Ancient Jerusalem; a new investigation into the history

Front matter

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Preface

No one who has visited Jerusalem can help feeling that he has enjoyed a great privilege in being thus enabled the more readily and vividly to picture to himself in after years those scenes amid which so many of the events of the Bible were transacted, and a just conception of which furnishes so much that is necessary towards a true appreciation and interpretation of the sacred writings.

The interest which attaches to these scenes has encouraged very many of those personally conversant with them to give to the public the journals of their wanderings through them, and the accounts of the impressions produced upon their own minds at the time. And many have made a still better use of the advantages they have thus enjoyed, by employing them as a starting-point from which to carry on, partly on the spot, and partly on subsequent occasions, a systematic investigation into the topography of the antient city. The labours of preceding authors have however left abundant room for a fresh work upon the subject. Prevalent errors with respect to some of the principal points in the antient topography of Jerusalem have not yet been removed; and the most important object to which investigations of this kind can be: directed—the elucidation of the writings of the Old Testament—has of late years been, comparatively speaking, either depreciated or neglected.

al PREFACE.

In treating of Jerusalem in the following pages, I have accordingly endeavoured to keep the one great aim of biblical ‘ illustration constantly in view; and though I have occasionally found it necessary to dwell upon points which the Scriptures do not directly bring before us, or to glance at subsequent passages in the history of the city, such digressions must be viewed throughout as only subsidiary to the main purpose of the volume.

I trust however that I shall not be understood as wishing in any way to disparage the works of those of whose labours I have made use, or to appropriate any portion of the merit which justly belongs to them. Of the works which the reader will find quoted in the course of the volume, some need no commendation from me; and there is not one of them which may not be perused, and which I have not myself perused, both with pleasure and profit. In this as in other subjects, it is only through the gradual progress made by a succession of enquirers, each working upon the researches of those that have gone before, that any hope can be entertained of ultimately arriving at the truth. It is the more incumbent upon me to make this general acknowledgment of the services of those who have preceded me, since in the course of my argument I have unavoidably dwelt the most upon those points in which it has been necessary to combat their views. In respect of my more private obligations, I must not omit to return my thanks to my friend the Rev. W. J. Beamont, Fellow of Trinity College, and Principal of the English College at Jerusalem, for the information with which he has furnished me respecting several spots in and around the city.

For the views advanced in the course of the volume I alone am responsible. As I have in every case stated the reasons for the conclusions at which I have arrived, so I have myself ever endeavoured fairly to weigh the arguments of others; and whether I have adopted or rejected their theories, I have done

PREFACE. . Vil it neither carelessly nor rashly. And should it be deemed an objection to any of the views here advanced, that they are new, or opposed to those commonly received, the importance of the subject will at least claim for them a candid and attentive examination of the evidence by which they are supported.

In writing Arabic words in Roman characters, the object aimed at has been to represent accurately the true Arabic pronunciation. ‘The system of Dr Robinson and Mr Eli Smith has in general been followed; but their % has been uniformly replaced by a, which like the Arabic Fathah has in rapid pronunciation the dull sound of the a@ in sofa, pendant, or of the win sun. No attempt has been made to distinguish in writing between the ordinary &, s, &c. and the intensive 4, s, &c. of the Semitic languages.

Of the vowels, a has the various sounds of the a in grani, pant, want, and pendant; &@ those of the a in father, water; e may be sounded as in ted/; ¢ asin chin 7; as in machine; o as in cold; was in full; @asin rule; y asin truly: at as in aisle, e¢ as in veil; while the sound of the ow in house would be represented by au.

The consonants 6, d, f, h, 7, k, l, m,n, 7, 8, sh, t, w, y, 2, may be pronounced nearly as in English; th has the sound of th in think: the th in this would be written dh; kh is a guttural aspirate, stronger than the German ch, and resembling the Spanish j or Greek y; gh has the gargling sound of the Paris r; and (’) is a modification of the gh: it is the sound which would be made in passing rapidly from the sound of the o in world to that of the vowel before which it stands.

vill PREFACE.

In writing Hebrew words in Roman characters, no accurate orthographical system has been attempted, but the analogy of the Hebrew names in our English Bible has been followed. It must be specially noted that the letter z stands, as in our Bible, not only for the 1 (z) but also for the ¥ (ts) of the Hebrew alphabet.

Chapter I

PAGE Introduction. ; : ; ; : ; . 4 ' : I The modern city . ; . ; : . ; ; , u 7 Zion—The City of David . ; ' : 4 : . ; ‘ ‘ 12 The earlier and later Zion : ; : : : : : , : ab. Zion the temple-hill . ‘ : : ; , ; A : t F 17 Origin of the later tradition . : ; : . ; . : F 28 Topography of Josephus. ; : : ; { : ; ‘ : 30

Chapter II. History Of The City

The Salem of Melchizedek

; : : , : Lb ; : 41 The land of Moriah ; : 5 : ‘ : , : ! . 42 History of Manetho ‘ : F ‘ 3 : ‘ ; : : 50 The fortress Chadash_ : F ; ; , : , : , 51 Invasion of the Israelites . } : ; : , : : : ; 53 David—The Upper and Lower City ; : : : : : : 55 Millo “ ‘ : : : : . ‘ : : : : : 57 Removal of the ark—Preparations for the temple i ; 4 : 59 Solomon . ; : , : ‘ : ‘ : : ; : : 64. The palace. , 5 : ; - - : : : : ; 66 The ascent into the House of the Lord : : ; : 4 : ; 68 The House of the Forest of Lebanon : : P : : d 73 Separation of the kingdoms : 2 5 : : : . ; ; 75 The gate of Ephraim and corner-gate : : : ; : ‘ 78 Towers of Uzziah ; : : : ; Ss oe ; ; ; 79 eR an a at PRY Pen Ry MPT,

XK Leet CONTENTS.

Invasion of Sennacherib

Upper watercourse of Gihon .

New watercourse of Gibon

Wall of Hezekiah and Manasseh

Later northern wall

Gate of Benjamin : Further history and decline of the Meaastne Return from the captivity

Rebuilding of the walls by Nehemiah

The sheep-gate and fish-gate .

The middle gate and old gate

The broad wall

The valley or pottery-gate and tower of the furnaces Course of the southern wall

The cheese-gate

The fountain-gate

The dragon-well

Water of the dragon-well

The king’s winepresses

Wall of the temple area

Horse-gate : : : Supplementary topographical notices Jerusalem under the Persians and Macedonians The Maccabees : :

Removal of the Akra_.. ; ‘

Capture of the city by Pompey .

Herod the Great

Herod’s towers,—Hippicus, Phasael, and Mariamne The palace and Xystus

Jerusalem in the times of the New Testament House of Caiaphas

Judgment-hall of Pilate

Great wall of Herod Agrippa

Destruction of Jerusalem

Foundation of Alia

Buildings of Hadrian—the Golden cee Attempt of Julian to rebuild the temple

CONTENTS.

Chapter III. Environs Of Jerusalem

Wall of circumvallation of Titus Camp of the Assyrians

Sepulchres of John the high- err and ea Alexander The Kidron

Gethsemane

Valley of J Broahsphat

Mount of Olives

Bethany

Bethphage

Cave of the Prophecy

Church and place of the Ascension Monuments of the Kidron Peristereon or Dovecote

Valley of the Fountain .

Enrogel

Sepulchres south of Hinnom .

House of Annas

Valley of Hinnom, Tophet Sepulchres of Herod, and Serpents’ Pool Sepulchre of Helena : Golgotha and the Holy sevelehns

Chapter IV. The Temple

History of the temple : : : The Haram esh-Sherif . : - : : : Site of the temple

Masonry of the Haram walls

Extent of the temple

The Antonia

Valley north of the cis

Limits of the temple enclosure

Details of the temple of Herod .

Temple of Solomon—its Egyptian character Details of the temple of Solomon

X1

PAGE 208

Xll CONTENTS.

Completion of the first temple Subsequent history of the first temple Character of Ezekiel’s vision

Details of the temple of Ezekiel

Appendix

Note A. Theories respecting Akra Note B. Shiloh ; f ; : Note C. The Church of Justinian at Jerusalem

Note D. ‘Traditions respecting the Sakhrah, &c.

Description of the Plates

Index of Scripture references .

Plates I. II. III. and Map

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ANTIENT JERUSALEM.