A short history of the Greeks from the earliest times to B.C. 146

Front matter

BOUGHT WITH THB INCOME FROM THE

SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND

THE GIFT OF

Preface

THE only excuse for adding another to the many histories of Greece is the hope that the writer has been able so to state the old story — modified by recent studies and discoveries — as to suit the needs or tastes of certain classes of readers and students. In a book of this size it is impossible not to curtail or omit much that is interesting and even important. The aim of the writer, in selecting the topics to be dwelt upon, has been to choose those which best illustrate the political life and intellectual activities of the Greeks wherever they lived, not only in Greece proper, but in the larger Greece of Italy, Sicily, and Asia. To do this at all adequately in so short a space it was often necessary to reduce details as to particular cities and districts to a very low standard. The writer has wished to treat Greek History in a wide Hellenic spirit, but in spite of good resolutions he has found it as impossible, as others seem to have done, to avoid giving Athens the lion's share in the story. The vi Preface.

Persian Wars and the Athenian Supremacy will always, it is probable, represent the real points of interest to most readers of Greek History. It is almost impossible to be very cheerful over the Spartan and Theban Supremacies : and though Demosthenes has lent a revived brilliancy to the story of the Macedonian period, and Alexander the Great has a unique place in the imagination of mankind, we feel that Greece as we knew and loved it is slipping away from us, and it requires an effort to recover our interest in the intellectual life of Alexandria or the political experiments in the Peloponnese. The new Hellenism in the post- Alexandrine kingdoms, and the gradual absorption of all in the Roman system, should furnish a story well worth our study. But Polybius — in spite of many brilliant episodes — will never rival Herodotus and Thucydides, or even Xenophon, in popular favour. People will continue to be fascinated by the older writers and to be repelled by the historian of the Achaean League. The writer has tried however to tell this part of the story as clearly as the rest, and as circumstantially as his space allowed. It has also been his aim, besides the brief sketch of Greek Literature in the last chapter, to draw attention throughout to the intellectual and artistic movements in Greece as they became prominent from time to time, for they constitute the chief service of the Greeks to the world.

Preface. vii

Finally, he has the pleasant duty of thanking Dr Jackson of Trinity College and Mr Whibley of Pembroke College for reading some of his proofs and giving him valuable suggestions. To the readers and other officials of the Cambridge University Press he is also under deep obligations.

E. S. SHUCKBURGH.

March, iQoi.

HiERo II OF Syracuse.

CHAPTER I. The Hellenes in Greece

4- 5- 6.

7- 8.

9- lo.

II. The Greeks as a Nation

What the Greeks called themselves .

The earliest inhabitants of Greece

The Three Plellenic families .

The descent of the Dorians (?B.c. looo) .

Greece north of the Peloponnese

Island and Asiatic Greece

Causes which tended to separate Greek States

Ties uniting the Greeks ....

Forms of government in Greece

Greek Religion .....

CHAPTER II. The Homeric Age to the Age of Colonisation

The Homeric Poems

The Cyclic writers .... ...

The Homeric Question

Development of Greece since the times of the Homeric Poems

Island Greece ...

Asiatic Greeks, i. Aeolians .

Asiatic Greeks, i. lonians •

Asiatic Greeks. 3. Dorians

Colonisation ... ...

Pontic Colonies

Italian and Sicilian Colonies

The East and Egypt ...

Summary .

S. G. b

3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

X Contents.

PAGE

11. Early Hellenic Life after Homer ^24

12. Age of political movement and of the Lyric and Elegiac

Poets from about B.C. 690 ^7

CHAPTER in.

The Peloponnesus before b.c. 500.

r. The Dorians in the Peloponnesus . . • ■ 3°

2. Dorian form of government .... . . 3'

3. Corinth -32

5. Argos -34

6. Laconia and Messenia . 37

7. Lycurgiis 39

8. Social institutions attributed to Lycurgus .... 40 g. Brevity of speech. Music. Personal ornaments. Dislike of

strangers ■ • 4^

10. The success of the Spartan system 43

11. Its drawbacks. Disaffection of helots 43

12. Diminishing numbers and inequality of wealth ... 44

13. Severity of discipline and piohibition of the possession of

money 44

14. The Messenian Wars, ist War, B.C. 745-24 (?) ... 45

16. The Eleans after the Messenian wars .... 50

17. Opposition to the Spartan influence in Argos . . 51

18. And in Arcadia 52

20. Summary of Peloponnesian affairs ...... 53

CHAPTER IV. Athens and Attica

1 . The comparative lateness of the rise of Athens

2. Geographical position and natural features of Attica

3. Early mythology and history of Attica

4. Early political division of Attica

5. The Synoecismus of Theseus .

6. The life archon ....

7. Ten years' archon, and yearly archons

8. The nine archons ....

Contents,

XI

9. Draco, n.c. fin

10. TliL' 'CoiisliUilion of Alliens,' and its view of Draco

12. Solon, born about n.c. 635

13. The public services of Solon. Salaniii [4, Solon and the Sacred war, n.c. 595

15. The Alcmaeonidae and llie 'cvusi:' .

16. Epimenidos iif Crete

17. Solon's legislation, n.c. .S'/j-.l

18. The Seisachtlieia ....

19. Solon's Laws

20. Solon's constllutional measures i\. The Areopagus .... ■2J. The Dicasleiia .... ■23, Solon goes ahroacl ....

PAcr.

64 66 68 69

Chapter V

Atiikns {loiiiiuncd). The Tyranny of Peisistratus

AND HIS SONS, AND ITS DoWNT'ALL.

r. Athens between the archonship of Solon (n.c. 594) and the

usurpation of Peisistratus (n.c. 560) ....

1. First tyranny of Peisistratus, n.c. i;6o-s54

3. First exile of I'elslstratus, n.c. 553-.?49 ....

4. First restoration, n.c. S49-7

5. Second exile of I'eisistratus, n.c. 547-537

6. The second restoration of I'eisistratus and Ills death, 11. r.

537-527

7. The fall of the dynasty of the Pcisistratids, n.c. 527-510

8. The severe rule of Illppias, n.c. 514-510

9. Political contests between Isagoras and Cleisthencs, n.c.

10. The reforms of Cleisthencs, n.c. 507-506

11. Election by the ten tribes 13. The mode of election, (i) lot, (j) show ol hands." The

Docini.asia ....

1 3. The Boul^, anil the Ecclesia .

14. The ten strategi ....

15. The real power at Athens

16. Ostracism

17. The energy of the Athenians and the rise of Athens xu

Contents.

CHAPTER VI. Thk Asiatic Greeks and the Persians

Weakness of Northern Greece The Asiatic Greeks The Lydian kingdom Gyges, B.C. 716-678 Ardys, B.C. 678-629 Sadyates, B.C. 629-617 Alyattes, B.C. 617-560 .

Croesus, B.C. 560-546 The Persian kingdom Story of the birth of Cyrus - Tlie conquest of Lydia and the Asiatic Greeks, B.C. 546 The effect of the fall of Croesus on the Greeks The Greek towns under the Persians History of Polycrates of Samos, B.C. 535-522 Reduction of Samos, B.C. 521-520 .

The alarming growth of Persian power .

PAGE

95 96

96 97 97 97 97 97 lOI

CHAPTER VII. Darius and the Ionian Revolt

1. Darius (B.C. 521-485) the organiser of the Persian Empire

2. The Scythian expedition of Darius between B.C. 515 and 508

3. The Greek tyrants at the bridge over the Danube .

4. The subjection of Thrace and Macedonia, about B.C. 507

5. Causes of the Ionian revolt after the period of quiet, B.c,

506-501 ....

6. The affair of Naxos, B.C. 502-1

7. The Ionian Revolt, B.C. 501-495

8. Aristagoras at Sparta

9. Aristagoras at Athens, B.C. 500 Athens, B.C. 510-500

10. The beginning of the revolt and burning

500-499 ....

1 1. The voyages of the Ionian fleet, B.C. 500-498

12. The reduction of Cyprus, B.C. 498 .

of Sardis, B.c

III 115 116 116

117 118 119

Contents. xiii

13. Rapid reduction of revolted towns, B.C. 498-7, and flight of

Aristagoras . . 119

14. Histiaeus comes to Sardis ..... 130

15. End of the revolt, brought about by the battle of Lade and fall

of Miletus 131

Battle of Lade, B.C. 494 . 121

. Fall of Miletus, E. c. 494 . iii

16. Subjection of the islands and Thracian towns, B.C. 493 . . 133

17. Reorganisation of Ionia, B.C. 493 123

18. The fining of Phrynichus 133

CHAPTER VIII. The Persian Wars (First Period, b.c. 492-490)

I. The first invasion of Greece by Mardonius, B.C. 493 . . 134

3. Preparations for another Persian invasion, B.C. 493-490 . . 135

The Persian heralds 125

3. Punishment of the Aeginetans .136

4. Madness and death of King Cleomenes . . . . .136

5. The vifar between Athens and Aegina, B.C. 491 . 137

6. The second Persian invasion, B.C. 490 128

7. The capture of Eretria ... ... 139

8. The Battle of Marathon, 18 September, B.C. 490 . 130 The Persians land at; Marathon but do not march into the

country . .131

Despatch of Athenian troops . . . .131

The Spartan delay . 131

Arrival of Plataeans 132

The command in the hands of Miltiades . . 132

The Charge of the Greeks . ■ ... 133

9. After the battle -134

10. Effects of the Battle of Marathon . . • • • I35

CHAPTER IX. The Third Persian Invasion

I. Ten years' freedom from Persian attack, B.C. 490-480 . . 137

3. Condemnation and death of Miltiades 138

3. The policy of Themistocles and Aristides, B.C. 488-481 . 139 xiv Contents.

PAGE

4. The increase in the Athenian fleet owing to the war with

Aegina '4°

5. The Persian preparations, B.C. 483-480 . . . • '4^

6. The Congress of Corinth, B.C. 481-480 '43

7. Tlie first measure of defence. To occupy Tempe. Spring

8. Second plan of campaign. The stand to be made at Arte-

misium and Thermopylae .....■• 14°

9. Thermopylae occupied • I47

10. Advance of the Persians to Thermopylae . . . 147

11. The three days' fighting at Artemisium (July) . . 148

12. The battle of Thermopylae .... . . 150

The treason of Ephialtes iji

13. The Persian advance resumed 152

CHAPTER X. Salamis and Plataea

1. The attack on Delphi 153

2. Capture of Athens 154

3. The Persian fleet 155

4. The Greek fleet in the bay of Salamis. Shall it go farther

south? 156

5. The device of Themistocles to force the fleet to fight in the bay

of Salamis 157

6. The battle of Salamis, September, B.C. 480 . . . -159

7. After the battle 160

8. Departure of Xerxes 161

9. Themistocles and the Islands 162

10. Return of the Athenians to their city 162

11. New preparations in the spring of B.C. 479 .... 163

12. The attempts of Mardonius to pacify the Athenians . . 164

13. Second invasion of Attica 164

14. Mardonius in Boeotia 165

15. The Greek army on the slopes of Cithaeron in Boeotia . . 165

16. The Battle ol Plataea, summer of B.C. 479 .... 167 The fight i68

17. The spoil divided and the Medisers punished .... 170

18. The Hundred Years' freedom in Hellas, B.C. 478-387 . . 170

Contents. xv

CHAPTER XI. The Confederacy of Delos

PAGE

1. The battle of Mycale and the freedom of the islands and

Hellenic towns in Asia and Thrace, B.C. 479-476 . . 172

2. Beginning of organised attack on Persian rule over Greek

States 173

3. Origin of the Confederacy of Delos, B.C. 478-476 .

4. Aristides organises the Confederacy of Delos, B.C. 477-6

5. The fortification of Athens and the Peiraeus, B.C. 477-471

6. First period in the history of the Confederacy of Delos,

B.C. 476-466, to the Battles of the Eurymedon .

7. Death of Pausanias, B.C. 471

8. The ostracism (B.C. 471) and flight of Themistocles (B.C. 466)

9. The Athenian supremacy after the Battles of the Eurymedon

Revolt of Thasos, B.C. 465

10. The revolt of the Helots, and the league against Sparta,

177 178 179

Chapter XII

The Continental and Home Policy of Pericles TO THE Thirty Years' Peace (b.c. 460-445).

t. Pericles rises to commanding influence 185

2. The Continental policy of Athens. First period (B.C. 461-452).

Union with Megara, and the counter-league of Corinth,

Epidaurus and Aegina 186

3. War with Corinth, Epidaurus and Aegina, B.C. 458 . . 186

4. Long walls to Peiraeus and Phalerum, B.C. 457-6 . . . 187

5. Spartans defeat the Athenians at Tanagra in Boeotia, B.C. 457 187

6. Boeotia, Phocis, and Opuntian Locris join the Athenian

Battle of Oenophyta, B.C. 456 188

7. Tolmides harasses the shores of the Peloponnese and takes

Naupactus, B.C. 456-5 189

8. Athenian disaster in Egypt, B.C. 455 ..... 189

9. Failure in Thessaly, B.C. 454 ....... rgo

10. Five years' truce with Sparta, B.C. 450 190

XVI

Contents.

IS-

Renewed war against the Persian king in Cyprus. Death of

Cimon. Peace of CalHas. B.C. 449-448 . . . • ^9' B.C. 449-445. From the peace of Callias to the 30 years'

peace with Sparta, (a) The Holy War, B. C. 448 . ■ '9^ (b) B.C. 447. The Boeotians quit the Athenian league.

Battle of Coroneia '93

B.C. 446-5. Euboea and Megara revolt . . . I94

End of the Continental League of Athens. The 30 years'

CHAPTER XIII. The New Athens

1. Greek architecture and building

(a) Buildings for defence

(b) Religious buildings ....

2. Existing specimens of the three orders .

3. The Theseum

4. Pheidias and the adornment of the Acropolis, B.C. 445-436

5. The buildings on the Acropolis, (i) The Erechtheium {2) The Parthenon

6. The Propylaea ....

7. Athena Promachus ....

8. The Odeum

0. The Theatre

CHAPTER XIV. The Intellectual Movement before the middle

OF THE fifth CENTURY B.C.

1. Poetry of the 6th and 6th centuries 206

2. Simonides of Ceos, about B.C. 556-469 ... . 207

4. Bacchylides, Myrtis, Corinna, Telesilla, Praxilla . 208

5. History . 209

6. Early Philosophy to about B.C. 450 .... 209

7. The Ionic School .210

8. Italian philosophers, (r) Pythagoras, (2) Xenophanes . 211 g. The Eleatic School . ... . . 2n

10. Physical philosophy in Eastern Hellas . . . .212

11. Effect of philosophy on the Greeks . . . . .212

Contents. xvii

Chapter XV

Events Leading to the Disruption of the Confederacy OF Delos and to the League of States against Athens, issuing in the Pelopqnnesian War, b.c. 445- 433.

page

1. Position of Athens after B. c. 445 213

2. Causes of discontent among the members of the Confederacy of

Delos 214

3. Cleruchies . . 215

5. The quarrel of Corcyra, leading to the Peloponnesian war,

6. Application by the Corcyreans for help from Athens, B.C. 433.

The victory of the Corinthians neutralised by Athenian ships . .279

7. The revolt of Potidaea B.C. 432, instigated by the king of

8. Conferences of Peloponnesian States and proclamation of war, g. Reasons for the war . . . . . . . .221

10. Causes of the long continuance of the war . . . .221

11. Demands made on Athens by the Peloponnesian allies . . 222

12. The war begun by the Thebans, B.C. 431 .... 223

13. Two invasions of Attica. Retaliations by Athenian fleet. Fall

14; The plague at Athens, B.C. 430 224

15. Death of Pericles, B.C. 429 225

CHAPTER XVL

The Peloponnesian War to the Peace of Nicias, B.C. 431-421. The unavowed War, b.c. 421-415.

First Period of the war, B.C. 431-424 227

. 230

Siege of Plataea, B.C. 429-427 Operations in the west and north, E Revolt of Lesbos, B.C. 428-427 Hostilities in Corcyra Demosthenes in Corcyra, B.C. 426 xviii Contents.

PAGE

7. The fortification of Pylos, and the capture of the Spartans on

Sphacteria, B.C. 425 231

8. Successful operations of the Athenian fleet in B.C. 425-424.

Revolt of Chalcidice and Athenian defeat at Delium . . 233

9. A year's truce between Sparta and Athens, B.C. 423. Death of

Cleon and Brasidas, B.C. 422. Peace of Nicias, B.C. 421 . 233

10. Peace of Nicias, B.C. 421 234

11. New combination of States with Argos, B.C. 421-415 . . 23S

12. War between Sparta and Argos, in which the Athenians

eventually join, B.C. 419-418 236

13. The capture of Melos, B.C. 416 236

Chapter XVII

The Sicilian Expedition and the Fall of Athens, B.C. 415-405.

1. Financial recovery of Athens after the peace of Nicias, B.C. 421-

415, and reasons for a renewal of the war . . . .238

2. Previous connexions of Athens with Sicily . . . -239

3. The Athenians are induced to send a fleet to Sicily to aid

Egesta 241

4. The profanation of mysteries and the mutilation of the Hermae 242

5. The plan of the Sicilian campaign ...... 243

6. B.C. 414. The siege of Syracuse . .... 244 B.C. 413. The occupation of Decelea ..... 246

7. Destruction of the Athenian armament at Syracuse . . 247

8. Revolt of Athenian allies, B.C. 412 ...... 248

g. Gallant struggle of Athenians to maintain the empire . 249

10. Alcibiades abandons the Peloponnesians . . . 249

11. B.C. 411. The revolution of the Four Hundred . . 250

12. Opposition to the new constitution in the army at Samos . 251

13. Battle of Cynossema, B.C. 411 ...... 253

14. Battles of Cyzicus and Abydos, B.C. 410; and capture of

Chalcedon and Byzantium, B.C. 409 . . . . 254

15. Alcibiades returns to Athens, B.C. 408 . . . . 254

16. Battle of Notium in April, B.C. 407 255

17. B.C. 406. The battle of Arginusae . . . . . 256

18. Execution of the six generals 257

19. Battle of Aegospotami and end of the war, B.C. 405 (July —

August) 258

Contents. xix

CHAPTER XVIII. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies

PAGE

1. Effect of the Peloponnesian war and the nature of Spartan

2. Sicily and Magna Graecia withdrawn from Greek politics.

The beginning of Spartan supremacy .... 261

3. The surrender of Athens and the establishment of the Thirty,

Death of Theramenes and counter-revolution .... 26,^

4. Reactionary feelings at Athens. The Sophists . . . 264

6. Trial and death of Socrates, B.C. 399 ..... 266

7. The expedition of Cyrus and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks,

8. Cyrus starts to attack his brother, B.C. 401 .... 268

9. Political results of the expedition of Cyrus .... 269

10. Spartan wars in Asia and Greece, B.C. 400-387. The cam-

paigns of Agesilaus 269

11. Spartan invasion of Elis, B.C. 399-8. Conspiracy of Cinadon

in Sparta, B.C. 397. Combination of Thebes, Corinth, Argos and Athens against Sparta, B.C. 395. Battle of Corinth, B.C. 394 , . . . . . . .271

12. Conon defeats the Spartans off Cnidus, end of July B.C. 394.

Recall of Agesilaus from Asia ...... 272

13. The combination against Sparta. Battles of Coroneia (B.C.

14. The peace of Antalcidas, B.C. 387 ...... 273

IJ. From the peace of Antalcidas to the battle of Leuctra,

16. Spartans driven from the Cadmeia. War between Sparta and

17. Renewed Athenian Confederacy, B.C. 378 . . . . 275

18. Theban supremacy, B.C. 371-362 276

Chapter XIX

The Macedonian Period. From b.c. 361 to the

Battle of Chaeroneia, b.c. 338.

I. The re-establishment of Athenian power in the Thracian

Chersonese and Amphipolis attempted, B.C. 365-358 . 279

XX

Contents.

The rise of Macedonia

Philip II (B.C. 359-336) succeeds to the crown of Macedonia

amidst many dangers B.C. 359-358. Peace between Philip and Athens. B.C. 357.

Philip's first aggressions at Amphipolis, Pydna and Olynthus The Social war, B.C. 357-355. The Sacred war, B.C. 356-346 Philip's interference in Greek politics begins in Thessaly . Beginning of the opposition of Demosthenes to Philip, B.C. 353 ist Philippic, B.C. 351 .

The Olynthiac Orations, B.C. 349

Fall of Olynthus, B.C. 348

The peace of Philocrates, B.C. 346.

Philip takes a leading part in Greek politics, B.C. 346-341

Continued aggressions of Philip. The Second Philippic of

Demosthenes, B.C. 344 . .

Speech on the Chersonese and the Third Philippic, B.C. 341 Philip attacks Perinthus and Byzantium .

The Amphissian war. Philip occupies Elateia, B.C, Battle of Chaeroneia, August, B.C. 338 . Philip's rule over Greece and its effects . Philip elected general for war against Persia, B.C. death and character, B.C. 336 .

339-338

PAGE 380

288 289 289 290 290

CHAPTER XX. Alexander the Great

1. Alexander II (the Great), B.C. 336-333, b. B.C. 356

2. Alexander establishes his control over Greece .

3. Alexander's invasion of the Persian Empire, B.C. 334-323

4. Battle of the Granicus and the conquest of Asia Minor.

5. Battle of Issus and defeat of Darius, B.C. 335 .

6. Conquest of Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine and Egypt, B.C.

7. Battle of Arbela, B.C. 331 (September) ....

8. Alexander king of all Asia. His great march through Media,

Parthia, Bactria, Sogdiana to India, B.C. 330-325

g. Alexander an Asiatic monarch

10. Death of Alexander, B.C. 323 ......

392 292 293

296 296

297 298 298

Contents. xxi

CHAPTER XXI. The Greeks after Alexander's Death

PAGE I. An unsuccessful rising in the Peloponnese, B.C. 331-330 . 300 ■2. The great trial of strength between Aeschines and Demosthenes, B.C. 330 . . . 300

Death of Demosthenes, B. c. 322 303

4. State of Greece after the Lamian war 303

5. Greece under Macedonian supremacy . . . 304

6. The intellectual movement in the Macedonian period . . 305

7. Epicureans and Stoics ..... 306

8. The Greeks in Asia, Egypt and the Islands . . . 307

9. Sicily and Magna Graecia . . 308 Dionysius I, B.C. 404-368 . ... 308 Dionysius II, B.C. 368-344. Timoleon and Agathocles . . 309

CHAPTER XXII. The Aetolian and Achaean Leagues

1. Greece in the early part of the third century B. c. Ptolemy II,

king of Egypt, B.C. 285-247. Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, B.C. 277-239. . . . . . .311

2. The Aetolian League . . . . . . . 312

3. Sparta in the third century B.C. . . . . . -313

4. Early history of the Achaean League to B.C. 280 . . . 313

5. The renewal of the Achaean League, B.C. 280 . . .314

6. Progress of the League under Aratus, B.C. 251-239 . . 315

7. Demetrius II, king of Macedonia, B.C. 239-229. Continued

rise of the Achaeans. First relations with Rome . . 316

8. Philip V, king of Macedonia, B.C. 229-179 (Antigonus Doson,

nominally his guardian, calls himself king, B.C. 229-220). Attempts to revive Sparta ...... 316

9. Enmity between Sparta and the Achaeans leading to inter-

ference of Macedonia . . . . . . .317

10. Cleomenic war, B.C. 227-222. The Achaeans apply to the king

11. Battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222 . ..... 319

12. Death of Antigonus Doson, B.C. 220. Revolution in Sparta . 320 xxu

Contents.

CHAPTER XXIII. Growth of Roman Supremacy in Greece

fleet to iiivad

Philip V king of Macedonia, B.C. 220 Social war, B.C. 220-217 Lycurgus king of Sparta, B.C. 220-210 .

Peace of Naupactus. Philip V prepares

Renewed trouble in the Peloponnese. Philip quarrels with the

Achaean League .......

The first war between Philip and Rome, B.C. 215-205 . Between the first and second Macedonian wars, B.C. 205-200 Plan for the partition of the dominions of Ptolemy V king of

Provocations given by Philip to Rome and other States . Second war between Rome and Philip V, B.C. 200-195 . Arrival of riamininus, B.C. 198 .....

The Achaean League adheres to Rome, B.C. 198 (autumn) Terms demanded from Philip, B.C. 198-7 The war continued, and ended by the battle of Cynoscephalae.

3^3 324 3^5

327 328 328 329 329

330 331 332

II.

The settlement of Greece, B.C. 196 ....

Proclamation at the Isthmian games, B.C. 196

CHAPTER XXIV. The Roman Conquest of Greece, b.c. 193-146

The Aetolians and King Antiochus, B.C. 193 .... 334

Effects of Antiochus coming to ' liberate ' Greece, B.C. 192 . 335 The Romans make war on Antiochus, and establish their

authority in Greece, B.C. 191 ...... 336

The Aetolians resist for a time, but at length submit, B.C. 189 337

Antiochus driven from Asia Minor, B.C. 190 . . . 337

Subjection of Macedonia and Greece to Rome . . . 338 Rome and the Achaean League, B.C. 190-146. Death of

Philopoemen, B.C. 183 338

Affairs of the Achaean League after the death of Philopoemen,

Tension between Philip V and Rome at his death, B.C. 179,

and policy of Perseus, B.C. 179-168 ..... 340

Opponents of Rome removed from Greece, B. C. 168 . . 341 The dependence of Greece upon Rome. Embassy of the three

philosophers ... 3^3

Contents.

Macedonia made a Roman province, B.C. 148 Quarrel between Sparta and the Achaean League, B. c. 1 49-7 Rome declares war against the Achaean League, B.C. r47-6 Death of Critolaus, spring of B.C. 146 .... The fall of Corinth, B.C. 146 (July)

The award of the ten Roman commissioners

Effect of the Roman policy on Greece .

The influence of Greece on her conqueror in Greece,

344 345 346 346 346

348 349 350