History of the Reign of Charles the Fifth ... With an account of the Emperor's life after his abdication, by W. H. Prescott

Front matter

<g HA! LIES TM!E [FOFfW. ENGRAVED BY CHARLES COOK Af/ic>-r2 ■' ■jii/^iatnfi'ii.-/ LONDON. GEQHfiE KOOTLEDGE & SONS , BROALWAT LTTOGATE HILL HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF CHARLES THE FIFTH BY WILLIAM ROBERTSON, D.D. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE EMPEROR'S LIFE AFTER HIS ABDICATION BY WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT IN ONE VOLUME LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS EROADWaY, ludgate hill NEW YORK: 9 LAFAYETTE I-LACE PRESCOTT'S WORKS. One-Volume Edition. FERDINAND AND ISAEELLA. 3s. 6d. CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 3s. Cd. CONQUEST OF PEEU. 3s. 6d. PHILIP THE SECOND. Vols. I. and II. ia One Vol. 3s, 6d. PHILIP THE SECOND. Vol. IIL, and ESSAYS, in One Vol. 3s. 6d. CH ABLES THE FIFTH. 3s. 6d.

ADVERTISEMENT.

. TnE life of Charles the Fifth subsequently to his abdication ia disposed of by Dr. Robertson in some six or seven pages. It did not, in truth, come strictly within the author's plan, which proposed only a history of the reign of the emperor. But unfortunately tbes-3 few pages contain many inaccuracies, and, among others, i\ very erroneous view of the interest which Charles, in his retirement, took in the concerns of the government. Tet it would be unjust to impute these inaccuracies to want of care in the historian, since he had no access to such authentic sources of information as would have enabled him to correct them. Such information was to be derived from documents in the archives of Simancas, con sisting, among other things, of the original correspondence of the emperor and his household, and showing conclusively that the monarch, instead of remaining dead to the world in his retreat, took, not merely an interest, but a decided part, in the management of affairs.

Section I. View Of The Prog Bess Of Society In Europe With

RESPECT TO INTERIOR GOVERNMENT, LAWS, AND MANNERS. PAOB The Effects of the Roman Power on the State of Europe — The Irruption of the Barbarous Nations — Their Settlements in the Countries they had conquered — Decay of the Roman Empire — Desolation occasioned by the Barbarians — Origin of the present Political System of Europe — Tho Feudal System — Its Effects upon the Arts, Literature, and Rebgion — the Crusades, and their Effects upon Society — Growth of Municipal Institutions — Emancipation of the Peasantry — Beginning of a regular Administration of Justice — Trial by Combat — Appeals — Ecclesiastical Courts — Discovery of tbe Code of Justinian — Chivalry — Revival of Learning — Influence of Commerce — Italians the first Merchants and Bankers — Rise of Trade and Manufactures among the Cities of the Hanseatic League, — in the Netherlands, — in England . .... 1

Section II. View Of The Progress Of Society In Europe With Respect

TO THE COMMAND OF THE NATIONAL FORCE REQUISITE IN FOREIGN OPERA! IO.\S. Improved State of Society at tbe Beginning of the Fifteenth Century — The Concentration of Resources in European States — The Power of Monarchs ; their Revenues and Armies — Affairs of different States at first entirely Distinct* — Progress of Combination — Loss of Continental Territory by the English — Effects upon the French Monarchy — Growth of Standing Armies, and of tbe Royal Prerogative under Louis XL — Kis Example imitated in England and in Spain — The Heiress of Burgundy — Perfidious Conduct of Louis XL towards her — Her Marriage with Maximilian, Archduke of Austria — Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. — The Balance of Power — Use of Infantry in Armies — League of Cambray against Venice o

Section III. Stew Of The Political Constitution Of The Principal States In

EUROPE AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. Italy at the Beginning of tbe Sixteenth Century— The Papal Power— Alexander VI. and Julius II. — Defects in Ecclesiastical Governments — Venice: its Rise and Progress; its Naval Power and its Commerce — Florence — Naples and Sicily — Contest for its Crown — Duchy of Milan — Ludovico Sforza — Spain, conquered by the Vandals and by the Moors ; gradually reconquered by tbe Christians — Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella — Tbe Royal Prerogative — Constitution of Aragon and of Castile — Internal Disorders — " The Holy Brotherhood" — France: its Constitution and Government— The Power er its Early Kings — Government becomes CONTENTS. TAGS 119 purely Monarchical, though restrained by the Nobles and the Parliament — The German Empire — Power of the Nobles and of the Clergy— Contests between the Popes and the Emperors — Decline of Imperial Authority — Total Change of Government — Maximilian — The real Power and Revenues of the Emperors contrasted with their Pretensions — Complication of Difficulties — Origin of the Turkish Empire ; its Character — The Janizaries — Solyraan .... 54

Book I

Birth of Charles V. — His Hereditary Dominions — Philip and Joanna, his Parents — Birth of Ferdinand, his Brother— Deatli of Isabella — Philip's Attempts to obtain the Government of Castile — The Regent Ferdinand marries a Niece of the French King to exclude Philip and his Daughter — TheCastilian Nobility declare for Philip — Philip and Joanna proclaimed — Death of Philip — Incapacity of Joanna — Ferdinand made Regent — His Acquisition of Territory — His Death — Education of Charles V. — Cardinals Ximenes and Adrian — Charles acknowledged King — Ximenes strengthens the Royal Power; is opposed by the Nobles — War in Navarre and in Africa — Peace with France — Charles visits Spain — His Ingratitude towards Ximenes — Death of the Latter — Discontent of the Castilians — Corruption of the King's Flemish Favourites — Reception of Charles in Aragon — Death of the Emperor Maximilian — Charles and Francis I. Competitors for the Empire — Views of the other Reigning Potentates — Assembly of the Electors— The Crown offered to Frederic of Saxony — He declines in favour of Charles, who is chosen — Discontent of the Spaniards — Insurrection in Valencia — The Cortes of Castile summoned to meet in Galicia — Charles appoints Regents, and embarks for the Low Countries .... 87

Book II

Rivalry between Charles and Francis I. for the Empire — They negotiate with the Pope, the Venetians, and Henry VIII. of England — Character of the latter — Cardinal Wolsey — Charles visits England — Meeting between Henry VIII. and Francis I. — Coronation of Charles — Solyman the Magnificent— The Diet convoked at Worms — The Reformation — Sale of Indulgences by Leo X. — Tetzel — Luther — Progress of his Opinions — Is summoned to Rome — His appearance before the Legate — He appeals to a General Council— Luther questions the Papal Authority — Reformation in Switzerland — Excommunication of Luther — Reformation ia Germany — Causes of tbe Progress of the Reformation — The Corruption in the Roman Church — Power and Ill-Conduct of the Clergy — Venality of the Roman Court — Effect; of the Invention of Printing — Erasmus — The Diet at Worms Edict against Luther— He is seized and confined at Wartburg — His Doctrines condemned by the University of Pans, and controverted by Henry VIII. of England — Henry VIII. favours the Emperor Charles against Francis I. — Leo X. makes a Treaty with Charles— Death of Chifevres — Hostilities in Navarre and in the Low Countries — Siege of Mezteres — Congress at Calais — League against France — Hostilities in Italy— Death of Leo X. — Defeat of the French Henry VIII. declares War against France- Charles visits England — Conquest of Rhodes by Solyman .

Book III

insurrections— Attempts of the Regent, Adrian, to suppress them — Confederacy in Castile against him — Measures taken by the Emperor — Remonstrance of the Junta — They take up Arms — Their Negotiations with the Nobles — The Junta, under Padilla, defeated in Battle — Defence of Toledo by his Widow The War in Valencia and in Majorca— Generosity of the Emperor— Reception of Adrian at Rome — His pacific Policy — A New League against France — Treachery of the Duke of Bourbon— Francis attacks Milan — Death of Adrian, and Election of Clement VI L— Disappointment of Wolsey— Progress of the War with France CONTENTS. ii PAOB Pope Clement unable to bring about Peace— The French abandon tbe Milanese- Death of Bayard — The Reformation in Germany — Luther translates tbe Bible — The Diet at Nuremberg proposes a General Council— The Diet presents a List of Grievances to the Pope— Opinion at Rome concerning tbe Policy of Adrian- Clement's Measures against Luther 1G1

Book IV

\ lews of the Italian States respecting Charles and Francis — Charles invades France without Success — Francis invades the Milanese — He besieges Pavia— Neutrality of the Pope— Francis attacks Naples— Movements of the Imperial Generals — Battle of Pavia — Francis taken Prisoner— Schemes of the Emperor — Prudence or Louise the Regent— Conduct of Henry VIII., and of the Italian Powers— The Emperor's rigorous Terms to Francis — Francis carried to Spain — Henry makes a Treaty with the Regent Louise — Intrigues of Morone in Milan — He is betrayed by Peseara — Treatment of Francis — Bourbon made General and Duke of Milan — Treaty of Madrid — Liberation of Francis— Charles marries Isabella of Portugal — Affairs in Germany — Insurrections — Conduct of Luther — Prussia wrested from the Teutonic Knights — Measures of Francis upon reaching his Kingdom — A League against the Emperor — Preparations for War — -The Colonnas Masters of Rome— The Pope detached from the Holy League — Position of the Emperor — Bourbon marches towards tbe Pope's Territories- — Negotiations — Assault of Rome— Bourbon slain — The City taken and plundered — The Pope a Prisoner — Hypocrisy of the Emperor — Solyman invades Hungary — Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, becomes King of Hungary — Progress of the Reformation .

Book V

General Indignation and Confederacy against the Emperor — The Florentines — The French Army in Italy — The Emperor sets the Pope at Liberty, and makes Pacific Overtures — A Royal Challenge — Retreat of the Imperial Army from Rome — The French besiege Naples — Revolt of Andrew Doria — Freedom of Genoa — Operations in the Milanese — Treaty between the Pope and the Emperor, and between Charles and Francis — Henry VIII. seeks a Divorce from his Queen, Catherine of Aragon — Charles visits Italy, and re-establishes the Power of the Medici — Returns to Germany — The Diet of Spires — The Protest. — The Diet of Augsburg — Decree against the Protestants — Charles makes his Brother, Ferdinand, King of the Romans — Negotiations of the Protestants — The Campaign in Hungary — Conference between the Emperor and the Pope — Movements of the French King — Henry divorced from Queen Catharine By the Archbishop, and excommunicated by the Pope — Papal Authority abolished in England — Death of Clement VII. — Pope Paul III. — Insurrection of the Anabaptists in Germany — They beconte Masters of Munster — John of Leyden crowned King— Confederacy against him — Munster besieged and taken — The League of Smalkalde — Expedition of the Emperor to Africa — The Barbary States — The Barbarossas — Conquest of Tunis — The Emperor besieges Goletta, defeats Barbarossa, and restores the King of Tunis .....

Book VI

A new War between the Emperor and Francis — Francis negotiates unsuccessfully with the German Protestants — Takes Possession of Savoy — Geneva recovers its Liberty — Francis makes a new Claim to the Duchy of Milan — Charles prepares for War — He challenges Francis — He recovers a Part of Savoy— He enters Provence — He is defeated by the cautious Policy of Montmorency — Operations in Picardy — Death of the Dauphin imputed to Poison — Decree of the Parliament of Pans — Hostilities in the Low Countries, and in Piedmont — Alliance between Francis and Solyman — Truce concluded at Nice — Interview between Charles and Francis — Assassination of Alexander de* Medici — His Successor, Cosmo, supb i CONTENTS. PAO« ported by the Emperor— Rinewcd Coolness between Charles and Frances — The Emperor courts Henry VIII. — Negotiations for a General Council— The Reformation in Saxony — State of the Emperor's Finances— Complaints of his Spanish Subjects — The Cortes subverted — Insurrection at Ghent — Francis refuses Aid to the Rebels— Charles passes through France — His Vengeance upon Ghent — He refuses to keep his Promise to Francis concerning Milan — Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits — Constitution and Policy of this Order— Its Power, Wealth, and Influence—Conference between Roman and Protestant Divines at Ratisbon — Death of King John of Hungary— Solyman seizes the Kingdom — The Emperor's Expedition against Algiers . 264

Book VII

Renewal of Hostilities by Francis — Operations of his Forces — Tbe Emperor's Negotiations with Henry VIII. — Henry's Rupture with France and Scotland — Francis's Negotiations with Solyman — The Campaign in the Low Countries — Solyman invades Hungary — Barbarossa's Descent upon Italy — Maurice of Saxony — The Pope calls a Council at Trent, but is obliged to prorogue it — Diet at Spires — Concessions to the Protestants by the Emperor — His Negotiations with Denmark and England— Battle of Cerisoles- Siege of St. Disier — Peace concluded at Crespy — War between France and England continued — Diet at Worms-- The protestants suspect the Emperor — Death of the Duke cf Orleans — The Pope grants the Duchies of Parma and Placentia to his Son — The Council of Trent — -The Protestants and the Emperor . . 310

Book VIII

Death of Luther — Hostility of the Emperor towards the Protestants — His Alliances — Diet at Ratisbon — The Emperor's Treaty with the Pope — The Protestants prepare for Defence, and seek for Aid — They lose by Inaction — Their first Operations — The Emperor declines Battle — Maurice of Saxony, his Treachery — Separation of the confederate Army — Rigorous Conduct of the Emperor to those who yielded — Contest between Maurice of Saxony and the Elector — The Pope recals his Troops — Conspiracy in Genoa — Fiesco, Count of Lavagna . 33?

Book IX

Francis, jealous of the Emperor, endeavours to form Alliances against him — Death of Francis — The Emperor marches against the Elector of Saxony — Battle of Mulhausen — The Elector taken Prisoner — Charles invests Wittemberg — -His ungenerous Treatment of the Elector — Maurice put in Possession of the Electoral Dominions — The Emperor treacherously detains the Landgrave as a Prisoner — His Rigour towards his German Subjects — Ferdinand's Tyranny in Bohemia — Diet at Augsburg — Tbe Council translated from Trent to Bologna — Assassination of the Pope's Son — The Pope's Dread of the Emperor— Contest as to the Place of Session of the Council — Compliance with " The Interim" enforced by the Emperor — The Pope dismisses the Council assembled at Bologna — The Emperor receives his Son Philip in the Low Countries 366 BOOK A. The Pope's Schemes against the Emperor — Election of Pope Julius III. — Diet at Augsburg — Schemes of Maurice of Saxony against the Emperor — War upon Magdeburg — Council summoned at Trent — Attempt to obtain the Liberation ot the Landgrave — Plan of Charles for procuring the Imperial Crown for his Son Philip — The Pope and Emperor attempt to recover Parma and Placentia — Octavio makes an Alliance with Henry If, of France — Hostilities between Charles and Henry — Her.ry protests against the Council — Violence of the lOKTEKTS.

XI PAG1S Emperor against the Protestants — Siege of Magdeburg by Maurice — MartiLUszi favours the Pretensions of Ferdinand to Hungary — He is assassinated by order of Ferdinand — Maurice makes a Treaty with Henry II. — He demands once more the Liberty of the Landgrave — He amuses the Emperor, and meanwhile makes Pre paration for War — He takes the Field — The Emperor endeavours to gain Time by Negotiation— Maurice takes the Castle of Ehrenberg — The Emperor flies from Inspruck — He liberates the Elector of Saxony — The Council of Trent breaks up — The French attack Strasburg — The Operations of Albert of Brandenburg — Ne gotiations for peace at Passau at last successful . . 393

Book XI

Maurice marches against the Turks — The Landgrave and the Elector recover their Liberty — The Emperor makes War upon France — The Siege of Metz — Losses of the Emperor in Italy- — Descent of the Turks upon the Kingdom of Naples — Confederacy under the lead of Maurice against Albert of Brandenburg — Maurice is slain in Battle, but Albert is defeated, and afterwards driven out of Germany — Success of tiie Emperor in the Netherlands — His Losses in Hungary and Italy — The Family Troubles of Solyman — The Ambition of his Mistress Koxalana, and the Fate of his Son Mustapha — Marriage of Philip with Mary of England — Efforts of Mary to overthrow Protestantism— Henry conducts a vigorous Campaign against tbe Emperor — Cosmo de' Medici's Schemes—The French under Strozzi defeated — Siege of Siena — Retreat of the Duke of Alva from Piedmont — Conspiracy to betray Metz discovered — Diet at Augsburg — Death of Pope Julius — Charles endeavours anew to acquire the Imperial Crown for his Son Philip — The Peace of Religion established — Pope Mareellus II.— Pope Paul IV., and the ambitious Schemes of his Nephews — The Emperor abdicates in favour of his Son Philip — Peace between France and Spain — Tbe Pope attempts to rekindle War — The Duke of Alva takes the Field against him — A Truce between the Pope and Philip ...

Book XII

New and fruitless Attempt of tlue Emperor to procure the Succession for his Son Philip — He sets out for Spain — His Retreat at St. Justus — The Pope renews Hostilities against Philip — Duke of Guise's Operations — Philip gains the Aid of England — The War in the Netherlands — Siege of St. Quentin — Measures of Henry for the Defence of France — Peace between the Pope and Philip — Placentia restored to the Duke of Parma — Cosmo de' Medici recovers Siena — The Duke of Guise invests and takes Calais — Ferdinand chosen Successor to the Emperor, hut is not acknowledged by the Pope — Marriage of the Dauphin and the Queen of Scots — Defeat of the French at Gravelines — Proposals for Peace — Death of Charles V. — Death of Mary of England — Both Henry and Philip court her Successor, Elizabeth — Her Artifice towards Philip— Articles of Peace agreed upon— ■ Death of Henry — State of Europe during the Reign of Charles V. — Progress ot the House of Austria — Growth of France and of England — The Reformation — State of Venice and other Italian Nations; of Russia, and the Northern Powers . The Life of Charles the Fifth after his Abdication . ; . 617

Book I

The Convent of Yuste — Charles's Departure from the Netherlands — His Voyage to Spain — His Progress through the Country — Reception at Valladolid — Journey to Jarandilla — His Residence there — Discontent of his Household — His Visitors — Pernicious Indulgence of his Appetite — His Removal to Yusto CONTENT* FAGK 538 553 570

Book II

Charles's Mansion at Yuste — Furniture and Works of Art — Van Male — Charles's Household and Expenditure — His Way of Life — His Confessor — His Mechanical Pursuits — His Observance of Religious Rites — His Contentment at Yuste . BOOS HI. Erroneous Opinions respecting Charles — His Interest in Public Affairs — Luis de Avila — Petty Annoyances — Visit of Francisco Borja — Charles's Memoirs of Himself <* — Visit of his Sisters to Yuste — Death of Queen Eleanor — Charles's Resignation of the Imperial Title — His Zeal for the Faith .......

Book IV

Charles's 111 Health — He rehearses his Obsequies — Is attacked by his last Illness — Codicil to his Will — Progress of the Disease — Extreme Unction — Last Hours and Death — Funeral Honours — Philip the Second's Visit to Yuste— Bodies of Charles and his Family removed to the Escorial — Decay of the Convent at Yuste Proofs and Illustrations , 587 Ikdsx . . . ...... A VIEW OF THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY IN EUROPfe, FROM THE SUBVERSION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.