A General History of Greece from the earliest period to the death of Alexander the Great. With a sketch of the subsequent history to the present time

Preface

. In the preparation of this volume it has been my wish and purpose to present the history of the Greek people in a form which may interest readers of all classes, as well as the scholar and the critic. The great lessons which that history teaches must be learnt by all who would really understand the life of the modern world ; and the task of learning them is one which calls for no greater effort than the attention which the honest love of truth will never fail to awaken. During the present century historical criticism has, it is well known, been largely busied with the earlier history both of Greece and Rome ; but stress may be fairly laid on the fact that in the former the most rigid scrutiny has tended rather to determine the true course of events than to throw over the whole traditional story a dark, if not an impenetrable, veil.

In his General History of Rome, Dean Merivale is constrained to admit that ' there is scarcely one particular of importance throughout three centuries of our pretended annals on the exact truth of which we can securely rely.' The historian of Greece may well rejoice in the happier assurance that our knowledge of the Persian Wars and of many events which preceded those wars is scarcely less full or less trustworthy than our knowledge of the Norman Conquest of England. Throughout this earlier portion of my task I have striven to exhibit clearly the motives and policy of the actors in this great struggle ; and the conviction thab I have established rather than destroyed the history has enabled me to give without hesitation my reasons for calling into question or rejecting the statements of the traditional narratives, whenever it became necessary to do so.

PREFACE.

. VI The history of Greece is the history of the most wonderful political and intellectual growth which the world has yet seen. Its interest is the more absorbing from the rapid march of events in the mighty drama which may fairly be said to have been played out in less than three centuries. This astonishing quickness of developement and decay must be ascribed to the fact that the ancient Helle nic communities never coalesced into a nation. The ex planation of this fact is the most important task of the historian of Greece. Nor can we regard it as explained by a mere reference to the centrifugal tendencies (as they have been called ) which compelled the Greeks to see in the Polis or City the ultimate Unit of Society, or by the assertion that particular clans or tribes worshipped particular gods and that the mixture of persons of different race in the same commonwealth tended in their belief to confuse the relations of life and their notions of right and wrong ; — for, in truth, the tendency which brought about these results is the very fact to be explained.

Nor can the question be really answered until we have traced the political and social life of the Greeks to its source in the earliest Aryan civilisation. The clue once given may be followed through the whole history of the Greek states. I may honestly say that I have followed it with special care, sparing no paina to bring out in the clearest light all the circumstances which at Athens tended to soften, if not to remove, and at Sparta to keep alive, the narrow exclusiveness of the primitive society. We are thus able to understand the wonderful develope ment of Athenian power which followed the flight of Xerxes and the defeat of Mardonios. The empire so called into being was in reality nothing more than an attempt to weld isolated fragments into something hke national union, — an attempt which roused the fiercest opposition of the Spartans and their allies, as soon as they began to compre hend the significance of the changes which they themselves had been foremost in bringing about. The necessary result of this antagonism was the Pelo ponnesian War, which ended in the triumph of the old

PREFACE.

. VII theory of exclusiveness. Thus far my narrative is in sub stance the same as that of the more detailed history which I have brought down to the Surrender of Athens, B.C. 404. In the subsequent chapters, written for this volume, I have had to exhibit the falling back of Athens into the ranks of mere city communities, sharing in the suspicions or jealousies always awakened where the growth of one city seemed likely to affect the complete independence of its neighbours. Such a state of things could end only in foreign subjugation. From this point therefore the his torian is charged with the gloomier task of tracing the in fluence of Makedonian and Roman conquest on the country which was to become the seat of the Empire of the East, and ultimately to pass under the sway of the Ottoman Turks.

To relate in detail, in addition to the narrative of previous events, the history of the Greek people from the times of the Makedonian conquests to our own, is in the limits of a single volume of moderate size obviously impossible. I would gladly have dwelt more especially on the working of the federal principle in central Greece when the day of the great cities, Sparta, Thebes, and Athens, had passed away ; but although this could not be attempted, I felt that some acquaintance with the later fortunes of a people still representing, in blood scarcely less than in language, the Greeks of Perikles, Agesilaos, and Philopoimen, is almost as neces sary as a knowledge of the more brilliant history of earlier times. This want has not been met, so far as I am aware, by any of the smaller Greek histories hitherto published.

The last Book of the present volume may therefore, I trust, lay before the reader the outlines of a picture which I hope to draw out in more full detail in the concluding volumes of my larger history. The actors in this great drama I have striven to bring before the reader as living persons with whom we may sym pathise, while they must be submitted to the judgement of the moral tribunal to which we are all responsible. Of all I have spoken plainly and honestly, being well assured that the sternest condemnation of the treasons and lies of men like Alkibiades and Theramenes will in no way clash with

PREFACE.

. the profoundest veneration for the sober wisdom of The mistokles and Perikles, for the heroism of the gallant Demosthenes who all but saved the army brought to its doom by Nikias, and for the genius and patriotism of his mightier namesake who, in the immortal speech which un masked the treachery of Æschines, pronounced the funeral oration of Athenian freedom. I am indebted to the Proprietors of the Encyclopædia Britannica for permission to make use of some portions of the Chapter on Alexander the Great. To the Rev. North Pinder I express my grateful thanks for much valuable aid given to me in carrying this volume through the press. Note on the Spelling of Greek Names. No attempt has been made in this volume to alter the spelling of Greek names which have assumed genuine English forms, — e.g. Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Thrace.

It would be well perhaps if such forms had been more numerous. The Latin form has been kept, where it has become so familiar to English ears that a change would be disagreeable, e.g. Thucydides, Cyrus. This last name is, indeed, neither Latin nor Greek; and the adoption of either the Greek or the Latin form is a matter of comparative indifference. Probably it would be to the benefit of historical study to revert to the true Persian form, and to write Gustashp for Hystaspes. But these exceptions do not affect the general rule of giving the Greek forms, wherever it may be practicable or advisable to do so. This rule may be followed in all instances in which either the names or the persons are unknown to the mass of English readers. Thus, while we speak still of Alexander the Great, his obscure predecessor who acts a subordinate part in the drama of the Persian wars may appear as Alexandros.

The general adoption of the Greek form is, indeed justified, if not rendered necessary, by the practice of most recent writers on Greek History. It is, therefore, unnecessary perhaps to say more than that the adoption of the Greek form may help on the change in the English pronunciation of Latin, which the most eminent schoolmasters of the day have pronounced to be desirable. So long as the Phrygian town is mentioned under its Latin form of Celœnæ, there will be a strong temp tation for young readers to pronounce it as if it were the Greek name for the moon Selene. It is well therefore that they should become familiarised with the Greek form Kelainai, and thus learn that the Greek spelling involves practically no difference of sound from that of the true Latin pronunciation, the sound of the C and K being identical and the diphthongs being pronounced as we pronounce ai in fail. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Physical Geography Of Continental Hellas

PAGE Hellas not a geographical name . . . . .1 Mountain systems. — The Thessalian mountains . . .1 The ranges of Oita, Othrys, and Pamassos . . .2 Mountains of Attica and the Peloponnesos . . .2 The rivers of continental Greece . . . . .3 Land and sea communication . . . . .3 Climate and products of Hellas . . . . .4

Chapter II. Origin Jsd Growth Of Hellenic Civilisation

Character of ancient civilisation . . . . .5 The family the original unit of society . . . .6 Exclusiveness of the ancient family . . . .6 Origin of the religious character of the family . . .7 The house and its dependents . . . . .8 Ideas of property .. . . . . . .9 Laws of inheritance . . . . . .9 Identity of religious and civil penalties . . . .9 Influence of religion . . . . . .10 Obstacles hindering the growth of civil society . . .10 Slow growth of the State . . . . . .11 The Family and the Clan . . . . . .11 The Clan and the Tribe . . . . . .12 The Tribes and the City . . . . . .12 Course of political developement in Greece and Rome . . X CONTENTS.

Chapter III. The Mythology And Tribal Legends Of The Greeks

PAGE General character of Greek mythical tradition . . .13 Greek ideas of nature . . . . . .13 Religious festivals of the Greek tribes . . . .15 Inconsistencies and contradictions of Greek myths . . 15 Djmastic and tribal legends . . . . .16 Greek tribal legends . . . . . .16 Historical value of Greek myths . . . . .17 The return of the Herakleids . . . . .18 Movements following the Dorian Migration . . .20 Greek settlements in Asia Minor . . . . .20

Chapter IV. Hellenes And Barbarians

Growth of a common Hellenic sentiment . . . .21 The Hellenes and the barbarian world . . . .21 Religious associations among the Greek tribes . . .22 The great games . . . . . . .23 Greek ethnology . . . . . . .24 Evidence of geographical names . . . . .24 Early condition of Thessaly . . . . .24 The Lokrians, Dorians, and Phokians . . . .25 The Aitolians and Akarnanians . . . . .26 The Boiotian confederacy . . . . . .26 Ancient supremacy of Argos . . . . .26 The Eleians and the Arkadians . . . . .27 The Messenians . . . . . . .28 The Spartans . . . . . . .28 Lykourgos . . . . . . . .29 Mythical lawgivers . . . . . .29

Chapter V. The Constitution And Early History Of Sparta

The Spartan Gerousia ; the Ephors ; and the Kings . . 30 The Spartiatai, the Perioikoi, and the Helots . . .31 Gradual improvement in the condition of the Perioikoi and the Helots . . . . . _ .32 The Krypteia ..... .32 The Messenian wars .... .32 Narratives of the Messenian wars . . . . .33 The first Messenian war . . . . . .33 The second Messenian war . . . . . .34 Spartan aggression against Arkadia . . . .37 Rivalry of Sparta and Argos . . . . .38 Early supremacy of Sparta . . . . .39 CONTENTS. XI

Chapter VI. The Greek Despots

PAGE Tendencies of early Aryan civilisation . . . .39 Decay of the kingly power in Hellas . . . .40 Subversion of the Greek oligarchies by tyrants . . .40 Ancient and modern notions of monarchical governments . 41 The power of the kings in Sparta . . . .42 History of the Greek despots, — Kleisthenes of Sikyon . . 43 The Bacchiad oligarchs of Corinth . . . .44 Kypselos and Periandros . . . . . .44 Theagenes of Megara . . . . . .46

Chapter VII. The Intellectual Education Of The Greeks

The greatness of the Ionic race, and the settlement of Euboia . 47 Pan-Ionic Festival at Delos . . . . .47 Pan-Hellenic festivals . . . . . .48 The Delian Hymn to Apollon . . . . .48 The jNemean and Isthmian games . . . .49 The influence of art on the growth of a Pan-Hellenic sentiment . 50 Growth of physical science . . . . .51 Source of Greek philosophy . . . . .53 Greek astronomy . . . . . . .54 Thales and the ionic School . . . . .54 Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans . . . . .55 The Pythagorean brotherhood . . . . .55 Influence of the philosophers . . . . .56

Chapter VIII. Hellas

SPORADIK_G. Early Hellenic migrations . . . . . .56 Greek colonisation in Sicily . . . . .57 Social conditions of the Greek colonists in Sicily . . 58 B.C. Greek settlements in Italy . . . . . .58 510 War between Sybaris and Kroton . . . . .59 Effects of the destruction of Sybaris . . . .60 The Corinthian colony of Korkyra . . . .60 Joint colonies of the Corinthians and Korkyraians . . 61 Akarnanians and other neighbouring tribes . . .62 Epeirotai . . . . . . . .62 Ulyrians and Makedonians . . . . .62 Thrakians . . . . . . -. .63 Greek settlements in Thrace . . . . ,63 Megarian colonies on the Propontis . . . .64 Greek colonisation in Africa . . . . .64 Sources of the prosperity of Kyrene . . . .65 CONTENTS. PAGE Conflicts between the Carthaginians and the Greeks . . 65 Career of Dorieus in Africa and Sicily . . . .65 B.C. Foundation of the Gelonian dynasty of Syracuse . . .66 481 Iucroachments of Gelon on Carthaginian ground . . .66 480 ? The Battle of Himera . . . . . .67 467 The fall of the Gelonian dynasty . . . . .69

Chapter IX. Early Constitutional History Of Athens

Contrast between Sparta and Athens as drawn by Perikles . 69 Complicated character of the Athenian constitutions . . 70 Athens in the time of Kleisthenes . . . . .70 The Trittyes and Naukrariai . . . . .71 The Union of the Attic Demoi . . . . .71 Right of intermarriage . . . . . .72 The Eupatridai, Geomoroi, and Demiourgoi . . .72 The council of Areiopagos . . . . . .73 The Drakonian legislation . . . . . .73 The conspiracy of Kylon . . . . . .74

Chapter X. Athens, And The Solonian Legislation

Historical records of the time of Solon . . . .75 Misery of the Athenian people . . . . .75 Various opinions as to the causes of this misery ... .76 The question of debt and mortgage . . . .76 Actual measures of Solon . . . . ... 79 Lowering of the currency . . . . . .79 New classification of the citizens ; the Pentakosiomedimnoi, Hippeis, Zeugitai, and Thetes . . . . .79 The Probouleutic Council . . . . . .80 Relationship of the four classes to the Tribes . . .81 Later years of Solon . . . . . .81 Usurpation of Peisistratos and death of Solon . . .82

Chapter XI. The Tyranny Of The Peisistratidai

Slow growth of the Democratic spirit at Athens . . .82 560 Seizure of the Akropolis by Peisistratos . . . .83 Character of the administration of Peisistratos . . .83 Expulsion and restoration of Peisistratos . . . .83 Second expulsion of Peisistratos . . . . . . 84 527 ? Death of Peisistratos and subsequent history of his house . 84 Policy and plans of Hippias . . , . .85 Intrigues of the Alkmaionidai for the overthrow of Hippias . 85 510 Final expulsion of the Peisistratidai . . . .86 CONTENTS. XIII

Chapter XII. The Reforms Of Kleisthenes

PAGE B.C. Oligarchical elements in the Solonian constitution . . 87 509 Renewal of factions after the fall of Hippias . . .87 Need of a new classification of citizens . . . .88 This classification the cause of the opposition of Isagoras . 88 The Council of the Five Hundred . . . . .89 The Heliaia and the Dikastai . . . . .89 The Archons . . . . . . .89 The court of Areiopagos . . . . . .90 Ostracism . . . . . . . .91 Expulsion and return of Kleisthenes . . . .92 509 ? Alliance of Plataiai with Athens . . . . .93 Discomfiture of Kleomenes at Eleusis . . . .93 Victories of the Athenians over the Boiotians and Chalkidians . 94 Warlike activity of the Athenians . . . .94 Predominance of Sparta in Athens . . . .94 Congress of allies at Sparta . . . . .95 Return of Hippias to Sigeion . . . . .96

Chapter I. The Persian Empire Under Cyrus And Kambyses

The historical and traditional Cyrus . . . .97 The story of Astyages and Cyrus . . . . .97 The story of Deiokes . . . . . .98 Scythian invasion of Media . . . . .99 Physical geography of Persia ..... 100 The Median and Lydian dynasties . . . .101 Geography of Asia Minor ...... 101 The Lydian dynasties ...... 103 The Lydian Kings and the Asiatic Greeks . . . 104 The last of the Mennnad Kings . . . . .104 Conquest of the Asiatic Greeks by Kroisos . . .104 The drama of the life of Kroisos ... . . .104 The beginning of woes in the death of Atys . . .105 The paying of the penalty due for the iniquity of Gyges . 106 Unhistorical character of all the details . . . .109 546 The revolt of Paktyas . . . • • .110 Flight and surrender of Paktyas . . . . .111 The story of the Phokaians . . . . .111 The conquest of Lykia . . . . • -112 CONTENTS.

XIV PAGE Later conquests of Cyrus . . . . . . 1 12 Babylon and its people . . . . . .112 Siege and capture of Babylon ..... 114 Last scenes in the drama of the life of Cyrus . . . 115 The Valley of the Nile . . . . . .116 B.C. The people of the Nile Valley ..... 117 570? Opening of Egypt to Greek commerce . . * .118 525? Invasion of Egypt by Kambyses ..... 118 Expeditions against the Ethiopians and the temple of Amoun . 119 Failure of the proposed expedition against Carthage . . 120 Kambyses and the Egyptian priests .... 120 Kambyses and the Magian Smerdis .... 121 The conspiracy of the Seven Persians .... 122 520 ? Accession of Dareios to the Persian throne . . . 123

Chapter II. The Persian Empire Under Dareios

The revolt of Babylon . . . . . .124 The despotism of Polykrates in Samos .... 125 The last scenes in the career of Polykrates . . . 126 The despotism of Maiandrios and of Syloson . . . 126 Organization of the Persian Empire .... 127 The story of Demokedes . . . . . .127 Influence and intrigues of Atossa ..... 129 516 ? The Scythian expedition ...... 130 Credibility of the narrative of the Scythian expedition . . 132

Chapter III. The Ionic Revolt

Dareios and the Athenians ...... 134 The schemes of Aristagoras of Miletos .... 136 502? The mission of Aristagoras at Sparta and at Athens . .137 The burniug of Sardeis ...... 139 Extension of the revolt to Byzantion aad Karia . . . 139 Mission of Histiaios to Sardeis ..... 139 The revolt of Kypros and Karia ..... 139 The death of Aristagoras ...... 140 Adventures and death of Histiaios ..... 140 The Ionian fleet at Lade ...... 141 495 ? Battle of Lade, and fall of Miletos . . . .143 Third conquest of Ionia ...... 144 Flight of Miltiades to Athens ..... 144 The punishment of Phrynichos ..... 144

Chapter IV. The Invasion Of Thrace By Mardonios, And The Battle Of

MARATHON. Administration of Artaphernes in Asia Minor . . . 145 493 ? The reforms of Mardonios . . . . . j^U CONTENTS. XV 492 ? Failure of Mardonios in Thrace ..... 147 Mission of the Persian heralds to demand earth and water from the Western Greeks .... . 147 491 ? Treatment of the heralds at Sparta and Athens . . .147 Deposition and exile of Demaratos .... 149 490 Capture of Naxos and Eretria by the Persians . .' . 149 Landing of the Persians at Marathon .... 150 Rivalry of Themistokles and Aristeides .... 150 Genius and policy of Themistokles .... 151 Debates in the Athenian camp at Marathon . . . 151 The story of the battle of Marathon .... 152 The details of the battle .' . . . '. \ j 54 The raising of the white shield ..... 155 489 The expedition of Miltiades to Paros : his trial and his death '. 157 The alleged ingratitude of the Athenians .... 158

Chapter V. The Invasion And Flight Of Xerxes

Preparation for the invasion of Europe .... 160 The opposition of Artabanos ..... 161 Character of the narrative of Herodotos .... 162 March of Xerxes to Kelainai . . . . .163 480 Bridge across the Hellespont ..... 163 Scourging of the Hellespont ..... 163 The march from Sardeis to Abydos . . ' 164 The crossing of the Hellespont . . . . .166 The review of the army and fleet at Doriskos . . .167 The conference of Xerxes and Demaratos .... 169 Significance and value of this conversation . . .170 Functions of Demaratos in the narrative of the Persian war . 170 Forced contributions from Hellenic and other cities . .171 Visit of Xerxes to the vale of Tempe .... 172 Rivalry of Themistokles and Aristeides .... 173 Pan-Hellenic congress at the Isthmus of Corinth . . . 174 Sending of the spies to Sardeis, and the answers received at Delphoi by the Athenians ..... 175 Faithlessness of the Argives, Kretans, and Korkyraians . . 177 Mission to Gelon tyrant of Syracuse .... 178 480 Abandonment of the pass of Tempe .... 179 Mission of Leonidas from Sparta to Thermopylai, (June) . 180 Destruction of a portion of the Persian fleet by a storm on the Magnesian coast ....... ig2 March of Hydarnes over Anopaia ..... 183 Heroism of Leonidas ...... 185 The victory of the Persians . . . . .186 The sight-seeing in Thermopylai ..... 188 The generalship of Leonidas ..... 189 The motives of Leonidas and his allies .... 190 The Greek fleet at Artemision . . . . .191 Indecisive action off Artemision . .

CONTENTS. PAGK Destruction of the Persian squadron dispatched to the Euripos . 192 Second action off Artemision, resulting in the victory and retreat of the Greeks ...... 193 Fortification of the Corinthian isthmus .... 193 Migration of the Athenian people ..... 194 Devastation of Phokis ...... 194 The attack on Delphoi ...... 195 Occupation of Athens by Xerxes ..... 196 Intended abandonment of Salamis by the confederates . 197 Policy of Themistokles . . . . ' . 198 Battle of Salamis . . . . . . . 200 Artemisia and the Kalyndian ship .... 202 Ruin of the Persian fleet ...... 203 Counsel of Mardonios ...... 203 Alleged second message of Themistokles to Xerxes . . 204 The flight of Xerxes ...... 205 General credibility of the narrative .... 207 Siege of Andros by the confederates .... 210 Distribution of honours among the Greeks. . . . 210

Chapter VI. Battles Of Plataiai And

MYKALt. Movements of the Greek and Persian fleets . . . 211 Offers of alliance made by Mardonios to the Athenians . . 212 Embassy of the Spartans to Athens .... 213 Re-occupation of Athens by Mardonios .... 213 March of the Spartans under Pausanias from Sparta . . 215 Faction of the Argives with Mardonios .... 215 The feast of Attaginos . . . . , .216 B.C. Historical value of the story . 217 479 Advance of the confederates into Boiotia .... 218 Attack of the Persian cavalry, and death of Masistios . . 218 Change of the Greek position .... 219 Counsel of Timagenidas ...... 219 The infatuation of Mardonios ..... 220 The conference of the Makedonian Alexandras with the Athenian generals ...... 220 Changes of position in the Greek and Persian armies . . 221 The resistance of Amompharetos to the orders of Pausanias . 222 The battle of Plataiai .... 223 Retreat of Artabazos .... 224 Obstinate resistance of the Thebans . . -22.

Storming of the Persian camp . . . _2j The graves at Plataiai .... ' v>26 Siege of Thebes ••••..'. >26 Movements of the Greek fleet to Samos and Mykalfe 227 Battle of Mykale . . . . . ° 228 Foundation of the maritime empire of Athens . ' 230 The siege of Sestos ..... ' 230 General character of the history of the Persian war . . CONTENTS. XVII

Chapter VII. The Confederacy Of Delos

■B.C. PAGfc 479 The rebuilding of Athens, and the fortification of Peiraieus . 232 Public works of Themistokles ..... 234 478 Change in the conduct of Pausanias .... 234 477 Formation of the confederacy of Delos .... 236 The assessment of Aristeides ..... 236 Treason and death of Pausanias ..... 237 raditional narrative of the later history of Themistokles . 238 Alleged journey of Themistokles to Sousa .... 240 Uniform policy of Themistokles ..... 240 Amount of evidence against Themistokles . . . 242 Relations of Themistokles with the Persian King . .243 Alleged personal corruption of Themistokles . . . 243 Extent of the guilt of Themistokles .... 244 468 ? Death of Aristeides . . . . . . ' . 245

Chapter VIII. The Growth Of The Athenian Empire

Objects of the Delian confederation .... 246 Change in the relations of Athens with her allies . . 246 466 Athenian operations to the battles of the Eurymedon . . 247 465 The Delian synod, and the revolt of Thasos . . .248 464 The revolt of the Helots; and the alliance of Athens with Argos . . . . . . . .248 459-8 Siege of Aigina. Building of the Long Walls of Athens . 250 Battles of Tanagra and Oinoplyta .... 250 457 Fall of Aigina . . . . . .251 455 Disaster of the Athenians in Egypt .... 251 Final victories and death of Kimon .... 252 447 Evacuation of Boiotia by the Athenians .... 252 446 The revolt of Euboia and Megara. The Thirty Years' Truce . 253 Gradual developement of the Athenian Democracy . . 254 Rivalry of Kimon and Perikles ..... 255 The reforms of Ephialtes . . . . . .256 book in. THE EMPIRE OP ATItENS. THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA.

Chapter I. The Thirty Years' Truce

Public works of Perikles . . . . . .258 Extension of Athenian settlements .... 259 440 Revolt of Samos . . . . . . .259 a CONTENTS. B.C. PAGE 436 Quarrel between Corinth and Korkyra .... 261 433 Proposals for an alliance between Korkyra and Athens . . 263 Counter arguments of the Corinthians .... 263 432 Defensive alliance between Athens and Korkyra . . . 264 Battle between the Corinthian and Korkyraian fleets off the island of Sybota _ 264 Revolt of Potidaia . . . . . . .266 Council of the Peloponnesian allies at Sparta • . . 267 Secret debate of the Spartans . . . . .269 Formal congress of the allies at Sparta . . . .270 Efforts of the Spartans to bring about the downfall of Perikles . 270 Prosecutions of Anaxagoras, Pheidias, and Aspasia, . . 271 General policy of Athens in reference to the alleged causes of the Peloponnesian War ...... 272

Chapter II. The Peloponnesian War From The Surprise Of Plataiai To The

CLOSE OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF PERIKLES. 431 Night attack on Plataiai by the Thebans .... 273 Slaughter of the Theban prisoners .... 274 ' Impolicy and immorality of this act .... 275 Spartan overtures to the Persian king .... 275 The allies of Athens and of Sparta .... 275 The resources of Athens . . . . . 276 Attack of Oinoe, and invasion of Attica .... 277 The expulsion of the Aiginetans ..... 278 Measures for the safety of Attica and Athens . . . 278 Alliance of the Athenians with the Thrakian chief Sitalkes . 279 Public burial at Athens and funeral oration of Perikles . . 279 430 The plague at Athens ...... 281 Depression of the Athenian people .... 283 Close of the career of Perikles ..... 284

Chapter III. The Peloponnesian War From The Close Of The Public Life

OF PERIKLES TO THE DESTRUCTION OF PLATAIAI. Execution of Spartan envoys at Athens .... 285 The surrender of Potidaia ...... 286 429 Attack on Plataiai by the Spartans under Archidamos . . 286 Defeat of the Athenians in Chalkidik. .... 288 Invasion of Al. .mania by the Spartans, aided by Chaonians, Molossians and other mountain clans . . . 288 Victory of Phormion over the Corinthian fleet . . . 289 Athenian expedition to Krete • . . . . . 290 Battle of Naupaktos, and second victorj' of Phormion . .291 Proposed night attack on Peiraieus .... 292 Expedition of Sitalkes against Makedonia and Chalkidike . 293 428 The revolt of Lesbos •.,... CONTENTS. XIX B.C. PAGE Audience of the Lesbian envoys at Olympia . . . 296 Measures taken by the Athenians for the suppression of the revolt ........ 296 427 Surrender of Mitylene to Paches . . . . .297 Condemnation of the Mytilenaian people by the Athenian assembly ....... 298 Influence and character of Kleon ..... 299 Second debate, and withdrawal of the sentence against the Mytilenaian people ...... 300 The subjugation of Lesbos ...... 302 The destruction of Plataiai . . . . .303