The Angevin empire : or The three reigns of Henry II, Richard I, and John (A.D. 1154-1216)

Preface

NO apology seems to be needed for giving to the public a further instalment of my work. I trust that I may again get credit for a verified and consecutive narrative, acceptable to those who ask for facts rather than impressions, and who wish for facilities for forming independent judgments. I continue to give particular attention to chronology. Without sequence events lose half their meaning ; the logic of facts cannot be seen until they are placed in the order in which they happened. The political thread is still necessarily the leading one, and the King the central figure round which events have to be grouped ; but I have endeavoured as far as possible to bring to light other sides of the national life.

Ecclesiastical questions are prominent throughout, especially in connection with the reigns of Henry II. and John. With regard to the Becket controversy the times seem to call for a careful review of the facts. When men venture to talk of " the Liberty of the Church " it is well that the world should know what those words imported in the days when they had a living meaning.

The disastrous results to himself of the family policy pursued by Henry II., in contrast with the brilliant success of his reign in all other respects, is a point brought out perhaps more fully than has yet been done.

I still give special attention to military affairs. The story of a martial age cannot be told without reference to its modes of warfare. Richard's campaigns in the Holy Land, and the great battle of Bouvines will be found the most interesting chapters vi PREFACE

in this connexion. With respect to the latter, I found a careful survey of the locality most instructive. The studies of the battle hitherto published appear to have taken too little account of the testimony of the field itself.

In the matter of commerce and finance I have done the best that I could with the available materials : but it must be admitted that these are far from being as full as we could desire, and that on many points of interest we are still much in the dark.

If there is a subject on which I might claim to have a special mission, it would be that of calling attention to the extraordinary exaggeration commonly found in the Chroniclers in their estimates of numbers, whether numbers of men, or money, or anything else. I have lost no opportunity of testing these, wherever possible, by comparison with more authentic personal or Record evidence, the last being the only authority really trustworthy. The result is that I find again that multiplication by ten might almost be called a normal rate of amplification. Whether dealing with the strength of an army, or the produce of a tax, the student prima facie will do well to take onc-tcnth of any number given if he would arrive at a prudent estimate. In some cases that proportion would be found too large.

On a much contested point I have called attention to the facts indicating that in the England of the twelfth century there was little that could be called at all English. Not only were all the upper classes of society essentially French, but their ranks were perpetually being recruited by foreigners imported from abroad. These people entered every Chapter and Convent, they filled the Episcopate, the Treasury, and the Bench, and found themselves completely at home there.

Architecture was the art of the period. I have indicated some of the more clearly dated monuments, as landmarks for the guidance of the student and the sightseer.

My work continues to be based on an independent survey of the original authorities ; but, of course, I have manifold

PREFACE vii

obligations to previous writers to confess, as to Bishop Stubbs, and the other editors of the Rolls Series ; to Mr. J. H. Round, for his valuable monographs, and to Miss Norgate, whose work covers almost the whole of the period embraced in mine. In matters relating to foreign authorities and foreign topography I have found her guidance especially helpful. Only those who have waded through Dr. Giles' St. Thomas of Canterbury can appreciate the value of Canon Robertson's Becket Materials.

J. H. RAMSAY.

DA

CHAPTER I 1 154 Henry of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, his position and

prospects .......

Affairs in Normandy, crossing to England Coronation, a Charter, Ministerial appointments .

Thomas Becket Chancellor ; Stephen's supporters

Resumption of grants .....

William of Aubigny ; William of Aiimale

1 155 William Peverel ; Roger Earl of Hereford: Hugh of

Mortimer .......

The Succession ; Designs on Ireland ; John of Salisbury

at Rome The BuW ^^ Lauda/)i7iter" .....

The Revenue ; Expedition abroad

1 156 Homage to Louis; Fraternal war; Affairs of Brittany Geoffrey of Anjou in Brittany; Scutage ; History of

Knight's Service .......

1157 Return to England; Resumption of castles; The

Northern Counties regained ; Scottish affairs Scottish homage ......

Welsh affairs .......

Royal campaign, a temporary reverse

Owain submits ; Crown-wearing renounced .

Chapter II 10 II

12 15

1158 Affairs of Brittany ; trip to France . . . .16 Matrimonial alliance with France ; Occupation of Nantes 1 7 Friendly intercourse ; overlordship of Aquitaine . . 18

1159 Toulouse, disputed succession, Henry's claim; alliance

with Barcelona . . . . . . .19

Preparations for war, " the Scutage of Toulouse " . . 20 Yield of taxes ; Knights' fees in England ; Campaign of

Futile ending ; gains in the North ; pacification ;

Boulogne, Mortain, and Surrey ; marriage of an

1 1 60 Papal Schism, a new Queen of France; marriage of

The Norman Vexin : frontier works .... 24

ix ^

X CONTENTS •

1161-1162 Military operations, death of Archbishop Theobald;

measures of Reform . . . . . -25

1 1 62 Fresh homage to the Younger Henry; Nomination,

election, and consecration of Thomas Becket as

Archbishop of Canterbury .... 26, 27

Alexander III. in Gaul, Royal honours .... 28

Henry returns to England ...... 29

1 1 64

CHAPTER in

Thomas Becket, his birth, parentage, and early career 30, 31 Personal appearance, character, and talents . . -32 Relations to the King as Chancellor ; his duties and

emoluments ........ 33

Thomas the Archbishop ...... 34

Church claims ; treaty with Flanders • • • • 35

Gilbert Foliot Bishop of London ; Council of Tours . 36 Welsh affairs, an armed progress ; Homages by Scotland

and Wales; breach with Becket, the 'Sheriff's Aid' Courts Christian, immunity of clerks from Lay

Jurisdiction

King and laity challenged clerks to be punished Ancient customs of England Clergy coming round Becket promises Constitutions of Clarendon

Henry's response, guilty

37 38-40

41-42

• 43 . 44

• 45 46-48

Becket protests, but eventually is induced to accept the Constitutions; suspends himself; applications to the Pope . . . . . . . -51

Becket's position, attempts to leave England . . 52-53

Case of John Marshal, Becket cited .... 54

Council of Northampton ..... 54-62

Flight of Becket from Northampton .... 63

Appendix I to Chapter : " Canon Law " . . . -63

Appendix II : " Becket and the Constitutions of

Becket, the K

Chapter IV

1 1 64 Becket goes abroad Henry and the Pope Persecution of Becket's friends ;

France, and the Pope . . . , Becket and the Cardinals . . . , Becket at Pontigny . . . • .

1 165 King over to Normandy; a German Alliance Diet at Wiirzburg ; rash pledges .

Welsh war ng of

65,66 67

68,

69 69 70 71 71 72

CONTENTS xi

1165 Methods of barbarism ; taxation . . . . 73? 74

Becket at Pontigny ...... 74? 75

Persecution of Nonconformists . . . . -75

1 166 Assize of Clarendon, circuits of judges ;. criminal law

Inquest of Service, Knights' fees . . . . 79, 80

Assize of Novel Disseisin ; the King abroad ; William

the Lion, King of the Scots . . . . .81

Palestine tax ......... 82

Becket and Henry ; Becket preparing for action . 82, 83

Henry's Ministers excommunicated ; the Constitutions

CHAPTER V 1166 Negotiations at Rome ....... 87

Becket driven from Pontigny . . . . • . .88

Affairs of Brittany 89

Henry in possession ....... 90

1 167 Affairs of Toulouse and Auvergne ..... 91

Fresh war with France . . . . . . .92

Death of Empress Matilda ; mission of Cardinals William

Offers of compromise or arbitration rejected by Becket 94, 95

1 168 A Dynastic scheme suggested ..... 96

Risings in Poitou ........ 96

And Brittany ........ 97

Conferences at La Ferte-Bernard . . . . 97? 98

CHAPTER VI 1169 Conferences at Montmirail ; Henry's dynastic plans

affairs of Becket ; Mission of Simon and Bernard 100-103 Mission of Gratian and Vivian . . . . .104

Excommunication of Bishop Foliot and others . 105, 106 Further excommunications ; meetings with Gratian and

Fruitless ending . . . . . . . .109

Further moves . . . . . . . .110

Meeting at Montmartre ; kiss of peace refused by

The young King to be crowned, and by the Archbishop

of York; mission of Rotrou and Bernard . 114, ii6

1 1 70 The King back to England; Inquest of Sheriffs . 117, 118 Coronation of young King . . . . . .119

Conferences at Freteval with Rotrou and Bernard ;

supposed pacification between Henry and Becket 120-122 A push for the kiss of peace . . . . . .124

Last interview of Henry and Becket . . . -125 xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER VII 1170 Return of Becket to England, suspends three prelates in

Attempts to hold a visitation . . . . . .128

His last sermon ; fresh anathemas . . . . .129

Henry loses self-control ; conspiracy against Becket's life 130

Assassination of Becket . ..... 1 31-134

His policy and conduct as Archbishop . . . -135

Henry's position . . . . . . . .136-

Later history of Becket's murderers . . . • 137

Chapter VIII

1074-1166 Relations with Ireland; social state of the Island . 138-140 Henry's designs . . . . . . . .141

1166-1168 An opening ; Dermot and Strongbow .... 142

1169-1171 Landings of Welsh adventurers; their successes and

1171 Landing of Strongbow ; capture of Waterford and Dubhn 147 Further struggles ....... 148-149

Settlement of Leinster . . . . . . .150

Henry and the Pope . . . . . . 150, 151

Expedition of the King to Ireland .... 150-153

The Papacy and the conquest; the Bull Laudabiliter . 155 Return of Henry to England, conquest of Ireland left

Chapter IX

1 1 72 Henry passes through England into Normandy . -159 Reconciled to the Church, and absolved for implication

in Becket's murder . . . . . .160

Henry's treatment of his sons ; discontent of the young

He is re-crowned with his Queen ; second absolution of

the King 162

1 173 Louis, the Barons and the young King, his demands . 163 Matrimonial alliance with Savoy ; homage from

The young King in revolt . . . . . .164

Arrest of Queen Eleanor; league against Henry . .165 Appointments to six Bishoprics ; Henry accepts the Prior

Richard as Archbishop of Canterbury . . 166, 167 General rising against Henry, the leaders at home and

The young King in Normandy . . . . .170

Unsuccessful attack of Louis on Verneuil ; brilliant

capture of Dol by Henry . . . . -^71

CONTENTS xiii

1173 Liberal offers of the King to his sons .... 172 The rising in England ; siege of Leicester ; Scottish

inroad ; defeat of rebels at Fornham . . 172-174

1 1 74 Henry's successes abroad; he returns to England . 174-175 Scottish inroad . . . . . . . .176

Course of the rising ....... 177

Capture of William the Lion . . . . . .178

Henry does penance at Becket's tomb . . . .179

Advances to London, Huntingdon, and Northampton . 180 Goes abroad, and relieves Rouen besieged by Louis . 181 Submission of the King's sons ..... 182

Terms for liberation of King of Scots . . . 183, 184

Chapter X

1175 The young King again fractious ..... 185 Return of the two Kings to England ; Synods and

Homages of the Scots and of Roderic of Connaught . 187 Papal Mission to England of Cardinal Ugo . . .188

1176 Assize of Northampton. ...... 189

Assize of Mort d' Ancestor; Legatine Synod . . .190^ Young King still discontented; goes to Paris . .191 First Campaign of young Richard in Poitou . . . 192 Marriages of the King's daughters, Matilda, Eleanor,

Resumption and demolition of castles, Forest prosecutions 194 King's son John to marry an heiress ; homages from

Welsh Princes, John to be Lord of Ireland . 195-196 Conquests in Ulster of John de Courcy . . . . 197

1 1 77 Henry arbitrates between Castile and Navarre . . 197 Crosses to Normandy ; elusive treaty with Louis . .198 The King in Berri and Auvergne . . . . -199

1 1 78 Religious movement in Languedoc . . . 199-200 King returns to England . . . . . .201

Institution of Court of King's Bench .... 201

1179 Judicial circuits made systematic ; the Grand Assize . 202 Louis VII. on pilgrimage to Canterbury ; Coronation of

Philip II. of France ...... 203

Revolts in Aquitaine and Brittany suppressed by Richard

and Geoffrey ........ 204

Chapter XI

1 1 79 Accession of Philip II. of France, " Augustus " . . 205

1 180 Henry over to Normandy ; Treaty of Ivry confirmed . 206 Do\vnfall of Henry the Lion ... . . 207 The King of Scots and the Pope ..... 208

r 181 Henry returns to England ; Assize of Arms ; Lucius III.,

Pope ; Henry's sons supporting Philip of France . 210 xiv ' CONTENTS

1 1 82 The King over to France ; Henry the Lion in Normandy 211 Disaffection in Aquitaine ; Richard and the young

1183 Fraternal outburst . ....... 214

Revolt of the young King; his illness and death . 214-216

CHAPTER XH

Henry's efforts on behalf of John . . . . .218

1 1 84 Treaty with France ; fraternal war . . . . .219

The King to England . . . . . . .220

Papal demand for a subsidy resisted ; vacancy at

Election of Archbishop Baldwin . . . . .222

Forest Assize . . . . . . . .223

1 1 85 The Kingdom of Jerusalem ; offer of the Crown to

The Patriarch Heraclius in England . . . -225 The King over to Normandy . . . ■. .226

Affairs in Ireland ; John to be Lord of the Island . . 227 His expedition there ; the Papacy and Ireland . .228

1 186 Conference with Philip ; Henry back to England . . 229

Chapter XIII

1 1 86 Ecclesiastical affairs ; Scottish affairs .... 230 Galloway ; marriage of William the Lion ; death of

Geoffrey of Brittany . . . . . 231

Strained relations with France . . . . .232

1 187 Henry over to Normandy ; war with France . . . 233 Truce of Chateauroux ; fall of Jerusalem . . . 234 Richard and the two Kings take the Cross . . . 235

1 1 88 Henry to England ; the Saladin Tithe .... 236 War in Aquitaine, and with Philip of France . . 237-238 Henry's last crossing ; war with France . . . 239 Conference at Bonmoulins ; Richard joins Philip . . 240 Henry's last Christmas ; fruitless efforts for peace . .241

1 189 The war pressed; Capture of Le Mans and Tours by

Henry signs Treaty of Azai or Colombieres . . . 244 His death ......... 245

Chapter XIV

1154-1189 Henry's looks and manners, character and ability . 246, 247 Success of foreign and domestic policy ; mistake of

family policy ....... 248

Legal reforms ; Court of King's Bench ; circuits ; trial

CONTENTS XV

1154-1189 AVages and prices ; the currency; public works; Church

architecture ; the Transition Style . . . 255-257 Question of fusion of races . . . . -257

The King's issue ........ 259

CHAPTER XV Richard I

1 189 First acts ; installation as Duke of Normandy . 262, 263 Conference with Philip ; crossing to England . . 264 Queen Eleanor set free ; Royal Progress . . -265 Coronation ........ 266-269

Attack on Jews ; Ministerial and Episcopal appointments ........ 269-270

The Regency; raising funds for the Crusade. . 271, 272 Foreign affairs ; Archbishop Baldwin, and the Hackington foundation . . . . . . 273, 274

Treaty of Falaise-Valognes cancelled . . . .274

Further arrangements for government at home ; Richard

crosses to Normandy . . . . . 275, 276

1190 Bishop Puiset and Chancellor Longchamp, struggle

between them . . . . . . -277

Outrages on Jews . . . . . . . 278, 279

Puiset and Longchamp, the latter victorious and

CHAPTER XVI 1 190 Richard enters on his Crusade; his fleet; Tryst with

Philip at Vezelai ; compact between them . 282, 283 Advance to Marseilles and Messina . . . 284, 285 Affairs at Messina, King Tancred and Henry VI. ;

Constance and Jeanne ...... 286

Hisfh-handed action of Richard ; Sack of Messina

'O

Alliance with Tancred .... 1 191 Richard to marry Berengaria of Navarre ; final rejection

of Alais of France ; fresh treaty with Philip .

Affairs in England ; mission of Walter of Coutances

Geoffrey, Archbishop of York.

Richard sails on to Cyprus ; affairs there Marriage with Berengaria Visit from Guy of Lusignan .

Conquest of Cyprus ....

Voyage from Cyprus to Acre .

Chapter XVII 287 288

290 291 -292

293 294 295

1 191 Siege of Acre; losses among the Crusaders; dissensions ........ 296-297

Capitulation of Acre ....... 298 xvi CONTENTS

1 191 Guy of Lusignan and Conrad of Montferrat ; Philip

Breakdown of the Acre capitulation ; massacres of

Advance of Crusaders from Acre . . . . -301

Battle of Arsiif 302-304

Crusaders at Joppa ; negotiations and intrigues ; advance

1 192 Retirement to Ascalon ....... 307

Chapter XVIII

1 1 90-1 191 Affairs at home ; return of John ; war between him and

1 191 Treaties between them . . . . . . .310

Return of Archbishop Geoffrey ; his arrest by

Coalition against Longchamp ; meeting on Loddon

A race to London ; action of the citizens ; Longchamp

to be deposed . 313

Grant of Municipality to London ; banishment of

Return of King Philip ; intrigues with John . . -315

1 192 Longchamp attempts to return and again is banished ;

Queen Eleanor as peace-maker . . . .316

Chapter XIX

1 192 The Crusaders at Ascalon ; dissensions. Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat ; Henry of Champagne King of Jerusalem . ..... 318-319

Capture of Darum ; fresh advance to Beit Nuba . . 320 Capture of Great Caravan . . . . . .321

Final retirement from Beit Nuba ; Joppa attacked by

Saladin, but relieved by Richard . . . 322, 323 Battle of Joppa ........ 324

Truce with Saladin, and end of Third Crusade . . 325 Richard's voyage home ; taken prisoner by Leopold,

Duke of Austria ....... 326

CHAPTER XX I [93 Affairs in England ; John demands the crown ; civil

Philip invades Normandy ; terms for Richard's liberation 328 Hubert Walter to be Archbishop of Canterbury . . 329 Mission of Longchamp to England . . . 330, 331 French intrigues . . . . . . . -331

Offers by Richard to Philip and John . . . 332, 333

CONTENTS xvii

1x94 Richard at last set free ....... t^t^t^

Return to England ....... 334

John's intrigues defeated ; end of the rebellion . . 335 Affairs at home ; finance ; judicial investigations . . 336 State crown-wearing ....... 337

Resumption of grants ; Richard leaves England . . 338 War in Normandy, reconciliation with John . . 339, 340 Flight of Philip from Freteval ; reduction of Aquitanian

rebels ; truce with France . . . . .341

Affairs at home ; Grand Juries \ institution of Coroners 342 Registration of Jews' property ..... 343

1 195 Archbishop Walter Legate; visitation of York; institution of Conservators of the Peace ; Archbishop Geoffrey and his Chapter ; he is suspended by the Pope 344-345

CHAPTER XXI 1 195 John reinstated in his estates ; Berengaria again with the

King 347

Renewed war with France ...... 348

1 196 Treaty of Gaillon ; struggle for the possession of Les

Andelys ; Normandy under Interdict . . . 349 War in Normandy ; affairs of Brittany ; Fortifications at

Les Andelys ; alliance with Toulouse . . 350, 35 1 Popular movement in London of William Longbeard ;

his execution . . . . . . . -352

1 197 The war ; Richard's allies ; feeble action . . 353-354 King's Demand for a force to serve abroad for a year

refused • . -355

Question of liability of clergy to foreign service ; St.

Hugh of Lincoln and the King .... 356 Proposed New Assessment for Hidage ; breaking of the

Great Seal 357, 35^

The Hackington Chapel pulled down ; Hubert Walter

resigns the Chief Juticiarship ; Geoffrey Fitz-Peter

Chief Justiciar . . . . . . . 359

CHAPTER XXII 1 198 Death of Emperor Henry VI. ..... 360

Otto IV. elected King of Germany ; fortifications at Les

Andelys .......

Richard's allies ; rout of Philip at Gisors

A truce ; Pope Innocent III.

Papal mission ; suggested pacification .

1 199 Richard besieges Castle of Chalus ; is wounded Dies ........

361 362

His appearance, military talent, and character . 367-369 xviii CONTENTS

A.D. I'AGE

1 199 Finances; the King's Ransom; the Norman Revenue;

Friendly relations with Scotland . . . . -373

Relations with Wales ...... 374-375

Governors of Ireland . . . . . . -375

CHAPTER XXIII John Lackland 1 199 Question of succession . . . . . . -377

Anjou and Maine declare for Arthur of Brittany ; John's

He is installed as Duke of Normandy . . . -379 Crosses to England and is crowned .... 380

Form of election ; coronation honours .... 381

Scottish demands ; John crosses to Normandy ; truce

Conferences with France . . . . . -383

Fresh war ; truce ........ 384

1200 Matrimonial settlement; young Louis and Blanche of

Queen Eleanor to Spain ; John to England ; taxation . 385 John returns to Normandy ; treaty of Le Goulet ; Louis

and Blanche married ; Isabel -of Gloucester divorced 386 John marries Isabel of Angouleme ; crosses to England

for her coronation . . . . . . -387

Receives homage from William the Lion ; funeral of

St. Hugh of Lincoln 387, 388

1 201 Progress to the North ; quarrel with the Lusignans . 389 Demand for service over sea resisted : compromised by

payment of scutage ; John crosses to Normandy; visits to Paris and Poitou .... 390-391

Chapter XXIV

1202 Philip and the Lusignans; John cited to Paris . . 392 And condemned ; invasion of Normandy by Philip . 393 Queen Eleanor besieged by grandson Arthur . . . 394 Relieved by John ; capture of Arthur . . ... 395

1203 Arthur disappears ........ 396

John again cited ........ 397

Further French conquests in Normandy . . . 398

Attempted relief of Chateau Gaillard . . . . 399

John crosses to England ...... 400

1204 Fall of Chateau Gaillard; surrender of Rouen . 40 t, 402 Loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Touraine . . 403 Death of Queen-dowager Eleanor ..... 404

1205 John calls for troops for service abroad; the demand

CONTENTS xix

Chapter XXV

1 205 Death of Archbishop Hubert Walter ; his administration 406 Struggle for appointment of a successor ; secret election

of Sub-prior Reginald ...... 407

Nomination and counter-election of John Gray, Bishop

1206 Expedition of John to Aquitaine ; advance to the Loire. 409 Truce ; the King returns to England ; Innocent III.

quashes the election of Bishop Gray . . .410 Also that of Sul>prior Reginald ; nominates Stephen

Langton to be Archbishop of Canterbury . .411

1207 John refuses his assent . . . . . . .412

Consecration of Langton ; his estates seized ; Expulsion

of Canterbury monks ; levy of a Thirteenth . -413 Innocent threatens to lay England under Interdict . . 414

1208 The Interdict proclaimed ...... 415

Persecution of the Clergy . . . . ' . .416

■ De Braose and King John ('the murderer of Arthur') 416, 417 John evading the Papal demands . . . . .418 He is excommunicated . . . . . . -419

Chapter XXVI

i2oy Relations with Wales and Scotland . . . 420-421

Further treaty; John's son Henry to be recognised . 422

1 2 10 Royal expedition to Ireland ; expulsion of De Braose and the De Lacys ; capture of Carrickfergus ; Matilda de Braose and her son done to death . . 423-425 Introduction of English law into Ireland ; mapping out

of subject counties ...... 425

John returns to England ; taxation of clergy and Jews . 426

CHAPTER XXVII 121 1 John's position 428

Expeditions to Wales ; Llywelyn forced to submit . -429 Unsuccessful mission to England of Pandulph and

12 12 John contracting Continental alliances ; alleged Embassy

Inquest of Service ....... 432

Fresh rising in Wales ; disaffection in England, flight of

De Vescy and Fitz- Walter . . . . -433 Peter of Pontefract ; his prophecy ..... 434 Innocent III. and his opponents ..... 435

1 2 13 John reopens negotiations ; Innocent's ultimatum . 436, 437 Call to arms in England; preparations in France for

invasion of England 437, 438

XX CONTENTS

1 213 John accepts Innocent's ultimatum, and in addition sur-

renders England to be held as fief of the Holy See . 439 Execution of Peter of Pontefract ..... 440

Destruction of French fleet; Archbishop Langton and

exiled Bishops come to England . . . '441 John absolved ; terms of absolution .... 442

Barons again refuse to serve abroad ; civil war

Councils at St. Albans and London ; Charter of Henry I.

Mission of Papal Legate Cardinal Nicolas ; John does

homage to him for the Crown .... 445

Discussions as to ecclesiastical damages, and appointments to benefices ..... 446, 447

Death of the Justiciar Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Earl of Essex 447

CHAPTER XXVHI

1 2 14 Royal expedition to Poitou ; Operations in the Valley of

Flight from La Roche-au-Moine . •. . . 450,451

Campaign and Battle of Bouvines .... 451-464

Truce with France ; John returns to England . . 465,

CHAPTER XXIX 1 2 14 Dissolution of the Interdict; discontented state of

12 15 The Barons combine to demand the Charter of Henry I. 468 Popular approval in England ; condemnation by

Innocent III. ....... 469

The Barons in Arms . . . . . . .470

Negotiations with King; Articles tendered and rejected 471 War declared ; occupation of Bedford . . . -472

Barons enter London . . . . . . .473

John accepts Magjta Carta ..... 474-477

Ostensible pacification . . . . . -478

Text of Magna Carta ...... 479-485

Chapter XXX

12 1 5 Disturbers of the peace excommunicated by the Pope . 486 The Crown offered to Louis of France . . . -487 Archbishop Langton suspended ; Magna Carta quashed

by Innocent ....... 488

War again ; seizure and siege of Rochester Castle . . 489 Reduction of Rochester, and devastation of England

by John 49o>49i

1 2 16 The Lothians overrun ....... 492

Reduction of Colchester ; the Pope in the field . . 493

CONTENTS

XXI

Louis forbidden to cross ; mission of Cardinal Gualo Landing of Louis .......

Title made by him ......

Confederates in East Anglia ; Louis in the South ; his halting leadership ......

Scottish homage ; l)alance of parties

Last raid of John .......

His illness ........

And death

PAGE

495 496

497 498

499 500

Chapter XXXI

1199-1216 John's personal appearance, character and government 502, 503

504-506

• 506 ) • 507

507-509

• 513

• 514

His Revenue

Prices

The public Records (Patent Rolls, Close Rolls, etc

The Boroughs

The Gild Merchant Oxford and Cambridge .

The English of the period The King's issue .

NOTE TO READER.

Where the ipsissima verba of an author are given without modification, double inverted commas (" ") are used. If the words are translated, transliterated, or in any way modified, single inverted commas (' ') are used ; '''Jura sua,' ' their rights.'

ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

France, A.D. 1166

Portrait of Richard I

Formation of Crusading Army on March to Arsuf

Fortifications at Les Andelys

Battle of Bouvines— the Campaign .... „ „ Array of the Armies .

Salisbury's Charge

PAGE

398 452

455 465

ERRATA

Page 19. For Raymond "V.," read "IV."

Page 191. For "Count" of Limoges, read "Viscount."

Page 208. For " Peter," Bishop of Aberdeen, read " Matthew."

Page 210. For "stepson," Philip, read "half-brother."

Page 245. For "on Saturday, 8 July," read "Friday, 7 July" (so Cardinal Langton, cited Ann. Waverley, 293).

Page 277. For " Geoffrey," Lucy, read "Godfrey."

Page 310. For " Herts" read " Hertford."

Page 322. For " Toron" (twice) read " Darum."

Page 386 (note 4). For "sister's husband, Amauri of Montfort," read "sister's son, Amauri the Younger of Montfort."

Page 449. For " Hugh le Brun X.," read " IX." and delete note (5).

Page 450 (line 3). For " Hugh, son of the man who was to have married the mother," read " Hugh, the man who was," etc.

Page 505. For " Amauri of Montfort, the 'husband' of her elder sister," read "son."

Page 514. Add to the notice of Queen Isabel that in 1220 she remarried her old love, the Count of La March, by whom she had issue.

Page 515 (Hne 4), For "of Berkshire and Staffordshire 1221-1222," read "of Berkshire 1221-1222 ; of Cumberland 1225 (List of Sheriffs)."