An essay on elocution : designed for the use of schools and private learners

Front matter

H. E. BARKER

ILincolniana

1922 South Hobart Boulevard

Preface

A PREFACE is to the reader, what a fence is to a horse, when it obstructs his progress to a field of sprouting herbage, which he considers himself justifiable to enter by leaping over the barrier. The reader wades through a long preface with as much reluctance, as he would pass through the ordeal of a ceremonious introduction to a large assemblage of guests, when invited to dine with a stranger. This repugnance to preface-reading, doubtless arises out of the fact, that prefaces are generally dull, and often but the prelude to a still duller book.

To the author, a preface is considered as privileged ground. Upon this arena, he deems himself at liberty to act without restraint — to tyrannise over the time and patience of his reader, by giving a loose rein to his fancy, and by pursuing a course as wayward and foreign to the subject before him as either his pedantry or his vanity may dictate. In the after pages of his work, he considers himself under obligation occasionally to cast a sidelong glance at the subject he is professing to discuss, and to pay some little respect to the laws of unity, and to a systematick arrangement of his thoughts. We cannot, therefore, but admire this bountiful provision secured to him by the power of custom, by which provision he is allowed, after having toiled through the tedious task of manufacturing a ponderous volume, here to throw off the shackles, and revel over this licensed corner of his field, and become as familiar, and egotistical, and inane, as his conscience and 'his common sense will permit. But it might be well for some writers (myself included, undoubtedly) to consider that custom is a

IV PREFACE.

fickle dame, and that reason is not always found in alliance with her.

On this subject, however, custom has not been so parsimonious as to confine her liberality exclusively to the author. If she has granted him the privilege of being dull and prolix in his preface, she has as obligingly favoured the reader with the privilege of escaping from his prefatory dullness and prolixity, by skipping over them, and by commencing at the proper beginning of his book. And now, with becoming candour, I announce to my very gentle reader, that if he begins to grow weary of my own prosing, I shall not deem it unkind or uncourteous in him, should he avail himself of his privilege by breaking off at the close of this sentence, and by turning over to the pages which follow this my prelusive disemboguement; for, on the score of prolixity, I do not hold myself bound, under cover of my privilege, to show him any mercy. I have on hand a bundle of disorderly and incoherent ideas which are quite clamorous to be released from bondage; and being very conscientious, and compassionate withal, I seldom have the hardihood to turn a deaf ear to the cries of the distressed. It is, therefore, altogether for the purpose of fulfilling a moral duty, that I give these fugitives their freedom, and allot them a place in this, the most suitable, part of my work.

Prefaces generally open with a stupid apology for the sin of boring the publick with another book. But a book should be its own and its only apologist. If it is well written, and its subject is important, it needs no apology; but if the reverse — if its manufacturer has arrogated to himself the dignity and responsibility of authorship without considering whether he is able to manage his subject in a more masterly manner than his predecessors have done, or even if he has deceived himself in his estimate of his own abilities, an apology, so far from shielding him from rebuke for

PREFACE. V

his daring perpetrations with pen and ink, will but serve as so much dead weight to sink still lower his drowning cause.

An apology is generally deemed a mark of modesty in an author; but whether he render in this token of diffidence as an atonement for the transgression of thrusting himself between his predecessors and the publick, or whether he boldly assert his superiority over them, is of little moment; for, by the very act of writing and publishing, he asswnes such superiority.

Of all the "labours done under the sun," the labours of the pen meet with the poorest reward. Even in this age of much light and more reading, an author is often compelled to live on short allowance, and trudge on foot, whilst his more fortunate bookseller revels in luxury, and rolls along in his coach. An ignorant fellow may easily grow rich by selling almanacks, tape, toys, turnips, and teakettles, where a talented author would starve.

Writers of dull books, however, if patronised at all, are rewarded beyond their deserts. We are under no obligation to sympathize with those authors who have "passed their nights without sleep, in order to procure it for their readers." The cumbrous labours of such men prove unavailing, from an apparently trifling difference of opinion be^ tween them and the world which they attempt to enlighten. With an honest zeal they maintain, that their productions are brilliant, but the world perversely denounces them as execrable: and thus, merely by being outvoted, their ponderous tomes soon lumber down into the tomb of forgetfulness. As in raising grain, the quantity of sound wheat is diminished by a rank growth of the straw, so, in the pro^ duction of books, the amount of solid information they con^ tain, seems to decrease in proportion to the fecundity of the crop.

By reflecting upon the pains and .penalties of book-mak- 1*

VI PREFACE.

ing, and the deplorable fate which awaits the vast majority who join the crafty one might naturally conclude, that the experiment of authorship has become so hazardous as to deter fresh adventurers from entering the field; but such a conclusion is so far from being justified by facts, that it would seem as if the number of authors were increased in a ratio corresponding with the increase of the difficulties and dangers which beset their path. Indeed, in modern times, authorship has become a mania, or, perhaps I should say, an epidemick, which appears to be infectious, and which threatens to inundate our land, and leave it encumbered with sand and rubbish.

To the no small annoyance of the community, this alarming malady has particularly affected the honourable fraternity of teachers; and thereby plunged many a thriving family into deep — mystification and doubt. When one of them happens to blunder on to the track of a straggling idea that he deems unique, or to get hold of a foolish conceit, or a new-fangled notion, every intellectual current in his cranium runs riot, and gives him no rest, until he has it written out and — printed. Hence, the onerous amount of maudlin abortions in the sliape of school-books which is annually disgorged from the press. Without once taking into consideration the enormous difference between carping at the deficiencies, and condemning the faults, of others, and that of avoiding faults and supplying deficiencies , and, losing sight, also, of the important truism, that knowledge derived from experience, in order to subserve any useful purpose either in authorship, or in its application to business, must be drawn from successful experience, many of these bookmongers seem to take it for granted, that, to be able to raise plausible objections to the books that have fallen in their way, and to profess experience in teaching a particular science, constitute the grand climacterick of all that is re-

PREFACE. VU

quisite in order to form a successful writer upon that science. But it is not the man who has merely taught, or who has taught long, or who is able to point out defects in authors, that is capable of enlightening the world in the respective sciences which have engaged his attention; but the man who has taught well. It is the man of genius and enterprise, he who has brought to the task of his calling uncommon powers of discrimination and a sound judgment, and whose ambition has led him, not to rest sati&fied with following the tedious routine of his predecessors, but to strike out a new and a better track, or, at least, to render smoother and brighter the path long trodden. It is to such men, and such only, that we are indebted for all our great improvements in the construction of elementary works for schools and private learners.

Book-makers are too often like office-seekers, who first procure the place, and then bethink themselves of the qualifications necessary to the discharge of its duties. They too frequently set down merely to make a book, without considering, either the importance of the undertaking, or whether they possess the qualifications requisite for its successful accomplishment. But the course pursued by such writers, is as evidently inverted as that which would induce one to read a discourse backwards, or to commence a speech with the peroration, and close it with the exordium, or to attempt to discover the sources of the Nile, by strolling down the banks of the Scamander. There is not, perhaps, a more prevalent and mischievous errour than that which supposes the writers of bad books to be an innocent set of beings, who do little or no harm, unless, indeed, it is that which imagines that the authors of good books, are generally rewarded according to their merit. Bad books are like bad medicines, which, when they do no good, are sure to produce ill effects. If bad books were

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entirely neutral, they would, of course, have no evil tendency; but the misfortune is, they are much read, and lead their unfortunate votaries into errour. One who is pursuing the path of errour, is certainly farther from truth than he was before he set out, for it leads directly from her temple; and before he can enter this temple, he has to retrace his steps.

But does not the puhlick always discriminate between merit and demerit, and distribute its rewards accordingly? Far from it. The publick is, indeed, a potent umpire, and one that opens a liberal purse to its favourites; but to its greatest benefactors, it generally proves a heartless tyrant, by taking care, that they shall first be duly starved to death, and then handed over to posterity for their rewards, which come in the shape of monuments, reared to perpetuate their memories.

The truth is, the general mass are not proper judges of books. Hence, their liability to be gulled. How often are they robbed of their time, by poring over pages of trifling, inane, and uninstructive matter — to the perversion of their taste and the debasement of their minds — when this mispent time, were it devoted to the perusal of works filled with sound sense and solid instruction, would afibrd them an intellectual banquet from which they might arise with minds refreshed and richly stored with that wisdom which adorns and dignifies human nature, elevates man to his proper rank in the scale of being, and qualifies him to fulfil, with honour and usefulness, his various offices in life.

But school-hooks, more especially, as they fall into the hands of children and youth — of such as peculiarly need lights to guide them, and encouragements to excite them, when defective or erroneous, are more pernicious than any others; for they prove either false guides, which lead their readers astray, or no guides, which leave them in darkness.

PREFACE. IX

Hence, such books are worse than no books. What, then, is to be done, in order to avert the evil influence of bad books — an evil which has been rapidly increasing ever since Cadmus had the kindness to invent letters? — If this evil cannot be remedied, surely it may be easily retarded in its progress. Let parents, and guardians, and publick functionaries, at once set themselves at work to elevate the profession of school-keeping to the rank and dignity of the other^ less important, learned professions, by increasing the salaries of instructers, so much as to enlist in this noble calling none but men of genuine talents and truly liberal acquirements, and, not only will bad books soon hide their diminished heads, but the youth of our country will receive twice as good an education as they now do, at a less expense^ because, in a far shorter time.

When we reflect upon the mighty influence which early impressions have over the minds and conduct of men, the importance of putting good books into the hands of the young, as well as, of giving them proper, oral instructions, presents itself with increased magnitude. Errours imbibed in early life, are seldom rooted out in riper years. As a mere pebble may turn the course of a stream at the fountain-head, so, a virtuous hint, or a poisonous errour, instilled into the mind of a youth, may not only influence his career through this life, by directing him into the path of honour and usefulness, or by leading him into the road of infamy and disgrace, but its influence may extend to his well or ill being through the endless ages of eternity.

It may be justly said, that teachers and authors, in no small degree, preside over the destinies of a free people. According to the bias which they give to the minds of those who receive instructions from them, they either exalt or lower the dignity of a nation. How high a meed of praise, then, does he merit, whose labours are successful in im-

PREFACE.

proving our systems of learning in such a manner as to give a new impetus to the intellectual energies of the rising generation! The seeds of knowledge which he sows, will be continually springing up in a more and more genial soil, as generation succeeds generation, and will produce more and more abundantly those luxuriant germs of liberty and science which adorn, and beautify, and polish, and exalt a free people. The benefits of his labours will shine forth with increasing lustre through those brilliant geniuses who will hereafter arise and pour fresh floods of light into the moral world — streams that will blaze along the track of time, bearing light and glory down to the remotest posterity.

When we take into consideration the vast and growing resources of our country, and associate them with the intellectual advancement she has already made, it may not be altogether forlorn to hope, nor chimerical to suppose, that the day is not remote in which the attention of our statesmen, and publick functionaries generally, will be more singly directed to the all-important object of raising our literary character to a far loftier height than has hitherto been attained by any nation. In such a day of prosperity as this, when it has become a moot point of national legislation how to dispose of surplus revenue — when the highest honours and rewards await the man of genius and scientifick enterprise, what but enlightened views and liberal measures can prevent literary, and scientifick, and political, and religious knowledge, from soon flowing through our land in channels broad and deep — knowledge, pure as the mountain rill, abundant as the waters of the ocean? What but the want of such views and such measures, can prevent this republick from soon raising a literary, as well as a political, standard that shall wave as a proud beacon to all the nations of the earth? I must confess my unwillingness to abandon the hope, that, to us such a day of national prosperity and lite-

PREFACE. XI

rary pre-eminence is rapidly rolling on — a day in which our statesmen will become far more enlightened and liberalized; when talented authors will be more substantially encouraged; the profession of teaching, elevated; and bad books, discarded; when our national dignity, rising in its literary greatness, will shed an undying halo of glory around our political horizon; when our publick institutions will extend their civilizing, and humanizing, and christianizing influence over every island, sea, and mountain, and penetrate the remotest corners of the earth — a day in which Europe, Asia, and Africa, will thankfully look up to her for light and direction, and be proud to imitate her noble example — an era of literary redemption, and the advent of science, in which national prejudices will be overthrown, national animosities, trampled down, national restrictions, rescinded, and the sons of science rise up in every republick, and kingdom, and country, and hold communion at the fountain of Apollo — in short, a literary millennium, in which the Alps will salute the Alleganies, the Himalayas will make obeisance to the Andes, the Niger, the Volga, the Ganges, and the Nile, will claim kindred with the Columbia, the Mississippi, and the Colorado, and the waters of the Caspian and of the Superiour, will rise up and embrace each other.

Courteous reader, lest, by this time, you may think me inclined to be garrulous, if not flighty^ upon topicks quite foreign to the subject before me, I will now put a bridle upon my wayward thoughts, and lead them directly into the channel marked out for preface-makers by the good old rules of criticism. Possibly the following pages will justify the conclusion, that the author of them does not possess the qualifications which he has prescribed as indispensable to the successful writer, and that, whilst he deals out his censures to others with an unsparing hand, he is himself

XU PREFACE.

guilty of greater faults than those he condemns. Everyone knows how much easier it is to point out faults, than to produce original excellencies. But whatever may be the defects of the work now merging into being, as author and compiler of it, I have one strong consolation, which is, that its utility will not depend alone on the efforts of my own talents. If the pages penned by myself, present little that is new and useful, a redeeming virtue may be claimed, by presenting in those which follow, much that has been long tried in the crucible of criticism, and which, like pure gold, has been found always to grow brighter by the process of refining.

It may not be altogether inappropriate, in passing, for me to explain the grounds on which is based the presumption of my coming forward to enrol my humble name upon the list of authors on Elocution. It is well known, that, but a few years ago, the tide of grammatical science, as it pertains to the English language, was at a very low ebb in our country, as well as in Great Britain. What the efforts of a few individuals have since done to swell this tide, and conduct it into the humblest walks of life, is equally known. Among those who have successfully laboured in the philological field, Mr. Lindley Murray stands forth in bold relief, undeniably at the head of the list. That the writer's own labours in the same field, have also contributed, in some degree, to effect that great revolution which has recently taken place in regard to the cultivation of grammatical science, and which so highly redounds to the honour and glory of the age in which we live, he is proud to believe. Since the days of Lowth, no other work on grammar, Murray's only excepted, has been so favourably received by the publick as his own.

As one proof of this he would mention, that within the last six years, it has passed through fifty editions. By its

PREFACE. Xiii

unfolding, and explaining, and applying the principles of grammar, it has brought this hitherto abstruse science within the reach of the humblest capacity, and thereby encouraged thousands, and tens of thousands, to acquire a knowledge of this important branch of learning, who, otherwise, would have passed it by with neglect.

In the interiour of Pennsylvania and the State of New- York, in the Western States, in the lower regions of the vast valley of the Mississippi, and in many other sections of our country into which the author's work has penetrated, and become the general text-book in grammar, the number of those who are now successfully cultivating a knowledge of this science, is nearly or quite ticice as great as it was before his treatise was introduced; and in many neighbourhoods, it has more than quadrupled. This flattering success, then, of his first essay in authorship, has encouraged him to adventure upon another branch of science which, for some years past, has particularly engaged his attention. That he is capable of doing ample justice to his present subject, he has not the vanity to imagine; but if his knowledge drawn from observation, and experience in teaching elocution, enable him so to treat the science as to call the attention of some to its cultivation, and induce others more capable than himself to write upon it, he will thereby contribute his mite towards rescuing from neglect a branch of learning which, in its important bearings upon the prosperity of the free citizens of this great republick, stands second to none: and thus, in the consciousness of having rendered a new service to his country, he will secure the reward of his highest ambition. Should this first edition be at all greeted by the friends of science, he will endeavour to improve his work, and ultimately send it forth with less imperfections resting upon its head.

Some may think, that, in a few instances, the author has

taken an undue liberty with the style of the writers whose

XIV PREFACE.

labours he has appropriated. But when it is considered, that this work is designed chiefly to be read in schools, where grammatical improprieties would be extremely injurious to the germinating taste of the young reader, it will doubtless be conceded, that the sacrilege of disturbing the monuments of the dead — the profanation of removing a little of the rust and rubbish which adhere to the precious gems of an antiquated, or even of a modern, author, is, on the whole, a lighter transgression than either to neglect to furnish the rich banquet, or to get it up in a slovenly manner.

The scientifick portion of this manual, is far more defective than it would have been, had not the author, since making arrangements for publishing it, been prevented, by unfavourable, unforeseen, and uncontrollable circumstances, from devoting half that time and attention to its composition and arrangement, which even a tolerable degree of excellence in execution, required. His highest aim has been to treat the subject briefly and practically; and thereby to render his work useful to such as have but little leisure to devote to this science.

In the selected part, he has endeavoured to present such pieces as are calculated to cultivate the taste, enlighten the understanding, improve the judgment, and establish the morals of the young, and, at the same time, to inspire them with a fondness for reading, and a desire to excel in the science of elocution.

In conclusipn, it affords the author no small degree of pleasure to acknowledge the obligation he is under to Dr. James Rush, who, with a liberality peculiar to superiour minds, and a courtesy exercised only by accomplished men, tendered to the author, in the compilation and arrangement of his work, sucli a use of his own, admirable treatise on the "Philosophy of the Human Voice," as he might think proper to make. This remark will sufficiently explain to the reader, the grounds of that license by which the author has drawn so many of his best materials from the rich depository alluded to.*

* It is the tlesi^ of the Author to pubHsh, in the course of a year or two, a Sb- QDKL to this work, and soon to follow that by a treatise on Rhetobick.

PART I. ELOCUTION. Page

Elocution — Introduction, 19

Articulation, 25

Distinctness, 26, 27, 28

Of the Elementary sounds, 29

Of the Radical and Vanishing

movements of the voice, 31

Of the Tonick, Subtonick, and

Atoniok element?, 32

Diphthongs and Monothongs, 33 Theory of Syllabication, 34

Of the unaccented Vowel sounds — defects in exploding them, 40, 41 Of the Consonant sounds, 42 Errour of blending syllables, 45 Pronunciation of and, 47 Suppression and perversion of elementary sounds to be guarded against, 49 Affected pronunciation of particular vowels, 49 to 52 Of Tones and Modulation, 59 to 72 Semitone, Monotone, 60 Interval, Qualities of voice.

Abruptness, Pitch, 61

Diatonick Scale, Note, Tone, Concrete and Discrete Slides, Radical Pitch, 61, 62, 75

Tones — Modulation, 64

Errours in regard to Pitch and

Tones—Affected Tones, 67 to 69 Errours in Modulation — Monotony, 71 Artificial — Uniform Variety, 71, 72 Inflections of the voice, Circumflex, Concrete Slides, 75 Rising Inflection or Slide, of a

third, fifth, and octave, 77

Falling Inflection, 77

Rules for the Inflections, 82 to 98

Page A Series — Simple, Compound,

Rules for the Simple Series, 93 Rules for the Compound do. 97 Rules for Series of Series, 98

Wrong Inflection capable of

perverting the sense, 100

Circumuex or Vv'ave, 104

Single and Double Wave, Continued, Equal, Direct, &c.

105, 106 Analysis of Force, 113, 115

Radical Stress, 115

Vanishing, Compound, and Median Stress, 116 Accent — Aspirate elements,

117, 118 Emphasis— General Rule, 119, 120 Do. Simple and Compound, 124 Do. Superiour and Inferiour, 125 Emphasis of Radical and Vanishing Stress, 127 Emphatick Inflections, 128 The Meaning of a passage dependant on Emphasis, 129 Of Time, 134 Of Quantity, 136 Of Rhetorical Pauses, 138 to 140 Of the Emphatick Pause, 141 Of Poetry and Versification, 142 Blank Verse, Poetick Feet, 142 Manner of reading Poetry —

Poetick Pauses, 144

On reading Blank Verse, 145

Caesural Pause, 146

Rhetorical Action, 151

General hints to the reader and

the speaker, 155

Hints on Pulpit Eloquence, 157

XVI

CONTENTS.

PART II. SELECTIONS IN PROSE AND POETRY. Page Paragraphs in Prose, 159

Manner of Reading do. 159

Alexander Hamilton, Webster, 162 Eloquence of Daniel Webster, 163 Moral Sentiments, 164

Paragraphs in Verse, 165

Ode to an Indian Gold Coin,

Dr. Leyden, 166 Parting of Zal and Hinda,

Moore, 167 A Dirge, Croly, 168

Hamlet's Reflections on Yor-

ick's Skull, Shakspeare, 169

Reflections on the Tomb of

Shakspeare, Irving, 169

On Studies, Lord Bacon, 170

Liberty and Slavery, Sterne, 172 On the Starry Keuvens, Flint, 173 Scenes in Italy, Lady Morgan, 176 Afiection for the Dead, Irving, 177 Character of Bonaparte,

Phillips, 179 Speech — Bunker-Hill Monument, Webster, 182 Hezekiah, King of Judah,

Gleig, 183 Destruction of Sennacherib's

Army, Byron, 186

Version of the same, Barlow, 187 Version of the same, ^ Byron, 188 Cardinal VVolsey's Soliloquy

on Ambition, Shakspeare, 189 Wolsey's Address to Cromwell, Shakspeare, 189 Hoheniinden, Campbell, 190 The Burial of Sir John Moore,

Wolfe, 191 Messiah, Pope, 192

•On receiving his Mother's Picture, Couper, 195 Man was made to Mourn, a

Dirge, Burns, 198

To the Skies, Bryant, 200

Musick of the Ocean,

Js''utional Gazette, 201 The Ocean at the Resurrection

Morn, Pollock, 202

Address to the Ocean, Byron, 204 Colloquial Powers of Doctor Franklin, Wirt, 207

Page Intellectual Qualities of Milton, Channing, 208 Hamlet's Advice to the Players, Shakspeare, 210 Efficacy of the Sacred Scriptures, Wayland, 211 St. John, chapter 9, 214 Industry necessary to the Attainment of Eloquence, Ware, 216 On Eloquence, Wirt, 218 Caspar Hauser, 221, 224, 230 Traits of Indian Character,

Irving, 240, 243 Speech of Logan, Jefferson, 247 Speech of Farmer's Brother, 248 Red Jacket, Halleck, 249

Version of the same. Watts, 252 St. John, chapter 12, 253

Version of the same, Moore, 253 There's nothing true but Heaven, Moore, 254 Secret Devotion, Moore, 254 The Soul in Eternity, Byron, 255 Henry the Fourth's Soliloquy

on Sleep, Shakspeare, 255

Apostrophe to Light, Milton, 256 Darkness, Byron, 257

Lochiel's Warning, Campbell, 259 Gray's Elegy, 261

Stanzas, Dr. Percival, 264

Dedications, Lord Bacon, 266

Reflections on Westminster

Abbey, Addison, 267

Reflections on do. Irving, 269

On Subscribing for Books,

Flint, 272 On Natural and Fantastical

Pleasures, Guardian, 274

Thoughts on Death, Bacon, 277 On Ugly Women, 281, 284

Philosophy of Apparitions,

quarterly Rerieic, 288, 291 Perpetuity of the Church,

Dr. Mason, 294 Letter to the Earl of Chesterfield, Dr. Johnson, 296 RoUa's Speech to the Peruvians, Sheridan, 297 Speech of CaiusMarius to the Romans, 298

• CONTENTS AND KEY. XVll

Reply of Mr. Pitt to Walpole, 301, The Sailor Boy's Dream, 319

On the Death of Gen. Hamil

ton, Dr. Mtt, 302

Webster's Speech in reply to

Hayp.e, 304

The Broken Heart, Irving, 307 Speech of Robert Emmet, 309

Brutus' Harangue on the Death

of Cesar, Shakspeare, 314

Antony's Oration over Cesar's

Dead Body, Shakspeare, 315

Speech of Henry the Fifth,

Shakspeare, 317 Parting of the Three Indian

Friends, Moore, 318

Hamlet's Soliloquy on Death,

Shakspeare, 320 Cato's Soliloquy on the Immortality of the Soul, Addison, 321 The Dying Christian to his

Soul, Pope, 322

The Alhambra by Moonlight,

Irving, 323 Moslem Domination in Spain,

Irving, 324 Thoughts on Hand-Writing,

Verplanck, 327 The Monk, Sterne, 332

Story of Le Fever, Sterne, 334

KEY

To the Characters Employed in this Work*

The Falling Inflection of the voice is indicated by the grave accent: thus, _-.-.- > The Rising Inflection, by the acute accent: - _ - / The Circumflex or Wave, by the circumflex: - • . - A tonick or vowel sound that is to be prolonged, by this charac*

ter - placed over the vowel: thus, - - - aeioii

A short vowel sound, by this ^ placed over the vowel: thus, a e i o u The shortest Rhetorical Pause, by two dots; ( . • ) A longer Rhetorical Pause, by f/jree; (•••) - • •••

A longer still, by four: (....) - - -- ....

Words italicised, are to receive a moderate degree of emphatick