Four years in Secessia : adventures within and beyond the Union lines: embracing a great variety of facts, incidents, and romance of the war

Front matter

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Preface

Most first boots eitlier are, or assume to be, written at tlie request of that apocliiyphal class known as Friends. Having a very limited acquaintance witb. that somewbat intangible portion of tbe community, I would state tbat tbis unpretending volume owes its unfortunate parturition to tbe urgent solicitation of my publishers, wbo, unsolicited, offered me sucb terms as a Gentleman of very slender income (bis valuable estates in Castile being entirely inconvertible in Wall Street) and somewbat expensive babits could ill afford to refuse.

The contents of " Four Years in Secessia" are merely poor pieces of patch- work clumsily stitched together with a needle that grew very rusty in the long dampness of Rebel Prisons. The little labor on the book has been, under very adverse circumstances, irregularly and hurriedly performed, not extending beyond a

VI PPwEFAOE.

fortniglit's duration, and this, tliougli no excuse, may

be some reason for the poverty of its contents.

K my readers are half as much wearied in its

perusal as the author was in its preparation, he can

only entreat them to remember the Spaniard's advice

to men about to choose a wife : " Shut your eyes, and

commend your soul to God."

The Atjthok

New Tore, May 1, 1865.

ILLTJSTEATIONS.

PAGE

OUR CAPTURE BEFORE VICKSBURG Frontispiece.

THE BOHEMIANS AS HOUSEKEEPERS 42

BOHEMIA AS A BELLIGERENT. 66

GUNBOAT FIGHT AT FORT PILLOW 170

UNION BUSHWHACKERS ATTACKING REBEL CAVALRY 346

THE ESCAPED CORRESPONDENTS ENJOYING THE NEGRO'S

HOSPITALITY 370

CONFERENCE OF THE CORRESPONDENTS WITH BUSH- WHACKERS 386

THE BOHEMIANS CLIMBING THE MOUNTAINS 394

OOE'TEE'TS,

Chapter I. The War Correspondent

His Anomalous Position. — A Ruralist's Idea of a Bohemian. — How the Name was Obtained. — Genesis and Purpose of the War Correspondent. — His Duty and Obhgatioa. — The DifSculty of his Task. — His Habits, Pecuharities, and Defects. — What he Requires of tlie Service. — His Just Claims . . 13

CHAPTER 11.

THE FREMONT CAMPAIGN.

Life in Jefferson City, Mo.— Effecf of the Sudden Change from Metropolitan Life. — A Contrast to the Glory of War. — A Romantic Soldier. — A Camp Picture. — The Original Bohemian Brigade 23

Chapter III

f

CAMP-LIFE AT SYRACUSE, MO.

Effects of Camp-Life. — Sentimental Reflections on War. — A Modern Penthesilea. — Woman's Military Influence Beautifully Exemplified. — The Rural Females of Missouri. — Their Unpoetic Appearance 21

Chapter IV. A Night With The Fleas

Unanticipated Attack. — Inexplicable Sensations. — Prosaic Revelation. — Our Intense Suffering. — A Novel Remedy. — Extraordinary Ride through a Tempestuous Night. — Finale of the Tragi-Comedy 33

Chapter V. Romance And Reality In Camp

Conversion of a Fair Secessionist. — Disadvantage of Securing a Guard. — A Grand Mule Concert. — Sonorous Imitations of the Opera. — High-Art Jackassical Performances.— Terror Ezcited by the Unique Entertainment . . 38

Chapter VI. On The March

Brutality of Officers. — Shameful Treatment of a "Woman. — Change of Base. — A Model Missouri Hotel. — Resumption of the March. — Bohemian Philosophy. — Its Necessity in the Pield 42

CHAPTER Vn.

WILSON'S CREEK.

Visit to the Battle-Ground. — Its Appearance. — Cause of Sigel's Discomfiture. — Scenes on the Field. — Ghastly Spectacles. — The Sleeping Camp. — A Skyey Omen 46

CHAPTER Vin.

ZAGONYI'S RIDE TO DEATH.

Charge of the Fremont Body-Guard. — Its Desperate Character. — The Heavy Loss. — Scene of the Engagement. — Description of the Battle. — Progress of the Ride.— FUght of the Foe.— After the Struggle 49

CHAPTER IX.

THE RETROGRADE- MOVEMENT.

The Return to Rolla. — A Ghastly Jest. — A Brace of Fair Bohemians. — The Discrediting Effect of Camp Attire. — A Night in a Barn. — Potency of an Army Pass 55

CHAPTER X.

SECESSION IN MISSOURL

The Feminine Secessionists of St. Louis. — Their Parrot-like Raving. — Their Resemblance to Barnaby Rudge's Raven. — Harmlessness of Petticoated Traitors. — Sale of Rebel Property. — Curious Scene. — A Mysterious Article . . 61

CHAPTER XI.

BATTLE OF DONELSON.

March from Fort Henry to the Field. — Troubles of the Correspondents. — Difficulty of Subsistence. — Courage of our Soldiers. — Examples of Sacrifice and Heroism. — Gallant Charge. — Amateur Sharpshooting. — Mortification of the Enemy after the Surrender. — Desperation of the Rebels. — Repudiation of the Five to One Boast. — Ghastly "Wounds. — Touching Incidents .... 66

CHAPTER XII.

AFTER THE BATTLE.

Extracts from my Note-Book. — Sensations of a Reasoning Man Under Fire. — A Novel in Brief. — A Faithless "Woman and a Sacrificed Loyer. — A Juvenile

Contents

Hero. — Difficulty of Dying on tlie Field. — Ultra-professional Correspondents. Ludicrous Incidents of their Journalistic Devotion . . . . 78

CHAPTER XIII.

OCCUPATION OF COLUMBUS.

Chapter I. The War Coerespondent

His Anomalous Position. — A Ruralist's Idea of a Bohemian. — Hq-w the Name was obtained. — Genesis and Purpose of the War Correspondent. — His Duty and Obh'gation. — The DifQculty of his Task. — His Habits, Peculiarities, and Defects. — Wliat he requires of the Service. — His Just Claims, &c.

DuEHN-G tlie few days I liave passed in tlie Free States since the breaking out of the Rebellion, I have been so often questioned about the province, purpose, and habits of a War Correspondent, that I deem it well, in the initial chapter of this volume, to state what manner of animal he is, and what are his peculiarities.

That the War Correspondent is a hybrid, neither a soldier nor a citizen ; with the Army, but not of it ; is present at battles, and often participating in them, yet without any rank or recognized existence, has mystified not a few, and rendered his position as anomalous as undesirable.

"Do you belong to the Army?" inquired a bumpkin, riding up beside myself and a couple of journalistic companions, as we were moving toward Fayetteville during the Bragg-Buell campaign in Kentucky, in the autumn of 1862. ' ' Yes, ' ' was the answer. ' ' Are you soldiers V ' "No." " Are you officers ?" "No." " Are you sutlers ?" "No." "What are you, then?" " War Correspondents." "Oh, that's what you are, is it?" and after this comment on our response, he seemed lost in reflection the most profound. Fully a minute must have passed, when his face brightened, and he seemed to have solved some mental problem. "Oh, well, boys, you're all right. War Correspondents, eh? Why, they're the fellows that fought in the Revolution !"

Droll idea that of the Bohemians, as they have been christened, from their nomadic, careless, half-literary, half-vagabondish life; but not much more so than far more intelligent persons entertain of them. What they are, and what they do, I will endeavor to explain.

The War Correspondent is the outgrowth of a very modern civilization ; though Xenophon and Julius Caesar were early examples of the profession. They, however, told the story of their own deeds, and the nineteenthcentury Bohemians narrate the acts of others ; make their name and fame without themselves gaining any glory.

They are the outgrowth of the great and constantly augmenting power of the Press, and were first fully developed and their influence felt during the Crimean contest. There were War Correspondents before that day: in the Napoleonic struggle for universal domination, and in our own little affair, as it now appears, with Mexico ; but, until the time mentioned, it had not become a regular and recognized department of military-civic life.

THE WAR OOEEESPOOTDENT. 15

Since the first gun discliarged at Fort Sumter awoke the American world to arms, War Correspondence on this side of the Atlantic has been as much an avocation as practising law or selling dry goods. Eyery newspaper, of prominence in the metropolitan cities, has had its Correspondents in the field and with the Nayy. No army in the East or West but has had a journalistic representatiye. ISTo expedition of importance has set out without its writing medium between it and 'New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis.

The War Correspondent is the proper and natural medium between the Army and N^ayy and the people at home, and ought to be, and is generally, the purest, because the only unprejudiced medium between the military and ciyil phases of existence. He only has, as a general thing — and there should be no exceptions — no friends to reward, and no foes to punish. He is at his post to relate what he sees ; to applaud yalor and merit whereyer found ; to point out abuses and blunders that would not otherwise be reached, saye through the endless duration of military inyestigations and courts-martial. His duty is to illustrate the situation so far as is prudent ; to describe the movements, actions, and combinations of the forces ; in a word, to photograph the life and spirit of the combatants for the benefit of the great Public, united to them by blood and sympathy, and who thrill and sufifer with the gallant warriors, and mourn oyer and honor the heroic dead.

Such being the duty and obligation — and it should be a solemn one — of the Correspondent, he has as much place and fitness in the field as the Commander-in-Chief ; and is

16 FOUR YEARS I^ SECESSIA.

as mucli entitled to consideration. That lie is not what he should he often, is true of him, as it is of every other class ; and that many of his profession have, by unworthy conduct, reflected discredit upon its members, is equally true. The misfortune is, that the unworthy, by their assurance, carelessness, and lack of principle, give such false impressions of the entu'e tribe, that I marvel not a most wholesome jprejudice exists against them on the part of many officers.

The ill-starred Bohemian has a most delicate and difficult task to perform. He must do his duty, and yet offend no one. He must praise, but not censure. He must weave chaplets of roses without thorns for the brows of vanity, and applaud modest merit withoiit wounding j)ompous conceit. Every thing is expected of him — impossibilities and virtues more than human. Few give him commendation ; yet many are willing to denounce him. What he does well passes in silence ; what he does ill is blazoned to his shame.

War Correspondence is a most thankless office. The Correspondent may do, and dare, and suffer ; but who yields him credit ? If he die in the service by disease or casualty, it is thought and declared by many that he had no business there. The officers frequentl}^ dislike him, because they have not received what they conceive to be their meed of praise ; and the people do not appreciate him. So, on the whole, he is always between Sylla and Charj^bdis, and never avoids one without encountering the other.

No disposition have I to laud my profession ; but I do think its members are unkindly and ungratefully treated.

THE WAR CORRESPONDENT. 17

I have known many of tliem intimately, of course ; -and wliile I have been called to blush for some, I can testify to the high and noble qualities of more.

As a class they are brave, loyal, talented, and honorable gentlemen ; a little too prone, perhaps, to recklessness of conduct and statement, and unduly sensitive about their own dignity and the importance of the Press. They believe implicitly in the aphorism : Cedant arma togce^ and do notalways understand that the customs of Peace are incompatible with the exigencies of War. Yet, in the main, they perform their duty conscientiously, and deserve more kindly of the Army, the Navy, and the general Public, than they receive.

The worst feature of their profession is — and they deplore it as much as any one — they are compelled, from the great competition in respect to news, to write up their accounts so rapidly, and forward them so early, that correctness of statement and excellence of style are often ^Drecluded. When they write their letters, as I have seen them, in the midst of action ; on their knee and upon the ground ; in crowded railway cars and on thronged transports ; under every variety of adverse circumstance, I have wondered, and still wonder, at their fluency, propriety, and exactness. They certainly accomplish marvels, considering their surroundings and facilities, and at least suggest what they might do if leisure and opportunity were given them.

The Correspondents have figured in the casualties again and again ; have been killed, and wounded, and captured ; have, perhaps, had quite their share of the accidents of war. Yet, on the whole, they have been rather fortunate, for they go so recklessly hither and thither on the march and in action, wherever their humor or fancy prompts, that it seems strange a larger number have not lost life, limb, and freedom.

They have splendid opportunities for observation, being a privileged body, under no orders, and consequently at liberty to roam when and where they please. They have probably seen more of the romance of the War than any other class of men in the Army — much of which they have not given to the public, and which they cannot give conveniently or prudently until the struggle is over.

They usually enter some officer' s mess, on taldng the field ; have their own horses ; pay their proportion of the expenses ; and live exactly as the officers do, except that they are not subject to orders. During a battle they can go where they list — to the skirmish line or to the rear ; to the right or left wing ; with the infantry or artillery.

If they have any fondness — and many of them have — for fighting, they can always be accommodated. I have more than once seen them in the field, musket in hand, and frequently trying their skill as sharpshooters. They very often act as voluntary aides on the staff of General Officers, and have, in numerous instances, played a conspicuous and important part in engagements. They have again and again joined hazardous expeditions for which volunteers have been called ; have gone on perilous raids and scouts ; run batteries, and taken risks purely from a love of adventure — to have the experience — which is a very natural desire with the poetico-philosophic temperament. They have done a number of what many would call very foolish and reckless, though certainly courageous, acts — .all the more courageous because they had no inducement

THE WAR COREESPONDENT. 19

of glory, and would not at all have been honored as an officer or a soldier would if they had fallen, as they sometimes have, in what would he considered obedience to a freak or feeling, instead of a conviction of duty.

" Why do they not enter the service regularly ?" I presume has been often asked, ' ' and so do some good 1' ' They perform their part as Correspondents, would be a fair answer. They do good, though in a different way, just as much as the Captain of a battery, or the Lieutenant of cavalry, or the Major of an infantry regiment does. They are, in my judgment, as much a portion of the Army or !N"avy as any of the officers of the Army or Navy, and render perchance as essential, though less interested and heralded, service.

Moreover, I suspect the Bohemians, from a certain impatience of restraint and a Shelley-like hatred of obedience, are often opposed to entering the ranks or accepting a commission. They want more freedom than a regular connection with the Army or Navy gives them ; but that such fantastic scruples are not infrequently removed is shown by the number who have entered both branches of the service.

The profession of War Correspondence has, it seems to me, declined somewhat during the past two years. Or it may be that I see no more the names of those who were in the field when I passed out of it into a Rebel Prison, and fancy the new men inferior to the old campaigners because I do not know them. This supposition is quite probable, and I am very willing it should be regarded as the cause of the apparent decadence.

One thing is certain, however. There has been so much

20 FOUR YEARS m SECESSIx\.

inharmony between tlie Officers and Correspondents, so many unpleasant jarrings and misunderstandings, that most of tlie gentlemen who "were in the field, when I had any knowledge of it, have resigned their positions and taken new ones. There are some of my retired intimates who insist that a gentleman cannot be a Correspondent without detracting from Ms dignity, or abrogating a portion of his proper pride. I have not found it so in the Past ; I trust I shall not in the Future. I am aware there are ofiicers — some of very high standing — who are absurdly and causelessly prejudiced against the Bohemians ; but I cannot perceive why the two should not be en rapport, and administer to each other' s advantage.

That the Correspondent ought to have some fixed and recognized position in the Army and Navy, or be expelled from both, there can be little question. There is no middle ground. Either he has full right there, or he has not. Then recognize or remove him. He is always in the field, and always will be ; but he is really regarded, so far as the Regulations go, as a kind of camp-follower or hangeron. Our readers remember, no doubt, the trouble that occurred between General Halleck and the Bohemians before Corinth in the summer of 1862, which seemed very unwise and unnecessary on that officer' s part, and which, I am glad to say, has never been repeated.

If the Correspondent had a defined position, it would be far more agreeable to him ; for, however well he may be treated, it is rather unpleasant to know that he is, to a certain extent, merely tolerated. The Bohemians with whom I have associated have always been politely received by the officers, often courted and flattered;

THE WAR COREESPONDENT. 21

"but still that does not remove the objection of wliicli I have complained. Accept them entirely, or suppress them ntterly. They have complete right there, as I have said ; hnt their right must be established before the genuine gentlemen of the profession can feel altogether at one with themselves and perfectly at their ease.

The Bohemians have faults not a few, as has been stated ; but they are the best abused class of which I have any knowledge. They are too much inclined to publish their information before prudence and patriotism permit ; but that is the fault of their employers, and ought to be wholly discouraged. The man who can forget the duty he owes his country in his desire to serve the journal he represents, ought to be disgraced and punished.

The Bohemians generally give the facts about as they are, and to few of their letters from the field are exceptions taken unless by those ofiicers — alas, how many ! — • who insist that their company, regiment, brigade or division, did all the fighting, and saved the fortunes of the day.

It is well known to all veteran campaigners that every soldier and commander has a different story to tell, but each regards it as his religious obligation to praise his own company or corps, at the expense of all others. Such jealousy, envy, and heart-burning as are in the service, are painful to any and every true patriot, and prove that, after all that has been said, " Our Special" or " Our Own" is more trustworthy, and has less motive for misrepresentation than any other individual on land or sea.

We should look lenientl}?" on the Bohemian, and will, I apprehend, when we reflect how extremely difiicult his duty is, and how utterly impossible it is to give general satisfaction. Let us yield him some credit, if not for what he does, for what he refrains from doing ; and if we look into his life and avocation, we will find he is far more sinned against than sinning, and less a journalist than a patriot ; that he undergoes hardship, and exposes himself to dangers because he is earnest and loyal, and truly devoted to our great and glorious cause.

THE FKEMONT CAMPAIGN. 23

CHAPTER 11.

THE FREMONT CAMPAIGN.

Life in Jefferson City, Mo. — Effect of the Sudden Changes from MetropoHtan Life. — A Contrast to the Glory of War. — A Romantic Soldier. — A Camp Picture. — The Original Bohemian Brigade.

The Fremont campaign was the first in whicli I fairly took the field, and, consequently, many things impressed me then, that, later in the War, would not have aflected me at all.

The prominent features of that campaign have passed into history, and would not bear repetition here. Therefore I shall merely give my personal impressions and observations when I reached Jefierson City, early in September, 1861, fresh from the pursuits of peace and the comforts of metropolitan life.

I arrived at the capital of Missouri some weeks before Greneral Fremont quitted St. Louis, when Jefi". C. Davis, then Colonel, commanded the post. There was very little doing there then in the military way, and very sudden transplanting to that rude frontier town made me merely vegetate in that most uncongenial atmosphere.

I put up at a miserable hotel, and for a fortnight I was so lonely and wretched, that, if there had been an agreeable woman in the place, I should have fallen in love with her from sheer desperation.

Safe enoiigh was I, however, in that particular. There were no women of any kind, not to speak of lovable ones, visible in the streets, tlirongh wliich. I sauntered listlessly and gloomily, wondering -when my brotlier Bohemians, whom I had left in St. Louis, would make their a^jpearance at the dreary capital.

I had no books with me, and could get none in the town worth reading. I did not know how to pass tlie hours. I was extremely miserable. I am not ashamed to confess it now — I was home-sick ; and, if it had not been for pride, I should have resigned my position of War Correspondent, and hurried back to peaceful avocations and metropolitan life, with a keener appreciation than I had ever known before.

Having little to occupy me, I was a great observer, and grew a trifle sentimental, perhaps, as indolent and unhappy persons usually do.

One saw just then much of "the pomp and circumstance of glorious war." AVhile cavalry companies were constantly dashing through the streets, regiments marching to the inspiring strains of martial music, officers hurrying to and fro on prancing steeds, artillery rumbling along, bugle-notes and drum-rolls rising from the adjacent camps, a funeral cortege passed my window.

A rude car contained a coffin, enveloped in the American colors ; a squad of soldiers followed, with reversed arms ; a bugle played a mournful dirge ; but no one noticed the sad procession. All had too much of life to care for the dead.

No one paused to think of the poor fellow in the coffin, who sickened and died afar from home and friends, in a military hospital.

No kind sister had spoken comfort to him ; no mother's

THE FEEMOI^T CAMPAIGN. 25

iand had smoothed his pillow ; no nearer and dearer friend — kindred only in heart — had bathed his brow or moistened his fevered lips, or received his last word, or sigh, or kiss.

He had not even had the consolation of dying in battle, poor fellow ! Disease had struck him down ; but his death was not therefore less glorious.

Happy soldier ! his troubles were over. He had suffered, and was at rest. Nor care, nor pain, nor strife could reach him evermore.

No one noticed the funeral cortege, I have said.

Yes, there was one.

A young man stood on the sidewalk, with head uncovered, his face beautiful with sympathy, and his eye moist with pity and with love.

Men were not all careless and selfish, even there.

He who pitied and who felt, whate'er his creed or station, must have been, in the largest sense, a Christian and a gentleman.

One night, as I was at the railway depot, I observed a young man, with an unusually intelligent and comely face, standing sentry, in the uniform of a private.

I had rarely seen such a face in the ranks, and I stopped a minute near him, gazing at the stars.

"A beautiful night this," he said. "External nature is charming, but human nature is ever melancholy. How calm and beautiful the stars are ! They seem silently to rebuke the scene of arms on which they gaze."

My impression of his superiority to his station was corroborated.

Few private soldiers think or talk as he had done ; and at once we fell into conversation, which continued for an hour.

I learned from him — for he at once unbosomed himself — ^that he had been in love with a beautiful girl, the only daughter of a wealthy merchant of Cincinnati, and been affianced to her.

During three months' absence in the East, she had been flirting desperately with another young man, and my soldier-friend, learning, on his return, that the two were engaged, concluded to call on her no more.

The girl wrote to him, and he answered, informing her of what he had heard. She acknowledged the truth, but declared her affair with his rival merely a flirtation ; that she loved the youth she addressed, and never could love any one else.

This was not satisfactory. The enamored youth was wretched and desperate, and, declaring all women false, volunteered as a private, and went to Missouri.

He informed me that, but for the war, he would have committed suicide ; that he was anxious to fall in the first charge, for life had for him no further charms.

I smiled at his infatuation, and told him that nearly all women were fickle; that his "Louisa" was less so, probably, than most of her sex ; that he should have more philosophy than to think of dying for a silly girl, and that he should congratulate himself on his escape from matrimony.

He thought me jesting, at first, and then wondered how one at my age — I was far younger than now — had become 80 cynical.

^iiML

THE FREMONT CAMPAIGN. 27

" Through observation and reason," I answered; and, assuring him he would soon forget "Louisa," and fancy he loyed some other woman, bade him good-night.

He vowed I was mistaken ; that I would hear of his death in his first battle.

I never did.

He will go through the war unhurt, no doubt, and live long enough after to laugh at his boyish passion, and experience, perhaps, that Love, as young hearts imagine and poets paint it, is a myth that Reason immediately removes.

About the 1st of October we went into camp, and on the evening of the 4th, all was activity, and the scene was quite picturesque.

The sky was dark with clouds, and the lightning in the southern horizon, and the low-muttering thunder, blending with the neigh of horses, the rattling of sabres trailing on the ground, the ' ' good-by' ' of ofiicers, as they rode off to join their commands, already in advance, the hoarse cry of the artillerymen and teamsters, the musicswell of the ISTational bands, coming in waves over the slopes and through the trees, with the illuminated tents, the camp-fires reddening the oaks and beeches — all gave a strange but attractive wildness to the m^zzotinto landscape before our eyes.

With all its monotony, all its painful suggestions, there is a kind of charm in camp-life — in its freedom from ordinary restraint, its out-door existence, its easy, reckless tone, its devil-may-care indifference, and utter disregard of the formal barbarians the enlightened world calls " Society."

28 . FOUE YEARS IN SECESSIA.

"The Bohemian Brigade" was tlie name the little corps of army correspondents and artists that soon assembled at Jefferson City had received. They were only seven or eight in number : Albert D. Richardson, of the New York Tribune, Thomas W. Knox, of the Herald, Franc B. Wilkie, of the Times, Richard T. Colburn, of the World, Joseph B, McCuUagh, of the Cincinnati Commercial, Geo. W. Beaman, of the St. Louis Democrat, Henri Lovie, artist for Frank Leslie, and Alex. A. Simplot, for Harper- s Weekly ; with several other scribblers and sketchers, who were there for a few days, but grew tired or disgusted, and did not accompany our exjoedition to the South- West.

Of course, we had considerable leisure, and amused ourselves as best we could, in the absence of books, which were very scarce. We smoked pipes, played whist, discussed Poetry, Metaphysics, Art, the Opera, Women, the World, the War and its future, and various themes on which we then could merely speculate. Most ■of our Brigade were bachelors — unless Michelet's idea of bachelordom, as represented in "L' Am our," be correct — and enthusiastic members of the anti-matrimonial school of philosophy.

The unwedded bore camp-life resignedly and cheerfully ; but the Benedicks seemed delighted with it, because, as the most confirmed celibates declared, they then had an excuse for absenting themselves from their domestic hearths, and, to use that exquisitely satirical phrase, the "blessings of connubial life."

CAMP-LIFE AT SYKAOUSE, MO. 29

Chapter III. Camp-life At Syracuse, Mo

Effects of Camp-Life. — Sentimental Reflections on "War. — A Modern Penthesilea. — "Woman's Military Influence Beautifully Exemplified. — The Rural Females of Missouri. — Their Unpoetic Appearance.