Lancaster and York: a century of English history,-A.D. 1399-1485 ... With maps and illustrations. (Index by Francis M. Jackson.)

Front matter

LANCASTER AND YORK SIR JAMES H. RAMSAY jEon&on HENRY FROWDE Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.C. QJcw ?)orft ii2 Fourth Avenue HENRY IV. From the Effigy ou his Monument in Canterbury Cathedral. Frontispiece. * LANCASTER AND YORK A CENTURY OF ENGLISH HISTORY (A.D. 1399-1485; BY Sir JAMES H. RAMSAY of Bamff, Bart., M.A. BARRISTER-AT-LAW ; LATE STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME I ©xfori AT THE CLARENDON PRESS £>._for& PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS EY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY TO THE MEMBERS OF MY OWN FAMILY LIVING AND DEPARTED WHO HAVE ASSISTED AND ENCOURAGED ME IN A LENGTHY TASK

Preface

No apology need be offered for an attempt to supply a verified connected narrative of the first 1500 years of the history of England. The last fifty years have seen masses of historical material brought to light, with corresponding developments in the standards of historical criticism. The earlier ages of our history are those that have profited most by these discoveries and this progress. Of high-class works dealing with portions of this period we have no lack, with Mr. Freeman's History of the Norman Conquest to head the list. Nor are continuous Histories of a popular and attractive character wanting, such as those of the late Mr. J. R. Green or Dr. Franck Bright. But these latter works do not give specific references to the original author ities, and therefore do not supply a foundation upon which after-comers and specialists can build.

In the Constitutional History of the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Stubbs) we have a truly monumental work, not likely to be ever displaced. But the writer of a Constitutional History is somewhat cramped by the necessity of regarding all things from the constitutional point of view ; nor can he without trans gressing the proper limits of his subject do justice to all sides of the national story. He cannot enter fully into military events, nor into foreign affairs, nor into the financial history of the kingdom. Literature and art are equally beyond his purview. Yet foreign affairs have

PREFACE.

. VIII always had an important bearing upon domestic politics ; and there are persons who think the military history of a nation worth recording. Nor, again, should the industrial beginnings of a great trading people be thought destitute of interest. Thus the strong points of the work I now offer to the public should be found among those above indicated as not comprised in the work of Bishop Stubbs. I might also point out that the period anterior to the Anglo-Saxon occupation of Great Britain is not touched upon by him. At the risk of being stigmatized as a "drum and trumpet historian," I have taken great pains in verifying as far as possible the incidents of battles, the marches of armies, the strength of their numbers. Under this last head the official documents in our Record Office supply data of unique value.

I would invite especial attention to the proofs I have been able to adduce of the smallness of English expeditionary forces, and the exaggerations in their estimates of numbers to which even the best of chroniclers were prone. My conclusions on this subject ought to be of far-reaching application and interest. The verification of dates is another point to which especial attention has been paid, in the interest of scholars. As matters now stand, a specialist searching for the date of some event which might be considered conspicuous — say a Royal Progress or a Royal Voyage— as a fixed point for the determination of other dates, finds himself in some uncertainty as to the very year of the events. A work dealing with so lengthy a period can only be offered as a summary, but I would fain hope a summary that at each step may suggest to the reader how much more might be said, how very much more remains to be found out.

The book has been composed to serve no special theory or object, save that of bringing the reader as far as possible face to face with the facts. Considerable attention has been paid to Scottish affairs, where at all in contact with English history. I might

PREFACE.

. IX almost affirm that more of the solid facts of Scottish history will be found in these pages than in some Scottish Histories of recent date. I have not failed to avail myself, with due acknowledge ment, of the fruits of the labours of previous investigators, and, before and above all others, of those of Bishop Stubbs. Where I have accepted the conclusions of a prior writer I have endeavoured as much as possible to give his views in his own words. At the same time the reader must not in strictness hold the primary author responsible for more than the actual expressions quoted, as a borrowed phrase may be used in a connexion materially different from that of the original. With respect to purely domestic events the difficulty has been to re-write, less well, what had already been perfectly well written by another.

Never theless the present work must be given to the public as one essentially based on the author's personal examination of the original authorities. Twenty-one years of life devoted to this task, in exclusion of all other tasks, have supplied a fair, but only a fair, amount of time. Lastly, I must explain that I have been induced, for reasons that need not be specified, to publish the last portion of my work first. The earlier volumes will follow without delay. All the references have been verified by myself, ex cept such as are given as cited by another ; but the majority of these also, if in print, have been verified and corrected. The reader's attention is invited to the distinction in the use of single and double inverted commas in quotations. Where the ipsissima verba of another are given without modification, double commas (" ") are used.

If the words are translated, transliterated, or in any way modified, single commas (' ') are used, e.g. " Richard nadgairs Roy " ; 'Richard late King'; "Lordes Temporels"; 'Lords Temporal '. J. H. RAMSAY. TABLES, MAPS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS Henry IV, from the effigy on his monument in Canterbury Cathedral Frontispiece Table I. Houses of York and Lancaster .... To face page xlii Table II. House of Clarence-Mortimer .... „ >> Table III. House of Beaufort „ Table IV. The Hollands Table V. The Staffords and Bourchiers .... Henry, Duke of Lancaster, receiving the Dukes of Surrey and Exeter (envoys from Richard II) at Chester . . ,, xlviii Shrewsbury — Hotspur's March ...... „ 6° Plan of Battle of Shrewsbury ...... „ 01 Facsimile of Exchequer Tally ...... ,, 160 Henry V „ *6* France in 1415 ,, 196 Map of the Agincourt Campaign „ 207 Plan of battle of Aginconrt „ 212 Henry VI as a young man ......,, 322 City of Orleans ,, 382 France at the close of the year 1428 ..... ,, 387 ERRATA ET ADDENDA.— VOL. I Page 150.

Butlerage was not levied under Parva Custuma, but was an independent tax, introduced in 1303, as a commutation for " Prisage." Page 159. Johanna of Navarre died on the 9th July, 1437, not on the 9th January. Page 211. For "left" of Peronne read "right." Achery, L. D'. Spicilegium. (Ed. L. F. J. de La Barre. Paris, 1723-) Acts and Proceedings of the Privy Council. (H. Nicolas. Record Commission, 1834.) Acts of Parliament of Scotland. (Scottish Record Commission.) Agincourt, History of the Battle of. By Sir Harris Nicolas. (London, I833-) Amplissima Collectio. See Martene and Durand. Amundesham, John of. Annales. (H. T. Riley. Rolls Series, No. 28.) One of the St. Albans writers. Anglia Sacra. H. Wharton. (London, 1691.) Annales Henrici Quarti. (Rolls Series, No. 28.) One of the St. Albans Chronicles, printed by Mr. H. T. Riley in the same volume as Trokeloive and Blaneford.

Annales Ricardi II. (Rolls Series, No. 28.) One of the St. Albans Chronicles, printed by Mr. H. T. Riley. Arnold, Richard. The Customs of London (otherwise called Arnold's Chronicle, 181 1). A haberdasher of London, named executor of a will, a.d. 1473, still living in 1 5 19. The first edition of this work was printed at Antwerp soon after 1502. Barante, A. Brugi£re de. Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne. (Paris, 1825.) Baronius, C, Cardinal. Annales Ecclesiastici. (A. Theiner. Paris, 1S64, &c.) Basin, Thomas. Histoire de Charles VII et Louis XL (J. Quicherat, Socidtd de l'Histoire de Paris, 1855.) Born, 1412, in Normandy; took Holy Orders, arc. 1435 ; assisted at Councils of Ferrara and Florence; Bishop of Lisieux, 1447; driven from Bishopric by Louis XI, 1466 ; began to write after 1470; died, 1491.

This writer was formerly cited as " Amelgard ". BEAUCOURT, G. Du Fresne DE. Histoire de Charles VII. (Paris, 1885, &c.) BEAUREPAIRE, C. H. E tats de Normandie sous la Domination Anglaise, 1 859. Bekyngton, T. Letters of. (Rolls Series, No. 56. G. Williams.) Beltz, G. F. Memorials of the Order of the Garter. (London, 1841.) Bourgeois de Paris, Journal d'un. (A. Tuetey, 1881.) The work of a resident clergyman connected with the Chapter of Notre Dame, Paris, 1420-1451. Bouvier, Gilles Le (Berri Roi d'Armes). Les Cronicqites du feu Roy Charles, &c. Printed by D. Godefroy in his Histoire de Charles VII. (Paris, 1661.) Cagny, Perceval de. Anonymous Chronicle. (Printed by M. Quicherat, in vol. iv. of Proces de Jeanne d'Arc) The writer was a follower of the Duke of Alencon, and wrote in the year 1436, apparently from a contemporary diary kept by him.

Calendar of Norman Rolls. Printed in the forty-first Deputy Keeper's Report, Appendix I, No. 2 (6 to 8 Henry V). Capgrave, John. The Chronicle of England. (Rolls Series, No. I. Rev. F. C. Hingeston.) De Illustrious Henricis. (Rolls Series, No. 7.) Capgrave was born at Lynn, 1393 ; became Prior of the Augustinian Priory at Lynn, and ultimately Provincial of the Augustinians in England. Died, 1464. Champollion-Figeac. See Lettres des Rots. Chartier, Jean. Chronique de Charles VII (ed. Vallet de Viriville, 1858). Chanter of the Abbey of Saint-Denis, appointed Historiographer Royal to Charles VII in 1437. Chastelain, Georges. Chronique, &c. (Kervyn de Lettenhove. Brussels, 1863, &c.) Born, 1405; lived in France till 1445, after that at Court of Burgundy ; commissioned by Philip the Good to write in 1455 » died, 1475.

His work, parts of which are lost, extended from 1418 to 1470 ; a writer of great political insight. Chronique de Normandie. A fragment, 1414-1422 ; attributed to the above by Mr. Williams, and printed by him in the same volume as the Gesta Henrici V (Eng. Hist. Soc). The authorship by Chastelain is entirely denied by Baron Kervyn. Chronicle Davies. English Chronicle (1377-1461), printed for the Camden Society by Mr. Sylvester Davies. No. 64. Chronicle Giles. A Chronicle of the reigns of Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI, printed by Dr. J. A. Giles from MSS. Sloane 1776 and Reg. 13, c. 1. Chrojiicle Londoti. English Chronicle of London (1089-14S3), printed by Sir H. Nicolas, 1827. Chronique Normande. See Cochon, also Cronieques de Normendie. Chronology of History. By Sir Harris Nicolas. (London, 1833.)

Claus=Rotuli Clausi. (Close Rolls, MSS. Record Office, Fetter Lane.) LIST OF A UTHORITIES. XIII Cochon, P. Chronique Normande. Printed by Vallet de Viriville in the same volume with the Gestes and the Pucelle of the Cousinots. See Cousinot. Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, &c. (Edited by G. E. C, 1887, &c.) Cosneau, E. Connt'table de Richemont. (Paris, 1886.) Cousinot, G. (Le Chancelier). Gestes des Nobles Francais (Vallet de Viriville, 1869). The writer was the confidential agent of the House of Orleans from 1408-1442. Cousinot, G. (de Montreuil). Chronique de la Pucelle (same volume as the preceding). The writer became Secretary to Charles VII in 1438, and lived at the French Court till 1484. Creighton, Mandell. History of the Papacy during the Reformation. (London, 1882.)

Creton, Jean. Histoire du Roy d'Angleterre Richard, Sec. Printed in Arehaeologia, vol. xx, p. 295, by Mr. Webb, from MS. Harl. No. 1319. The writer was with Richard in 1399 ; and apparently had finished his work before the battle of Shrewsbury (1403). Cronicques, Les, de Normendie, 1223-1453. (A. Hellot, Rouen, 1881.) Davies. See Chronicle Davies. Delpit. Documents Francais. (Published in Documents Ine'dits sur I Histoire de France) Devon Issues. Issues of the Exchequer, Henry III — Henry VI, from the Pell Records, by F. Devon. (Record Commission, 1837.) D. K. Reports. Reports of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, Nos. 1, &c, annual (1840, &<_,)• Ellis, Sir Henry. Original Letters Illustrative of English History. (Three Series, 1825-1846.) Elmham, Thomas of. Vita et Gesta Henrici V. (T. Heame, 1727.)

See Political Poems. See Memorials of Henry V. A monk, originally at Canterbury, afterwards Prior of Lenton, 1414-1426. Eulogium Historiarum. (Rolls Series, No. 9. F. S. Haydon.) Excerpta Historica. Sir H. Nicolas. (London, 183 1.) Exchequer Rolls of Scotland. G. Burnet, Edinburgh, 1878. (Chronicles and Memorials of Scotland.) Extracta e Variis Cronicis Scotiae. Turnbull. (Abbotsford Club, 1842.) Fabyan, R. The New Chronicle of England. (Ed. H. Ellis, 181 1.) A draper of London ; flourished under Henry VII. His work is said to have been finished in 1493. Sheriff of London, 1495 ; died, 1512. Fasciculi Zizaniorum Magistri Johannis Wyclif. (Rolls Series, No. 5. W. W. Shirley.) Foedera, Conventions et Litterae. T. Rymer. (London, 1709.) FOSS, E. The Judges of England, &c, 1848, Sec. Fox, J. Acts and Monuments of British Martyrs.

(London, 1684.) Froissart, Jean. Chroniques. (Ed. Buchon, 1835, Pantheon Littdraire.) Born about 1337 ; died probably soon after 1400. Gascoigne, Thomas. Loci e Libro Veritatum. (J. E. Thorold Rogers. Oxford, Clarendon Press.) Gascoigne, a Yorkshireman, was born 1403 ; ordained a priest in 1437 at Oxford, where he spent most of his life; died March, 1458. G. E. C. See Complete Peerage. Gesta Henrici V (English Historical Society, B. Williams). An anonymous work, composed by Henry's own Chaplain. Gestes des Nobles Francais. See COUSINOT. Gilbert, John Thomas. History of the Viceroys of Ireland, 1865. Goodwin, Thomas. History of the Reign of Henry V. (London, 1704.) Gower, J. Chronica Tripartita. (Roxburghe Club, 1850.) Gower, the author of the Confessio Amantis (first printed by Caxton in 1483), must have been of age in 1473, when he executed a deed ; he died 1408.

Grafton, Richard. Chronicle or History of England. (London, 1809.) A member of the Grocers' Company and a printer ; flourished under Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Elizabeth; died, 1572. The original edition of his Chronicle goes down to 1558. He also issued the first printed edition of Hardyng's Chronicle in 1543, with a prose continuation, bringing down the narrative to date (34 Henry VIII). Green, Mary Anne E. Lives of Princesses of England, 1849, &c- GREGORY, W. Historical Collections of a London Citizen. (J. Gairdner, Camden Society, N. S., No. 18.) Gruel, G. Cronique de Artus III Due de Bretagne. Printed by Godefroy in his Hist, de Charles VII, p. 741. (Paris, 1661.) Hall, E . Chronicle containing the History of England from Henry IV to Henry VIII (ed. H. Ellis, London, 1809). Hall was born 1498-9 ; became a member of Gray's Inn ; his Chronicle first appeared in print in 1542 (Diet.

Nat. Biog.). Hardyng, John. Chronicle (metrical), with continuation of R. Grafton. (H. Ellis, 1812.) Hardyng was born in 1378; a follower of Sir Robert Umphraville ; fought at Shrewsbury and Agincourt ; was with Henry V at Vincennes in 1423, and delivered to him a copy of the recognition of Edward I by the Scottish Claimants. For this he received a pension of .£10 a year, 1439-40 (Pat. 18 Henry VI, pt. iii, m. 15). Later in life he went to Scotland in quest of further documents ; received serious bodily injuries in the course of his adventures there, and finally presented a further batch of documents (forgeries) to the Earl of Shrewsbury (Treasurer) in November, 1457. For this service he received a further pension of a year LIST OF A UTHORITIES. XV (Pat. 36 Henry VI, pt. i, m. 8). He must have written late in life.

The heading to the chapter containing the death of Henry V was evidently not written till the time of Edward IV (p. 387 ; so again P- 39°)) while near the end of the work he refers to 1463 as the current year (p. 410). The prose continuation carries the narrative down to 1543. Historic Peerage. By Sir Harris Nicolas (ed. W. Courthope. London, 1857). Holinshed, Raphael. Chronicles of England, Scotland, Sec. (H. Ellis. London, 1807, &c.) Holinshed wrote under Elisabeth, mostly from materials collected by Stow. Hook, Walter Farquhar. Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. (1860, &c.) Issues. Issue Rolls. Pell Issue Rolls. MSS., Record Office, Fetter Lane. JOLLOIS, J. B. P. Histoire du Siege d'OrUans. (Paris, 1833.) Kings Quair. W. W. Skeat. (Scottish Text Society.) Knighton, H. Chronicle. Printed by Sir R. Twysden in his Decent Scriptores.

Also now edited for the Rolls Series, by Mr. J. R. Lumby, No. 92. La Marche, Olivier de. Me"moires, Sec. (Beaune et d'Arbaumont. Socie'te" de l'Histoire de France.) Le Fevre, Jean, de Saint-Remy. Chronique. (F. Morand, Soz\€\.€ de l'Histoire de France, 1876.) A native of Abbeville ; born 1395-6; at the Battle of Agincourt, on the English side; Herald of the Golden Fleece, 1431. Began to write in 1462, basing his narrative on the works of Monstrelet and Wavrin, the facts for which had in many cases been supplied by himself. Died June, 1468. Leland, J. De Rebus Britannia's Collectanea. (London, 177°-) Itinerary. (T. Hearne. Oxford, 1745.) L'Enfant, Jacques. Histoire du Concile de Constance. (Amsterdam, 1714-) Histoire du Concile de Pise. (Amsterdam, 1724.) Lettres de Rois. Brequigny. Printed by Champollion-Figeac in Documents Ine'dits.

(Paris, 1847.) Liber Pluscardensis. (F. J. Skene, 1877, Historians of Scotland.) Probably compiled are. 1461. Lobineau, G. A. Histoire de Bretagne. (Paris, 1709.) LONGNON, A. Paris pendant la Domination Anglaise. (Societe de l'Histoire de France.) Lords' Report. Reports of the Lords' Committee on matters appertaining to the Dignity of a Peer. (5 vols., 1829.) Martene, E. and Durand, U. Veterum Scriptorum Amplissima Collectio. (Paris, 1724.) Martene, E. and Durand, U. Thesaurus Novus Aneedotorum. (Paris, 1717.) Martin, Henri. Histoire de France (fourth edition, 1885, &c). Memorials of Henry V. Containing, (i) Vita Henrici V, Roberto Redmano Auctore ; (2) Versus Rhythmici j (3) Elmhami Liber Metricus de Hetirico V. (Rolls Series, No. 11. C. A. Cole.) Milman, H. H. History of Latin Christianity.

(London, 1864.) Monachus Evesh. Historia Ricardi II, auctore Monacho Eveshamiensi. (T. Hearne, 1 729.) Monstrelet, Enguerrand de. Chroniques. (Buchon, Pantheon Litteraire, 1 836.) Native of Picardy; lived mostly at Cambray, of which he was governor at the time of his death, July 1453. His work extends from 1400 to 1444; down to the death of Charles VI, in October 1422, the work is original ; from that point it is copied and condensed from Wavrin ; in fact, the Chronicles of Monstrelet, Wavrin, and Le FeVre must be regarded as really forming one great Burgundian Chronicle produced by the three more or less in collaboration. See Le Fevre and Wavrin. Morice, P. H. Memoires pour servir de Preuves d Ihistoire £r=c. de Bretagne. (Paris, 1742.) Mort et Traison du Roy Riehart, Sec. (Williams. English Historical Society.)

The work of a Frenchman who was in England in 1398 and 1399, but who wrote after Creton, and in fact copied him. The two have often been confounded. Cf. Creton. Munimenta Academiea (Oxford). (Rolls Series, No. 50. H. Anstey.) Nicolas, Sir N. Harris. See Historic Peerage. Royal Navy. Excerpta Historica. Acts and Proceedings. Chronology of History. Agincourt. Norman Rolls, a.d. 1200— 1205 and 1417. (T. D. Hardy, Record Commission, 1835.) Nottingham Records. Records of the Borough of Nottingham, 1882. Ordonnances des Rois de France. (Paris, 1733.) Otterbourne, T. A Chronicle. (T. Heame, Oxford, 1734.) Printed with the Chronicle of T. Whethamsted, and Blakman's Liber de Vita Henrici VI. Paston Letters. J. Gairdner, 1872. Pat=Patent Rolls. MSS., Record Office, Fetter Lane. Pauli, R. Geschichte von England, 1853.

Continuation of Lappenberg. Plancher, U. Histoire de Bourgogne. (3 vols. Dijon, 1739, with a fourth vol. by Salazar.) LIST OF A UTHORITIES. XVII Pluscardensis. See Liber P. Political Poems. (Rolls Series, No. 14. T. Wright.) Proceedings. See Acts and Proceedings. Proces. See Quicherat. Pucelle. See Cousinot. Quicherat, J. E. J. Proces, &r>c., de Jeanne d'Arc. (Paris, 1841. Socictd de l'Histoire de France.) Raynaldi, O. Annales Ecclesiastici, A.D. 1198 — 1534. A continuation of Baronius, with a further continuation by A. Theiner. Receipts. Receipt Rolls. Pell Receipt Rolls. (MSS. Record Office, Fetter Lane.) Redman, T. Vita Henrici V. Memorials of Henry V. (Rolls Series, No. II. C. A. Cole.) Registrant Sacrum Anglicanum. W. Stubbs. (Oxford, 1858.) Ribadieu, H. Histoire de Conquete de Guienne.

(Bordeaux, 1866.) Riley, H. T. Memorials oj London, 1868. Rogers, J. E. Thorold. A History oj Agriculture and Prices in England. (Oxford, 1886, &c.) ROSS, J., of Warwick. Historia Regum Angliae. (T. Hearne, Oxford, 1 716.) Rotuli Parliamentorum. Record Commission. Rotuli Scotiae. Record Commission. Royal Letters, Henry IV. A collection of Royal and Historical Letters during the reign of Henry IV. (Rolls Series, No. 18. Rev. F. C. Hingeston.) Royal Navy, A History of. By Sir Harris Nicolas. (London, 1847.) Ruding, R. Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain. (London, 1840.) Rymer, Thomas. See Foedera, Sec. (London, 1709.) Saint-Denys. Chronique du Religieux de, Sec. Documents Inidits. (L. Bellaguet. Paris, 1839.) S andford, Francis. Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of England. Ed. Stebbing (1707).

Scotichronicon. Ed. Goodall. (Edinburgh, 1759.) Siege dOrUans, Chronique du. M.A.Salmon. (Paris, 1845.) Sismondi, J. C. L. Sismonde de. Histoire de France. (1821, &c.) Histoire des Republiques Italiennes. (Paris, 1826.) Statutes of the Realm. (Record Commission, 1810, Sec.) Stevenson, J. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, &c. (Rolls Series, No. 22.) Stow, John. Annales or Generall Chronicle of England. With continuation by Howes. (London, 161 5.) Stow was born in London, 1525; began to collect historical materials in 1560; his Chronicle first appeared in 1565 ; his Survey of London in 1598. He died in 1595. (Biographie Universelle.) * b Stow, John. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster. Ed. Strype (1754)- , Stubbs, William. Constitutional History of England.

(Oxford, "Titus Livius de Frulovisiis," of Ferrara. Vita Henrici V. Hearne (1716). The writer was an Italian in the service of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and wrote at his request. Traison. See Mort et Traison du Roy Richart. Tyler, James Endell. Henry of Monmouth, or Memoirs of Henry V. (London, 1838.) Ursins, Jean Jouvenel des. Chronique de Charles VI. (Buchon, 1838. Pantheon Litt6raire.) This writer (son of a man of the same name) was born in 1388 ; Bishop of Beauvais, 1432 ; Bishop of Laon, 1444 ; Archbishop of Rheims (on the resignation of his younger brother, Jacques), 1449 ; presided at the ' Proces de Rehabilitation ' of Joan of Arc, 1456 ; died, 1473. Usk, Adam of. Chronicon. E. Maunde Thompson (1876. Royal Society of Literature.) The writer was a follower at first of the House of March, and afterwards of Thomas of Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury.

He practised as a lawyer in the Archi episcopal Court at Canterbury from 1395 to 1402. He was present in the Parliaments of 1397, 1399, and 1401. Versus Rhythmici. See Memorials of Henry V. Vic(b)ET Vaissette, (J. J.) Histoire Generate de Languedoc. 1730. Wake, W. The State of the Church, Sec. (London, 1703.) Wallon, H. A. Richard II. (Paris, 1864.) Walsingham, Thomas of. Gesta Abbatum Monasterii S. Albani. (Rolls Series, No 28. Mr. H. T. Riley.) One of the succession of St. Albans chroniclers. Historia Anglicana. (Rolls Series, No. 28. Mr. H. T. Riley.) Wavrin, Jehan de. Recueil des Chroniques, &c. (Rolls Series, No. 39. Sir W. Hardy.) So down to the year 1443 ; after that the author is quoted from the edition by Mdlle. Dupont (Societe de l'Histoire de France, 1858), and will be cited as Wavrin-Dupont.

Native of Flanders ; born about 1400 ; at the Battle of Agincourt, on the French side, where he lost his father and brother. From 1400 to October, 1422, Wavrin's Chronicle is taken from Monstrelet, but from that point down to 1444, Monstrelet condenses Wavrin, the information in many cases being derived from Le Fevre, who in turn copied Wavrin. From 1444 to 1472, where the work ends, it is partly original, partly taken from Duclerq, or those whom Duclerq copied. Wavrin probably died soon after 1472. Wavrin-Dupont. Anchiennes Cronicques. See preceding. (The whole of Wavrin has now appeared in the Rolls Series, 1891.) Wilkins, David. Concilia Magnae Britanniae, Sec (London, 1737.) Wood, A. History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford. (Oxford, 1792.) Worcester, William of— otherwise William Botoner.

Annales Rerum Anglicarum. (Printed by Hearne, with the Liber Niger Scaccarii, 1728.) A native of Bristol ; born 141 5 ; for many years Steward or Secretary to Sir John Fastolf; a man of literary tastes ; translated into English a French version of Cicero, De Senectute, printed by Caxton ; probably also the author of The Boke of Noblesse (Roxburgh Club). Died, perhaps, 1479. WYNTOUN, ANDREW OF. Orygynale Chronykil, Sec. Macpherson. (Edinburgh, 1795.) The writer was elected Prior of St. Serfs, Loch Leven, about 1395. His work was finished before April, 1424. b CONTENTS

Part I. Chapter

I. Henry IV. AD- PACK J399- (Oct. 6) Opening of Parliament i Convocation — the King's message 2 The Coronation 2 The Ampulla of St. Thomas of Canterbury ... 4 The Banquet 5 (Oct. 14) Parliament resumes 5 Repeal of Acts and Proceedings of 1398-9, and re-enactment of those of 13S8 6 The Succession — the House of Mortimer ignored . . 7 Richard's Appellants 7 Sir William Bagot — Scene in the House .... 9 Sentences: Richard II to be imprisoned for life; Albemarle, Surrey, Exeter, Dorset, and Gloucester to be degraded 11 Marks, Bishop of Carlisle 12 General Business of the Session — Customs granted . . 13 Statute I Henry V — Limitation of cases of Treason . . 14 Petitions— The King's firmness 14 Clerical Petitions IS Anti-Lollard Legislation deprecated 16 Foreign Relations 16 The French— The Scots 17

Chapter II

1400. Discontent of the Hollands (Huntingdon and Kent), Salisbury, and Despenser 19 Plot to seize Henry— People hostile to the conspirators CONTENTS. A.D. 1400. Kent and Salisbury lynched by the mob at Cirencester . 21 Bloody Assize at Oxford 2I Huntingdon lynched at Pleshey ; Despenser at Bristol . 21 Trials in London 22 Richard's fate— Suggestion of the Privy Council . . 22 Obsequies 23 (Jan. 29) Truce with France— Henry not recognised there 23 Scotland— The Duke of Rothesay— His warlike policy . 23 War resolved upon in England 24 Demand of homage 25 (Aug. 14) Invasion of Scotland by Henry— Three days' siege of Edinburgh 2S Henry's humanity in war 26 Troubles in Wales— Overbearing conduct of English lords 26 Rising in North Wales— suppressed by Henry ... 27 Confiscation of estates of Owen Glyndwr .... 27 Plague 27 Emperor Manuel in London 27 Henry's position — Officers of State— Financial weakness . 28 1401.

(Jan. 20) Parliament 28 The King and the House of Commons — Sir Arnold Savage 29 Freedom of debate 29 Money grants 30 Interference of Chancery with Common Law Courts . 30 Political duels— Statute 2 Hen. IV 30 Record of Proceedings in Parliament to be drawn up before close of the Session 31 House of Lords — Amnesties 31 Action against Lollards 31 Statute De Haeretico Comburendo (2 Hen. IV, c. 15) . 33 Question as to the concurrence of the Commons . . 33 (Feb. 12) William Sawtrey brought before Convocation . 33 His opinions and staunchness — His condemnation as a heretic 34 His execution 35 Recantation of John Purvey 35 Money grant by Convocation 35 1400. Death of Richard II (Appendix) 35

Chapter III

1 401. Welsh affairs — Owen Glyndwr Prince of Wales . . 38 English treatment of the Welsh 30 Operations in Wales 30 Isabella's return to France CONTENTS. XXIII A. D. PAGE 1401. Difficulty of refunding her dowry 40 Conferences at Leulinghen — Recognition of Henry still withheld 41 Dexterity of the French negotiators 41 Domestic difficulties — Anonymous letters — Plots . . 43 Third rising in Wales 43 Grey of Ruthyn captured by Owen 44 Richard II reported alive and in Scotland. ... 44 1402. Severity of the Government 45 Sir Edmund Mortimer captured by Glyndwr ... 45 Triple invasion of Wales : bad weather .... 46 Scottish inroad — Battle of Homildon Hill .... 47 The Percies forbidden to ransom their prisoners . . 48 Parliament at Westminster 49 Money grants — Petitions — Stat. 4 Hen. IV ... 50 Marriage of the Lady Blanche to Ludwig of Bavaria . 5 1 The King's marriage 51 1403. Political value of the connection with Brittany ... 52

Chapter IV

1403. Rising of Edmund Mortimer 53 The Earl of Northumberland— Sir Henry Percy, " Hotspur" 54 The King in debt to the Percies 54 Commands taken from them — The Earl more subtle than his son 55 Narrowness of the King's circle 55 His financial difficulties— High rates of soldiers' wages . 56 Siege of Border " Peels "—Collusive arrangement between the Percies and the Scots 56 (July 4) Henry marches to support the Percies against the Scots 58 The Percies throw off the mask 58 Treaty of Partition with Glyndwr 5§ Defiance to ' Henry of Lancaster ' 5s Henry's promptness 59 The Earl of Worcester (Sir Thomas Percy) 59 The insurgents reach Shrewsbury: Henry there before them °° (July 21) Battle of Shrewsbury 6° Desperate character of struggle — Hotspur killed — Douglas and Worcester prisoners 63 Execution of prisoners, &c °4 The Earl of Northumberland pardoned ....

CONTENTS. XXIV A.D. PAGE 1403. His castles holding out— The King turns towards Wales- State of things there 65 The King at a standstill for want of money ... 66 Grant of half a Tenth by clergy of Canterbury ... 66 The King advances to Caermarthen 67 The King at Bristol — Privateering in the Channel . . 67 Defeat of English at sea — Plymouth burnt — Channel Islands put to the ransom .67 Henry's neglect of the Navy .68 Glyndwr up again— Aberystwith besieged : Cardiff burnt . 68