A treatise on the pathology of the urine : including a complete guide to its analysis

Chapter I. General Characters Of Urine

PAGE

Physical Characters of Urine . . . .1

Clearness and Turbidity . . . . . ib.

Table illustrative of the Tints . . . .6

Chemical Reaction of Urine . . . . . ib.

Table showing the substances which cause the Reaction of Urine expelled from the bladder . . . .15

Changes on Cooling . . . . . .16

Chapter II. Quantity Of Urine And Ingredients

Modes of Collecting Urine . . . . .18

Total Quantity of Urine discharged in a given time . . 20

Quantity of Urine discharged in Health . . . .21

Observations . . . . . .22

Table showing the total Quantity of Urine discharged in given times

by healthy individuals . . . .24

Quantity of Urine discharged in Disease . . . .27

Solids and Water. — Specific Gravity . ;>o

Table for reducing the Indications at a Higher Temperature of a Glass Gravimeter to the standard temperature vm

Chapter III. Urea

rAGK

Symbol, Formula, Composition, Definition . . .43

Decomposition . . . . • .45

Combinations . . . • • .47

with Protoxyde of Mercury . . . .48

Chloride of Sodium . . . . ib.

Nitric Acid . . . . ib.

Nitric Acid and Protoxyde of Mercury . . .50

Diagnosis of Urea in Urine and other Animal Fluids . . 51

Liebig’s Method of ascertaining the Absolute Quantity of Urea in Urine 52 Preparation of the Solution of Mercury for precipitating Urea from Urine 54 Episode : Mode of ascertaining the Amount of Protoxyde of Mercury contained in a Solution of Nitrate of Mercury . , 55

Episode in Episode : Preparation of the Standard Solution of Chloride of Sodium to be employed in ascertaining the Amount of Mercury in Solution . . . .56

Mode of ascertaining Amount of Protoxyde, &c. (continued) . 57

Preparation of Mercurial Solution graduated for Urea (continued) . 59

Analysis of Urea in Urine. — Special Proceedings . . .61

Modification of this Method required by an Excess of Urea in Urine ib.

Modification required by the Urea sinking to one per cent. . 62

Modification required by the Presence in Urine of Chloride of Sodium ib.

Modification required by the Urine containing Ammonia . . 65

Modification required by the Presence in Urine of certain Nitro-

genized Matters, not being Urea . . .66

Bunsen’s Method of ascertaining the Absolute Quantity of Urea in Urine 67 Dr. Davy’s Method of determining the Amount of Urea in Urine . 69

Physiological Quantity of Urea . . . .73

Chapter IV. Uric Acid

Symbol, composition, and history . . . .77

Occurrence of Uric Acid, and Methods of obtaining it pure . . 78

Physical Properties . -g

Crystallography . gg

Metamorphoses by Different Agents . . 81

Uric Acid Group . • g~

Determination of Uric Acid in Urine . . g-j

Votumetrical Analysis for Uric Acid . . 8,

CONTENTS.

IX

PAGE

Salts of Uric Acid — Urates . . . . .87

Urate of Ammonia . . . . .88

Urate of Soda . . . . . .90

Urate of Lime . . . . . .91

Differential Diagnosis of Urates .... ib.

Amount of Uric Acid discharged during Twenty-four Hours . . 93

Pathological Changes in the Quantity of Uric Acid discharged during

Twenty-four Hours . . . . .95

Deposits of Uric Acid and Urates . . . .96

Deposits of Urates occurring after Emission . . .99

Deposits of Urates occurring in the Urinary Passages . . 101

Observation . . . . . . ib.

Deposits of Uric Acid occurring after Emission . . . 104

Deposits of Uric Acid occurring in the Urinary Organs . . 105

Observation • . . . . .106

Crystallized Sediments ..... 107

Observation . . . . . . ib.

Observation ...... 108

Uric Acid Concretions ..... 109

1. Sand or Gravel. Crystalline Sediments . . ib.

2. Uric Acid Calculi . . . . .Ill

Chemical Characters of Uric Acid Concretions . .112

Concretions of Urate of Ammonia, Soda and Lime . .113

Layers of Uric Acid and Urates in alternating and mixed Calculi . 114

Chapter V. Creatine And Creatinine

Creatine . . . . . . . ib.

Composition — Occurrence . . . . . ib.

Liebig’s Method of obtaining Creatine . . . .116

Decompositions . . . . . . ib.

Physiology of Creatine . . . . .119

Quantity discharged in Twenty-four hours . . .120

Creatinine . • • . . .121

Composition — Occurrence . . . . . ib-

Mode of obtaining Creatinine and Creatine from Urine . . ib.

Mode of obtaining Creatinine from Putrid Urine . . • 122

Mode of obtaining Creatinine from Creatine . . .123

Physical Properties of Creatinine . . • . . ib.

Combinations ..... ib.

with Chlorine . . . . . ib.

b

X

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Combinations with Chlorine and Bichloride of Platinum . .125

with Sulphuric Acid . . . . , ib.

with Chloride of Zinc . . • • . ib.

Observations on the Quantity of Creatinine and Creatine discharged in

given times by healthy individuals .... 126

Tables of these Observations . , . .130

Chapter VI. Colouring Matter Ur.ematine

Colour determining Groups of Urine .... 134

First Group. — Yellowish Urines . . . . ib.

Second Group. — Reddish Urines . . . . ib.

Third Group. — Brown Urines . . . . ib.

Table showing Amount of Uraematine in equal parts of Urine of different colours ..... 135

Physiology of Uraematine ..... 137

Quantity of Uraematine in Disease. — Pathological Indications . . 138

Chapter VII. Hippuric Acid

Composition, History, and Literature .... 139

Occurrence and Methods of obtaining it pure . . . 140

Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Decompositions . . 143 with Nitric Acid . . . . . ib.

Hippuric Acid Salts — Hippurates .... 146

Hippurate of Baryta . ' . . . . ib.

Hippurate of Lime . . . . . ib.

Hippurate of Lead ..... 147

Hippurate of Iron . . . . . ib.

Deposits of Hippuric Acid . . . . . ib.

Quantity of Hippuric Acid secreted in Twenty-four hours . .148

Physiology •••... ib.

Pathological Occurrence ..... 151

Chapter VIII. Chlorine And Chlorides

Remarks on the Incineration of Urine .... 153

Chloride of Sodium . . . . . .154

Composition and Occurrence . . . . . ib.

Crystallography . . . . . . ib.

CONTENTS. XI

PAGE

Diagnosis in Urine . . . . . ib.

Liebig’s Method of determining the Quantity of Chlorine in neutral fluids

by means of Nitrate of Protoxyde of Mercury . . ib.

Preparation of Mercurial Solution graduated for Chloride of Sodium 158 The Fluid applied to the Urine. — Special Proceedings . .161

Daily average Amount of Chlorine discharged during Health . . ib.

Chlorine of the Urine in Disease . . . .165

Chapter IX. Sulphuric Acid And Sulphates

Method of determining the Amount of Sulphuric Acid in Urine by Volu-

metrical Analysis . . . . .170

Preparation of Test-fluid . . . ib.

Application of Test-fluid to Urine . . . ib.

Direct Analysis of Sulphuric Acid . . . .171

Quantity of Sulphuric Acid discharged by Healthy Persons during twenty-

four hours . . . . .172

Physiological origin of Sulphuric Acid . . . .173

Table showing the Influence of Diet upon the Amount of Sulphuric

Acid discharged in the Urine . . . .174

Quantity of Sulphuric Acid in Disease .... 176

Chapter X. Phosphoric Acid And Phosphates

Phosphoric Acid. Composition, Equivalent, Formula . .179

Physical Properties . . . . ib.

Chemical Properties . . . . .ISO

Phosphates of Alkalies ..... ib.

Phosphates of Alkalies and Earths .... ib.

* Phosphates of the Alkaline Earths . . . ib.

Method of Ascertaining the Amount of Phosphoric Acid in Urine . 183

Preparation of the Solution of Iron of known strength . . ib.

Solution of Acetate of Soda . . . . .184

Application to the Urine. Total amount of Phosphoric Acid . 185

P05 of Alkalies and Earths separately . . . ib.

Quantity of Phosphoric Acid discharged by Healthy Persons during twenty-

four hours . . . . . .186

Table showing the Amount of Phosphoric Acid in Urine of twenty-

four hours ..... ib.

Xll

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Table showing the Amount of Phosphoric Acid secreted in single

Physiology of Phosphoric Acid in the Urine . . . ib.

Quantity of Phosphoric Acid in the Urine of Disease . . 189

Examples. Males . . . . . ib.

Table of Examples ..... 191

Chapter XI. Free Acid Of The Urine

Mode of determining the Amount of Free Acid in the Urine . .192

Preparation of the Standard Solution of Caustic Soda, according to

Neubauer . . . . . ib.

The Fluid applied to the Urine .... 193

Quantity of Free Acid discharged in a given time by Healthy Individuals . ib.

Quantity of Free Acid in Disease .... 194

Chapter XII. Potash And Soda

Symbols, Equivalents. General Remarks . . . 195

Mode of determining the Quantity of Potash and Soda in the Urine . ib. Physiological Relations of Potash and Soda . . . 196

Chapter XIII. Lime And Magnesia

Symbols, Formulae, Equivalents, and General Remarks . . 198

Aggregation . . . . . .199

Separation of Phosphate of Lime and Magnesia from Urine, and

Determination of their Collective Amount . . ib.

Modes of ascertaining the separate Quantities of Lime and Magnesia in

Urine . . . . . . ib.

Determination of the Lime as Sulphate . . . ib.

Determination of the Magnesia as Pyrophosphate . . . 200

Hempel’s Method of determining the Lime as Oxalate, by means of

Permanganate of Potash . . . . ib.

Preparation of the Solution of Permanganate of Potash . .201

Determination of the Lime by a Graduated Solution of Hydrochloric Acid 202 Preparation of the Standard Solution of Hydrochloric Acid . ib.

Preparation of the Solution of Soda to correspond to the former

Solution . . . . . ib.

The Fluids applied ..... 203

CONTENTS. Xlli

PAGB

Determination of Magnesia by means of Volumetrical Analysis of its

Deposits of Earthy Phosphates . . . . ib.

Deposits of Phosphate of Lime .... 205

Physical Characters . . . . . ib.

Crystallization . . . . . ib.

Chemical Diagnosis of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime . . ib.

Deposits of Ammonio-Phosphate of Magnesia . . • 206

Physical Characters . . . . . ib.

Form of Crystallization . . . . . ib.

Earthy Phosphates in Calculi . . . . . ib.

Physiological Quantities of Earthy Phosphates in the Urine . . 209

Observations of the Quantity of Phosphoric Acid combined with Earths

in Urine . . . . . . ib.

Observations of the Quantity of Lime and Magnesia discharged during

twenty-four hours . . . . .210

Pathological Indications . . . . . ib.

Carbonate of Lime ...... 213

ft

Chapter XIV. Iron

Symbol, Equivalent, and General Remarks . . . 214

Chemical Properties . . . . . ib.

Marguerite’s Method of determining the Quantity of Iron in Urine . 215

Preparation of the Standard Solution of Permanganate of Potash . ib.

Application to the Urine . . . .216

Physiology and Pathological Indications of Iron . . ib.

Chapter XV. Ammonia

Symbol, Equivalent, and Chemical Properties . . . 220

Demonstration of the Presence of Ammonia in Urine . . ib.

Determination of the Quantity of Ammonia in Urine by Volumetrical

Analysis . . . . . . ib.

Preparation of Standard Solution of Sulphuric Acid . . 221

Preparation of Standard Solution of Caustic Soda . . ib.

Application of the Fluids ..... 222

Quantity of Ammonia discharged in the Urine during twenty-four hours

by Healthy Individuals .... 223

Physiological Origin of Ammonia . . . . ib.

XIV

Chapter XX. Casts Of Urinifergus Tubules

Casts of Small Diameter ..... 243

Intratubular Casts ..... ib.

Casts of Medium Diameter ..... ib.

Epithelial Casts . . . . . ib.

Granular Casts . . . . . ib.

Casts containing Fatty Matter .... ib.

Casts of Considerable Diameter .... 244

Pathological Indications of Casts of Uriuiferous Tubules . . ib.

Intratubular Hyaloid Casts .... 245

Epithelial Casts ..... 246

Granular Casts . . . . . ib.

Fatty Casts . . . . . . ib.

Large Hyaloid Casts . . . . . ib.

CONTENTS.

XV

Chapter XXI. Albumen

PAGE

Composition and General Remarks .... 247

General Characters of Albumen . . . ib.

Diagnosis of Albumen in Urine .... 250

Coagulation by Heat . . . . . 251

Nitric Acid Test ..... 252

Quantity of Albumen in Urine . . . . ib.

Chapter XXII. Pus

Pus-corpuscles ...... ib.

Chapter XXIII. Mucus

Chemical Characters of Mucus ..... 260

Physical Characters . . . . . . ib.

Physiological Quantity . . . . .261

Excess of Mucus . . . . . . ib*

Pathological Indications . . . . . ib.

Chapter XXVIII. Bile And Biliary Matters In Urine

General Description of Bile ..... 271

Cholic or Glycocholic Acid . . . . .272

Decompositions : Choloidinic Acid and Glycocoll . . ib.

Cholalic Acid and Glycocoll . . .273

Cholinic, or Taurocholic Acid . . . . ib.

Decomposition : Cholalic Acid and Taurine . . . 274

Taurine, and Isasthionate of Ammonia . . ib.

Colouring Matter of Bile ..... 275

Biliverdine . . . . . . ib.

Bilifulvine . . . . . .276

Diagnosis of Biliary Matters in Urine . . . . ib.

Chapter XXIX. Leucine And Tyrosine

Elements, History, Occurrence . . . . . ib.

Production ...... 280

Chemical and Physical Properties .... 283

Salts of Leucine . . . . . . ib.

Hydrochlorate and Nitrate . . . . ib.

Compounds of Leucine and Metallic Oxydes . . . 285

Copper, Mercury, Lead . . . . . ib.

Mode of obtaining Leucine from Urine . . . . ib.

CONTENTS.

XY11

PAGE

Elements and Occurrence . . . • . ib.

Chapter XXX. Xanthine

History, Occurrence . . . . . .287

Mode of obtaining Xanthine from Calculi . . . ib.

Chapter XXXI. Hypoxanthine

Elements and History ..... 289

Mode of obtaining Hypoxanthine . . . . ib.

Chapter XXXII. Sarcine (carnine)

Formula and Composition . . . . .291

History and Occurrence . . ; . . ib-

Physical and Chemical Characters . . . . ib.

Compounds . . . . . . ib.

Hydrochlorate . . . . . . ib.

Hydrochlorate and Bichloride of Platinum . . . 293

Nitrate and Sulphate . . . . . ib.

Carnine, with Baryta . • . . . ib.

Oxyde of Silver . . . . ib.

Nitrate of Silver . . . . ib.

Diagnosis, and Relations ..... 294

Chapter XXXIII. Cystine

Elements, Composition, Literature .... 295

Occurrence . . . . . . ib.

Decompositions and Chemical Properties. . . . 296

CONTENTS.

Chapter XXXIV. Allantoine

PAGE

Elements, Composition, Literature .... 298

Mode of obtaining Allantoine ..... 299

Mode of obtaining it from Uric Acid . . . ib.

Decomposition : Urea and Allanturic Acid . . ib.

Chapter XXXV. Grape-sugar

Elements, History, and Occurrence .... 302

Mode of obtaining it ..... 303

Combinations . . . . . . ib.

with Oxydes of Metals . . . . . ib.

Chloride of Sodium . . . . . ib«

Decompositions . . , . . ib.

Vinous Fermentation ..... 306

Lactic Acid Fermentation ..... 307

Viscous Fermentation . „ . . . ib.

Quantitative Determination of Grape Sugar by Volumetrical Analysis . ib.

Preparation of Test Fluid ..... 308

Application of the fluid . . . . . ib.

Optical Saccharimetry ..... 309

Use of Polarizing Apparatus .... 310

Pathological Indications of Sugar in Urine . . . 312

Chapter XXXIX

UROXANTHINE OR INDICAN. UROGLAUCINE, OR INDIGO BLUE. URRHODINE, OR INDIGO RED.

Uroxanthine, or Indican ..... 328

Products of Decomposition, Indigo Blue and Indigo Red . . ib.

Mode of obtaining these substances pure . . . ib.

a. From the Indigo of Commerce . . . . ib.

Crystalline Indigo Blue by Sublimation . . 330

„ „ by Reduction . . ib.

Amorphous Indigo Blue by Reduction . . . ib.

b. Heller’s Method of obtaining Indigo Blue and Indigo Red from

Pathological Urine . . . . ib.

Proofs of the Identity of Uroglaucine and Urrhodine with Indigo Blue and Indigo Red . . . 332

c. Schuncks’s Method of obtaining Indigo Blue from ordinary Urine 334

Metamorphoses of Indigo Blue . . . . .336

Indigo White . . . . . . ib.

Isatine . . . . . . ib.

Anthranilic Acid . . . . .337

Physiology of Indican . . . . . ib.

Chapter XL. Phknylic Or Carbolic Acid

Formula, History, and Occurrence .... 339

Mode of obtaining it Pure . . . . . ib.

From Coal Tar ...... ib.

From Urine of Cows ..... 340

From Human Urine . . . . . ib-

Observation of Phenylic Acid in Urine after Inunction of Tar . ib.

Physiology of Phenylic Acid ..... 342

XX

CONTENTS.

Chapter XLI. Damaluric Acid

PAGE

Formula, History, Physical, and Chemical Properties . . 343

Compounds . . . . . ib.

Mode of obtaining it pure . . . . . ib.

Chapter XLII. Oxalic Acid

Formula, Composition ..... 345

History and Occurrence . . . . . ib.

Mode of producing Oxalic Acid .... 346

Physical and Chemical Properties . . . . ib.

Compounds . . . . . . ib.

Oxalate of Lime . . . . . . ib.

Physical Characters of Oxalate of Lime . . . .348

Preparation of Objects for Microscopical Observation . . 353

Artificial Oxalate of Lime ..... 354

Pure . . . . . ib.

From Well Water ..... 355

From Urine ..... 356

Oxalate of Lime occurring in Urine spontaneously . . . 358

Case of so-called Oxaluria . . . . . ib.

Oxalate of Lime in decomposing Urine .... 360

Crystals of Oxalate of Lime from Urinary Calculi . . . ib.

Polarization of Oxalate of Lime .... 361

Mode of determining the Quantity of Oxalic Acid in Urine . . 362

Pathological Indications ..... ib.

Experiments of Wohler ..... 363

Experiments of Piotrowsky and Buchheim . . . 364

Further Indications of Oxalic Acid in Urine . . . 366

Case of Albuminuria, with Oxalate of Lime in the Urine . . 368

Concretions of Oxalate of Lime .... 370

Sand and Gravel . . . . . ib.

Renal Concretions ..... ib.

Calculi. Mulberry Calculi .... ib.

Layers of Oxalate of Lime in alternating and mixed Calculi . .371

Chemical Characters of Oxalate of Lime Concretions . . ib.

Statistics of Oxalate of Lime Concretions . . . 372

CONTENTS.

XXI

CHAPTER XXIII.

LACTIC ACID.

PAGE

Formula, Composition, Occurrence . . . .373

Mode of obtaining it pure . . . . . ib.

from Alanine . . . . . . ib,

by Fermentation of Sugar . . . . . ib.

from the Juice of Flesh (Liebig’s method) . . 374

Mode of ascertaining the Presence of Lactic Acid in Urine . . 375

Lactate of Lime . . . . . ib.

„ Copper . . . . . ib.

„ Lime from the Juice of Flesh . . ib.

„ Zinc from „ ... ib.

Chapter XLIV. Urophanic Organic Acids

1. Succinic Acid ...... 381

Formula, Composition . . . . . ib.

Experiments . . . . . . ib.

Formula, Composition . . . . . ib.

Experiments . . . . . . ib.

3. Tartaric Acid ...... 382

Formula, Occurrence . . . . . ib.

Experiments on the Reappearance of Tartaric Acid in Urine after

Ingestion into the Stomach . . . ib.

Wohler’s Experiments .... 382

Buchheim’s Experiments .... 383

Free Tartaric Acid . . . . . ib.

Bitartrate of Potash ..... 384

Neutral Tartrate of Potash .... 385

Tartrate of Soda and Potash . . . , ib.

Tartrate of Iron and Potash . . . . ib.

Tartrate of Suboxyde of Nickel and Potash . . ib.

Table of the Experiments .... 386

Formula . . . . . . ib.

Experiments of Morichini, and others . . . ib.

„ Buchheim . . . . ib.

XXII

CONTENTS.

Tannic Acid .....

PAGE

. 338

Elements .....

ib.

Experiments of Wohler and Frerichs

. ib.

Decomposition of Tannic Acid into Gallic Acid and Sugar

ib.

Toluylic Acid .....

ib.

Elements .....

ib.

Experiments of Kraut ....

. ib.

Compound of Toluylic Acid and Glycocoll, Toluric Acid

. 389

Salicylic Acid .....

. 390

Elements .....

ib.

Bertagnini’s Experiments

ib.

Compound of Salicylic Acid and Glycocoll, Salicyluric Acid

. ib.

Camphoric Acid .....

. 391

Elements .....

ib.

Bertagnini’s Experiments

. ib.

Anisic Acid .....

. 392

Elements .....

ib.

Bertagnini’s Experiments

ib.

Cuminic Acid .....

. ib.

Elements .....

ib.

Experiments .....

ib.

Chapter XLV. Urophanic Organic Bases

1. Quinine and Quinidine . . . . . ib.

Elements . . . . . ib.

Herapath’s Test. Iodo-chinine and Sulphuric Acid . . ib

Special Proceedings ..... 394

Elements. Diagnostic Properties . . . . ib.

Mode of obtaining Strychnine from Urine . . . ib.

Elements ...... ib.

Red Pigment in Alkaline Urine .... ib.

Kletzinsky’s Experiments . . . .399

Relations between Santonine and Pyrotartaric Acid . . ib.

Compound of Santonine and Soda . . . . ib.

CONTENTS.