An illustrated description of the Russian empire

Front matter

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Preface

I HE volume herewith presented to the public was in course of preparation (to the extent, at least, of collecting material out of which to digest the subject-matter of its pages), for a considerable period anterior to the commencement of hostilities between the two governments occupying the position of principals in the present European war. That event, however, with the solicitude it has very generally and very naturally created tbr i^liable iufbnnation, as to the <5haracter, history, and resources, of the Muscovite empire, whose position seems generally though perhaps erroneously to be regarded as so formidable and threatening toward other nations, has led to its puiblication at a somewhat earlier day than might otherwise have been determined on.

But comparatively few of the descriptive works on Russia heretofore published, accessible to readers in the English language — those of recent as well as those of earlier date — have extended their range beyond St. Petersburg and Moscow, with perhaps the provinces immediately surrounding them. This is to be accounted for probably in the fact that (with few exceptions) they have emanated from tourists visiting that country for health or pleasure ; and the restrictions with which the government everywhere trammels locomotion on Russian territory, with the miserable travelling facilities, and worse roadside accommodations, have generally been sufficient to deter them from penetrating or exploring to any considerable extent, the vast regions lying beyond the Muscovite capitals. And those works not comprised in this class, and which form the exceptions referred to above, do not cover, any one of them, but a fraction of this colossal empire. Thus Finland, the (German colonies, Poland, Southern Russia, tlie Crimea, Kazan, the Caucasian and Trans-Caucasian provinces, Siberia,

4 PREFACE.

and other dmsions of the imperial domain, have each had its historiographer, but each has generally formed the subject of a separate work. While still other writers have limited the scope of their pens entirely to sketches of the people, the government, and institutions of the country. To obtain a knowledge, therefore, of the whole empire, called for the perusal of so many volumes, and some of them not attainable this side of the Atlantic, that Russia has necessarily been a terra inc(^nUa to a large proportion of American readers.

This deficiency in the means of accessible information, on most subjects so abundant in this country, suggested to the Editor the plan of this volume. He felt assured that if he could furnish an illustrated description of every portion of the empire — of its institutions and people, its history, and in bri^, everything requisite to a complete knowledge of ^^ Russia and the Russians," full in details, yet careftdly condensed, so as to bring the whole within the covers of a single volume, and thus within the moans of every class of readers — he would essentially subserve the cause of popular information. He undertook the task, and the more completely to carry out his design, he has spared no pains in the endeavor to obtain, both in this country and in Europe, every work that promised any additional or more recent information, or which might serve to verify that already in hand. The result of his labors is embodied in the following pages. Of the success which has attended them, he will leave to his readers to judge from perusal.

The engravings (many of which are from drawings made expressly for this volume) have been selected with regard rather to the more practical purpose of illustrating the letter-press than the minor one of mere pictorial embellishment. A glance at them, however, will show that the latter consideration has not been lost sight of. They are all from the burin of Wil- UAM RoBEBTS, whosc eminent reputation is an ample guaranty that they hate been executed in the highest and most elaborate style of the art. Of the maps, it will be a sufficient assurance of their accuracy, to mention that they are from Mobse's geographical establishment, and are specimens of his beautiful art of cereographic engraving.

The preparation of this volume has been a work of no inconsiderable

t(Hl, involving, as it did, reference to such varied and frequently conflicting

authorities ; and its mechanical execution has been attended with a far

greater outlay than any of the Editor's previous works. But should it

meet with but a moiety of the favor so kindly and generously aceorded to

his former publications, he will feel himself amply recompensed for his

labors.

R. S.

Chapter I. Physical Obooraphy

Boundaries — Latitude and Longitude — Superficial Area — ComparatiTe Dimensiotie — Rusaan Ameri'Ui— Ural Mountains — Caucasian Range — Asiatic Russia — Altai Range — Foresta — White Sea — Baltic Sea — Its Extent -^ Gulf of Bothnia — Gulf of Finland — Euzine or Black Sea — Sea of Azov — Putrid Sea — Strait of Enikaleh — Caspian Sea — Its Position, Form, and Extent — Its Islands — Its Fisheries — Its Harbors — Its History — the Sea of Okhotsk — Rivers — the Dwina — the Obi — the Yenisei — the Duna — the Niemen — the Dniester — th« Dnieper — the Boug — the Don — Attempts to unite the Don and the Volga — the Kouban — the Danube — Its Mouths — the Volga — Its Source and Course — Its Mouths ~< Its Tributaries— Its Inundations — Its Commercial Importance — Lakes — Lake or Sea of Baikal — — Lake Ladoga — Lake Onega — Lake Peipus — Lake Ilmen — Bielo-Ozero-* Climate — Storms— the. Mia^el— the SamjoU— • the Vinga— Ito Terrible Devastations paob 18

Chapter II. Political Divisions — The Baltic Provinces

Diyision-Line of European and Asiatic Russia — General Diyisions — Table of Areas and Populations— Finlahd: Physical Aspect — Climate — Soil — Productions — Animals — Manufactures — (Jovemment — People — the Aland Archipelago — Chief Towns — Abo — Helsingfore Sweaborg — Tomea — Government of St. Petebsbubo: Physical Aspect — Climate — IVoductive Resources — Commerce ~ Kronstad t — Its Harbor and Fortifications — Ebthonia : Soil — Animals — Thrilling Incident — Revel — Its Harbor — Historical Incident — Catherintha), built by Peter the Great — Ltvohia : Soil and Productions — Forests — Wild Aninoals — Hunting Scenes — Rural Industry — Russian Coins — Livonia: Population — Government — Riga- — Dorpat — Historic Incident of Schloss-Ringen — CouniJkKD : Physical Aspect — Soil and l^oduotions — Animals — Elk-Hunting — Mittau — labau — Windau — History of the Bidtie Provinces — People — the Lettes and Esthonians — the Jews — the Germans page 41

Chapter III

GREAT RUSSIA. , Ar€Ban«el: Its Extent — Physical Aspect — Climate — Resources — People — Russian Lapland —the Laplanders— NoTa Zembls — City of Archangel — History — Voix>oda: Soil, Climate, and Productions — (^tj of Vologda — Olonbiz : Soil — Resources — Petrosavodsk — Eargop«l« — NoTOOBOD : Physioal Aspect — Soil and Produetions-^City of Novgorod -*-Its History — FIbot: Soil and IVoduotions— Pskov the Capital— Torepets—Velikie-Louki-^TvEB: Productions — Manufactures — Commerce — Tver, its Capital — Smolensk:' Soil and Productions— Forests— Oky of Smolensk — Mosoow: Its Extent— Physical Aftpect — C1iroat«' — Natural Products and Manufactures — Yaboslav: Rivers and Lakes— Climate — Resourc^is —City of Yarodav — Its History —KosTnoMi: Soil and Climate— Products — City of Kos-

(} C0NTSNT8.

troma — Nijoei-Noygorod — Soil and Productioiis — Manufactures — Citj of K ijnei-NoTgoro«1 — Fain — Vladimir t Surface — Soil and Products — Citj of Vladimir — Riazan: Climate

— Forests — Products and Manufactures — City of Riazan — Tambot : Resources — Forests — Manufactures — City of Tamboy — Toula : Resources — City of Toula — Market — Manufactures — History — Ealouoa : Climate and Productions — Manufactures — Exports — City of Kalouga — Orel : Its Rivers — Soil and Productions — Commerce — Town of Orel — Eouisk : Products — Exports — City of Eoursk — Fairs — Voronxj : Resources — Population — City of Voronej .faoi 81

Chapter IV. Little And Western Russia

Lithuania •* Its History and People — ToHKRNiooy : Its Soil — Lakes and Riyers — Productions *- Its Capital, Tohemigoy — KsARXoy : Soil and Productions — City of Kharkoy — Poi/tava : Its Surface, Soil, and Resources — Town of Poltava -^Kixy: Physical Aspect — Climate — Crops — City of Kiev — Antiquities — History of Kiev — Podoua : Physical Aspect — Productions— Karoinietz — Balta — Volbtnia: Physical Aspect — Manufactures and Exports — People — Jitomir — Berditschev— Mmsx: Productive Resources — People— Its Capital — MooHiLBv:. Rivers and Lakes — Productions — Town of Moghilev — VirspaK: Soil and Productions— Its Capital — Wilna: Rivers and Lakes — Agricultural Resources — Animals — Its Capital — Educational Institutions — Grodno: Soil and Productions — People — Town of Grodno — Bialtstok : Its Resources — Bialystok, its Capital faoi 119

Chapter V. Russian Poland

Former Extent of Poland — Present Limits of Russian Poland — Population — Physical Aspect

— Climate and Soil — Productive Resources — Estates of the Nobility — the Peasantry — Position of the Peasantry — Villages — Domestic and Wild Animals — Forests — Minerals — Manufactures — Commerce — Government — Religion ^ Education — People — History — Krakow, the Ancient Capital of Poland — Warsaw : Public Buildings — Suburbs — Educotional Institutions — Manufactures and Trade — History ^ Other Towns paoi 187

Chapter VI. Soutubrn Russia

BnsARABiA : Its Position and Physical Aspect — Climate an4 Productions — People — History — Kichinev — Ismail — Its Capture by Suwarrow — Kherson : Soil and Climate — Industrial Arts — Kherson, its Capital — Historical Incident: '*The Road to Constantinople** — Odessa

— Its Trade — Its Granaries — Bszars — Vineyards — The Boulevard — Memorials of Howard — Nikolaiev — Taurida : Position and Area — Its People — Ekatherinoslav : Soil and Minerals — Climate and Products — Game — Manufactnres — Don Comaokb (Government) : Physical Aspect — Climate — Productive Resources — Tlie Don Cossacks — Their History — Kreposts— Nova Tcherkask — Tcherkask — Taganrog — Aaov pagi 161

Chapter VII. The Crimea

Physical Aspect — The Baidar Valley — Productive Resources — Salt Works — Chief Towns — Population — Crim Tartars — History — Sevastapol — Its Harbor and Fortifications — Inkerman, the '*Town of Caverns" — Ruins — Simferopol — Camel-Carts — Fair — Races — the Tchatir Dagh — Cave of Foul Kouba — Kisil Kouba — Pallas* Residence — Kertsch — Panticapaeum. Residence and Reputed Burial-Place of Mithridates — Caffa — Baktchiserai (the **Seraglio of Gardens**) — Tartar Houses — Palace of tlie Khans — Mausoleum of the Khans, ** Valley of Jehoshaphat**— Tchoufut Kalft — the Karaite Jews — Mangonp KaU — Novel Method of Shoeing a Bullock — Decay of tiie Tartar Race pags 181

CONTENIB. '

Chapter VIII. Thb.stbppb8 Of Southern Russia

Area and Fhysioal Aspect — Rivera — RaviDee — limans — SUvoke — Climate — Seesons — EzoesBiye Drdoghi — Vegetation — Borian — Steppe-Fires — Earth-Haree — Mice — Wolree ^ Dogs — Bnetard-HiiDtiog — Birds of Prey — Reptiles — The Toad-Shower — Lizards — Soakes — Locusts — Their DevasUtioos — Herds of Hones —The Tabontshik — The Horse-stealer — Battles of the Hones — Attacks of Wolyes — Thrashing of Orain by Horses — Mazeppa — l^eep — The Tshabawn — MUking Sheep — Herds of Cattle — The Tsherednik ,

— Tallow-Hoiises — Wholesale Slaughter — Tallow-Market paob 208

Chapter IX. Eastern Russia

QoTemments of Eastern Russia — AsnuKHAir : Physical Aspect — Soil — Ph>ductire Resources — Salt-Lakes — Riyen — dimate — Animals — Fisheries — People — The Calmueks — Their Extraordinary Emigration in 1770-'71 — City of Astrakhan — Its Trade and Population — Sa- KATOV : Productions — Sheep — Population — Commerce — City of Saratov — Other Towns — Oesmbubo: Physical Aspect — Soil — Minerals — Town of Orenburg — Its Manufactures and Trade — Pbbm: Physical Aspect — Climate — Gold, Iron, and Salt-Mines — Trade — Inhabitants — City of Perm — Ekaterinburg — Trade in Precious Stones — Yiatka : Physical Aspect Productive Resources — Commerce — Population — Yiatka the Capital — Simbibsk: Climate and Productions — Its Capital — Samaba: Area and Population — City of Samara — Its Annual Fair-* Penza: Soil and Productions — Manufactures and Exports — City of Penza — Kasan : Physical Aspect — Agriculture — Gardens — Population — Cheremisses and Chuvasses — The city of Kazan— The Tartan — Their Costume — Tartar Women — Kremlin of Kazan

— University — Manufactures and Trade-* Inundation of the Volga — Foundation of Kazan — Its History — Its Conflagrations — Oliphant's Sketch of Kazan in 1858. pagk 244

Chapter X. The Caucasian Provinces

Caucasian Tribes — Georgia: Its Position and Aspect — Riven — Climate and Soil — Fruit — Its Vineyards — Wines — Domestic Animals — Roads — Manufactures — Female Georgians — Classes — History — Teflis — Its History — Other Towns — Shievak: Baku — Abcheran — Naphtha Springs — "Field of Fire** — Gheben — Russian Aembmia : Physical Aspect — Gilkcha, or Blue Lake — Mount Ararat — Volcanic Eruption of 1840 — Nakhichevan — Climate and Soil of Armenia — Inhabitants — Echmiadzin — Armenian Langpiage and Literature — Rrivan — Akhalzik — Imbritia : Physical Aspect — Natural Productions — Bees and Silkworms— Commerce — Minoeeua: Physiaal Aspect — Productions — Gueia: People — Koutais — Abasbia; Its Position — Industry — History ^Anapar — Ciboa8BIa: Extent and Physical Features — Its Hydrography — Climate — Soil and Natural Productions — Animals, Wild and Domestio — Minerals — People — Villages — the Chase and War — Circassian Women — Domestic Habits — Physical Beauty — Education — Religion — Manufactures and Commerce — History — Caucasus: Physical Features and Climate — Stavropol — Other Towns — Dao- UBBTAM : Physical Aspect — Bituminous Springs — Climate — Population — Derbent — Kouba — l^hetscfaenzte and Lesghians — The Caucasian War — Its History — Shamyl. . . .paok 280

Chapter XI. Siberia, Or Asiatic Russia

Cta Immense Extent — Physical Aspect — the Steppe — Forests — Moorland, or Tundra — Stanovoy Mountains — Dry Lakes — Samoides — Ostiaks — . Calmueks — Turkish Tribes — BuriatB — Tungusi — Takutes — Tohouktchis — History of Siberia — Tobolsk: Soil and Productions — Tartar Villages — City of Tobolsk -^ Climate — Tomsk ; Soil and Productions — Tomsk, its Capital — Yeniseisk : Variety of Soil, Climate, and Productions — Inhabitants — Krasnoiarsk Other Towns -^ Iekoutbk : Physical Features — Climi|te — Forests — Wild Animals — A Bear Slory — Domestio Animals — Crops — Minerals — Manufactures — Irkoutsk, the Capita)

J* CONTENTB.

— Its Police — the ''Doable Town**— Yakouiik: Its Rivers — Productive Retourcee — Takootak, the Oftpital — Ita Trade — lohabitantB — Climate — Qkhoebx: Physical Feature:}

— Products — Town of Okhofetk— Kamtsoraika : Its Form and Physical Aspect — Mountains -^ Climate •— Forests — Agrieultore — Wild AnioMls — Inhabitants — Amusements •— Honsos •* Dogs— Koriaks<—^nrade— > History — (Joverament — ALBOTiAir Ibla^cm: Discovery — Volcanic Formation— Earthquakes-* Soil — Oame— -Fish — Inhabitants — Manners a«<l Customs — Religion— GoT«mment , ^pa«b 828

Chapter XII. Moscow

Its StreeU — Its Extent— The Kremlin— Bird's-Eye View — Spass Yorota, or **Gate of the Redeemer"— the Nicholas Gate— -Ancient Palace of the Gears — Terema — Granovitaya Palata — Coronation-Hall — the Throne — the Bolshoi Dvorets — the Maloi Dvoreta — Cathedral of the Assumption** Cathedral of the Archangel Michael— the False Dmitri — Church of the Annuneiation— the Senate^ Treasury, and Arsenal— Memoriah of the Early Ciars— Palaoe of Arms — "Monarch Bell"— * Ivan YeUki —Its Bdls— Cathedral of St BasU— Chape) of the ** Iberian Motherof God"— Convents and Monasteries— Maideni^ Field— Hospitals — Theatres— Gostinoi Dvor— ^Manirfactnres and Commerce— -History paoc 851

Chapter XIII

8T. PBTBBSBURG.

Site of Si Petersburg — Its Divisions — Iron Bridge across the Kevm-^Bird'a-EyeView — Foundation of the City — Its Perils— Inundation of 1824— CKmate— St Petersburg in Winter— the Russian Stove — Double Windows — the Neva in Winter — Breaking up of the Ice-* Its Celebration— Street Population— Nevskoi Prospect- the English Quay — the Mujik — Sweeping the Street^ a Puaidmient for Drunkenness rAOs 875

Chapter XIV

ST. PETERSBURG — IMPERIAL PALACES AND PUBUC BUILDINGS.

The Winter-Palace — Its Conflagration in 1887— Ito Re-Erection — Its Interior— the Hermitage— Its Treasures — the Marble Palace — the Taurida Palace — Its Orangery — Its Occupants— Hotel de rctat Major — the Alexandrian Column — the Old Michailoff Palace— the Anitshkof Palace — the New Michailoff Palace — Little Summer Garden— the Red Palae**

— the Imperial Library — Museums — Academy of Fine Arts — Educational Institutions — Government Buildings — the Exchange — the Customhouse — the Fortress, Arsenals^ and Barracks— Historical Souvenirs— Equestrian Statue of Peter the Great — Monument to Suwarrow — Monument to Field-Marshal Romanoff paob 899

Chapter XV

ST. PBTBR6BUBG — CHUROHBS AND C^BITABLB INSTITUTIONS.

Modem Church Architecture — Kazan Cathedral — Isaac Church — Church of St Peter and St Paul — Its Spire — Thrilling Incident — Its Vaults — Tombs of the Russian Emperors — Smolnoi and Nevskoi Convents — Monastery of St Sergius — Preobrashensky Church — IVinity Church — Nicolai Church — Roman Catholic Church — Hospitals — the Foundling HospiUl 431

Chapter XVI

MARKETS AND MANUFACTORIES OF ST. PBTBRSBURG.

Hie GkMtinoi Dvor — the Gostonoi Merchants — the Somovar — the Apraxin Rinok— Image- Sellers- Fruit^talls— Pastry-Stands— Tshukin Dvor — ^ird-Bfarket — Hay-Market — Forlen Meat-Market — Sennaia Ploschad — Industbul EvEABUSEOCiifiB : Taj^try, Porcelain, Card, Cottoi^ and Paper Manufactories — Ship-Building pa«k 462

CONTENTS. 9

Chapter XVII

THB OARDBNS AND VILLAS OF ST. PBTBRSBURO.

Cktb«ri]i«nhoff — the Sommer Garden — Petei^s Woodon Palaoe — the Wife-Mar|cet — lahmda of the Neva — Kammenoi, or Stone Island— Yelagin, Croes, and Apothecaries' Islands — Count 8trogonoff*s Gkrdent — CiarskoSelo: the Palaoe — the Arsenal — the Qronnds — Panlofeky and Oatehina — Strelna— Peterhoff— the Empress* Annnal F6tes at Peterftoff— Old Castle of Peter the Great — Marly and Monplaisir — the Hermitage — Cottage of Catherine II.— Ropseha — Oranieabaom paoc 4M

Chapter XVIII. Thb Impbrial Goybrnmbnt

Abeolate Power of the SoTereig^ -«- Organization of the GoTernnient by Peter the Great — tlie Imperial Conneil — the Senate — the Holy Synod — Committee of Ministers — Local Administration of the Governments and Provinces — the Judicial System — the Police System — Its Corruption — Thieves and Pickpockets — Punishments — the Rod— the Knout — Exile to Siberia — Departure of Edies — the Journey— their Number and Condition in Siberia — the Army — Its Organization — the Imperial Guard — Guard of the Interior — the (Gendarmes — the Cossacks — Conscription — Pay — Military Colonies — Insurrection of 1881 — the Navy

— Its Extent — Its Efficiency — Its History — Public Revenue — Its Sources — Expenditures

— Public Debt 487

Chapter XIX. Thb Pboplb

The Nobility — Its Division by Peter into Fourteen Classes — Titles — Powers of the Nobility — their Eduoation and Habits — their Vassals — Attention to Mannfaotures — the Clergy, Merchadtik and Burghers — their Classification — the Three Guilds — Citizen-Burghers — Respectable Citizens— Suburban Inhabitants — the Free Peasantry — the Serfo — Serf Laws — Marriages among Serfii and Free Peasants — HabiU of the Russian Peasantry — their Villages, Costume^ Food, dca —Superstitions and Vices — the Yapor-Bath — Public Baths. . . .pagi 01 1

Chapter XX. Rblioion — Thb Obbbk Church

The Various Religions in Russia — History of the Greek Church — Reforms of Peter the Great -Points of Difference between the Greek and Roman Church — the Clergy — the White and Black Clergy — Monks — the Clergy of Other Churches — Incomes of the Russian Clergy — Nuns — Titles — Habits of the Priests — Devotion of the People to Pictures of their Saints-* Tolerant Spirit of the Russian Clergy paok 533

Chapter XXI. Fbstiyals And Fasts

The Easter Festival — Butter-Week — the Eatsheli — Ice-Mountains — Admiralty Square during Easter — Equipages of the Grandees — the Wooden Theatres — the Burning Theatre — Its Victims — F6tes — the Great Fast— Its Monotony — Palm Sunday — Easter-Eggs — Holy Thursday — Good Friday — Easter Eve — Easter Kisses — Recollection Monday, a Festival- Day in Uie Cemeteries paob 447

Chapter XXII. Liter Aturb And Education

Eariy History of Literature — First Grammar of the Language — Michael Lomonosoff — Literature'during the Reign of Catherine IL — Cheraskoff, "the Russian Homer" — Other Poets — Progreis of Russian Letters during the Pl'esent Century^- Nicholas Karamsin — Poets of tlie Nineteenth Century — Voyages and Traveb — Alexander Pushkin — Nicholas Gogol —

10 CONTENTS.

# • Alexander Bestasher — Historical Romanoes — Count Solohonp« — Female Writers — Hit* torical Science — Statiatiofl — the Drama — Theatrical Amusements — Theatres in St Petersburg— the Russian Alphabet — the Slavonic Dialects — Popular Instruction — Educational Statistics pagi 567

Chapter XXIII. Means Op Travel

First Railway in Russia — Railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow — Oliphant's Description of a Passage over this Road — Other Railways Projected — Roads and Roadside Accommodation — Sledge-Travelling — Posthouses — Posting — Cabinet-Couriers — Diligences — the Malle-Poste — Poet Telega — Drosky — Ivoshtshiks — Pedestrian Privileget paoi 684

Chapter XXIV. Historic Summary — Early Annals

Harmntians and Scythians — Slavonians -7- Yaragians — Rurik — Igor and Cleg — the Petchenegans — the Drevlians — Olga and Sviatoslaff — Taropolk — Vladimir — Yaroslav — Monoroachus — Conflagration of Kiev — Famine at Novgorod — Tartar Invasion — Tnry L — Batou Khan — Yury II. — Yaroslav IL — Alexander Nevski — Wars with the Tartars

— Ivan L and IL — Dmitri IIL and IV.— •'Battle of the Giants"— Vaseili IL— Ivan IIL

— Destruction of the Golden Horde — Vassili IV. — Ivan IV. the Terrible — Origin of the Title "Czar" — Formation of the Strelitxes — Fedor L — Boris Godunoff — Famine in Moscow— the False Dmitris — Vladislaus — Michael Romanoff — Wars with the Swedes and Poles — Alexis — Fedor IIL — Accession of Peter the Great paoi 597

Chapter XXV. Historic Summary — Peter The Great To Nicholas

Intrigues of Sophia, Half-Sister to Peter, to obtain the Crown — Joint Reign of Peter and Ivan V., with Sophia — Insurrection of the Strelitzes — Deposition of Sophia — Death of Ivan — War with Turkey — War with Sweden — Peace of Nystadt — War with Persia — Death of Peter

— His Character — His Manual Dexterity and Mechanical Knowledge — His Travels — Catherine L — Her Previous History — Her Measures — Her Death — Peter IL — Menchikoff — Anne — War with Turkey — Ivan VL — Elizabeth Petrowna — War with Sweden — War with Prussia — Peter IIL — His Assassination — Catherine IL — War with Turkey — Potemkin — Suwarrow — Partition of Poland — Catherine's Death — Her Character ^- Paul 1,

— Events of his Reign — His Eccentricities — His Assassination — Accession of Alexander I. — Treaty of Amiens — War with France — Battles of Austerlitz and Eylau — Treaty of Tilt^it — War with Sweden — Capture of Finland — Allied War against France — Napoleon's Invnsion of Russia — Battle of Borodino — Capture and Conflagration of Moscow — Blowing up of the Kremlin — Retreat of the French — The European Powers allied against Napoleon

— His Overtlirow — Death of Alexander — His Character paok 61 4