The history of Napoleon Bonaparte

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Preface

The history of Napoleon has often been written by his enemies. This narrative is from the pen of one who reveres and loves the Emperor. The writer admires Napoleon because he abhorred war, and did every thing in his power to avert that dire calamity ; because he merited the sovereignty to which the suffrages of a grateful nation elevated him ; because he consecrated the most extraordinary energies ever conferred upon a mortal to promote the prosperity of his country ; because he was regardless of luxury, and cheerfully endured all toil and all hardships that he might elevate and bless the masses of mankind ; because he had a high sense of honor, revered religion, respected the rights of conscience, and nobly advocated equality of privileges and the universal brotherhood of man. Such was the true character of Napoleon Bonaparte. The narrative contained in these pages is offered as a demonstration of the truth of this assertion.

The world has been bewildered by the contradictory views which have been presented of Napoleon. Hostile historians have stigrnatized him as a usurper, while admitting that the suffrages of the nation placed him on the throne ; they have denounced him a tyrant inexorable as Nero, while admitting that he won the adoring love of his subjects ; he is called a bloodthirsty monster, delighting in war, yet it is confessed that he was, in almost every conflict, struggling in self-defense and imploring peace ; it is said that his insatiable ambition led him to trample remorselessly upon the rights of other nations, while it is confessed that Europe was astonished by his moderation and generosity in every treaty which he made with his vanquished foes ; he is described as a human butcher, reckless of suffering, who regarded his soldiers merely as food for powder, and yet, on the same page, we are told that he wept over the carnage of the battle-field, tenderly pressed the hand of the dying, and won from those soldiers who laid down their lives in his service a fervor of love which earth has never seen paralleled ; it is recorded that France at last became weary of him and drove him from the throne, and in the next paragraph we are informed that, as soon as the bayonets of the Allies had disappeared from France, the whole nation rose to call him back from his exile, with unanimity so unprecedented, that without the shedding of one drop of blood he traversed the whole of France, entered Paris, and reascended the throne ; it is affirmed that a second time France, weary of his despotism, expelled him, and yet it is at the same time recorded that ly PREFACE.

this same France demanded of his executioners his beloved remains, received them with national enthusiasm, consigned them to a tomb in the very bosom of its capital, and has reared over them such a mausoleum as honors the grave of no other mortal. Such is Napoleon as described by his enemies. The judgment which the reader will form of the Emperor will depend upon the answer he gives to the three following questions :

1 . Did Napoleon usurp the sovereignty of France ?

2. Having attained the supreme power, was he a tyrant, devoting that power to the promotion of his own selfish aggrandizement ?

3. Were the wars in which he was incessantly engaged provoked by his arrogance ?

These are the questions to be settled ; and documentary evidence is so strong upon these points, that even the blindest prejudice must struggle with desperation to resist the truth. The reason is obvious why the character of Napoleon should have been maligned. He was regarded justly as the foe of aristocratic privilege. The English oligarchy was determined to crush him. After deluging Europe in blood and woe, during nearly a quarter of a century, for the accomplishment of this end, it became necessary to prove to the world, and especially to the British people, who were tottering beneath the burden of taxes which these wars engendered, that Napoleon was a tyrant, threatening the liberties of the world, and that he deserved to be crushed. All the Allies who were accomplices in this iniquitous crusade were alike interested in consigning to the world's execration the name of their victim ; and even in France, the reinstated Bourbons, sustained upon the throne by the bayonets of the Allies, silenced every voice which would speak in favor of the monarch of the people, and rewarded with smiles, and opulence, and honor, all who would pour contempt upon his name. Thus we have the unprecedented spectacle of all the monarchies of Europe most deeply interested in calumniating one single man, and that man deprived of the possibility of reply. The writer surely does not expect that he can thus speak in behalf of the Emperor and not draw upon himself the most vehement assaults. Claiming the privilege of expressing his own views freely, he cheerfully grants that privilege to others. It is even pleasant to share the reproach of one who is unjustly assailed.

It would, indeed, be a bitter disappointment to the author of this work should it not prove to be a powerful advocate of the cause of peace. It is impossible to frame a more impressive argument against the folly of war than the details of the crimes and woes of these awful wars waged by the Allies against the independence of France. All who engaged in them alike suffered. Multitudes which can not be numbered perished in every form of mutilation and agony upon the field of battle. From millions of homes a wail of anguish was extorted from the hearts of widows and orphans louder than the thunders of Marengo or of Waterloo. All Europe was impoverish-

PREFACE. V

ed. Brutal armies swept, like demons of destruction, over meadows and hill sides, trampling the harvest of the husbandman, burning villages, bombarding cities, and throwing shot and shells into thronged streets, into galleries of art, and into nurseries where mothers, and maidens, and infants cowered in an agony of terror.

War is the science of destruction. Millions were absolutely beggared. Every nation was, in turn, humiliated and weakened. England, the soul of this conflict, the unrelenting inciter of these wars, protected by her navy and by her insular position, succeeded, by the aid of enormous bribes, in inducing other nations to attack France in the rear, and thus to draw the armies of the Emperor from the shores of Britain. Thus the hour of her punishment was postponed. But the day of retribution is at hand. England now groans beneath the burden of four thousand million dollars of debt. This weighs upon her children with a crushing pressure which is daily becoming more insupportable.

The plan of this book is very simple. It is a plain narrative of what Napoleon did, with the explanations which he gave of his conduct, and with the record of such well-authenticated anecdotes and remarkable sayings as illustrate his character. The writer believes that every incident here recorded, and every remark attributed to Napoleon, are well authenticated. He is not aware of any well-established incident or remark which would cast a different shade upon his character that has been omitted. The historian is peculiarly liable to the charge of plagiarism. He can only record facts and describe scenes which he gleans from public documents and from the descriptions of others. There is no fact, incident, or conversation narrated in these pages which may not be found elsewhere ; and it is impossible to narrate events already penned by the ablest writers, and to avoid all similarity of expression.

The writer can not conclude this Preface without expressing his obligations to Mr. C. E. Doepler, for the beautiful series of illustrations which accompany the work, and also to Mr. Jacob Wells for the maps which he has so accurately constructed.

It has been the endeavor of the author, during the progress of the work,

not to write one line which, dying, he would wish to blot. In that solemn

hour it will be a solace to him to reflect that he has done what he could to

rescue one of the greatest and noblest of names from unmerited obloquy.

John S. C. Abbott.

Brunswick, Maine, 1854.

Chapter I. Childhood And Youth

Corsica — Charles Bonaparte — Family Home — Birth of Napoleon — Death of his Father — Napoleon's Estimate of Maternal Influence — Country Residence — Napoleon's Grotto — His Disposition— His Mother's Dignity — Her Character drawn by Napoleon — Anecdote — Qount Marbosuf — Giacominetta — Napoleon enters the School at Brienne — Early Espousal of Republican Principles— Love of severe Study — Contempt for Novel Reading — Religious Education — Snow Fortification — The disobedient General — Intimacy of Paoli and Napoleon — The Writing-master — Love of Retirement — -Appointment in the Army — Mademoiselle de Colombier — Kindness of a Genoese Lady and its Requital — Avowal of Republican Sentiments — Anecdote — Serious Embarrassment— Soiree at M. Neckar's — Napoleon's Reply to the Bishop of Autun — Its Effect — Visit to Corsica — The Water Excursion Page 17

Chapter II. Dawning Greatness

Salicetti — Magnanimous Revenge — Attack upon the Tuileries — Key to the Character of Napleon — Foundation of the American Republic — Anecdotes — Interview between Paoli and Napoleon — Napoleon taken Prisoner — Paoli and Madame Letitia — Embarkation of the Bonaparte Family — The English conquer Corsica — Love of Napoleon for his Island Home — Surrender of Toulon to England — The French besiege Toulon — Napoleon's Plan for its Capture — his indomitable Energy — Regardlessness of himself — The Volunteers — Junot — Assault and Capture of Little Gibraltar — Evacuation of Toulon — Lawlessness of the Soldiers — Inhuman Execution — Anecdote 41

Chapter III. The Austrians Eephi.sed, And The Insurrection Quelled

Ceaseless Activity of Napoleon — Promotion — Departure for Nice — Attack upon the Austrians — Arrest of Napoleon and Deprival of his Commission — Temptation and Relief — Defeat of the Army of Italy — Studious Character of Bonaparte — His Kindness of Heart — Infidelity in France — New Constitution — Terror of the Convention — Napoleon is presented to the Convention — Preparations — Results — New Government — Napoleon's Attention to his Mother — Pithy Speech 58

Chapter IV

FIRST CAMPAIGN IN ITALY. PIEDMONT.

Napoleon's Appearance and Character — His Benevolence — Josephine Beauhamais — Eugene — Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine — Napoleon takes Command of the Army of Italy — Departure from Paris — Feeling in England — State of the Army at Nice — Ascendency of Napoleon over his Generals and Soldiers — Influence of Letitia — Napoleon's Designs — His Proclamation — Toils and Suffermgs of the Army — Efforts to win the Friendship of the Italians — Battle at Cera — Haughty Treatment of the Sardinian Commissioners — Proclamations 71

Chapter V. Pursuit Of The Austrians

Strong Temptation of Napoleon — His Wishes for Italy — Sensation in Paris — Remembrance of Josephine — Conditions with the Duke of Parma — Napoleon outgenerals Beaulieu — The Bridge of Lodi — Its terrible Passage — Entrance into Milan — Support of the Army — The Courier — Letter to Oriani— Appointment of Kellerman — Insurrection at Milan — Banasco — Pavia — The Venetian Bribe^Lofty Ambition — Origin of the Imperial Guard — Terms with the Pope 88

Vjij CONTENTS.

Chapter VI. Siege Of Mantua

Mantua— Trent— Raising the Siege of Mantua — Lonato — Castiglione — Letter to the People of Lombardy — The Austrian Flag of Truce — The faithful Sentinel — Movements of Wurmser— Battle of St George — Anecdotes — Love of the Soldiers for their General — Influence of England— New Austrian Army collected — Appeal to the Directory — Herculean Labors — Cispadano Republic — Napoleon's attachment to Corsica Page 109

CHAPTER Vll.

THE CAPTUKE OF MANTUA.

Napoleon at Verona — Rebuke of Vaubois' Division — The intercepted Messenger — The Storm of the Elements and of War — The Retreat — Battle of Areola — Devotion of Napoleon's Generals — Letter to the Widow of Muiron — The Miniature — Message to the Pope — Madame De Stael — Napoleon's Frugality — Threat of Alvinzi, and Retort of Napoleon — Rivoli — The Capitulation — Napoleon's Delicacy toward Wurmser — The Papal States humbled — The Image at Loretto — Prince Pignatelli — Terror of Pius VI. — Singular Moderation of the Conqueror 125

Chapter VIII. The March Upon Vienna

Humane Advice to Venice — Honor to Virgil — Proclamation — -Prince Charles — Tagliamento — Stratagem — Enthusiasm of the Soldiers — Battle of Tarwis — Retreat of the Archduke. — Refusal of Napoleon's Overtures for Peace — Consternation in Vienna — Negotiations for Peace — Revolt of Venice — Venetian Envoys — Napoleon Conqueror of Italy — Valteline — Power of Napoleon : 145

Chapter IX. The Couet Of Milan

Napoleon's tireless Activity — Conference at Campo Formic — The Court of Milan — Happiness of Josephine — Temptations — Jealousy of the Directory — Proclamation — Appearance of the young General — Rastadt — Advice to his Troops — Arrival at Paris — Quiet private Life — Delivery of the Treaty — Reply to the Institute — England pertinaciously refuses Peace — Abuse of Napoleon by the English Press — Uneasiness of the Directory in view of the Popularity of Napoleon. . . . 158

Chapter X. The Expedition To Egypt

Dreams of Napoleon's Boyhood — Decision respecting England — Egypt — Napoleon's Plea His

grand Preparations — Proclamation to his Soldiers — Advice to the Commissioners at Toulon

Embarkation — Napoleon's Power of Fascination — Surrender of Malta — Preparations for meeting Nelson's Squadron — Disembarkation at Alexandria — Proclamation to the Soldiers 1 73

Chapter XI. The March To Cairo

Sentiments of the Turks toward Napoleon — rProclamation to the Egyptians Napoleon's Views ot

Religion — Labors in Alexandria — Order to Brueys — March across the Desert — Mameluke Horsemen— Joy of the Army on seeing the Nile — Repulse of the Mamelukes — Arab Sheik— Cairo- Charge of Mourad Bey — Entrance into Cairo — Love of the Egyptians — Battle of the Nile

Touching Letter to Madame Brueys jgg

Chapter XII. The Syrian Expedition

Government of Deaaix— Excursion to the Red Sea— Combination against Napoleon— Insurrection in Cairo— The Dromedary Regiment— Terrible Sufferings— El Arish— Dilemma— Joy of the Soldiers at Rain— Jaffa— Council of War— Statement of Bourrienne— March upon Acre— Letter to Achmet— Plague— Charge upon the Band of Kleber— Arrival of Napoleon— Tempting Offer of Sir Sydney Smith — The Bomb-shell 204

CONTENTS. ix

Chapter XIII. The Siege Abandoned

Terrible Butchery — Bitter Disappointment — Napoleon's Magnanimity to his Foes — Hostility against Dueling — Proclamation — The French retire from Acre — Humanity of Napoleon to the Sick — Baron Larrey — Indignation of Napoleon — He arrives at Cairo — The Arab Courier —

* Land Victory at Aboukir — Bonaparte determines on returning to France Page 223

CHAPTER XIV. THE EETtlEN FROM EGYPT

Political State of France — Napoleon's Estimate of Men — Peril of the Voyage — Napoleon's Devotion to Study — Answer to the Atheists — Testimony to the Religion of Jesus Christ — Arrival at Corsica — Landing at Frejus — Sensation at Paris on receiving the News — Enthusiasm of the Populace — Anguish of Josephine — Enthusiastic Reception of Napoleon by the Parisians — Interview between Napoleon and Josephine 238

Chapter XV. The Overthrow Of The Directory

Political Intrigues — Efforts for the Overthrow of the Directory — Affectionate Remembrance of Josephine— Success of Napoleon's Plans — Bonaparte in the Hall of Ancients — His Calnmess in the Council of Five Hundred — His Humanity — Delicate Attention to Josephine — Alison's Tribute to Napoleon 258

Chapter XVI. The Consular Throne

Causes of the Failure of Republicanism in France — Meeting of the three Consuls — The Consuls and the Gold — Napoleon visits the Temple — Recalls the banished Priests — The shipwrecked Emigrants — Liberty of Conscience — Constitution presented by Napoleon — Removal to the Tuileries — Selection of state Officers — Sympathy with the People — Emptiness of Bonaparte's private Purse — Thoughts on Washington and the United States — Vast Plans of Improvement — War in La Vendee 272

Chapter XVII. Pacific Overtures Of Napoleon

Letter of Napoleon to the King of England — Lord Grenville's Reply — Dignified Answer through Talleyrand — Irritating Response of Lord Grenville — Desires of the French respecting their Government— Remarks of Mr. Fox in the British Parliament — Reply of William Pitt — Letter to the Emperor of Austria — Renewed Endeavors of the Allies to conquer Napoleon 291

Chapter XVIII. / Court Of The First Consul

Letter of Louis XVIII. to Napoleon— His Reply— The Duchess of Guiche— Conversation of Napoleon and Bourrienne — Memorable Words of the First Consul — M. Defeu — The wealthy Nobleman— Magnanimous Conduct of the First Consul — A Day at the Tuileries — Napoleon's prompt Measures for the Purity of his Court 299

Chapter XIX. Crossing The Alps

Renewed Attacks by England and Austria — Proclamation — Generosity to Moreau — Napoleon's Plans for himself — English Caricatures — Pass of the Great St. Bernard — Grand Preparations — Enthusiastic Toil of the Soldiers — The young Peasant 310

Chapter XX. Marengo

The Fort of Bard — Consternation of Melas — Solicitude of Napoleon — Proclamation — Desaix — Montebello — Arrival of Desaix — Terrific Battle — Death of Desaix — Consequences of War —

X CONTENTS.

Instinctive outburst of Emotion — Letter to the Emperor of Austria — Terms of Capitulation — Napoleon enters Milan — Enthusiastic Reception in Paris Page 320

Chapter XXI. Hohenlinden

Duplicity of Austria — Obstinacy of England — Responsibility of Pitt — Battle of Hohenlinden — Treaty of Luneville — Testimony of Scott and Alison — Universality of Napoleon's Genius — Letter of General Durosel — The infernal Machine — Josephine's Letter — Absurd Reports — Madame Junot — Hortense 33b

Chapter XXII. Peace With England

Treaty vpith the United States — Election of Pope — The Queen of Naples — Coronation of the King and Queen of Etruria — Madame de Montesson — Right of Search — Heroism of Nelson — Death of the Emperor Paul — Succors for Egypt — Condition of England — Determination of Napoleon — Uneasiness in England — The Sailor's Mistake — CornwaUis — Terms of Peace — Napoleon's Attachment to Fox 348

Chapter XXIII. National Kefoems

General Exultation — Lord Comwallis — Mr. Fox — Deputies from Switzerland — Intellectual Supremacy of Napoleon — Address to the Swiss Deputies — The English in Paris — Dissatisfaction of the English Aristocracy — Joy of the People — Napoleon's Defense of Christianity — Testimony of the Encyclopffidia Americana and of Mr. Fox — The Tones of the Church Bell — The New Pope — Religious Library of Napoleon — Re-establishment of Christianity — Noble Proclamation — Religious Fete — Triumphal Monument proposed — Testimony of Lady Morgan — Moral Reforms — Testimony of Ingersoll 363

Chapter XXIV. First Consul For Life

Peace in France — Trials of Josephine — State of Morals — Josephine's Plans for Hortense Louis

Bonaparte — Italian Republic — Congress at Lyons — Incessant Activity of Napoleon — Solicitude of England — Schools — Origin of the Decoration of the Legion of Honor — Election as First Consul for Life — Reproof to Lucien and Eliza — Review — Renewal of Difficulties with England . 374

Chapter XXV. Rdptdre Op The Peace Op Amiens

Congratulations sent to Napoleon — Dissatisfaction of the English Government — Peltier, the Bourbon Pamphleteer — The Algerines — Violation of the Treaty of Amiens by England Remonstrances of Fox — Indignation of Napoleon — Defenseless Condition of France — Interview with

Lord Whitworth — England commences the War — Testimony of Ingersoll — of Thiers of Haz-

Jitt — of Scott — of Alison — of Lockhart — Remarks of Napoleoi) 394

Chapter XXVI. The Camp At Boulogne

Verdict of History — Power of England — Seizure of French Ships — Retaliatory Seizure of English Travelers — Preparations for the Invasion of England — Tour through Belgium — Plans for crossing

the Straits of Dover — The young English Sailor — The Secretary — The Camp at Boulogne Con-

^emation of England — Testimony of Wellington — Plans for the Assassination of Bonaparte 406

Chapter XXVII. The Bourbon Conspiracy

Conspiracies in London — Countenanced by the British Ministers — Jealousy of Moreau Plan of

the Conspirators — Moreau and Pichegru — Clemency of Napoleon — Evidence against the Duke d'Enghien — Arrest of the Duke — His Trial — Condemnation — Execution — Trial of Moreau— Hia

Exile — Testimony of Joseph Bonaparte — Remarks from Encyclopaedia Americana Extravagant

Denunciation of Lamartine 4jg

CONTENTS. xi

Chapter XXVIII. The Imperial Theone

Desire for the Empire — Decree of the Senate — Address of Cambac^res — Reply of Napoleon — Fete at Boulogne — Naval Battle — Letter to the Pope — His Reception at Paris — Religious Sanction of the Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine — Coronation — The Empire Page 439

Chapter XXIX. The Throne Of Italy

A"apoleon's Letter to the King of England — Wishes of the Cisalpine Republic — Journey of the Emperor and Empress to Italy — Coronation at Milan — Dispatches Intercepted — Napoleon and the Peasant — Picture of a Day — Napoleon's Designs for France — Anecdotes — Conversation with Las Casas 449

Chapter XXX. Campaign Of Ulm

Causes for the Misrepresentations of Napoleon's Character^ Independence of the American Historian — Admission of Napier — Treachery of Austria — Breaking up from Boulogne — Address to the Senate — Comparison of Forces — Proclamation — Anecdote — Reply to the Austrian Officer — •_ Madame Marboeuf — Interview of the Emperor and the Austrian Prince — Conference with General Mack — Address to the Austrian Officers — Proclamation — Testimony of Bourrienne — The young Engineer — Justice of Napoleon 461

Chapter XXXI. Austeelitz

Peril of the Emperor — Oath of Alexander and Frederick William — Daring Energy of Napoleon — Anniversary of the Coronation— Untiring Activity of Napoleon — Proclamation — His Vigilance — Battle of Austerlitz — Interview between the French and Austrian Emperors — Touching Anecdote— Magnanimity of Napoleon — Proclamation — Disappointment of the Authorities at Paris — William Pitt — Generosity of the Emperor — Letters to Josephine 475

CHAPTER XXXn.

ANNEXATIONS AND ALLIANCES.

The Emperor on his Return from Austerlitz — Letter to the Minister of Finance — Napoleon's Labors for the Improvement of France — Religious Character and Thoughts of the Emperor — Deputation from Genoa — Its Annexation to France — Conduct of Naples — Insolence of the European Kings — Proclamation — Dilemma — Holland — Cisalpine Republic — The Government of Eugene — Piedmont — Ambition of Napoleon — Necessity of Allies for France — Consciousness of the Emperor of the Uncertainty of his Position- — Confederation of the Rhine — Attack on Spanish Ships — Battle of Trafalgar — Fox — Difficulty of making Peace with England — Death of Fox .... 487

Chapter XXXIII. Jena And Aueestadt

A new Coalition formed against France^ — Remarks in the Moniteur — The two antagonistic Forces existing in Europe — Letter to the King of Prussia — Ascent of the Landgrafenberg — Perfidy of Spain — Intercepted Dispatches — Battles of Jena and Auerstadt — Peril of the Prussian King — Amazing Victory of Napoleon — Address to the Saxons — The Duchess of Weimar — Opinion of Women — Sword of Frederick the Great — Letters to Josephine 503

Chapter XXXIV. The Field Of Eylad

Unavailing Appeal of Napoleon — Paper Blockade — Report of the French Minister — The Berlin

Decree Retaliatory Measures of France and England — Testimony of Alison — Proclamation to

the desponding Soldiers — Message to the Senate — Petitions of the Poles — Embarrassing Situation of Nanoleon — Encampment on the Vistula.^Care for the Soldiers — Battle of Eylau — The old Grenadier— Touching Anecdotes — Letters to Josephine 519

XI] CONTENTS.

Chapter XXXV

Renewed Offers of Peace— Address to the Legislative Body in Paris— Proclamation— Offers of Austria — Napoleon's Reply — Employments at Osterode — Madame de Stael — Temple of the Madeleine — Foresight of the Emperor — Letters — English Diplomacy at Constantinople — Dantzic— Attack of the Allies— Friedland— Russia sues for Peace— Address to the Army. . Page 538

Chapter XXXVI. The Peace Of Tilsit

Proposals for Peace— Raft at Tilsit— Intimacy of Napoleon and Alexander— The King of Prussia- Chagrin of the Queen — Treaty of Tilsit — Unfair Representations of English Historians — Return to Paris — General Rejoicing , 557

Chapter XXXVII. Political Views

Letter to Louis Bonaparte — Jerome Bonaparte — Abolition of the Tribunate — Napoleon in Council — Care of the Children of deceased Officers and Soldiers — Far-sighted Policy — Report of the Minister of the Interior 567

CHAPTER XXXVHI.

NAPOLEON IN COtTNCIL.

Untiring Industry of Napoleon — Letter to the Minister of the Interior — The Secretary — Meeting of the Institute — Expenditures for the Improvement of the City of Paris — The Code Napoleon — ^The Writings of the Emperor — The Painting by David — Plans for establishing a Democratic Aristocracy — Calumniations of Napoleon — Goldsmith's Life of the Emperor 579

Chapter XXXIX. Scenes In Paris

Levee at the Tuileries — The little Boy — Address to the Council of State — Speech of the President— Visit of the Emperor to the Female School — Heroism of a young Lady — Advice to Jerome, King of Westphalia — Napoleon's Remarks at St. Helena — Testimony of Lockhart — Sir Richard Cobden 592

Chapter XL. Negotiations With Alexander

England still rejects Peace — Bombardment of Copenhagen — Hopes of Peace blasted — Desires of Alexander — Communications with Caulaincourt — Proposed Conference — Decision of Napoleon respecting Turkey — Perplexity of Austria 600

ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. L

Page

1. The Birth-house of Napoleon 18

2. The Bonaparte Children 19

3. Napoleon at Brienne 24

4. The Snow Fort 26

5. Lieutenant Bonaparte 33

6. The Water Excursion 40

7. The Attack upon the Tuileries 45

8. The Emigrants 49

9. The Volunteer Gunners 53

10. Night Studies 60

1 1 . Napoleon before the Convention 67

12. The Amazon Discomfited 70

13. Napoleon and Eugene 78

14. Napoleon and his Generals 82

15. Napoleon on Mount Zemolo 85

16. The terrible Passage of the Bridge of

Lodi 94

17. Napoleon and the Courier 100

18. The Burning of Banasco 103

19. The Encampment 109

20. The Little Corporal and the Sentinel . . 115

21. The Solitary Bivouac 118

22. The dead Soldier and his Dog 120

23. The Marshes of Areola 129

24. The Passage of the Tagliamento 149

25. The Gorge of Neumarkt 152

26. The Venetian Envoys 154

27. The Conference Dissolved 159

28. The Court at Milan 161

29. The Triumphal Journey 164

30. The Delivery of the Treaty 166

31. The Pyramids 173

32. The Embarkation 178

33. The Distant Alps 179

34. The Disembarkation 184

35. The March through the Desert 190

36. Battle of the Pyramids 195

37. Studying the Ruins 203

38. The Escape from the Red Sea 205

39. The Dromedary Regiment 208

40. The Plague Hospital 216

41. The Bomb-shell 222

42. Arrival of the Courier 233

43. Napoleon and Kleber 236

44. The Return 238

45. The Return Voyage 243

46. Napoleon and the Atheists 245

47. The Landing at Frejus 251

48. The Reconciliation 257

49. The Morning Levee 263

50. Napoleon on the Way to St. Cloud 267

51. Napoleon in the Council of Five Hundred 270 1

90. 91. 92. 93. 94.

99. 100. 101.

The Consuls and the Gold 275

Napoleon in the Temple 276

Napoleon's Entrance into the Tuileries 283

Napoleon and the Vendeean Chief. . . . 290

Napoleon and the Duchess of Guiche . 300

Napoleon and Bourrienne 302

Unavailing Intercession of Josephine . 304

Drawing a Gun over Great St. Bernard 317

Napoleon ascending the Alps 319

Passing the Fort of Bard 321

Napoleon planning a Campaign 332

Death at Hohenlinden 337

The Infernal Machine 341

Review at Lyons 378

Reception at the Tuileries 385

Malmaisbn '. 387

Election of Consul for Life 389

Napoleon and the British Embassador 398

Scene in the Louvre 403

Sea Combat 408

Napoleon's Hut at Boulogne 416

Arrest of Cadoudal 425

Arrest of the Duke d'Enghien 429

Execution of the Duke d'Enghien .... 430 Madame Polignac interceding for her

Husband 433

The Fete at Boulogne 442

The Gun-boats and the Frigate 443

The Pope at the Tuileries 445

The Coronation 447

Napoleon and the Peasant 453

Napoleon in the Saloon of Josephine . . 454

Breaking up from Boulogne 465

Napoleon before Ulm 470

Napoleon at the Bridge of Kehl 473

The Bivouac 474

The Sun of Austeriitz 479

Napoleon and the Emperor Francis I. 481

Monument in the Place Vendome .... 489

Annexation of Genoa 492

Ascent of the Landgrafenberg 507

Napoleon and his Guard 510

Cavalry Charge 511

Napoleon at the Tomb of Frederick the

Great 516

The March to the Vistula 527

Encampment on the Vistula 528

Bivouac before Eylau 531

Morning after the Battle of Eylau .... 534

Removing the Wounded 540

Head-quarters at Osterode 543

The Madeleine 546

ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS.

102. The Raft at Tilsit 558

103. The three Sovereigns 562

105. Arch of the Carrousel 575

106. Arch de I'Etoile 576

Page

108. Napoleon and his Secretary 583

109. The Passages 585

110. Napoleon in the Studio of David 587

111. Napoleon and the Child 593

112. Napoleon at the Female School 594

113. The Bombardment 602

MAPS.

9. 10.

Map to illustrate the Italian Campaigns 84 The Countries between Paris and Naples 93

Mantua and Venice Ill

Map to illustrate the March to Vienna 147

Map of Venice 153

Campaign in Egypt 182

Battle of the Pyramids 194

Bay of Aboukir 200

Lovf er Egypt and Syria 209

Siege of Acre 221

1 1 . Campaign in Egypt 247

12. The Environs of Paris 265

13. Map to illustrate the Campaign of Ma-

rengo 313

15. Ulm and Austerlitz 467

16. Battle of Trafalgar 500

18. Eylau and Friedland 532

19. Copenhagen Harbor 601 lAPOLEOI BONAPAETE.