An Essay on the spirit and influence of the Reformation by Luther ... Faithfully translated from the last Paris edition by B. Lambert

Front matter

Martin Luther, AN ESSAY ON THE SPIRIT AND INFLUENCE or THE REFORMATION iBp JLutfter. ■MM. ■ - - ■ - THE WORK WHICH OBTAINED THE PRIZE ON THIS QUESTION, (Proposed by the National Institute of France, in the public Sitting of the 15th Germinal, inthe YearX.) (! WHAT HAS BEEN THE INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION BY LUTHER ON THE POLITICAL SITUATION OF THE DIF FERENT STATES OF EUROPE, AND ON THE PROGRESS OF KNOWLEDGE ?" BY C FILLERS. VAITHFULI.T TRANSLATED Flt'oM THE LASf PARIS EDITIOS BY B. LAMBERT. LONDON : Printed by W. Flint, Old Bailey, iOR Iff. JONES, NO. 1, PATERNOSTER-ROW 1805. .^CONTENTS.-

Part I

pag9

Section I

On the State of the Question - 1 Sect. II. On the Essence of Reformations in general 11 Sect. III. On that of Luther in particular - - 30. Sketch of the political, religious, and literary State of Europe at the Commence. ment of the Sixteenth Century I. Politics 37 II. Religion ._, -45 III. Knowledge _ . . - - 51 TIIE REFORMATION ... 55 Sict. IV. Conjectures on what might have happened in Europe, if the Reformation had not taken place. Would the Spirit of the Hierar.hy have changed ? «

Part II

Influence of the Reformation. page FirstIIead. On the political Situation of the States of Europe . .... 88 Sect. I. Of the Church in itself, and in its political Relations 90 Sect. II. On the principal Christian Stales . 103 FIRST POINT OF VIEW. Internal Situation of the States. I. Protestant States ib. Germany _ . - . .114 Denmark .... • 126 Sweden -_-._- 127 Switzerland - - 129 Geneva ...... 132 Holland [- - 135 England - - . - - - 139 United States of America - . .150 JI. States, the Governments of avhich did NOT EMBRACE THE REFORM . . 152 Spain ..... ib. italy - _. . . . 162 Poland .,... . 164 Russia ...... 167 SECOND POINT OF VIEW. External and respective Situation of the States of Europe with each other — System of Equilibrium : . . V page First Period, from 1520 to 1556 - 176 Second Period, from 1556 to 1603 - . 177 Third Period, from 1603 to 1648 - 17^ Summary Recapitulation of the Results of the Reformation with respect to Politics 182 Second Head.

On the Progress of Knowledge - 186* Sect. I. Results of the moral Impulse given by the Reformation - . . - - 190 With respect to Liberty of Thought - 191 i — to the Study of Religion; ancient Languages, Exegesis, Archæo. logia, History - - - - 198 to Philosophy ; to the moral and political Sciences - - - 212 to the Mathematical and Phy- • sical Sciences . - - - 234 to the Belles-Lettres, and to Modern Languages ... 237 to the Fine Arts - - 247 Sect. II. Results of the Events which have accompanied and followed the Reformation - 251 Troubles and Wars in the political World: Controversies in the theological World ib" Secret Societies ; Free-Masons; Rosicru. cians ; Mystics ; Illuminati . - 262 Jesuits, Jansenists, &c. - - - 271 Reflection on the Employment of the ecclesiastical Possessions ... 286 Summary Recapitulation of the Results of the Reformation, as they relate to the Progress of Knowledge ... 5290 Couclusion .... - 293 Appendix -