The History of Modern Europe ... A new edition ... revised, etc

Front matter

t a e HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE: WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE; AND A VIEW OF THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, TROM THE RISE OF THE MODERN KINGDOMS TO THE PEACE OF PARIS IN 1763; IN A SERIES OF LETTERS FROM A NOBLEMAN TO HIS SON A NEW EDITION, WITH A CONTINUATION, TERMINATING AT THE PACIFICATION OF PARIS, IN 1815. IN SEVEN VOLUMES. VOL. VII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR F.C. AND J. RIVINGTON; G. WILKIE ; J.C-TIIELL; LAW AND WHITTAKER; LONGMAN AND CO; LACKINGTON AND CO.; CADELL AND DAVIES; J. BOOKER; J. RICHARDSON; J. M. RICHARDSON; W. STEWART; BLACK AND CO.; BALDWIN AND CO.; J. MURRAY; R. FENNER; OGLE AND CO.; R. SAUNDERS; R. S. KIRBY; .«. ROBINSON; AND W. H. REID. 1818. Printed by S. Hamilton, Weybridge, Surrey. s TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE THOMAS, LORD ERSKINE, WHOSE ELOQUENCE AND TALENTS RAISED HIM TO THE PEERAGE, WHOSE LEGAL AND HISTORICAL KNOWLEGE IS UNDISPUTED, ANS WHOSE INDEPENDENT SPIRIT ADDS LUSTRE TO HIS CHARACTER, THIS SECOND CONTINUATION OF AN ESTEEMED WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY CHARLES COOTE.

Doctors'-Commons, August 25, 1817. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS, FOR THE CONTINUATION FROM THE YEAR 1802 to 1815, on THE SEVENTH VOLUME OF THE WHOLE WORK

PART IV. FROM THE TREATY OF AMIENS, IN

Letter I

A general Survey of the Politics of Europe, from the Peace of the Year 1802, to the Renewal of Hostilities between Great-Britain and France. A. D. Page Remarks on the character of Bonaparte - 1 1802 He re-establishes Catholicism 2 He favors the emigrants - - ibid. He is declared chief consul for life - 4 A new constitution is given to the French - ibid. Vol. VII. a View of it's leading features - 5 The people of the Cis-Alpine republic are also indulged with a new code - - 6 The Genoese are favored in the same way - 7 Divisions arise in Switzerland from French interference . - - 8 Some advantages are obtained by the Anti-Gallican party ... - 9 But the French enforce full submission - ibid. New organisation of the cantons - 10 Arbitrary arrangements in Germany - 11 Expedition to St. Domingo 12 Character of Toussaint - - 13 Progress of the war in the island - 14 Seisure and imprisonment of the chieftain - 16 Tyranny of general Le-Clerc - - 17 Disputes between the French and British governments 19 1803 Probability of a rupture - - 20 Effect of Sebastiani's report - - 22 Remarkable conversation of the first consul with lord Whitworth 23 Preparations for a new war 24

Letter II

History of Europe, continued to the Erection of an imperial Dynasty in France. Strictures on the war - - 24 New arrangements for the defence of Great-Britain 25 Insurrection in Ireland - - 26 Punishment of the chief conspirators - 27 Invasion and reduction of Hanover by the French 28 War between Great-Britain and Holland - 29 Conquest of St. Lucia and Tobago - 30 And of several Dutch colonies - ibid. Ill success of the French in St. Domingo - 31 Elevation of Dessalines to the supreme government 32 Affairs of the East-Indies - . ibid. Treaty of Bassein [1802] - - 33 Ambitious spirit of the marquis Wellesley 34 He employs four armies against Scindiah and the rajah of Berar - - - 35 His brother gains the battle of Assi - 36 General Lake is also victorious - - 37 38 Peace is restored - - . ' gg A war breaks out in Ceylon - 40 A perfidious massacre is perpetrated by the Kandians - - - . 4j Whose sovereign is humbled into peace - 42 Treaty between Great-Britain and Sweden ibid. 1804 Change of the ministry in England - 44 Defensive arrangements of Mr. Pitt - ibid.

Affairs of France ... 45 Conspiracy against the government - ibid. Murder of the duke d'Enghien - 46 Bonaparte assumes the imperial dignity - 47 And ordains new constitutional regulations 4S

Letter III

Continuation of the History of Europe, to the Eruption of a War between Great-Britain and Spain. Proceedings against the conspirators in France 50 Establishment of Napoleon's power - 53 His conduct gives disgust to the Russian emperor ibid. He defies the displeasure of the German princes 54 He shamefully oppresses the Dutch - 55 The maritime war languishes - - E6 Use of catamarans - ibid. Pompous display of the state of France - 57 Insincere overtures of peace - - 59 War between Great-Britain and Spain - 60

Letter IV

Sequel of the History of Europe, to the Naval Engage menl of Trafalgar . 1805 The new war is prosecuted with zeal - 62 Enormous supplies are granted by the parliament ibid. Mr. Pitt's chief friend, lord Melville, is impeached 65 The claims of the catholics are brought forward ibid. But without effect 66 The opposers of the slave trade make a fruitless attempt for it's abolition - - 67 A new constitution is enacted in Holland - ibid. Napoleon becomes king of Italy - 69 And annexes the Genoese territories to his empire 71 A confederacy is formed against him - 72 a CONTENTS. A. D. PaSe 1805 His fleet, and that of Spain, are totally defeated by lord Nelson ... 75 Character of the naval hero 77

Letter V

Sequel of European History, including a new Continental War. The French cross the Rhine in great force 79 And meet with important success over the Austrians 80 They compel general Mack to surrender at Ulm 81 Francis is exposed to great danger - 83 His capital is seised by the enemy - 85 The archduke Charles is unsuccessful in Italy 86 The Russians are severely harassed in Moravia 87 They, and the Austrians, prepare for a general conflict .... 88 Battle of Austerlitz 89 Feeble interference of the king of Prussia 92 His secret convention with Napoleon - ibid. Treaty of Presburg - 93 Humiliation of Austria - - 94

Letter VI

A Survey of Politics and War, to the Rupture between France and Prussia. Decline of Mr. Pitt's health - - 95 1806 His death - - . ibid. Exclusion of his friends from power . 97 Administration of Mr. Fox and lord Grenville ibid. Plan of limited military service . 98 Oppressive system of finance - gg Renewed debates on the slave trade - 101 Prospect of it's abolition - . ibid. Acquittal of lord Melville - . 202 Progress of the war - _ 103 Reduction of the Cape of Good Hope - ibid. Hostilities in India - _ -jq5 Peace with Holkar [1805] . . 10y Expedition to South- America - . ibid Conquest of Buenos- Ayres - . iqs Re-capture of that settlement - - iqO 1S06 Perturbed state of Europe - - 109 The Prussians take possession of Hanover ibid. And involve themselves in a war with the Swedes 110 Naples is taken by the French - - 112 And the throne is usurped by Joseph Bonaparte 113 Gaeta sustains a long siege - - ibid.

Exploits of sir Sidney Smith - - 114 Battle of Maida - - - ibid. Naval exploits of the English - - 115 Calabrian insurrection - - 116 Conduct of the new king - - 117 Seisure of Ragusa by the French - 118 Alteration of the government of Holland 119 Elevation of Louis Bonaparte to the throne ibid. Vile adulation of Napoleon's ministers - 120 His arbitrary and tyrannical government - 12P Enormity of taxation - - ibid. Military conscription - - ibid. Fallacious overtures of peace - - 123 Formation of a servile confederacy in Germany 125 Failure of the negotiations - - 127 Death and character of Mr. Fox - ibid. Consequent ministerial changes - 12S Disgust of the king of Prussia at the conduct of Napoleon - - - 129 He makes preparations for war - 1 30 And exposes, in a spirited manifesto, the baseness and iniquity of his enemy - - 131

Letter VII

History of the new War upon the Continent. Unfortunate precipitancy of the Prussian monarch 133 His imprudent choice of a general - 134 Battle of Saalfeld - - - 135 Hazardous situation of the Prussians - 136 Battle of Jena ... ibid. Auerstadt - - 137 Defection of the Saxons from the Prussian alliance 138 Great success of the French - - ibid. Capture of Berlin - - - 140 Capitulation of Blucher and his whole division 142 Surrender of the chief fortresses - ibid. Reduction of the Hanoverian territories ibid. And of the Silesian province - - 143 Progress of the French in Poland - ibid. Battle of Pultusk - - - 144 Golomyn - - 145 Bonaparte's hostility against the British commerce ibid. His decree at Berlin - - 146 Affairs of Spain ... ibid. Portugal - - 147

Letter VIII

Continuation of the History, to the Peace of Tilsit. Parliamentary proceedings in Great-Britain 149 1807 A new financial scheme - - 151 Act for the abolition of the slave trade - 152 Dispute respecting the catholics - 153 Dismission of the ministers for their zeal in favor of those sectaries - - - 154 Various expeditions during their sway - ibid. Reduction of Curacao - - ibid. — Monte- Video - - 1.55 Unfortunate attempt upon Buenos Ayres 157 State of the Turkish court - . 15S Intrigues of the French - . 159 Rupture between the grand signor and the Russian emperor - - 160 Invasion of the Turkish provinces - ibid. Co-operation of Great-Britain with Russia 161 Expedition to the Dardanelles - ibid. Unreasonable proposals of the British envoy 162 Failure of the enterprise - - 163 Temporary conquest of Alexandria - ibid.

Rash attack of Rosetta - . 164 Impolitic conduct of the sultan Selim . 165 Who is deposed and imprisoned - 167 Elevation of Mustapha IV. to the throne ibid. Continuance of the war in the Archipelago ibid. Reconciliation of the British and Prussian courts 168 Preparations of the French for a grand attack ibid. Battle of Eylau - . . 170 Siege of Dantzic - - . 173 Surrender of that city - . 174 Battle of Friedland . . 175 Calamitous defeat of the allies . 177 Reduction of Koningsberg . . 178 Remarkable conference upon a raft in the Niemen ibid. Peace between France and Russia - 179 Prussia - ibid. Erection of the dukedom of Warsaw - 180 New constitution ... ibid. Anti-Gallican zeal of the king of Sweden ibid. He loses Stralsund and the isle of Rugen 181 Armistice between the Russians and the Turks 182 Humiliation of the king of Prussia - ibid

Letter IX

Survey of the Affairs of Great-Britain, including a War with the Danes, and a Contest with the United States of North- America. Character and conduct of the discarded ministers 183 Complexion of the new cabinet - 184 Premature dissolution of the parliament ibid. Expedition against Copenhagen - 185 Strictures upon that enterprise - ibid. The city is invested and bombarded - 187 To save it from ruin, the ships are surrendered ibid. Rupture between Great-Britain and Russia 188 Affairs of Portugal - - ibid. Temporary conquest of that realm - 190 Tyranny of the French general at Lisbon 191 Arrival of the head of the house of Bourbon in Great- Britain - - - . ibid. Parliamentary proceedings - - 192 Napoleon's decrees against trade - 193 Retaliative orders of the privy council - ibid. Dispute with the United States of America 194 Mediation of Austria and Russia in the contest with France ... 196

Letter X

History of Spain. Bonaparte foments dissension in the cabinet of Madrid 198 Exorbitant influence of the minister Godoy ibid. Imprisonment of Ferdinand, the heir apparent ibid. Treaty for the dismemberment of Portugal 199 Seisure of the chief Spanish fortresses by the French ibid. Consternation of Charles IV. - ibid. Who resigns the crown to his son - 199 But resumes it 200 Ferdinand is inveigled to the court of Napoleon 201 While Murat domineers in Spain - ibid. Massacre at Madrid - - 202 Charles and his queen meet the French emperor at Bayonne ... ibid. And he and his son are intimidated into a renunciation of their pretensions - - 203 Joseph Bonaparte is declared king of Spain by an illegal assembly ... ibid. A new constitution is framed for the kingdom 204 Animadversions on the iniquitous usurpation 205 General indignation of the Spaniards - 206 Who declare war against the French - 207 And apply to various courts for assistance ibid.

Capture of the French fleet at Cadiz - 208 Animosity of both parties - - ibid. Battle of Baylen •• ibid. Surrender of Dupont and his army - 209 Retreat of the usurper from Madrid - ibid. Memorable defence of Saragossa - 210 Zeal and spirit of the Portuguese - 211 Arrival of sir Arthur Wellesley - 212 Who repels the enemy at Roli$a - ibid. And triumphs at Vimeiro - - 213 Convention of Cintra - - ibid. Expulsion of the French from Portugal 214 Surrender of a Russian fleet in the Tagus 215 Inquiry respecting the convention - ibid. British expedition to Spain - - 216 Patriotic advice of the council of Seville ibid. Erection of a supreme junta - - 217

Letter XI

History of a War in the North of Europe, and of a Revolution in Sweden. The Swedes feel the effects of the treaty of Tilsit 218 They are attacked by the Russians - ibid. . And also by the Danes - . gig They are subsidised, but not powerfully assisted, by die prince regent . . ibid. The king and the British general are at variance 22l" Finland is subdued by the Russians - 223 The zeal of Gustavus renders him intractable ibid. CONTENTS. A.D. Page 1.808 His conduct borders on derangement - 224 1809 A conspiracy is formed for his dethronement 225 And it is carried into full effect without bloodshed 226 The duke of Sudermania becomes protector of the realm - 227 Peace is his first object - - 228 He is chosen king by the states - ibid. A new constitution is enacted - - ibid. Charles XIII. signs a dishonorable treaty 230

Letter XII

View of the Progress of the Spanish War, and of the Concerns of Great-Britain, to the Commencement of a new War in Germany. 1808 Animating effect of the Spanish contest 230 Interesting proclamation and decree - 231 Vigorous prosecution of the war - 233 Battle of Durango ... 234 Other conflicts ... ibid. Battle of Espinosa ... 235 Reynosa ... ibid. Tudela ... ibid. Delusive overtures of peace - - 236 Operations of sir John Moore - - 238 Reduction of Madrid by the French - 239 Disorderly retreat of the British troops 240 1809 Battle of Corunna - - - 241 Death of the general - - 242 Re-embarkation of the army - - ibid. Treaty of alliance between Great-Britain and Spain 243 Parliamentary affairs - - 244> Charges against the duke of York - ibid. Who is favored by the commons - 245

Letter XIII

A general View of extended Hostilities, to the Treaty of Vienna. The Austrian emperor anxiously attends to public concerns ... 216 He prepares for a new war - - 247 He and his brother earnestly endeavour to rouse the people to exertion - - ibid. The Austrians invade Bavaria - 248 The French gain possession of Vienna - 249 Battle of Aspern ... ibid. Essling - - - 2.50 111 success of the archduke John in Italy 251 Remarks on the original state of the Christian church, introducing an account of the ruin of the pope's temporal power - - 252 New government of Rome - - 253 Neapolitan affairs ... ibid. Progress of the Austrian war - 254 Battle of Wagram - - 255 State of the Tyrol - 256 Tyranny of the king of Bavaria - ibid. Revolt of the provincials - - 257 *• Their early success - - ibid. subsequent misfortunes - 258 Conduct of Hoffer - - ibid.

Suppression of the revolt - - 259 Insurrection in Germany - - ibid. Death of Schill - - - ibid. Great preparations for an ill-concerted enterprise 260 Reduction of Flushing - - 262 Neglect of the chief object of the armament 263 % ■ Injurious effects of the climate - ibid. Dereliction of the enterprise - ibid. Attack upon the French ships in the road of Aix 265 Conquest of Cayenne - - 266 Martinique - - ibid. Occurrences in St. Domingo - - 267 Recovery of the capital by the Spaniards 268 Seisure of three of the Ionian islands by the English .... 269 Disordered state of Turkey - - ibid. Murder of Selim [1808] - - ibid. Elevation of Mahmoud II. to the sovereignty ibid. Administration of Bairactar - - ibid. Insurrection of the Janisaries - ibid. Peace between Great-Britain and the grand signor [270 Continuance of the war with the Russians ibid. Who also attack the Persians - ibid. Alliance of the British court with the Persian king ibid. Peace between the Austrians and the French CONTENTS.

Letter XIV

A Survey of the Seco?id Campaign in Spain and Portugal. A. D. Page 1809 Return of the usurper to Madrid - 272 Survey of his administration - - ibid. Progress of the war - - S73 Second siege of Saragossa - - ibid. The French again invade Portugal - 274 And reduce Oporto - - ibid. The Spaniards are defeated at Medellin - 275 Sir Arthur Wellesley obtains various advantages over the enemy ... ibid. Battle of Talavera ... 276 Apparent victory and subsequent retreat 278 Endeavours of the marquis Wellesley to infuse redoubled zeal into the Spaniards - 279 State of the government - - 280 Proclamation for convoking the cortes - 281 Defence of Gerona - - 282 Battle of Ocana ... 284 Alba de Tormes - - ibid.

Letter XV

View of the Affairs of Great-Britain and France, and of the Disputes of both Nations with the American Republic. Dissensions in the British cabinet - 285 Death of the duke of Portland - 286 Who is succeeded as premier by Mr. Perceval 287 Premature jubilee - - ibid. 1810 Inquiry into the expedition to the Schelde 288 Imprisonment of sir Francis Burdett - 290 And consequent riots - - 291 Violent agitations of party - - 292 Comparative tranquillity of France - 293 General state of that empire and it's connexions 294 Napoleon endeavours to confirm his power by a matrimonial alliance with the house of Austria 295 He dethrones the king of Holland - 296 And annexes the whole country to his empire ibid. The Americans loudly complain of the conduct both of France and Great- Britain - 297 And prohibit all intercourse with those nations 298

Letter XVI

Progress of the War, in various Scenes of Action. New arrangements for the defence of Portugal 300 The French reduce Almeida - - 301 They are repelled with disgrace at Busaco 302 Lord Wellington secures his army and the country by admirable dispositions - - 303 Massena also remains on the defensive - 304 A desultory war severely harasses the French in Spain .... ibid. They take Seville, but fail in the siege of Cadiz 305 Occurrences in Catalonia - - 307 in Valencia - - 308 Meeting of the cortes - - 309 Schemes of reform - - - 310 Invasion of Sicily by Murat - - ibid. British expeditions - - - 311 Reduction of Guadaloupe - - ibid. . the isle of Bourbon - 3 12 Mauritius, or the isle of France 313 Conquest of Amboyna - - 314 Able administration of lord Minto - ibid. Languor of the war in the north of Europe 315 Politics of Sweden ... ibid.

Choice of a successor to the king - ibid. Sudden death of the crown prince - ibid. Sanguinary riot at Stockholm - - 316 Election of marshal Bernadotte to the vacant dignity .... 3x7 Incidents of the war between the Russians and Turks 318

Letter XVII

Survey of Politics and War, during the Year 1811 Progress of ambition - - . 319 Great-Britain still defies all the power of France 320 Misfortunes of the royal family . ibid. Derangement of the king - . ibid. Settlement of the regency in Great- Britain 321 Restriction of the prince's power - 322 Various proceedings in parliament - 323 State of the French empire - - 325 Death of two of the champions of Spain 327 The French, under Massena, commence their retreat from Portugal - - ibid. They commit horrible outrages - 328 They escape after severe loss - - 329 Conflict at Fuentes de Honor - - ibid. Treaty between the British court and the prince of Brasil .... 330 Loss of Badajoz - - - 331 Battle of Albuera ... ibid. Barrosa ... 334. Exploits in Andalusia - - ibid. The French maintain their superiority in Navarre 335 And also in Catalonia - - 336 Tarragona is taken by storm - - 337 And horrible cruelties are perpetrated by the French .... ibid.

Morviedro is reduced after the defeat of general Blake .... 338 Valencia also falls into the power of the French 339 Conduct and behaviour of Joseph - ibid. Proceedings of the cortes - - ibid. Colonial affairs ... 340 Revolution in South- America - - ibid. Tranquillity of the Asiatic settlements of the Spaniards - 341 British expedition to Java - - 342 Conquest of Batavia and it's dependencies 343 Naval exploits ... ibid. Severe loss by shipwrecks - . 344 Decline of the war with Sweden - ibid. Turkish war ... 345 Massacre of the Mamelouks - - ibid.

Letter XVIII

View of the Public Affairs of Europe, to the Rupture between Napoleon and Alexander ; including the Progress of the War in Spain. I8l2 The prince regent acquires unrestricted power 346 He makes a feeble attempt to strengthen his administration - - - . Instances of the most outrageous barbarity disgrace the police ... 347 Disturbances arise in different counties from the want of employment - - 348 And they are not suppressed without bloodshed ibid. Public œconomy, however necessary, is disregarded by the court ... 350 Death of Mr. Perceval - - ibid. Fruitless negotiations between the ministry and the leaders of opposition - - 351 Revocation of the orders of council - 352 Attention of Great- Britain to foreign affairs 353 State of Sicily ... ibid. Character of the king - - ibid. Great influence of lord William Bentinck ibid.

New constitution ... 354 Change in the government of Spain - 355 Progress of the war in that country - 356 Reduction of Ciudad-Rodrigo - - ibid. Badajoz - - 357 Siege of Salamanca ... 358 Battle near that city - - 359 Effects of the victory - - 361 Failure at Burgos, and consequent retreat 362

Letter XIX

History of the War between France and Russia, to the Battle of Borodino. 1812 Rash and murderous ambition of Napoleon 363 Pretended overtures of peace - - 365 Policy of Alexander, in securing the friendship of the Swedish court - . 366 Stupendous preparations of the French - ibid. They commence hostilities - . 367 The Russians retire before the invaders - 368 But the emperor rouses the spirit of the people ibid. The French gain possession of Lithuania 370 They are severely checked by count Witgenstein ibid. Prince Bagration is in danger of ruin - 371 Peace is concluded between Russia and the Porte 372 Witgenstein defeats the enemy near Polotsk 373 Smolensk is furiously assaulted - - 374 It is set on fire by the inhabitants - ibid. A general engagement is risqued by Kutusoff at Borodino . ... IS 12 It is one of the most sanguinary battles of modern times - - - - 37G

Letter XX

History of the War in the North, continued to the Retreat of the French. The French direct their course toward Moscow 377 After the capture of the citadel, flames suddenly appear in the town - - ibid. Which is nearly destroyed, with a view of checking the invaders ... 37g Distress of the French - - 379 Whose leader in vain sues for peace - ibid. Exploits of the Russians - - 381 Retreat of the enemy - - ibid. Success of count Platoff at Dorogobouche 382 Battle of Krasnoi ... 388 Defeat of marshal Ney - - ibid. Continued disasters of the retreat - 385

Letter XXI

View of the Disputes and Hostilities between Great-Britain and the United States. 1811 Continued rivalry of France and GreatrBritain 387 Partiality of the Americans to the French 388 Concessions of the British court - ibid. Fruitless conferences - - ibid. Embittered animosity of the Americans - 389 1812 Declaration of war ... 391 Invasion of Canada ... ibid. Surrender of general Hull - - 392 Maritime engagements - - ibid. Proposals of reconciliation - - 393 Great difficulty of adjustment - - 394

Letter XXII

Sketch of Public Affairs, in Great-Britain and France. Meeting of a new parliament - - 395 Pecuniary grant for the relief of the Russians Case of the princess of Wales - - 398 Claims of the catholics - - 402 111 success of their advocates - - 403 Partial opening of the trade to India - 404 Affairs of France ... 405 Plan of regency - ibid. Accommodation with the pope - - ibid.

Letter XXIII

A View of the Progress of the new War, to the Rupture between Austria and France. Napoleon's influence is not materially shaken in France, even by his disgrace in Russia 407 But he feels, in his foreign concerns, the effect of his disastrous campaign - - ibid. Alexander rouses the Prussians to resistance 408 Sentiments and conduct of Frederic - ibid. Remarkable association in Prussia - ibid. Preparations for co-operating with the Russians 409 1S13 Treaty of alliance between the princes - 410 Indecisive conflict on the plain of Lutzen 411 Retreat of the confederates - - ' 412 Battle of Bautzen ... 413 Reichenbach - - 414 A long truce - - 415 Subsidiary treaties ... 416 Accession of Sweden to the Anti-Gallican league ibid. Revival of the zeal of Austria in the same cause 417

Letter XXIV

Continuation of the History, to the Invasion of France by the Allies. Formidable state of the confederacy - 418 Appearance of general Moreau in the camp, as a volunteer ... ibid. Great amount of the French army - 419 Battle of Gros-Beren - . 420 Engagement near the Katzbach - ibid. Expulsion of the invaders from Silesia - 421 Action near Dresden ... ibid. Death of Moreau - 422 Defeat of Vandamme at Culm - - ibid. Defeat of Ney at Juterbock - - 423 Critical situation of Napoleon - - 424 Confirmation of the grand alliance by regular treaties .... ibid. Concerted plan of vigorous operations - 425 Advance of Blucher and the prince of Sweden over the Elbe - - - ibid. Concentration of the French at Leipzig - 426 Conflicts in the neighbourhood of that city 427 Defection of the Saxons from the interest of Napoleon .... 428 Signal defeat of the French - - ibid.

Narrow escape of their emperor - 429 Triumphal entry of the allied princes into Leipzig 430 Revival of public spirit in Germany - 431 Entrance of the Bavarians into the league ibid. Battle of Hanau ... ibid. Disorganisation of the retiring troops - 432 Affairs of Holland - - - 433 Revolution in that country - - 435 Re-establishment of the house of Orange ibid. Declaration of the allies at Franckfort - 436

Letter XXV

View of the fortunate Progress of the Spanish War. 1812 Prophetic remark of the prince regent - 437 Improvement 'of the military system of Spain ibid. 1813 The allies pass the Douro in the face of the enemy 438 And are eminently successful at Vittoria ibid. But suffer severe loss - - 440 Ineffective operations of Sir John Murray 441 And of lord William Bentinck - - 442 Various conflicts near the Pyrenees - 443 Reduction of St. Sebastian - - 445 — Pampeluna - - ibid. Invasion of France ... ibid. Succession of engagements • - 446 Deliberations of the cortes - - 447 Decree against the inquisition - - ibid. Opposition of the clergy to this ordinance ibid. Vol. VII. b CONTENTS.

Letter XXVI

Continuance of the War between Great-Britain and the United States. A.D. ' " - . ' PaSe 1812 Re-election of Mr. Madison to the dignity ot president - - - *48 His intemperate language and fierce animosity 449 1813 111 success of the Americans in Canada - ibid. Unchecked barbarity of the savages - 450 Partial effect of a new invasion of Canada ibid. Encroachment upon the Spanish territories ibid. Fruitless mediation of Russia - - 451 Conflicts both military and naval - 452 Engagement between the Shannon and Chesapeak 453 Incursions into Upper and Lower Canada ibid. Chastisement of the savages - - 454

Letter XXVII

View of Public Affairs, arid of the Progress of extended Hostilities, to the Capitulation of Paris. 1813 Augmentation of the disposable force of Great- Britain - - - - 455 New levies in France - - 456 Commencement of a negotiation - 457 Remarks on the declaration of the allies - 458 1814 France is invaded at different points - ibid. Napoleon does not shrink from the contest 459 Brienne is a scene of hostility - - 460 The French are unsuccessful at La-Rothiere 461 But they gain the advantage at Champ-Aubert and Mont-mirail - - ' - ibid. Blucher is involved in great danger at Vauchamp 462 But he escapes with admirable address - 463 Bonaparte feebly harasses the prince of Schwartzenberg .... ibid. And makes a temporary impression upon Blucher 464 He fails in an attempt upon Laon - 465 The prince of Sweden meets with rapid success 466 He intimidates the Danes into an alliance ibid.