops — They say too little, or too much — Agreement on any point impossible — Battle of Dreux — Pius IV. considers the success gained contemptible — Demands of the court of France — ^The pope pretends to dread a revolt — Offers of money — Nothing is ready — The cardinal's journey to the emperor — Ferdinand's complaints against the council and the pope — The court of France sends to inquire what have become of the pi*omised reforms 30G

Xll CONTENTS.

Chapter VI. (1563.) Discussions On Marriage, Divorce, And Celibacy

Marriage — Is it a sacrament — Scriptural and other objections — In giving it this title, has it been really rendered more sacred — The Church's despotism — Objections of jurisconsults — Indissolubility of marriage — Except it be for adultery — Divorce — It maybe made a law, but not a dogma — Weakness of the arguments in favour of the decree — Other difficulties — Civil elements of marriage — Quibbles — If marriage be a sacrament, the civil power has nothing to do with it — The march of ideas — Side by side with so much strictness, unheard of dissoluteness of morals — Abuse of dispensations — Sophisms of the ultramontanists. Can a Roman Catholic treat them with contempt? — The celibate — Can we examine whether it be, in itself, more holy than marriage — Monks and the monastic life — Suicide — Convents in poetry — Convents in reality — Forced vows — Scruples of jurisconsults — Celibate of priests — Right and abuses — The celibate and the Reformation — The Jewish law — The Christian law — St. Peter — Ideal and realities — "What the clergy are where it prevails — Why the celibacy of the priests is persisted in 417

Chapter VII

(1563.) POLITICS AND INTRIGUE AGAIN. THE POPE, THE EMPEROR, AND THE KING.

Political pre-occupations — Death of the Duke of Guise — Cardinal of Mantua's letter to Paul IV. — Letter from the emperor — The council has remained obnoxious to all the blows then levelled at it — The pope's reply — Constantine and Theodosius — What has been made of them, and what they were — Philip 11. and his prelates — Tumults at Trent — Two new legates — Morone at Inspruck — Negotiations — Peace in France — The pope's ill humour — At Trent weariness and disgust • 439

BOOK VI.

THE COUNCIL HURRIED TO A CLOSE.

Chapter I

DISPUTES ON PAPAL AUTHORITY. L.VIXEZ BEARDS THE COUNCIL. LORRAINE

GOES OVER TO THE POPE.

Glance at the position of parties — The as.sembly — ^The Roman Catholics — The Protestants — the Pope — Rome — The emperor begins to fail — The Cardinal of Lorraine goes over to the ultramontanists — What is a heretic in the eyes of the Church — Consistency with her requires persecution — The question of divine right resumed — The cardinal

CONTENTS. xiii

makes a second step — The council is led away into the field of the pope's authority — The opinion of Lainez on dispensations and the right to dispense — Almost everybody shocked by his ideas and the tone in which he announced them — He excuses himself — The cardinal stops the protests — Dispute betwixt the ambassadors of France and Spain — State of the question — A bias and its sequel — Violent acts of the French ambassador — Compromise — Other disputes of the same kind 450

CHAPTER 11.

SESSION XXiri. DIVINE RIGHT OF BISHOPS, AND THE PAPAL POWER, BOTH LEFT UNDEFINED, AND WHY? DECREES ON ORDERS AND ON REFORMA- TION.

Why such an indisposition to vote on the question of the divine right — It is definitively withdrawn — Consequences of the vague state in which it has been left — Disagreement among the doctors — Silence of the council on all that relates to the popedom — Is it true that this silence was quite voluntary ? — Historical sketch of the discussions — Almost as many questions omitted as decided — An attempt made to draw up a table of the functions of the seven orders — It fails — The council admits, in spite of itself, the legitimacy of the suppressions made by the Reformation — Theological difficulties — The Roman system is logical and clear only at the surface — The Spaniards desist — The legates are delighted — Twenty-third session — Decree of Reformation in eighteen chapters — Residence — Conditions and formalities of ordination — Conditions as to age — The seminaries — Historical review— The seminaries one of the fruits of the Reformation — Marriage — Ambiguous decree 460

CHAPTEE III.

SESSION XXIV. CARDINAL LORRAINE VISITS ROME. DECREES ON MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, AND THE REFORM OF THE CLERGY.

Forty articles presented to the ambassadors — Why so many cardinals Italians, and always an Italian pope — The princes think of taking their guarantees against the bishops — Pius IV. urges matters to a close — Intervention of the Cardinal of Lorraine — His journey to Rome — Draft of decree on the princes — Exorbitant pretensions — Du Ferrier's protest — The council more than ever a chaos — An explanation of the proponentibtcs consented to — A congregation in confusion — Twenty-fourth session held, in greater confusion still — Pallavicini's success — Objections to twelve anathemas of the decree on marriage — Contradictions, incoherencies, shifts, and quibbles — Why was the indissolubleness of marriage not formally taught — Disciplinary artiticles — Clandestine marriages, dispensations, &c. — Reformatory articles— Elections, provincial and diocesan councils — A^isits, preaching, censures, draft of a catechism, penances, salaries, competitions, ecclesiastical procedure — Why, after so many decrees, did people still complain of the insufficiency of the council ? 47 1

XIV CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

(1563.) PAPAL ARROGANCE. PURGATORY AND VIRGIN WORSHIP.

The Queen of Navarre is summoned to Rome — Protest of the Queen of France — The pope seconds the views of Philip 11. on that kingdom — It is decided that the close of the council shall take place before the close of the 3-ear — The discussions hastened by the bad state of the pope's health — Question of purgator}' — Scriptural discussion — Involuntary admission in the Protestant sense — Could purgatoiy fail to be expressly mentioned in Scripture? — The worship of the Virgin — Mary in the Gospels — In the Acts — In the Epistles — In the Apocalypse—Historical review — The Virgin in the writings of the Fathers— Great eulogies but no trace of worship — Epiphanius, Cyril, Proclus 487

CHAPTER V.

(1563.) SAINT WORSHIP. HOW SAINTS ARE MADE AT ROME.

The worship of the saints — Silence of Scripture — What all prayer addressed to a dead person pre-supposes — Pagan objection — Euther and the saints — What would be lost, in general, by not praying to them — ^The worship of the saints forbidden by implication in many passages of Scripture — ^There is but one sole Mediator — Abuse of the worship of the saints — Has it ever remained and can it remain within the limits traced by the council — The common people invoke them as present everywhere and as possessing power of themselves — Proofs — Does the Church combat the tendencies of the common people— What would be thought by a pagan entering Rome again after eighteen hundred years' absence — Juliana of Liege and the cut in the moon — A mandement of the Archbishop of Lyons — Falsehoods and sophisms — ^Tlie Virgin queen of the imiverse — Proofs — Citations — The mob of saints — How they are fabricated at Rome — Relics and worship of relics 497