Preface
Ix the preparation of this volume it has been my wish and purpose to present the history of the Greek people in a form which may interest readers of all classes, as well as the scholar and the critic. The great lessons which that history teaches must be learnt by all who would really understand the life of the modern world ; and the task of learning them is one which calls for no greater effort than the attention which the honest love of truth will never fail to awaken.
During the present century historical criticism has, it is well known, been largely busied with the earlier history both of Greece and Rome*; but stress may be fairly laid on the fact that in the former the most rigid scrutiny has tended rather to determine the true course of events than to throw over the whole traditional story a dark, if not an impenetrable, veil. In his General History of Rome, Dean Merivale is constrained to admit that * there is scarcely one particular of importance throughout three centuries of our pretended annals on the exact truth of which we can securely rely.' The historian of Greece may well rejoice in the happier assurance that our knowledge of the Persian Wars and of many events which preceded those wars is scarcely less full or less trustworthy than our knowledge of the Norman Conquest of England.
Throughout this earlier portion of my task I have striven to exhibit clearly the motives and policy of the actors in this great struggle; and the conviction that I have established rather than destroyed the history has enabled me to give without hesitation my reasons for calling into question or rejecting the statements of the traditional narratives, whenever it became necessary to do so.
The history of Greece is the history of the most wonderful political and intellectual growth which the world has
VI PREFACE.
yet seen. Its interest is the more absorbing from the rapid march of events in the mighty drama which may fairly be said to have been played out in less than three centuries. This astonishing quickness of development and decay must be ascribed to the fact that the ancient Hellenic communities never coalesced into a nation. The explanation of this fact is the most important task of the historian of Greece. Nor can we regard it as explained by a mere reference to the centrifugal tendencies (as they have been called) which compelled the Greeks to see in the Polis or City the ultimate IJnit of Society, or by the assertion that particular clans or tribes worshipped particular gods and that the mixture of persons of different race in the same commonwealth tended in their belief to confuse the relations of life and their notions of right and wrong ; — for, in truth, the tendency which brought about these results is the very fact to be explained. Nor can the question be really answered until we have traced the political and social life of the Greeks to its source in the earliest Aryan civilisation. The clue once given may be followed through the whole history of the Greek states. I may honestly say that I have followed it with special care, sparing no pains to bring out in the clearest light all the circumstances which at Athens tended to soften, if not to remove, and at Sparta to keep alive, the narrow exclusiveness of the primitive society.
We are thus able to understand the wonderful development of Athenian power which followed the flight of Xerxes and the defeat of Mardonios. The empire so called into being was in reality nothing more than an attempt to weld isolated fragments into something like national union, — an attempt which roused the fiercest opposition of the Spartans and their allies, as soon as they began to comprehend the significance of the changes which they themselves had been foremost in bringing about.
The necessary result of this antagonism was the Peloponnesian War, which ended in the triumph of the old theory of exclusiveness. Thus far my narrative is in substance the same as that of the more detailed history which I have* brought down to the Surrender of Athens, B.C. 404. In the subsequent chapters, written for this volume, I have had to exhibit the falling back of Athens into the ranks of mere city communities, sharing in the suspicions or jealousies always awakened where the growth of one city seemed livery to affect the complete independence of its
PREFACE. vu
neighbors. Such a state of things could end only in foreign subjugation. From this point therefore the historian is charged with the gloomier task of tracing the influence of Makedonian and Roman conquest on the country which was to become the seat of the Empire of the East, and ultimately to pass under the sway of the Ottoman Turks. To relate in detail, in addition to the narrative of previous events, the history of the Greek people from the times of the Makedonian conquests to our own, is in the limits of a single volume of moderate size obviously impossible. I would gladly have dwelt more especially on the working of the federal principle in central Greece when the day of the great cities, Sparta, Thebes, and Athens, had passed away; but although this could not be attempted, I felt that some acquaintance with the later fortunes of a people still representing, in blood scarcely less than in language, the Greeks of. Perikles, Agesilaos, and Philopoimen, is almost as necessary as a knowledge of the more brilliant history of earlier times. This want has not been met, so far as I am aware, by any of the smaller Greek histories hitherto published. The last Book of the present volume may therefore, I trust, lay before the reader the outlines of a picture which I hope to draw out in more full detail in the concluding volumes of my larger history.
The actors in this great drama I have striven to bring before the reader as living persons with whom we may sympathise, while they must be submitted to the judgment of the moral tribunal to which we are all responsible. Of all I have spoken plainly and honestly, being well assured that the sternest condemnation of the treasons and lies of men like Alkibiades and Theramenes will in no way clash with the profoundest veneration for the sober wisdom of Themistokles and Perikles, for the heroism of the gallant Demosthenes who all but saved the army brought to its doom by Nikias, and for the genius and patriotism of his mightier namesake who, in the immortal speech which unmasked the treachery of JEschines, pronounced the funeral oration of Athenian freedom.
I am indebted to the Proprietors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica for permission to make use of some portions of the Chapter on Alexander the Great.
To the Rev. North Pinder I express my grateful thanks for much valuable aid given to me in carrying this volume through the press.
'T"l PREFACE.
Note on the Spelling of Greek Names.
No attempt has been made in this volume to alter the spelling of Greek names which have assumed genuine English forms, — e. g., Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Thrace. It would be well perhaps if such forms had been more numerous.
The Latin form has been kept, where it has become so familiar to English ears that a change would be disagreeable, e. g., Thucydides, Cyrus. This last name is, indeed, neither Latin nor Greek ; and the adoption of either the Greek or the Latin form is a matter of comparative indifference. Probably it would be to the benefit of historical study to revert to the true Persian form, and to write Gustashp for Hystaspes.
But these exceptions do not affect the general rule of giving the Greek forms, wherever it may be practicable or advisable to do so. This rule may be followed in all instances in which either the names or the persons are unknown to the mass of English readers. Thus, while we speak still of Alexander the Great, his obscure predecessor who acts a subordinate part in the drama of the Persian wars may appear as Alexandros.
The general adoption of the Greek form is indeed justified, if not rendered necessary, by the practice of most recent writers on Greek History. It is, therefore, unnecessary perhaps to say more than that the adoption of the Greek form may help on the change in the English pronunciation of Latin, which the most eminent schoolmasters of the day have pronounced to be desirable. So long as the Phrygian town is mentioned under its Latin form of Celcence, there will be a strong temptation for young readers to pronounce it as if it were the Greek name for the moon Selene. It is well therefore that they should become familiarised with the Greek form Kelainai, and thus learn that the Greek spelling involves practically no difference of sound from that of thte true Latin pronunciation, the sound of the G and K being identical, and the diphthongs being pronounced as we pronounce ai in fail.
Chapter I. Physical Geography Of Continental Hellas
Hellas not a geographical name
Mountain systems.— The Thessalian mountains
The ranges of Oita, Othrys, and Parnassos .
Mountains of Attica and the Peloponnesos .
The rivers of continental Greece
Land and sea communication .
Climate and products of Hellas
PAGB 1 1
2 2
Chapter II. Origin And Growth Of Hellenic Civilisation
Character of ancient civilisation
The family the original unit of society
Exclusiveness of the ancient family .
Origin of the religious character of the family
The house and its dependents .
Ideas of property . . .
Laws of inheritance ...»
Identity of religious and civil penalties
Influence of religion .
Obstacles hindering the growth of civil society
Slow growth of the State
The Family and the Clan
The Clan and the Tribe
The Tribes and the City . . .
Course of political development in Greece and Rome
Chapter III. The Mythology And Tribal Legends Of The Greeks
General character of Greek mythical tradition
Greek ideas of nature ....
Religious festivals of the Greek tribes
Inconsistencies and contradictions of Greek myths
Dynastic and tribal legends
Greek tribal legends ....
Historical value of Greek myths
The return of the Herakleids .
Movements following the Dorian migration .
Greek settlements in Asia Minor
PAGE
Chapter IV. Hellenes And Barbarians
Growth of a common Hellenic sentiment
The Hellenes and the barbarian world
Religious associations among the Greek tribes
The great games
Greek ethnology
Evidence of geographical names
Early condition of Thessaly
The Lokrians, Dorians, and Phokians
The Aitolians and Akarnanians
The Boiotian confederacy
Ancient supremacy of Argos .
The Eleians and the Arkadians
The Messenians .
The Spartans
Lykourgos
Mythical lawgivers
CHAPTER, V.
THE CONSTITUTION AND EARLY HISTORY OF SPARTA.
The Spartan Gerousia ; the Ephors ; and the Kings
The Spartiatai, the Perioikoi, and the Helots
Gradual improvement in the condition of the Perioikoi and
the Helots The Krypteia The Messenian wars Narratives of the Messenian wars The first Messenian war The second Messenian war Spartan aggression against Arkadia Rivalry of Sparta and Argos .
Early supremacy of Sparta
30 31
32 32 32 33 33 34 37 38 39
CONTENTS.
XI
Chapter VI. The Greek Despots
Tendencies of early Aryan civilisation
Decay of the kingly power in Hellas .
Subversion of the Greek oligarchies by tyrants
Ancient and modern notions of monarchical government
The power of the kings in Sparta
History of the Greek despots,— Kleisthenes of Sikyon
The Bacchiad oligarchs of Corinth
Kypselos and Periandros ....
Theagenes of Megara .....
PAGE
. 39
. 40
. 40
. 41
. 42
. 43
. 44
. 44
. 46
Chapter VII. The Intellectual Education Of The Greeks
The greatness of the Ionic race, and the settlement of Eu-
boia 47
Pan-Ionic festival at Delos . . . . .47
Pan-Hellenic festivals . . . . . .48
The Delian Hymn to Apollon . . . .48
The Nemean and Isthmian games . . . .49
The influence of art on the growth of a Pan- Hellenic sentiment . . . . . . . .50
Growth of physical science . . . . .51
Source of Greek philosophy . . . . .53
Greek astronomy . . . . . .54
Thales and the Ionic school . . . . .54
Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans . . . .55
The Pythagorean brotherhood . . . . .55
Influence of the philosophers . . . . .56
Chapter VIII. Hellas Sporadike
Early Hellenic migrations
Greek colonisation in Sicily
Social conditions of the Greek colonists in Sicily B.C. Greek settlements in Italy 510 War between Sybaris and Kroton
Effects of the destruction of Sybaris .
The Corinthian colony of Korkyra
Joint colonies of the Corinthians and Korkyraians
Akarnanians and other neighboring tribes .
Epeirotai .
Illyrians and Makedonians
Thrakians .....
Greek settlements in Thrace
Megarian colonies on the Propontis
Greek colonisation in Africa .
Sources of the prosperity of Kyrene .
Xll
CONTENTS.
Conflicts between the Carthaginians and the Greeks Career of Dorieus in Africa and Sicily B.C. Foundation of the Gelonian dynasty of Syracuse 481 Incroachments of Gelon on Carthaginian ground 480? The Battle of Himera .... 467 The fall of the Gelonian dynasty
PAGE
. 65 . 65 . 66 . 66 . 67 . 69
Chapter IX. Early Constitutional History Of Athens
Contrast between Sparta and Athens as drawn by Perikles . 69
Complicated character of the Athenian constitutions . 70
Athens in the time of Kleisthenes . . . .70
The Trittyes and Naukrariai . . . . .71
The Union of the Attic Demoi . . . .71
Right of intermarriage . . . . .72
The Eupatridai, Geomoroi, and Demiourgoi . . .72
The council of Areiopagos . . . . .73
The Drakonian legislation . . . . .73
The conspiracy of Kylon . . . . .74
Chapter X. Athens, And The Solonian Legislation
Historical records of the time of Solon . . .75
Misery of the Athenian people . . . .75
Various opinions as to the causes of this misery . . 76
The question of debt and mortgage . . . .76
Actual measures of Solon . . . . .79
Lowering of the currency . . . . .79
New classification of the citizens ; the Pentakosiomedimnoi,
Hippeis, Zeugitai, and Thetes . . . .79
The Probouleutic Council . . . . .80
Relationship of the four classes to the Tribes . . 81
Later years of Solon . . . . . .81
Usurpation of Peisistratos and death of Solon . . 82
527?
Chapter XI. The Tyranny Of The Peisistratidai
Slow growth of the Democratic spirit at Athens . . 82
Seizure of the Akropolis by Peisistratos . . .83
Character of the administration of Peisistratos . . 83
Expulsion and restoration of Peisistratos . . .83
Second expulsion of Peisistratos . . . .84
Death of Peisistratos and subsequent history of his house . 84
Policy and plans of Hippias . . . . .85 Intrigues of the Alkmaionidai for the overthrow of Hippias 85
Final expulsion of the Peisistratidai . . . .86
CONTENTS.
Chapter XII. The Reforms Op Kleisthenes
PAGE
B.C. Oligarchical elements in the Solonian constitution . . 87
509 Renewal of factions after the fall of Hippias . . 87
Need of a new classification of citizens . . .88
This classification the cause of the opposition of Isagoras . 88
The Council of the Five Hundred . . . .89
The Heliaia and the Dikastai . . . . .89
TbeArchons . . . . . . .89
The court of Areiopagos . . . . .90
Ostracism . . . . . . .91
Expulsion and return of Kleisthenes . . . .92
509 ? Alliance of Plataia with Athens . . . .93
Discomfiture of Kleomenes at Eleusis . . .93 Victories of the Athenians over the Boiotians and Chalkidi-
Warlike activity of the Athenians . . . .94
Predominance of Sparta in Athens . . . .94
Congress of allies at Sparta . . . . .95
Return of Hippias to Sigeion . ... 96
EOOK II.
THE STRUGGLE WITH PERSIA, AND THE GROWTH OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE.
Chapter I. The Persian Empire Under Cyrus And Kambyses
The historical and traditional Cyrus . . . .97
The story of A sty ages and Cyrus . . . .97
The story of Deiokes . . . . . .98
Scythian invasion of Media . . . . .99
Physical geography of Persia ..... 100
The Median and Lydian dynasties . . . . 101
Geography of Asia Minor ..... 101
The Lydian dynasties . . . . . . 103
The Lydian Kin<rs and the Asiatic Greeks . . . 104
The last of the Mermnad Kings . . . . 104
Conquest of the Asiatic Greeks by Kroisos . . . 104 The drama of the life of Kroi sos .... 104
The beginning of woes in the death of Atys . . 105
The paying of the penalty due for the iniquity of Gyges . 106
Unhistorical character of all the details . . .109
The revolt of Paktyas . . . . . .110
Flight and surrender of Paktyas . . . .111
The story of the Phokaians . . . . Ill
The conquest of Lykia . . . . . 112
XIV
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Later conquests of Cyrus . . . . .112
Babylon and its people . . . . .112
Siege and capture of Babylon ...... 114
Last scenes in the drama of the life of Cyrus . . 115
The Valley of the Nile . . . . .116
B.C. The people of the Nile Valley . . . .117
570 ? Opening of Egypt to Greek commerce . . .118
525 ? Invasion of Egypt by Kambyses .... 118
Expeditions against the Ethiopians and the temple of Amoun 119 Failure of the proposed expedition against Carthage . 120
Kambyses and the Egyptian priests .... 120
Kambyses and the Magian Smerdis .... 121
The conspiracy of the Seven Persians . . . 122
520 ? Accession of Dareios to the Persian throne . . . 123
516*
Chapter II. The Persian Empire Under Dareios
The revolt of Babylon . . . . . .124
The despotism of Polykrates in Samos . . . 125
The last scenes in the career of Polykrates . . . 126
The despotism of Maiandrios and of Syloson . .126
Organization of the Persian Empire .... 127
The story of Demokedes ..... 127
Influence and intrigues of Atossa .... 129
The Scythian expedition .. . . . .130
Credibility of the narrative of the Scythian expedition . 132
Chapter III. The Ionic Revolt
Dareios and the Athenians
The schemes of Aristagoras of Miletos 502 ? The mission of Aristagoras at Sparta and at Athens
The burning of Sardeis
Extension of the revolt to Byzantion and Karia
Mission of Histiaios to Sardeis
The revolt of Kypros and Karia
The death of Aristagoras
Adventures and death of Histiaios
The Ionian fleet at Lade 495 ? Battle of Lade, and fall of Miletos
Third conquest of Ionia
Flight of Miltiades to Athens .
The punishment of Phrynichos
Chapter IV. The Invasion Op Thrace By Mardonios, And The Battle Of Marathon
Administration of Artaphernes in Asia Minor 493 ? The reforms of Mardonios
. 145 . 146
CONTENTS.
XV
B.C.
492"
491? 490
PAGE
Failure of Mardonios in Thrace .... 147
Mission of the Persian heralds to demand earth and water
from the Western Greeks ..... 147 Treatment of the heralds at Sparta and Athens . . 147
Deposition and exile of Demaratos .... 149 Capture of Naxos and Eretria by the Persians . .149
Landing of the Persians at Marathon .... 150 Rivalry of Themistokles and Aristeides . . . 150
Genius and policy of Themistokles . . . .151
Debates in the Athenian camp at Marathon . . . 151
The story of the battle of Marathon . . . .152
The details of the battle . . . . .154
The raising of the white shield .... 155
The expedition of Miltiadesto Paros : his trial and his death 157 The alleged ingratitude of the Athenians . . .158
Chapter V. The Invasion And Flight Of Xerxes
Preparation for the invasion of Europe . . . 160
The opposition of Artabanos ..... 161 Character of the narrative of Herodotos . . . 162
March of Xerxes to Kelainai ..... 163
480 Bridge across the Hellespont ..... 163 Scourging of the Hellespont . . . . .163
The march from Sardeis to Abydos . . . .164
The crossing of the Hellespont .... 166
The review of the army and fleet at Doriskos . . 167
The conference of Xerxes and Demaratos . . . 169
Significance and value of this conversation . . . 170
Functions of Demaratos in the narrative of the Persian war. 170 Forced contributions from Hellenic and other cities . . 171
Visit of Xerxes to the vale of Tempe .... 172 Rivalry of Themistokles and Aristeides . . .173
Pan-Hellenic congress at the Isthmus of Corinth . . 174
Sending of the spies to Sardeis, and the answers received at
Delphoi by the Athenians ..... 175 Faithlessness of the Argives, Kretans, and Korkyraians . 177 Mission to Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse .... 178
480 Abandonment of the pass of Tempe .... 179
Mission of Leonidas from Sparta to Thermopylai (June) . 180 Destruction of a portion of the Persian fleet by a storm on the Magnesian coast ...... 182
March of Hydarnes over Anopaia .... 183
Heroism of Leonidas ...... 185
The victory of the Persians ..... 186
The sight-seeing in Thermopylai .... 188
The generalship of Leonidas ..... 189
The motives of Leonidas and his allies . . . 190
The Greek fleet at Artemision .... 191
Indecisive action off Artemision .... 192 xvi CONTENTS.
PAGE
Destruction of the Persian squadron dispatched to the Euripos 192 Second action off Artemision, resulting in the victory and retreat of the Greeks . . . . .193
Fortification of the Corinthian isthmus . . . 193
Migration of the Athenian people . . . 194
Devastation of Phokis . . . . . .194
The attack on Delphoi . . . . . .195
Occupation of Athens by Xerxes . . . .196
Intended abandonment of Salami s by the confederates . 197
Policy of Themistokles . . .. . .198
Battle of Salamis . . . . . .200
Artemisia and the Kalyndian ship .... 202
Ruin of the Persian fleet ..... 203
Counsel of Mardonios ...... 203
Alleged second message of Themistokles to Xerxes . . 204
The flight of Xerxes 205
General credibility of the narrative .... 207 Siege of Andros by the confederates .... 210 Distribution of honors among the Greeks . . . 210
Chapter VI. Battles Of Plataiai And Mykal&
Movements of the Greek and Persian fleets . . .211
Offers of alliance made by Mardonios to the Athenians . 212 Embassy of the Spartans to Athens .... 213
Re-occupation of Athens by Mardonios . . . 213
March of the Spartans under Pausanias from Sparta . 215
Paction of the Argives with Mardonios . . . 215
The feast of Attaginos ..... 216
B.C. Historical value of the story ..... 217
479 Advance of the confederates into Boiotia . . .218
Attack of the Persian cavalry, and death of Masistios . 218
Change of the Greek position ..... 219
Counsel of Timagenidas ..... 219
The infatuation of Mardonios ..... 220
The conference of the Makedonian Alexandros with the Athenian generals ...... 220
Changes of position in the Greek and Persian armies . 221
The resistance of Amompharetos to the orders of Pausanias 222 The battle of Plataiai . . . . . . 223
Retreat of Artabazos . . .
Obstinate resistance of the Thebans .
Storming of the Persian camp .
The graves at Plataiai .
Siege of Thebes ....
Movements of the Greek fleet to Samos and Mykale Battle of Mykale ....
Foundation of the maritime empire of Athens The siege of Sestos
224 225 225
226 226
227 228 230 230
General character of the history of the Persian war . 232
CONTENTS. xvii
Chapter VII. The Confederacy Of Delos
B.C. TAGE
479 The rebuilding of Athens, and the fortification of Peiraieus 232 Public works of Themistokles ..... 234
478 Change in the conduct of Pausanias .... 234
477 Formation of the confederacy of Delos . . . 236
The assessment of Aristeides ..... 236 Treason and death of Pausanias .... 237
Traditional narrative of the later history of Themistokles . 238 Alleged journey of Themistokles to Sousa . . . 240
Uniform policy of Themistokles .... 240
Amount of evidence against Themistokles . . . 242
Relations of Themistokles with the Persian King . . 243
Alleged personal corruption of Themistokles . . 243
Extent of the guilt of Themistokles .... 244
468 ? Death of Aristeides . . . . . .245
Chapter VIII. The Growth Of The Athenian Empire
Objects of the Delian confederation .... 246
Change in the relations of Athens with her allies . . 246
466 Athenian operations to the battles of the Eurymedon . 247
465 The Delian synod, and the revolt of Thasos . . . 248
464 The revolt of the Helots ; and the the alliance of Athens
459-8 Siege of Aigina. Building of the Long Walls of Athens . 250 Battles of Tanagra and Oinophyta . . . . 250
457 Fall of Aigina 251
455 Disaster of the Athenians in Egypt .... 251 Final victories and death of Kimon .... 252 447 Evacuation of Boiotia by the Athenians . . . 252
446 The revolt of Euboia and Megara. The Thirty Years' Truce 253 Gradual development of the Athenian Democracy . . 254
Rivalry of Kimon and Perikles .... 255
The reforms of Ephialtes . . . . .256
Book III
THE EMPIRE OF ATHENS. THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA.
Chapter I. The Thirty Years* Truce
Public works of Perikles ..... 258
Extension of Athenian settlements .... 259
440 Revolt of Samos . . . . . .259 xviii CONTENTS.
B.C.
PAGE
*ou Quarrel between Corinth and Korkyra • 4 • • 521
433 Proposals for an alliance between Korkyra and Athens . M)6
Counter arguments of the Corinthians . . .263
433 Defensive alliance between Athens and Korkyra . .264
Battle between the Corinthian and Korkyraian fleets off the Island of Sybota 264
Revolt of Potidaia ...... ;„ . • • ' ~j*
Council of the Peloponnesian allies at Sparta . . 267
Secret debate of the Spartans . . . • • %M
Formal Congress of the allies at Sparta . . . &M
Efforts of the Spartans to bring about the downfall of Penkles 270 Prosecutions of Anaxagoras, Pheidias, and Aspasia . . 271
General policy of Athens in reference to the alleged causes of the Peloponnesian War . 272
Chapter II
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR FROM THE SURPRISE OF PLATAIAI TO THE CLOSE OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF PERIKLES.
431 Night attack on Plataiai by the Thebans
Slaughter of the Theban prisoners
Impolicy and immorality of this act .
Spartan overtures to the Persian king
The allies of Athens and of Sparta .
The resources of Athens
Attack of Oinoe, and invasion of Attica
The expulsion of the Aiginetans
Measures for the safety of Attica and Athens # . o_
Alliance of the Athenians with the Thrakian chief Sitalkes 279
Public burial at Athens and funeral oration of Perikles . 279
The plague at Athens . . . • • -281
Depression of the Athenian people . . . . #&
Close of the career of Perikles . . . 284
Chapter III
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR FROM THE CLOSE OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF PERIKLES TO THE DESTRUCTION OF PLATAIAI.
Execution of Spartan envoys at Athens . . .285
The surrender of Potidaia . . . . -286
429 Attack on Plataiai by the Spartans under Archidamos . 286
Defeat of the Athenians in Chalkidike . . .288
Invasion of Akarnania by the Spartans, aided by Chaomans,
Molossians, and other mountain clans . . .288
Victory of Phormion over the Corinthian fleet . . 289
Athenian expedition to Krete . . . -290
Battle of Naupaktos, and second victory of Phormion . ^91
Proposed night attack on Peiraieus . . . ^ . 292
Expedition of Sitalkes against Makedonia and Chalkidike . M6
428 The revolt of Lesbos . . . • • • 294
CONTENTS. XIX
B.C. PAGE
Audience of the Lesbian envoys at Olympia . . . 296
Measures taken by the Athenians for the suppression of the
427 Surrender of Mytilene to Paches . . . .297
Condemnation of the Mytilenaian people by the Athenian
Influence and character of Kleon .... 299
Second debate, and withdrawal of the sentence against the
Mytilenaian people ...... 300
The subjugation of Lesbos . . . . 302
The destruction of Plataiai . . . .803
Chapter IV
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR FROM THE REVOLUTION IN KORKYRA TO THE CAPTURE OF SPHAKTERIA BY DEMOSTHENES AND KLEON.
427 State of parties in Korkyra ..... 305
Intrigues of the prisoners set free by the Corinthians . 306
Open enmity of the populace and the aristocratic factions . 306 Massacres at Korkyra ...... 308
Capture of Minoa by Nikias . . . . . 310
426 Second outbreak of plague at Athens . . . .311
Foundation of Herakleia by the Spartans . . . 311
Defeat of Demosthenes in Aitolia .... 312 Attempt of the Aitolians and Spartans on Naupaktos . 313
Retreat of the Peloponnesians after the defeat at Olpai . 314 Destruction of the Ambrakiots at Idomene . . . 314
425 Occupation of Pylos by Demosthenes .... 315
The bay of Sphakteria . . . . .316
Attack of Brasidas on Pylos . . . . .316
Embassy of the Spartans to Athens for the negotiation of a peace ....... 318
Debate at Athens on the propositions of the Spartan envoys 319 Rupture of the truce ...... 320
Resumption of the war ; blockade of Sphakteria . . 320
Causes tending to prolong the siege .... 321
Mission of Kleon with reinforcements for Pylos . . 321
Attitude of Nikias and the oligarchic party . . . 322
Attack of Sphakteria by the Athenians . . . 323
Return of Kleon with the Spartan prisoners to Athens . 325
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