Elements of Universal History, on a new and systematic plan; from the earliest times to the Treaty of Vienna. To which is added a summary of the leading events since that period

Front matter

A NEW WORK FOR SCHOOLS. WHITE'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY. LEA AND BLANCHARD HAVE LATELY PUBLISHED ELEMENTS OF DMBR8AL HISTORY, ON A NEW AND SYSTEMATIC PLAN ; FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE TREATY OF VIENNA ; TO WHICH IS ADDED, A SUMMARY OF THE LEADING EVENTS SINCE THAT PERIOD ; FOR THE USE OP SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS. BY H. WHITE, B.A., TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE WITH ADDITIONS AND QUESTIONS, BY JOHN S. HART, A.M., PRINCIPAL OF THE PHILADELPHIA HIGH SCHOOL, AND PROFESSOR OF MORAL AND MENTAL SCIENCE, ETC, ETC. In one Volume, large Duodecimo, neatly bound in Maroon. The Publishers, in presenting " White's Universal History" to the public, believe that it is calculated to fill a deficiency, long existing in school-books, of a good and an accurate condensed manual of the History of the World, fitted as an essentially appropriate work for schools.

Some of those now in use have been long before the public, and since their appearance, many interesting investigations have been made, and important facts developed ; some are meagre in their details, and the narrations given are proved by later researches to be incorrect ; while none embrace a broad and philosophical view of the gatherings of late historians. It is believed that the present volume is capable of fulfilling these indications. The Author, who has had great experience as a teacher of history, has spent several years in the composition of the work ; and every effort has been made to insure its accuracy during its passage through the press. In his Preface, he re marks that " he has consulted the best works in the English language, and acknowledges his great obligations to several of the more recent French and Ger man writers.

The references introduced in the body of the work, serve to indicate the main sources from which his information has been derived ; and it is hoped they will also be serviceable to the student, by directing the course of his further researches, as well as inducing him to continue them in a more extended field." The work is divided into three parts, corresponding with Ancient, Middle, and Modern History; which parts are again subdivided into centuries, so that the various events are presented in the order of time, while it is so arranged that the annals of each country can be read consecutively, thus combining the advantages of both the plans hitherto pursued in works of this kind. To guide the researches of the student, there will be found numerous synoptical tables, with remarks and sketches of literature, antiquities, and manners, at the great chronological epochs.

Preface

. This Volume contains a brief narrative of the principal events in the History of the World, from the earliest ages to the present time. With the view of facilitating the researches of the student, as well as of rendering the work more available for the purposes of tuition, the compiler has adopted the novel arrangement of a division into periods of centuries. This plan appeared to him likely to simplify the study of history, by its enabling the unprac tised reader to synchronize facts, to group round one common centre the events occurring at the same time in various and some times widely distant countries, and to prevent that confusion of dates and occurrences so common with those who have read his tory in detached portions. As an initiatory work, he trusts that it will be found valuable in promoting a knowledge of one of the most useful branches of learning ; and it is accordingly presented to the Public, not without hope of indulgence and approbation.

The writer lays no claim to originality : if he shall be pro nounced fortunate in the choice and condensation of his materials, he will have attained the object of his wishes. He has consulted the best works in the English language, and acknowledges his great obligations to several of the more recent French and German writers. The references introduced into the body of the work serve to indicate the main sources from which his information has been derived ; and it is hoped they will also be serviceable to the student, by directing the course of his further researches, as well as inducing him to continue them in a more extended field. As to the method to be pursued in using this manual for the purposes of tuition, the compiler deems it unnecessary to offer any lengthened directions ; the experienced teacher will readily adopt that best suited to the capacities of those under his charge.

The work may be used simply as a reading-book ; but a certain por tion should be given out for the attentive study of the pupil, after which he should be questioned closely, not only as to the more 1* (v) VI

PREFACE.

. general facts, but also the most trivial circumstances recorded. With this view, he might be required occasionally to return writ ten answers to a series of questions somewhat like the following, which are selected from a list the Compiler has drawn up for the use of his own classes : — Origin of the Wars of the Roses, de scribing also the principal events ? — Attacks on the power of the English and Scotch aristocracy from 1450 to 1513? — Obstacles that Henry VII. encountered on ascending the throne ? — Number of wars between Charles V. and Francis I., with their principal events? — Causes that led to and savoured Reformation in Ger many? — Defects and good qualities of Elizabeth's administration! and similar subjects. In these exercises, the pupil will of course be aided by the explanations and directions of the teacher, with reference to the authorities to be consulted.

The importance of combining geographical with historical in formation, will be readily appreciated, and the pupils should at all times be able to give at least a general description of the various countries and cities mentioned under each century. Those more advanced may from time to time be required to construct maps of — 1. The world, immediately after the dispersion, indicating the parts settled by the sons of Noah and their descendants ; 2. Em pire of Alexander ; 3. Roman Empire under Augustus ; 4. Roman Empire at period of Barbarian Invasion ; 5. World in time of Charlemagne ; 6. Europe at Ottoman Invasion ; 7. Europe at breaking out of French Revolution. They may also be advan tageously employed in forming synoptical tables, as indicated in the body of the Work. These may be increased or diminished at the option of the teacher ; but the design should ever be to make the scholar his own historian, and so to interest and exer cise him in the study, as to impress the facts and dates perma nently on his memory.

January, 1843. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION, , Page 11. PART FIRST.—. ■ANCIENT HISTORY. FROM THE CREATION, 4004 B. C. TO THE FALL OP THE WESTERN , A. D. 476. EMPIRE, PAGE PACK 41st CENTURY B.C. 15th Century b. c. Sacred History 25 Creation of the World 13 Egypt 27 9th Century b. c. Phœnicia ib. Death of Abel — Posterity of Adam — Seth born 14 Greece 28 14th Century b. c. 24th Century b. c. Judæa 29 Universal Deluge ib. Greece ib. 23d Century b. c. 13th Century b. c. Sacred History 15 Judæa 30 China 16 Greece ib. Formation of Nations ib. 12th Century b. c. 22d Century b. c. Judæa 31 Egypt — Beginning of Genuine History 17 Greece 32 11th Century b. c. 20th Century b. c. Judæa 33 Sacred History 19 Greece 35 Grecian Colonies 36 19th Century b. c. 10th Century b. c. Egypt 20 Judæa 37 18th Century b. c. Greece 39 Sacred History 21 Syria 40 Egypt ib* 9 th Century b. c. 17th Century b. c. Judæa 41 Sacred History 22 Greece 43 Greece — Origin of the Greek Nations ib.

Carthage 44 Macedonia 45 16th Century b. c. 8th Century b.c. Judæa 45 Sacred History 23 Greece 24 Greece 47 CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE Assyria 48 2d Century b.c. Lydia 51 Rome 101 Rome — Origin of the Roman People 52 Judæa and Syria HO 1 st Century b. c. 7th Century b. c. Rome 112 Judæa 53 Second Literary Era 122 Assyria 54 Judæa ib. Media 55 Persia 56 CHRISTIAN ERA Egypt 57 1st Century a. d. Greece 58 Rome 124 Rome 60 Judæa 128 History of the Church 131 6th Century b. c. Britain 1 33 Judæa 61 2d Century a. d. Assyria 62 Persia 64 Rome 134 The Church 137 Egypt 66 Greece 67 3d Century a.d. Rome 69 Rome 139 China 70 Palmyra 143 Persia ib. 5th Century b. c. Barbarian Invasions 144 Judæa 71 The Church ib. Greece ib. Persia 77 4th Century a. d. Rome 78 Rome 147 Carthage 81 Eastern Empire 151 Western Empire 152 4th Century b. c. Barbaric Migrations 153 Greece 82 The Church 154 Arts, Literature and Science among the Greeks 89 5th Century a. d. Rome 91 Division of the Empire 158 Judæa 93 Eastern Empire 159 Persia 94 Western Empire 160 Venice 165 3d Century b. c. Gaul ib.

Rome 95 Britain 166 The Church ib. Greece and Macedon 98 Egypt 99 Appendix to Part First — History of Literature 168 Parthia 100 PART SECOND HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. FROM THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE, AD. 476, TO THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION, AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 6th Century a. d. Greek Empire 174 Persia 177 Italy 178 France 180 Spain 183 Britain 184 The Church CONTENTS IX PAGE PAQE 7th Century a.d. Britain 254 Greek Empire 186 The Church 249 Persia 188 The Crusades 251 Arabia 189 State of the World at the Epoch of the Crusades, from 1096 to 1273 254 Italy 194 France 195 Spain 198 12th Century a. d. The Church ib. Greek Empire 255 8th Century a.d. The East 257 Greek Empire 199 Italy ib. Arabia 200 Germany 258 Spain 202 France 260 Spain 261 Italy 204 France 205 Britain ib.

The Church 264 The World in the time of Charlemagne 208 13th Century a. d. The Church 209 Greek Empire 266 Appendix to Eighth Century — Fine Arts, from the Fall of Rome to Charlemagne 211 Germany 268 Italy 270 France 275 Britain 278 9th Century a.d. Spanish Peninsula 279 Greek Empire 212 The East 281 Arabia 214 The Church 282 Spain 215 Crusades 284 France 216 The Northmen 218 14th Century a. d. Germany 219 Greek Empire 286 Italy 220 The East 287 Britain 222 Germany 288 The Church 224 Italian Peninsula 291 10th Century a.d. France 295 Britain 299 Greek Empire 225 Italy 226 Spanish Peninsula 303 The Church 304 France *. 227 Germany 229 Inventions, &c 306 Britain 231 15th Century a. p. Spain 232 Greek Empire 307 Arabian Empire 233 Ottoman Empire and Turkey. . . 308 The Church 234 Germany 311 The World at the End of the Tenth Century 235 France 315 Britain 321 11th Century a.d. Italian Peninsula 330 Spanish Peninsula 334 Greek Empire 236 Italy 238 Discoveries and Colonies 339 Germany 239 The Church 341 France 242 Appendix to Part Second — Commerce, the Progress of Learning, Discoveries, &c 343 Spain 243 Arabian Empire X CONTENTS PART THIRD.— MODERN HISTORY.

FROM THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION, AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. PAGE PAGE 16th Century a. d. Spain 449 Britain 351 Portugal 452 Italian Peninsula 453 Ireland 361 Germany 455 France 362 Italian Peninsula 369 Holland 459 Denmark 461 Spanish Peninsula 374 The Netherlands 376 Sweden 463 Poland 465 Germany 378 Hungary and Bohemia 383 Prussia 468 Russia 471 Poland and Russia 384 Denmark, Sweden and Norway. . 386 Turkey 474 Persia 476 Ottoman Empire and the East. . . 387 Colonies and Discoveries 391 India 477 United States 481 Discoveries and Settlements in North America 392 Hayti 484 The Church 486 The Church 395 Letters, Arts and Sciences 398 Literature, Arts and Sciences. . . . 487 17th Century a.d. Great Britain 401 19th Century a.d. France 407 Great Britain 491 Spain and Portugal 410 France 496 Italian Peninsula 411 Spain 504 Germany 412 Portugal 506 Holland 414 Italy 507 Denmark 416 Germany 508 Sweden 417 Holland 509 Poland 419 Denmark ib.

Russia 421 Sweden 510 Ottoman Empire 422 Prussia ib. The East 423 Russia 511 Colonies 425 Turkey 512 Settlement of the United States. . 426 British India 513 The Church 430 United States 515 Literature, Arts and Sciences.... ib. 18th Century a. d. Brazil 517 Spanish Colonies ib. Great Britain 433 Literature, Arts and Sciences. ... 518 France 440 Conclusion