Horses and hounds : a practical treatise on their management

Contents

CHAPTER X.

Demand and high price of well-bred horses — Mistakes in selection of brood mares and bad economy in purchasing inferior animals — Hints on feeding young stock, especially during the winter — Superior value of horses to other stock — Paddocks — Feeding — Exercise . . . p. 1

Chapter II

Treatment of mares during gestation and foal-bearing — Management, diet, &c. , of the young foals ; arrangements of the stable and paddock for both — Mistakes as to early discipline, and consequent injury to the future steed — Careful management as to the hoofs, as well as use of a moderately loose rein, highly necessary — Mistakes of ordinary coach: men on the latter subject— Suggestions for improvements in harness — All irritative measures to be avoided p. 12

Chapter III

Worms in young horses, and their cure — Various prescriptions — Early training at the bar, and moderation to be used — Great care to avoid causing inflammation while breaking in — How to stop a horse whose rider has been thrown — Ingenious cure of one that refuses to pull — Young draught horses should not be put to heavy weights — Directions how to manage young hunters across country, especially in leaping — Use of loose boxes, and large stables — Extremes of heat and cold to be carefully avoided — Clipping n. 1 9

Chapter IV

Eailways not injurious to the demand for draught horses — Comparative safety of the coach and the rail — Experience in coach accidents — Proper feeding for draught horses — Objections to the old hay-lofts — Different qualities of hay, proper season for making it — Objection to hay-making machines — Impi'ovements introduced by Lord Ducie — Manure — Plough horses, and their hours of work — Difference of diet according to occupation — V alue of wheat and other provisions, and of manure p. 27

IV

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER Y.

Quantity of corn to be given under different circumstances — Mischievous consequences of over-feeding, and fallacies of quackery — Exercise should supersede medicine as much as possible — Objections to over-sweating— Ventilation of stables — Means of removing ammoniacal smells — Proper declivity of flooring — Dangerous effects of damp — Care respecting water, its quality, quantity, and time of being given — Dressing and grooming — Treatment of horses analogous to our treatment of ourselves — Digestion necessary before exercise — Treatment on returning from hunting — Washing and rubbing — Mistakes in bandaging— Cold water beneficial both to man and beast . . . p. 34

Chapter VI

Essentials for dressing and cleaning a horse — Clothing to be suited to temperature and time of year — To be changed in order to ensure its dryness — Separate cleaning-rooms — Too much artificial treatment prejudicial— Dangers of sudden heats and colds — Death of a horse through inflammation induced by wrong treatment — Another anecdote — Absurd trouble taken by grooms, and unhealthy habit of hissing, puffing, and blowing while rubbing down the animal — Amusing mistakes, but ultimate success of a sailor turned farmer — Ancient laws for the proper treatment of old horses, and want of similar humanity in the present day — Instances of ill-treatment of old horses — Anecdote of Charles, Duke of Calabria p. 40

Chapter VII

On summering in loose boxes — Various accommodation and means for so doing — A horse requires relaxation as well as a man — Abundance of water necessary — Instance of insatiate thirst — Thirst often caused by irritating over-doses of medicine — Frequent death of horses from injudicious physicing — Subject of summering continued — Loose boxes sometimes a tolerable substitute for turning out — Diet — Over-cramming during the summer to be avoided — Young grass the best and gentlest purgative — Care required when a change is made from green to dry food — Prejudices of some persons against turning out to grass — Practice and experience of the author in reference to summering — Observations of Nimrod P-47

Chapter VIII

Remarks on the selection and purchasing of horses — Tricks of dealers — Change in the teeth as age advances — Disposition ascertainable from the appearance of the eye — Characteristics of the form indispensable to constitute a good hunter, as distinct from those of the carriagehorse — Details to be considered as to the neck and shoulders — High

CONTENTS.

V action horses objectionable, as also horses “in at the elbows” — Trial necessary in purchasing horses, and benefit of experience in effecting a purchase — Little time required to know a good horse from a bad — Points to be observed in their appearance — Length necessary, but under certain restrictions — Diseases and imperfections ; such questions best referred to the veterinary surgeon — Difference among the pro* fessors of that science — Curious instance — Arguments derived from sweating, and cause, symptoms, and effects of lameness in horses — Danger of the lancet in inexperienced hands — Use of fomentations — Pules for bleeding — The “speedy cut” — Instance of it while at Oxford — Causes of broken knees ; Dangers of the wood pavement — - Their treatment — Diseases of the feet — Windgalls — Cuts, and their treatment — Great care requisite in the use of the irons — Causes of internal unsoundness ; broken wind— Disadvantages and proper treatment of “roarers” and “whistlers” — Use and treatment of broken-winded horses — Conclusion p.52

Chapter IX

Remarks on hunting in general, and specially on fox-hunting — Beasts fit for hunting that have since become extinct — Fox-hunting the substitute for that of animals of a higher class — Its antiquity — The sheep dog the prototype of the canine race — Goldsmith’s theory thereupon, and its probable explanation — Curious and loose definitions of Linnaeus and Dr. Johnson — Refutation of the theory of the sheep dog’s claim to antiquity — General views of the species ranged under the respective genera of animals— The greyhound or gaze-hound — Another theory of the origin of breeds of dogs, and probable reasons for the difference p. 61

Chapter X

On the economical management of a pack of fox-hounds — The necessity of early practical knowledge relative to kennel and stable exemplified — Necessity of avoiding damp — Care taken of the New Forest hounds — Kennels should be surrounded by a wall, if possible — Lodging rooms, courts, &c. — Expense of construction p. 66

Chapter XI

Change in the hours of meeting — Difference in the breed of foxes, and in the speed of the race-horses of the old and the modern school — Eclipse and Flying Childers — Number of stallions in 1777 — Faults in the present system of fox-hunting — Quotations from Markham — Condition of hounds in different countries — Reasons for the change in

f°xes 71

Vi CONTENTS.

Chapter XII

How to form a pack of fox-hounds — Best kennels in the present day — Mr. Assheton Smith’s, Duke of Beaufort’s, Lord Fitzwilliams’, Earl of Yarborough’s, Lord Bentinck’s, &c. — Faults to be avoided in forming a selection, and treatment while young— Hare-hunters to be avoided — Mistakes of sportsmen respecting the identity of foxes and hares — Description of a lot of draft hounds, and of the respective character of each dog — Bad choice made by young huntsmen — Price of draft hounds as contrasted with that of good ones p. 76

Chapter XIII

huntsmen, whippers-in, and feeders — The distemper, its prevention better than its cure — Means thereof — Exercise and air the best means of prevention— Story of a donkey p. 82

CHAPTER XIY.

Necessity of judicious breeding — Choice of bitches — Fine symmetry of the fox-hound — Popular mistakes of the present day — Mr. Ward’s skill in breeding — Time of breeding — Curious variations in the generations of hounds — Necessity for choosing good sires — Difference between “fast” and “quick” hounds — Management and feeding of the brood bitches — Selection and treatment of the whelps — Diet and medicine for puppies — Premiums for best brought up hounds at walks — Names should be given early to each young hound — Proper habits in a feeder exemplified— Symptoms of, and remedies for, the distempers and for inflammation of the lungs p. 85

CHAPTER XY.

Judgment to be exercised in feeding — Bleeding and dressing — Prejudices of huntsmen — Beckford’s remarks on dressing — Economy as to use of meal — Injudicious bleeding — Use of vegetables during the summer — Brushing, swimming, and feeding — Rabies canina, or hydrophobia — Fits occasionally mistaken for it — Cures of hydrophobia mentioned by old writers p. 93

CHAPTER XVI.

Instances of decided hydrophobia in the author’s own kennel — Treatment of a bite under such circumstances p. 100

CHAPTER XVII.

Canker in the ear — Spaniels and Newfoundland dogs particularly subject to it — Treatment of it — Treatment of red mange — For sore breasts —

CONTENTS.

Vll

For cuts or bites — Barbarous treatment of bruised feet — Remedies for rheumatism — Use of oatmeal as food — Manner of keeping it — Its superiority to all other diet, even for labouring men — Manner of boiling it — Carcases of horses which have died of disease to be avoided — “ Graves” little better than poison — Insides of sheep form wholesome diet — Bad carcases often purchased for the sake of the perquisites — No occasion for the whip at feeding hours — Ought to occupy at least an hour p. 104

CHAPTER XVIII.

Food should be proportioned to work,” and regulated according to the season — Tissues of the body exhausted by violent exercise — Illustrations of mode of treatment, and making of the “puddings” — Necessity of air and exercise — Walls of kennels to be frequently whitewashed— Means of preventing fleas, ticks, and dust — Proper kind of straw to be used — Use of neatsfoot oil superseded by cleanliness — Use of sulphur — Frequent brushing highly useful — Precautions to be taken in washing dogs — The use of the warm bath after hunting doubtful, as also the practice of swimming dogs in ponds and rivers — Example of the latter — Causes and treatment of eruptive diseases — Vacations and commencement of training season — Cub-hunting — An anecdote — Number of hounds necessary p.108

CHAPTER XIX.

Rounding and education of young hounds — How to avoid their running deer — Mr. Ward’s practice — Severity not necessary — Good behaviour of the author’s own pack through a preserve — Exercise highly essential— Cub-hunting — A noisy whipper-in of no use — Earth-stopping — Wages to earth-stoppers in different parts of the country — Different breeds of foxes in England, France, and Germany . . . . p. 115

CHAPTER XX.

On the duties, temper, and character of a huntsman — Mistakes of young huntsmen — A really good pack of hounds will kill foxes by themselves — Good whippers-in often make bad huntsmen — Laid up ill, and my whipper-in turned huntsman — Field pleased at first — Soon wanted my return — The pack, on my resuming my place — Anecdote of John Ward — A good receipt for a conceited whipper-in — Jack and the Ghost 122

CHAPTER XXI.

The duties of a whipper-in as to earths — Second whip ; youths too fond of using it — How an old sportsman usually broke them in — The Pastor and Farmer Coulter — Tom, my whipper-in — Patience required in a

Till

CONTENTS.

master of hounds — Heading foxes — Every man out not a sportsman — Temper must be restrained in a master ; swearing quite unnecessary — Myself, when young, and Farmer Steers — On the yeomen and farmers of England ; injudicious and unjust abuse too frequently levelled at them p. 130

CHAPTER XXII.

Hour of feeding — Difference of food and treatment — Animal food necessary — Number of hounds to form the hunting pack in field — On drafting hounds — One fault not to be overlooked — In what the strength of a pack of fox-hounds consists — Pack of hounds that hunted hare and fox — Horses and hounds of old school — Pack dividing, and each killing their own fox p. 136

CHAPTER XXIII.

Place of meeting — Where it is best — The master should keep and follow his own counsel — Fox without a brush — Run with the same, and death — Hour of meeting to be strictly attended to — The proper place for first and second whip — Confidence of hounds in a huntsman ; cruelty and roughness utterly misapplied — Different ways of drawing — Foxes, like dogs, sleepy in windy weather p. 142

CHAPTER XXIV.

Draw where you are most likely to find a fox — Morning best time for scent —Fair play to a fox, contrary to Beckford’s opinion — No hallooing and whooping on first finding — Most likely places to find foxes early in the season — Hounds spreading wide — Upon drawing coverts and the places and business of whippers-in — Famous hound from Sir T. Mostyn’s kennel — Mr. T. Palmer and “ Drops of Brandy” — Dinner at his house — Deputy — Old favourites never neglected — Anecdotes of “Old Pilgrim” p. 148

CHAPTER XXY.

Laws of fox-hunting — The whole question a lex non scripta , but a matter of custom — How countries are formed and held — Coverts — Right of master to dispose of them — Right to draw a neighbouring covert — Manner in which coverts may become lapsed — Twenty, if not seven years’ undisputed possession, a legal title to a country — Mr. Assheton Smith and the Craven country — Sir John Cope, in Collingbourne woods — The right of earth-stopping — On running into a neighbour’s country — Necessity of good feeling in neighbouring hunts, propriety of forming a club, analogous to the Jockey Club, for the decision of disputes as to title of country — Lord Hawke’s attempt — Advantages of the existing laws of fox-hunting — Tricks of keepers in destroying foxes by vermin traps p. 155

CONTENTS.

ix

CHAPTER XXVI.

On game-preservers — Food of foxes not confined to game — The real wild, good fox not a frequenter of hen-roosts — Old woman and fox “in a cradle,” at Castlecoomb — Dainty taste of foxes in relation to

Lord ’s venison — Another story, equally true, as to their taste for

pork — The real story — Foxes less gluttonous than is usually believed — A novus homo — The battue system — Severity in the prosecution of poachers — Comparison between the battue and the fox-hunt . p. 161

CHAPTER XXVII.

On the destruction of vermin ; traps and other contrivances for destroying them — The marten, polecat, stoat, weasel ; difference between the two latter — Mistakes of gamekeepers — Owls comparatively useful ; hawks and kites not to be spared — Common house cat, crow, magpie ; methods of entrapping them— The battue system may be allowed, but not defended — Every country gentleman may preserve his game, and yet exercise the greatest liberality and forbearance — Anecdote of a notorious poacher — Other stories illustrative of the troubled state of the country during the author’s younger days p. 168

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Difficulties during a fox-chase, and best means of overcoming them — Different behaviour of huntsmen to their hounds — Knowledge of the country essential — Difference between foxes early in the season and after Christmas — Relative speed of fox and fox-hound — The run — Death of the fox — The first check the most critical — Mischief of “ going to halloos” — Consequence of so doing — Difficulties overcome by perseverance — A scene worthy of Landseer p. 176

CHAPTER XXIX.

Of hounds that run wide — Running the foil — A month’s hunting in another country— Run after, and death of a fox that had baffled the huntsman three years — The author treated to the worst fixtures — Death of a second old fox — Always attended to my hounds’ dinner before my own — A sporting divine — Various remarks and anecdotes — Pursuit of a fox running with a rabbit in his mouth . . . p. 183

CHAPTER XXX.

Instead of a treatise on the art of catching foxes, I give an account of some runs in Mr. Slowman’s country — His pack of hounds — Helping them to a fox, not a vixen p. 190 r

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXI.

Reputation throughout the neighbourhood — Sport in Mr. Slowman’s countrycontinued — The “Artful Dodger” out-manoeuvred — New method of bolting foxes — A burst and a scramble — Hounds over-running their foxes — A cast forward not the most likely to recover the scent — Case in point — Bob and his friend — Casualties at a brook — Treeing foxes — Terriers in a drain — Loss of a couple of hounds for ten days, and their extraordinary recovery p. 197

CHAPTER XXXII.

Last day in Mr. Slowman’s country — Departure for home — Hounds out of blood out of heart — Short days and short work necessary to recover them — Digging out a fox occasionally to be given to the hounds as an encouragement — Number of foxes’ noses on kennel door no proof of sport — Foxes shy animals, particularly old ones — Curious instance of a fox evading capture in a rabbit pipe — Fast skurry over the downs — Open and enclosed countries — A good woodland day elicits the quality of the pack — My own hounds — Kind treatment recommended, p. 206

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Beckford ; his theory and practice — Hounds should not be struck unless in the act of committing a fault — Severity censured, even in the education of boys — Leading and driving — Shying the result of harsh treatment— Difficulties in hunting a new country — Knowledge of his business necessary to every master of fox-hounds — Hunting establishments— Expenses of fees and extras — On purchasing horses — Best food for dogs generally p. 213

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Beckford’s advice respecting s ormy weather — Master of fox-hounds considered as a servant of the public — Not to take out young hounds on very bad and windy days — Losing our pack on such an occasion — A cool and easy fox — Earth-stopping, and habits of foxes in bad weather — The fox-catcher, and his manoeuvres — Scratch packs general receivers— Countries should be regularly hunted, good and bad places in succession — Woodland foxes p. 220

CHAPTER XXXV.

Remarks on scent p. 227

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Is a fox a good judge of scent? — Method of catching his game — A visit to De Ville — Stoat and rabbit — Dog foxes in the spring of the year — Effect of heat upon them p. 234

CONTENTS.

xi

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Greyhound foxes — Lord Drumlanrig’s run — Proposed show of fox-hounds at Tattersall’s, as well as advertisements of stallions — Advantages of a Club — Choice of a President — Prizes — Changing foxes — Finish of a run in the dark — Strange place of refuge for a fox — A first-rate whipper-in of even more consequence than a first-rate huntsman — Scene in a lady’s drawing room — Refuge in the chimney, and successful dislodgment p. 238

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Difference between wild and woodland bred foxes — Difficulty sometimes of making them break covert — Various experiments — The “black bitch” — Smoking them out — Changes and expenses in hunting establishments at the present day — Kennels in the grass countries — Sham and real friends to foxes — Vixen and cubs — Earth-stopping in March — The whippers-in ought to visit the earths — Episode of Jim . . p. 245

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Tricks of keepers — A master of fox-hounds ought to possess manifold knowledge, as his business is most various in its demands — Farmers generally favourable to fox-hunting — Jim and the farmer’s daughter — Foxes which lie idle easily disposed of — The weather constantly blamed for bad sport, without reason — Foxes should have a fair start — The wild system of the present day condemned — Gentlemen huntsmen — “Blood will tell” — Mr. Delme Radcliffe — Mr. Osbaldestone — Assheton Smith — Not indispensable that a gentleman should always feed his own hounds — Lord Darlington and Mr. Meynell — Feeding hounds after hunting — Quotation from the author of the “Noble Science” — Fox-hunting not intended to be the sole business of life — Whippers-in who have lived under gentlemen huntsmen — Hills and the two Treadwells p. 252

CHAPTER XL.

On trapping foxes — How to foil fox-killing keepers — Bag foxes — Difference of scent — Run with one — Riding too close upon the pack— Hard riders and good riders to hounds — Advice to young sportsmen — The balance seat — Look before you leap into a pond — A good rider should never part company with his horse, unless both are down together — The Centaur seat p. 259

CHAPTER XLI.

On riding to hounds — A jealous sportsman — Light and heavy weights — A sporting Baronet — Training hunters — Irish method — Making the most of your horse — Steeple-chasing and calf-hunting condemned as cruel and absurd — Easter Monday — Her Majesty’s stag-hounds in the New Forest— The meet and finish . . . p. 267

XU CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XLII.

On the management of young houuds when first coming into kennel — Prejudices of huntsmen — Air and exercise — Fox-hunting an antidote to melancholy — A few remarks on hare-hunting — Hounds best suited to this sport — Huntsman and whipper-in — Peculiar knowledge requisite for breeding hounds successfully — The late Mr. Ward — Harriers should be kept strictly to their own game p. 275

CHAPTER XLIII.

Advantages of hare-hunting in some respects over fox-hunting — Reduction of expenses in fox-hunting establishments to meet the times — Mr. Yeatman and his pack of harriers — Unfair prejudices against hare-hunting— A random shot at fox -hunters — Liberality the true spirit of fox-hunters — Liberal game preservers — The Squire of C*****n — Foxes do not live upon game only — Letter from an old fox-hunter — Artful keepers turning down foxes when the hounds meet to draw their preserves — Way to detect such practices p. 282

CHAPTER XLIV.

On bag-foxes — Scratch packs hunting them — An old fox -hunter convicting a master of harriers of his mal-practices — Improving our breed of foxes — Run with a dark-coloured fox — List of hounds on hunting days — Diary — Effects of bathing hounds after hunting . . p. 291

CHAPTER XLY.

Estimates of expenses of a fox-hunting establishment — Wages, food, and allowances — Quality of land — Expenses for two days a week — Selection of hunters — Objection to “screws” — Other items of expense — Saddles, bridles, rugs, &c. — Economy may and should be observed — Reasons for leaving out of the list the farrier — The huntsman’s book, or annual bill — Earth-stopping, and fees to keepers — Advantages of the old system in preventing needless extortion — Proposals for a remedy of the evil — Opinion of Mr. Delme Radcliffe . . . p. 296

Tajiing of Wild Horses

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THEIR MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE HORSE.

Illi ardua cervix,

Demand and bigb price of well-bred horses — Mistakes in selection of brood mares, and bad economy in purchasing inferior animals — Hints on feeding young stock, especially during the winter — Superior value of horses to other stock — Paddocks — Feeding — Exercise.

From the high prices which well-bred horses of good form and figure have commanded, for many years past, and still maintain, it is matter of surprise that breeding this kind of stock, as a system, has not been more generally adopted by the enlightened agriculturists of the present day. Good hunters have always sold at a high figure, but it is no unusual circumstance to find carriage horses in the hands of our London Job Masters, at the present moment, valued at 300 guineas the pair. Good weight-carrying hunters are always in request, for which from 200 to 300 guineas is not an unusual price realized by dealers. Horses of this description, however, are seldom met with out of the great northern districts, which have hitherto produced the finest animals ; and to the great fairs at Horncastle, Rugby, and other places, dealers from all parts of England, and the continent also, are attracted to make their purchases. In the midland and western counties, few good horses are ever produced by farmers, and the reason assigned is, that it does not pay them to breed horses. I admit that it does not, and never will pay them to raise such animals

HORSES AND HOUNDS.

as are generally found in tlieir possession, the value of which rarely exceeds thirty pounds ; but, as many writers on the horse have assumed, that the Equine race thrive best in genial latitudes, there is no reason why as good animals should not be raised in the south, as in the north of England ; in fact, as far as climate is concerned, the southern parts of the country ought to surpass the northern in the production of this kind of stock. But the real cause of failure lies in the breed and form of the brood mares, and the little attention paid to their offspring. Were farmers to pay as much attention to the selection of proper animals for this purpose, as they do to tlieir other kinds of farm stock, the result would be very different. I have known from twenty to thirty guineas given by farmers of enterprise for good three-year old heifers of the sliort-horned, or Durham breed ; and from fifty to ninety guineas for a yearling bull of the same sort. Good Leicester and Southdown rams often sell from thirty to one hundred pounds. But if you were to advise a man to lay out thirty or forty pounds, or even twenty, in the purchase of a clever well-bred brood mare, he would tell you that “ he should never see his money again.” And why not ] Let him only pay the same attention to his horse, as he does to his cow, or sheep stock, and I will answer for it that he is not disappointed, supposing, of course, that he is a man of sound judgment. Let us just compare the cost of raising and fattening a Durham bullock, which is to be handed over to the butcher at three years old, with that of a four-year old colt, putting the prime cost of their dams at the same price. I am not going to recommend any extraordinary care or expenses, well knowing that I should, on that account, be met in limine with the old reply — “ It wont pay.” Well, then, we will endeavour to point out what will pay, without building expensive loose boxes, making fine paddocks, and feeding upon an unlimited quantity of oats and beans all the year round. This system we must allow to remain where it is at present, and is likely to continue, with gentlemen amateurs, and breeders for the turf. To agriculturists generally it would be a mere waste of paper to recommend any such plan, except in a very modified degree. More on this subject I reserve for masters of foxhounds, and sporting men, who supply their studs from their own stock. A Durham calf, to be reared to a large size, will consume the whole of its mother’s milk up to a certain period, and when weaned will require, as a substitute, a good allowance of linseed tea, or mucilage. The foal will subsist for two or three months upon its mother’s milk, with what grass it can pick up whilst at pasture. The keep of a mare and cow in

HORSES AND HOUNDS.

this state I consider to be about equal. From the first of November we may consider the winter to have commenced, and after that time both cattle and horses should be removed from their pastures into a well-protected yard, with sheds round it. The calf will now require at least half a hundred weight of barley meal, or oil cake, per week, in addition to hay and turnips. The colt we will allow two bushels of bruised oats mixed with chaff, and the same quantity of hay as the calf, substituting a few carrots in the place of the turnips. The cost of the barley meal and the oats will amount to the same, so that the two animals will proceed pari passu as to the expense of their extra food. This mode of feeding should continue for twenty-six weeks, involving an outlay of six pounds ten shillings for each animal independently of hay and roots.

The question now is, will the yearlings pay for this treatment 1 In my own opinion, there cannot be any doubt of it. By well keeping young cattle the first winter they may be forced to great weight and size, and be ready for the market at three years old instead of four. The horse will require another year before he is saleable, but unless well treated the first winter, which is always the most trying for young animals of all kinds, he will not arrive at perfection of growth or shape. Having now reached the month of May, we will, to save the farmer any further trouble, turn the two animals out to pasture, only stipulating that they shall have a shed to take shelter in from heat and storms, and if for the first fortnight a few bruised oats be allowed the colt night and morning, and the like quantity of meal and cut-hay chaff to the steer, no great damage will be done to his interest, or to that of the farmer. The same course is to be pursued the following autumn and winter, when the steer will consume more extra food as well as the horse, whose allowance of corn may be increased if necessary by one bushel, making three per week.* The second summer they will fare alike ; but in September the steer will require to be taken up from the pasture, and consigned to the bullock-pen for fattening. The allowance of oil-cake, barley meal, and roots, must now be administered with no sparing hand, and the extra quantity given to the steer will frank the horse through his third winter.