John Cassell's Illustrated History of England. The text, to the Reign of Edward I, by J. F. Smith; and from that period by W. Howitt

Front matter

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Preface

. N the present volume we have stepped out of feudalism into the first day-spring of "/> modern history. We have left the race of barons, grown too powerful for both Crown and | country, and a divided royal house which consumed the energies and the intellect of the |4? nation in bloody conflicts for the possession of the throne. The predominating space which | '-- the Tudor dynasty occupy in the present pages, is worthy of all attention. With Henry X VH. a new blood and spirit entered the palace, and stirred within the golden circle of . the Crown. The grandson of a Welsh yeoman of the guard became the monarch, P and a vigour which had dwindled in the ancient race, from the days of Henry V., I reappeared, but linked inseparably with an absolute self-will, which, whilst appearing to resist the onward progress of the nation, really gave to it accelerated momentum and spirit.

The oki impediments of religion and of aristocracy were swept away to give unopposed scope to royal license ; but this only cleared the ground for popular action. The nation had so far advanced that its impulses became the unmistakable law of tendency. On the ruins of the ancient hierarchy arose the undaunted soul of religious freedom. With religious freedom, civil freedom was a necessity ; and on the ruins of the ancient aristocracy arose a new race of landed proprietors, whose interests were more allied to the interests of the people ; and before the close of the Tudor dynasty in Elizabeth, we behold unequivocal manifestations of a new order of things, of the limitation of the power of the Crown, and the establishment of the power of Parliament. We shall find in the opening of our next volume the efforts of an unwise dynasty — that of the Stuarts — to resist this popular development, but only to its own destruction.

In our tracing of these events some of our readers have animadverted strongly on the view which we have taken of the character and acts of Queen Elizabeth. Perhaps the history of no monarch ever was so enveloped by false colouring of romance as that of this queen ; regarding none of our sovereigns are we compelled by unquestionable state documents so completely to re-form our ideas. Elizabeth was a woman of a masculine and penetrating mind ; no ruler ever knew more ably to select capable ministers, and surround herself with the splendour of statesmanlike talent, bravery, and genius. With a stout heart, and assisted by the counsels and the gallant deeds of those men, she carried the country through an arduous crisis proudly, and bore down and broke to atoms every foreign influence and the armada which was directed against the Protestant ascendancy of England.

All honour to .her and to them on that account. But when we penetrate through the splendour of such glories, and through the extravagant adulations of the Elizabethan courtiers, we come to deeds and characteristics which demand just reprehension. We must remind our readers that we are not writing romance, in which we can, at will, colour, turn, and dispose of things as we please ; but our object and bounden duty is historic truth. We are tied up to that standard inexorably by harsh and unbendable official documents, which, like our girdling rocks, nothing can shake from their places or model into anything but what they are. The modern researches in the archives of the Tower and the State Paper Office, and the publication of many of the documents there remaining, the journals of the Lords and Common*, the rolls of Parlia- VI PREFACE, ment, and the patent rolls, and the mass of original letters collected by Howell, Ellis, Nicolas, &c, enable us and compel us to draw a very different picture of things from those which could be drawn in the last generation.

In our portraiture of " good Queen Bess " we have used the facts left under the very hands of herself and her ministers, and from these there can be no appeal. Let any one imagine Queen Victoria doing the things which Queen Elizabeth undoubtedly did, and the reader will at once feel how monstrous would be the impression ; how vastly far behind us in moral truth and moral purity lies the Elizabethan age. Suppose Victoria imprisoned for life a neighbouring queen who fled to her for protection, holding her nobles and her ministers in her power by enormous bribes, seeking the life of her captive by private assassination, as Elizabeth undoubtedly did, through the indignant Sir Amyas Paulet. Let us suppose, instead of the purity and domestic dignity of the life of our present queen, that she led the scandalous life and permitted the awfully immoral Court which Elizabeth did, on evidence which nothing can set aside, and which the female historian of our queens is compelled to admit, and a truth will dawn upon the slowest intellect which will bow to the truth of history, rather than to the delusions of tradition.

Let those who have any doubts on these points go for themselves to the fountain-head of fact — to our original and abundant state papers. Again, some of our zealously Protestant readers have been ready to accuse us of placing the Catholics of those times in too favourable a light. We can only reply, that the same undoubted authorities have guided our pen. We will yield to no man in our attachment to Protestant principles, nor in our estimation of their paramount truth and value. We regard the liberation of mind effected by the Reformation as the source of all our present blessings, and our national pre-eminence. We believe that our firm stand by the truths of the Bible, and the spirit of liberty and law, which is their direct result, are the reason that the Almighty has seen fit to place us at the head of nations, and to give to the language, the institutions, the dominion, and the glory of England a pre-eminence and an expanse such as no nation ever before enjoyed ; that this is the secret of our invincible arms in all quarters of the globe, of our being chosen as the founders of the new and vast people of North America, of India, South Africa, and Australia, who form the links of a chain of British life, enlightenment, manliness,- and religious reverence which encircles the globe as with an imperial zone.

But as we hold and must hold the right of every man to maintain the independence of his creed and conscience, we are bound as citizens and subjects to deal out justice and impartiality to Catholics as to Protestants ; and were we to sketch and colour the Catholics of the periods over which we have passed in this volume, not by the undoubted documents which those times furnish, but by the colours in which their enemies of the Marian reign, in their most natural alarm at the most distant hazard of a return to its horrors, arrayed them to themselves, we should commit a gross and unpardonable violation of the truth of history, and be unworthy to hold the high and responsible position of the narrators of the veritable past in its many-sided completeness. In our next volume we shall be called on to detail the progress of still greater events and changes; the conflict of the monarchical and the national will, the overthrow of thrones and of intolerance, and to hail the rising of the British Constitution out of the waters of this agitated sea of antagonistic principles as it now exists.

London, December 5th, 1857. ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SECOND VOLUME. PAQE Frontispiece— Anne Boleyn's Triumphal Entry into London Louis XI. and the Herald 1 Edward Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., and Edward IV 6 Queen Elizabeth Wydville, with her children, taking Sanctuary at Westminster ... 7 Edward V 13 The Death of Clarence 15 Parting of Queen Elizabeth Wydyllle and her son. the Duke of York 18 The Penance of Jane Shore 19 Great Seal of Edward V 22 Richard 111 25 Great Seal of Richard IIL 27 The Murder of the Princes In the Tower ... 30 Battle of Bosworth Field— Lord Stanley bringing theCrown of Richard to Richmond 31 "Jocky of Norfolk," killed at Bosworth ... 35 House of the 15th Century, in which Richard Is said to have slept on the night before the Battle of Bosworlh 37 Tournament, Harl.

MS., 4,379 42 Criminals conducted to Execution, 15th Cenmry. Harl. MS. 4,374 43 Execution of a Criminal, from a MS. of Froissarfs Chronicles, 15th Century ... 43 Friar preaching from a Movable Pulpit, Royal MS., 14, E. 8 ■ 45 Isabel Hervey, Abbess of Klstow, from a Urass 45 Pilgrim buying a Glass Minor. From a MS. of Lydgate's Poem of "The Pilgrim" ... 46 Parish Priest in Ordinary Costume, and attired for the Altar, 15th Century ... 47 Facsimile from the Bible printed at May. cnce in 1460, by Gutenberg 49 Karl Rivers presenting William Caxton to Edward VI. From a MS. in the library of Lambeth Palace 49 Fragment Facsimile of tho 98th pago of the Psalter, printed at Maycnce In 1457... 50 Facsimile of Caxton'a Printing in the " Dlctes and Sayings of Philosophers," printed In 1477 SO Copyist at Work 51 Physician bleeding a Patient, Hail.

MS., 4.125 61 Abbot Whethamstede of St. Albans, from the register book of the Abbey 52 lllciiard III. and his Queen, engraved from the Warwick roll 52 Mason and Carpenter of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. Ut E. II 63 Gatehousc of the Priory at Montacutc, Somersetshire 51 Gntehnuse at Helmlngham, Suffolk ... 64 lied Mount Chapel, at Lynn, Norfolk ... 65 Window of Crosby Hall, London 60 Buttress of sicauchamp Chapel 57 Malrcase ut Charlton House, Kent 58 1 noplace at Chailton House, Kent 68 Pay Window at Speke Hall 68 Suilthell's Hall, Lancashire 59 Siniicase leading to the Chapel, Smithell's 11.11 59 Amusements of People of Rank, 15th Century, Harl. MS., 4,(25 61 Organ of the 14th Century, MS. 175, Imp. Lib. of Paris 61 Cannon of the 15th Century, MS. Reg., 14 >'- iv 61 lla/id-Gun/relgn of Edward IV., MS.

Reg. 15 E. iv 62 Cannon, end of 15th Century. From an ingravlng by J. Van Mechlin 62 Soldier in a Floating Battery, with Hand- Gun fitted on Stock. Printed at Verona In 1472 82 Ship of War and Galley of the 15th Century, Harl. MS. 4,374, 9 63 Gi out of Richard III ... 64 Penny of Richard III 64 Half-groat of Henry V 65 Angel of Edward IV 65 PAGE The Field of the Cloth of Gold. From a Baa -relief on the Hotel da Bourtheroulde, at Rouen 151 Execution of the Duke of Buckingham ... 154 The City of Bruges— Palace of the Fiaoks 1SG Queen Catherine of Arragoo 157 Hampton Courc Palace, the Residence of Cardinal Wolsey 159 Erasmus and Sir Thorn is More 162 Windsor Castle 163 King Henry VIII. and his Council. From Hall's Chronicle 168 Old Greenwich Palace, as it appeared in the Reign of Henry VI 1 1 168 Francis I., King of France, taken Prisoner at the Battle of Pavia 169 Anne Boleyn 174 Birds-eye View of Rhodes in the Sixteenth Century.

From an ancient Manuscript 175 Boudoir of Anne Boleyn, in the Gateway of Hever Castle 178 Hover Castle, Kent. Residence of Anno Boleyn 180 Wolsey's College, Ipswich 181 Queen Anne Bolevn 186 Grand Ball at old Greenwich Palace. Henry VIII. dancing with Anne Boleyn 187 Ante-chamber in Hever Castle, Kent : Residonce of Anne Boleyn 192 Trial of Queen Catherine 193 The Dismissal ofCard.nal Wolsey 193 Wolsey received by the Monks of Leicester Abbey 193 Ruins of Leicester Abbey, the Scene of the Death of Cardinal Wolsey 202 Thomas Cranmer 204 Private Marriage of Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII MS Cardinal Pole 210 Place of Execuiion within the Tower ot London 211 Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex 216 Margaret Roper taking leave of her Father, Sir Thomas More, on the Tower Wharf... 217 Tomb of Catherine of Arragon, in Peterborough Cathedral 222 Arrest of Anne Boleyn 223 Chapel on the Tower Green, where Anne Boleyn was buried 223 Henry V11I. at the Royal Hunt in Epping Forest, on the morning ol the Execution of Anne Boleyn ... 229 Jane Seymour 234 The Pilgrimage oi Grace 235 Allies Coverdale 240 Henry VIII. and his Council ordaining the Translation of the Bible into English ... 241 Anne of Clcves 246 Henry VIII. granting the Charter to the Worshipful Company of Barber-Surgeons 247 City Watchmen ot the time of Henry VIII. 25a The Block and Axe in the Tower of London 252 Old Richmond Palace 253 Queen Catherine Howard 258 King Henry and his Parliament.

From an Engraving of the Period 259 Henry VI I i. delivering the Translated Bible to the Lords ... 262 Chained Bibles bet up in the Churches, by the order of Henry VIII 264 Instruments of Torture used in the reign of Henry VIII., and still preserved iu the Tower of London 264 Domestic Architecture in the i eign of Henry VIII. Old Houses at Shrewsbury 265 Catherine Parr 270 Engagement between the English and Scotch Forces 271 View of Portsmouth Harbour, as it appears at the present time 277 The Palace of Nonsuch, on London Bridge, erected in the Reign of Henry VIII. ... 282 Death of Cardinal Beaton 283 paoe Half.grjat of Edward IV 65 Bed.tead of the 15th Century. From a MS. romance of the Comte d'Artois 66 Bedroom Furniture, time of Henry VI. Hart. MS. 2,278 66 Kitchen of the 15th Century. Harl.

MS. 4,375 66 The Knight's Return from the War. MS. In the British Museum 67 Costume of the Middle Classes In the 15th Century. Cotton MSS , Nero, D. 7 ... 68 Costume of Gentlemen, a.d. 1460. From a MS. History of Thebes 68 Male Costume of Henry I V's. reign. Harl. MS , 2,332 68 Ladies' Head-dresses 69 Costume of the Reign of Henry V. Royal MSS., 15 D. 3 69 Lady Margaret Pennebrygg 69 Robert Skerne and Joan his wife. From a Brass 69 Caul of the Lady's Head-dress, Brooch confining her Mantle, Girdle of the Gentleman 69 Female Costume. Royal MS. 16, G. 5 ... 69 Male Costume. From various MSS. ... 70 • Reign of Edward IV. ... 70 Ladies' Head-dresses, Harl. MS. 2,278 ... 70 I* rom a MS, of Froissari's Chronicles 70 Female Costume. From a MS. History of Thebei 70 Hats and Caps, Harl. MSS. 4,379-80 ... 71 Couvrechef or Kerchief 71 Seals, Rings, and portions of Chains ... 71 From a Brass of Sir John Drayton, died *.D. 1111 71 Knight In complete Armour, a.d. 1461-80... 72 Efflgy of Richard Brauchamp, Earl of Warwick, a.d. 1142-65 72 Mace, Hand-cannon, Hand.gun, and Battle-axe 72 The Standards taken at Bosworth laid on the Altar of St. Paul's Cathedral 73 Henry VII 78 The pretended Earl of Warwick employed in iho kitchen of Henry Vis 79 Elizabeth, Queen of Hem y VII 85 Remains of Berinondsey Abbey, in which Queen Elizabeth Wydville was confined... 90 An old English Merrymaking, loth Century 91 London in the 15th Century.

From Royal MS. 16, B*. 2 97 Knight in complete Armour. Hail. MSS. 4,379-80 98 Bowmen of the 14th and 15th Century ... 100 Beaulieu Abbey, where Perkin Warbeck took Sanctuary 102 Henry VII. at the Despatch of Business... 103 Thcmas Stanley, first Earl of Derby (died 1504) 109 Tho Port of Weymoulh 114 Interior of Henry the VII. 's Chapel In Westminster Abbey 115 Curious Antique Clock, belonging to Henry VIII 120 Great Seal of Henry VIII 120 Henry VIII 121 Death of Gaston de Foix, at Ravenna ... 126 The Battle of Spuis 127 Costume of an English Gentleman in the time of Henry VIII 130 Lady in the time of Henry VIII 130 Great Ship of King Henry VIII 132 The Shrine of Prince Arthur, brother of Henry VIII., in Worcester Cathedral ... 133 The Lord Cardinal Thomas Wolsey ... M8 Tho Scottish Peers demanding the custody of the Children of Queen Margaret ... 139 Henry VIII., Catherine of Arragon, Thomas Wolsoy ,. 144 King Henry VIII. retiring from Council... 145 Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SECOND VOLUME PAOE Cathedral of Geneva 635 Arms of Geneva ■•■ 68b Christ's Hospital.

Founded by Edward VI. 688 Shakespeare's Birthplace, at Stratford-on- Avon 589 William Shakespeare 09* Represenling Shakespeare's Plays in the Hall of the Middle Temple 59o Globe Theatre, Bankside 600 Mu-ic Book and Musical Instrument belonging to Queen Elizabeth 601 Audley Gale. Tudor period 601 Gateway of Speke Hall. Tudor period ... 601 Helmingham Hall, Suffolk. Tudor period 603 Gate Hou,e,Westwood House. Tudor period 60i Entrance from the Courtyard of Burghley House 606 Couch used by Mary Queen of Scots during her Imprisonment 606 Arras in Knowle House 607 Fire Dogs 607 Nursery Chair of James VI. of Scotland ... 607 Armour of the Reign of Henry VII., from the Efflgy of Sir Thomas Pai ton 609 Armour of the Reign of Henry VIII, from the Efflgy of Richard Gyll 609 Foot Soldier of the Reign of Henry VIII... 609 Helmets and Headpieces 609 Guards of the Reign of Henry VIII 609 Group of Weapons, &c, preserved in the Tower 610 Artillery of the Tudor period 610 Group of Arms of tiic Tudor period ... 610 Dandies of the time of Henry VII. ... ... 611 Dress of the Commonalty in the time of Edward VI 611 A Gentleman of Fashion of the time of Henry VIII CI2 Lady and Countrywoman of the days of Elizabeth 612 A Beggar of the time of He iry VIII. ... 612 Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VII 012 Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VIII 612 Ordinary Costume of the Days of Queen Mjry 613 Beard* of the 10th Century : 1.

The Spade. 2. The Stiletto. 3. Double Stiletto. 4.

Round Beard 613 Beards of the 16th Century 013 Head-dresses of the 16th Century 613 Female Costume, 1600 613 Ladies' Head-dresses, 16th Century 613 Dress of a Lady, 148 i 613 Oidimry Costume, time of Henry VIII. ... 613 A Courtier of Queen Bess's time 615 Gentlemen of the Queen's Chapel, in the time of Queen Elizabeth 615 Coins: — HmryVII 616 Henry VIII 616 Edward VI 616 Mary 616 Elizabeth 616 The Ships of Columbus 618 A Ship of the 16th Century 619 Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange 619 State Coach of Queen Elizabeth 621 Side Saddle of Queen Elizabeth 621 Cliaring Cross and the Strand in the days of Edward VI. 621 Pack Horses of the Tudor period 622 A statute Fair in the days of Henry VIII. 622 Sections showing the Increase of London since the latter part of the Reign of Henry VIII 8 ... ... 623 Outline Plan showing the extent of London in th-> Reigns of Henry VIII. and Queen Victoria 623 Hunting the Hare in St. Giles's Fields, in the days of Que^n Mary Gil PAGE Holyrood House 433 Lord Darnley 438 Queen Elizabeth and her Parliament ... 439 Surrender of Mary Queen of Scots at Carbsrry Hill 415 Mary Stuart about to sign, her Resignation at Lochleven Cattle 450 Wary Queeuof Scots in Imprisonment ... 451 Queen Mary protesting against the Commissioners appointed to inquire into her Conduct 457 Memento Mori Watch of Mary Queen of Scots 450 Assassination of the Regent Murray ... 4G2 Queen Elizabeth's Kitchen 463 Place of Imprisonment in the Tower ... 468 A London Street on a Rainy Day, in the time of Qaeen Elizibeth 469 The first Royal Exchange, erected by Sir Thomas Gresham 474 Trial of the Duke of Norfolk 475 House of Sir Thomas Gresham, in Bishopsgate-street ... 483 John Fox, the Martyrologist 481 Bear Baiting, ;is practised in the time of Queen Elizabeth 486 Reception of Queen Elizabeth at Kenil worth Castle 487 The French Ambassador at the Court of Queen Elizabeth, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew 492 Edmund Spens.'r 493 William Cecil, Lord Burleigh 493 Execution of two Brownists 499 Court of Henry III. of France.

Ball at the Palace 504 Queen Elizabeth knighting Francis Drake 505 Sir Philip Sidney 510 D.-ath of Sir Philip Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen MI Sir Francis Walsi ogham 516 Dudley, Earl of Leicester 517 Sir Francis Drake 522 Mary Queen of Scots taking Leave of her Attendants 523 The Custom House in the Reign of Queen Elzabeth 528 Earl of Esses 529 Wreck of one of the Armada Vessels on the Irish Coast 534 Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury 535 Tilbury Fort, on the Thames 53S Destruction of the Spanish Armada ... 540 Sir Walter Kalcigh 541 Essex House, in tha Strand 54S Henry of Navarre (afterwards Henry IV. of France) 547 A Barber's Shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth 552 James VI. of Scotland 553 The Reconciliation between Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex 558 Confession of the Countess of Nottingham 500 An Irish Trooper.

From an old manuscript 531 The Deatii of Queen Elizabeth 555 Autograph of Queen Elizabeth 569 Tomb of Queen Elizibeth in Westminster Abbey 570 A Trial for High Treason, in Westminster Hall, during the Tudor period 571 The Star Chamber .176 William Tyndale 577 Branding Iron 573 Permanent Pillory 573 A Friar 579 Sanctuary, Westminster 579 Pulpit Hour-gla-s, time of Edward VI. ... 580 Bishop of the Reformed Church 580 Luther Denouncing the Romish Ritual ... 582 Destruction of the Cross in Cheapside ... 583 Punishment of the Pillory 583 Punishment of the Stocks 583 Doing Penance in a Church 585 Conduit in London Streets, with Stocks, pillory, and Whipping Post 288 Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr 289 Edward VI 294 Edward VI. entering London ... .' 295 Great Seal of Edward VI ... 300 Rearing the Fire Cross for the Assembly of the Highland Clans, before the battle of Pinkie 201 The Duke of Somerset ;.. 30G The Herald delivering a Challenge to single combat from Laid Huntly to the Duke of Somerset 307 Latiiner preaching before Edward VI. ... 312 Traitors' heads over the Gateway of London Bridge 313 Pillory at the Gateway of old London Bridge 313 Old Somerset Honse, the Residence of the Protector during the reign of EdwardVI. 318 Ret the Tanner, haranguing his Followers under the Oak of Reformation 319 St. James's Pa'ace.

Westminster Abbey, and ancient Conduit, in the re ga of EdwardVI 324 Edward VI. presenting the Warrant for the Execution of Joan Bocher to Archbishop Cranmer 325 Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 330 Edward VI. granting the Charter to Bridewell 331 Lady Jane Gray 336 King Edward's last Physician 337 Edward VI. in Council. From an old Engraving 310 Quem Mary 1 342 The Crown of England offered to Lady Jane Gray 343 Lady Jane Gray and Roger Asehain ... 348 Execution of the Duke of Northumberland on Tower Hill 349 Philip of Spain 354 Allington Castle, the Residence of Sir Thomas Wyatt. Forfeited to ihe Crown, 15j4 355 Great Seal of Queen Mary 358 Queen Mary in her Private Gra'ory ... 360 Wyatt on his way to Execution, solemnly exonerating the Pcince.-s Elizabeth from participation in his Rebellion 361 Lady Jane Gray 363 Carving ascribed to John Dudley, in the Beauchamp Tower 365 Inscription cut by the husbmd of Lady Jane Gray on the Wails of his Prison ... 365 The Princess Elizabeth at Traitor's Gate ... 365 Reception of the first Russian Embassy in England 367 Room in which Lord Guilford Dudley was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower ... 373 Burning of Archbishop Cranmer 378 Recantation of Archbishop Cranmer, iu St. Mary's Church, Oxford 379 Place of Execution, Smithficld 384 Martyr's Stone at Hadleigli 384 Siege of Calais.

Departure of the Citizens... 335 Queen Elizabeth ... 390 Queen Elizabeth acknowledged by the Bishops 391 Quetm Elizabeth entering London 397 John Knox ... 402 Destruction of the Carthusian Monastery, Perth, by Rioters .*.. 403 Great Seal of Queen Elizabeth 408 May Queen of Scot, landing at Leith ... 409 Mary Queen of Scots 414 State Progress of Queen Elizabeth 415 Queen Elizabeth and her Suitors 421 'l he Earl of Murray 42si Tho Dismission of the Earl of Murray and the Abbot of Kilwinning by Queen Elizabeth 427 Murder of Rizz:o eojst mot iisioii of qoin. VOLUME II. IODIS XI. AND THE hebald. (See page 10.) at this period were as rapid and strange as the shifting scenes of a theatre. There is no part of our history where we are left so much in the dark as to the real moving causes. It is difficult to see how Warwick, with his vast popularity, should, in the course of a single winter, become so unpopular as to render his fall and the success of Edward so easy.

We can well conceive that Edward, cruel and licentious at home, not even respected by his own brother-in-law of Burgundy, and sincerely hated by Louis of France, whom he had so deeply insulted by the rejection of his queen's sister in marriage, should sit on an unstable throne. But how Warwick, so warmly hailed in the autumn, and carried

Chapter I Reign Of Edward IV

— (Continued). Edward returns to England— Assisted by Burgundy— Edward's Pretended Renunciation of the Crown— His March to London— Again proclaims himself King— Joined by Clarence— Battle of Barnet— Margaret and the Prince of Wales land in England— Battle of Tewkesbury— Death of Henry VI. -Political Calm— Rivalry of Clarence and Gloucester- Edward contemplates an Invasion of France— Deserted by his Allies- Interview with Louis of France-He and his Courtiers become Pensioners of France— Discontent of his Subjects— The King's Dissipated Life-Deaths of the Dukes of Burgundy and St. Pol— Murder of Clarence —War with Scotland-Death of Edward IV. TnE mook restoration of Henry VI. was not destined to be of long continuance. The ups and downs of royalty 5:5 OP ENGLAND. [a.d. 1471 on the shoulders of the Lancastrian party and the people at large to the pinnacle of power, should in the spring be as readily abandoned, is by no means clear.

Had he closed that great source of his popularity, his kitchen ? Did the necessity for maintairfng a great force, the demands of gifts, estates, and favours by his followers in his enterprise to put down Edward, and his repayment of the advances to the king of France, compel him to contract that lavish hospitality which daily feasted thirty thousand people at his palaces and castles? Probably some such causes were at work, for Warwick does not seem to have exercised any great severity in his triumph, or to have used his power haughtily. Nevertheless, with the snows and frosts of winter his popularity appeared to thaw and flow away. It must be remembered, however, that there was a terrible secret schism in his camp and party. Clarence was only waiting to seize a good opportunity to overthrow his father-in-law, Warwick, and climb the throne himself.

Though he was a very weak and by no means high-principled young man, Clarence was not so weak as to build any future hopes on Warwick's having given him the succession in case of the issue of the prinee of Wales failing. Warwick had married another of his daughters to the prince, and it was his strongest interest to maintain that line on the throne. There can be little doubt that these things were kept alive in Clarence's bosom by the same clever female agency which was employed at Calais. It is fully clear by the immediately following conduct of the marquis of Montacute, that there was an understanding between him and Clarence. Here was another blow to the power of Warwick, while Burgundy, however little disposed to esteem Edward, naturally preferred seeing him as his brother-in-law upon the throne of England, than as an exile and a beggar, and his great rival Louis of France strengthened by the alliance of Warwick and Margaret.