Japan : travels and researches undertaken at the cost of the Prussian government

Preface

. THOUGH it is right that every book should above all things speak for itself, still the custom of giving it a letter of introduction, in the form of a preface, on its road to publicity, is one which has its full justification. Recognising this, and leaving the question of its necessity untouched, I would state in the first place that the present work is based upon a residence of nearly two years in japan, and extensive journeys through the islands of Hondo, Shikoku, Kiushiu, and Amakusa, in the years 1874 and 1875. These were undertaken, in conformity with the commission of the Prussian Ministry of Commerce, for the purpose of studying and giving an account both of the trade of Japan and the special branches of industry there carried to so high a degree of perfection. The substance of this account will appear in another volume, under the title of "The Industry and Trade of Japan."

But as there can be no doubt that the nature of a country, the historical and social development of its inhabitants, and their relations to other nations, are the basis upon which the form and substance of its commercial and industrial, as well as its intellectual, life are unfolded, it seemed advisable first to publish the present work. It was a difficult step for the author to take, to leave his family and his post as Head-teacher of Physical Science at the Model School and Director of the Senckenberg Scientific Society at Frankfort on the Main — a post demanding his whole time and strength— and to go to Eastern Asia, but he was encouraged by the confidence placed in him by the Prussian Government, and the hope that God would give His blessing to his sincere endeavour to act up to it. To judge how far this task has been accomplished must be left to the reader.

My part is to take this opportunity of publicly expressing to my superiors in the Prussian Ministry for Trade and Commerce and for Instruction and Education my . b VI

PREFACE.

. profound thanks for the great confidence and favour they have manifested and maintained towards me to the present hour. My warmest acknowledgments are also due to the former representatives of the German Empire in Japan, to Herr von Brandt, Minister at Pekin, and Baron von Holleben, Minister at Buenos Ayres, for the hospitality with which they received me at the German Legation at Tokio, and for all the assistance they gave me in the prosecution of my task. I feel also under obligation in many respects to the German consuls, Herr Zappe at Yokohama, Herr Bair at Tokio, and Herr Leysner at Niigata, and also to the Japanese Government for the protection they afforded me, and to many governors for their great readiness to promote my under taking as far as lay in their power. Each single chapter of the present volume, and especially of the first section, is — with the exception of the historical portion, for which all accessible sources have been investigated and made use of — the result of my own observations and of researches based upon them.

I will here dwell no further upon the consequent difference between this work and all former publications on Japan, nor call attention to the great difficulties which the execution of so comprehensive a task necessarily involved, but only assure the reader that thorough lucidity and truth have been the ends for which I have striven. In doubtful cases I had the kindly offered counsel of friends and colleagues, viz. of Messrs. Dunker, von Fritsch, Geyler, Greeff, Hilgendorf, Fd. Justi, Kobelt, Tadashi Sanda, and Satow, to whom I would here express my sincere thanks. Pro fessor Justi assisted me on many occasions, not merely by his large acquaintance with languages, but also by executing from various photographs the pen and ink drawings on which the illustrations of the types of Japanese and Ainos are founded.

The English translation is based on a careful revision of the original, and may be considered a new and improved edition of it, all the proofs having passed through my hands. J. J. Rein. CONTENTS. THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF JAPAN. A Physical Geography of the Country. CHAP. PAGE I. Introductory 3 a. Situation, Size, and Divisions of Japan 3 b. Explanation of Common Geographical Terms . . 13 II. Coast Line, Parts of the Sea, Currents .... 16 III. Geological Conditions 27 a. State of our Knowledge, and Structure of the Islands . . 27 b . Geological Formations 31 _*. Effects of Subterranean Forces 40 1. Volcanoes 40 2. Hot Springs 47 3. Earthquakes . 51 4. Sæcular Movements . . . . . . 56 IV. Orography 59 a. General Conformation of the Ground ..... 59 b. Mountains of the Island Hondo 61 I. Mountains of Oshiu and Dewa 63 2.

The Border Mountains of Aidzu-Taira . . . . 64 3. The Border Mountains in the East of Echigo . . 65 4. The Mountains of Kuwanto ...... 66 5. Mountains to the west of Kuwanto .... 72 c. The Relief or Elevation of the Island of Shikoku ... 80 d. Mountains of the Island of Kiushiu 81 _*. The Island of Yezo 86 / The Island of Sado 87 V. Hydrography of the Country 88 Rivers and Lakes 88 VI. Climate 104 a. Its General Character. Temperature 104 b. Atmospheric Pressure and Winds 112 c. The Moisture of the Air, or Hydrometeors . . . .119 VII. The Flora of the Japanese Islands 135 a. Duration of the Period of Vegetation 135 b. Formations and Regions of Vegetation 139 Marsh and Water Plants .141 The Underwood of the Hill Districts .... 143 The Hara 144 The Forest (Hayashi) 146 Vegetation of the High Mountains 153 _.

Composition and other Noteworthy Features of the Japanese Flora; its Relationship to other Regions of Vegetation 158 CONTENTS. VIII CHAP. PAGE VIII. Fauna '75 a. General Features . . . . . • • • ■ l7i b. Mammals '77 c. Birds l°£ d. Reptiles and Batrachians '* .-. Fishes l89 I. Order. Prickly-finned Fishes (Acanthopterygn) . I91 II. Order. Pharyngnonathi ...... 195 III. Order. Anacanthini ; Air-bladder without Pneumatic Duct '96 IV. Order. Physostomi ; Air-bladder in the Pneumatic Duct 196 V. Order. Lophobranchii . . . . - - -199 VI. Order. Plectognathi '99 VII. Order. Ganoidei '99 VIII. Order. Chondropterygii . . • '99 IX. Order. Cyclostomi 200 / Insects and Spiders 2°° g. Crustacea .......... 204 //. Mollusca 2°5 ('. Echinoderms ......•••■ 209 k. Corals and Sponges • .210 THE JAPANESE PEOPLE.

A Brief Account of their History, Civilization, and Social Condition, from fimmu-Tennd to the Present Day. '.. History of the Japanese People 213 First Period. From the Founding of the Kingdom of Yamato until the Removal of the Capital to Kioto, or from Jimmu- Tenno to Kuwammu-Tenno (660 B.c-794 a D.). Expedition to Corea. Introduction of Chinese Civilization and Buddhism 213 Second Period. From the Foundation of the Capital of Kioto until the Death of Yoritomo (794-1199 a.d.). Bureaucratic Rule of the Fujiwara, Military Despotism of the Taira and Minamoto. Kuwambaku, Shogun, and Feudalism . . 226 Third Period. From Yoritomo's Death to the Dynasty of the Ashikaga (1 199-1334 A.D.) — Age of the Shadow-Shoguns, of the Power and Fall of the H6J6 Family ..... 243 Fourth Period. The Shogunate of the Ashikaga from the Fall of the H6jo until Nobunaga (1334-1573 A.D.).

Discovery of Japan by the Portuguese ; Spread of Christianity . . . 254 Filth Period. From Nobunaga until Iyeyasu ; or Age of the Usurpers (1573-1603 A.D.), Nobunaga, liideyoshi, Expedition to Corea, Battle of Sekigahara ...... 266 Sixth Period. The Shogunate of the Tokugawa, or the Time from the Battle of Sekigahara until the Restoration of the Mikado's Rule (1600- 1868 A.D.) 30 . a. Iyeyasu, Hidetada and Iyemilsu. Eradication of Christianity ........ oqj b. The Laws of Iyeyasu, the Feudal System and the State of Society during the Shogunate of the Tokugawas ; Mikado and Kuges, Daimios and Samurai, Fealty andthe Harakiri. Heimin and Eta . . . -312 .. Relations of the Dutch, English, and Russians to Japan during the Shogunate of the Tokugawas . . . CONTENTS. IX CHAP. PAGE Seventh Period. Japan since the Year 1854 .... 339 a. The Perry Expedition and its Immediate Consequences.

Treaties of Commerce with Japan. Discontent and Growing Agitation in the Country. Murderous Assaults on Natives and Foreigners. Bombardment of Kagoshima and Shimonoseki. Conflict between the Bakufu and Choshiu 339 b. Abolition of the Shogunate and Restoration of the Mikado Government. — The Civil War in the Year 1868. The Mikado Removes his Residence and Government to Yedo (Tokio). Expedition against Yezo . 355 c. Abolition of the Feudal System. Mediatisation of the Princes and Samurai, and other Innovations. Disturbances among the Samurai. Expedition to Formosa. The Satsuma Rebellion . . . 361, 362 d. Contemporary Japan : Its Government, Efforts after Civilization, and Relations to Foreigners . . 374, 375 II. Ethnography -383 1. Ainos and Japanese; Origin; Physical Conformation and Mental Endowments 383 2.

The Japanese Language and Literature. Yamatoand Sinico- Japanese. Katakana and Hirakana. Transliteration. Peculiarities of the Language. Popular Poetry and Literature 396 3. Dress, Habitations, and Food of the Japanese. Baths, Cosmetics, Tattooing. Fires. Stimulants .... 407 4. The Family. Adoption. Training and Education. Individual Pleasures. Theatres, Geshas and Yoshiwaras. Funerals . 422 5. Calendar and Popular Festivals. Sexagesimal Cycles and Nen-go. Gosekku, especially New Year, Festivals of Flowers, and Matsuri 434 6. Religions. Shintoism or Kami-worship. The Doctrines of Confucius. Buddhism. Christianity .... 442 III. Topography 465 I. The Go-kinai, or the Five Home-Provinces .... 466 1. Yamashiro, 467 ; 2. Yamato, 470 ; 3. Kawachi, 471 ; 4. Idzumi, 471 ; 5. Setsu 471 II. Tokaido, or East Sea Road District 474 a. The Kuwanto Group . . . . . . .481 1.

Musashi, 481 ; 2. Shimosa, 482 ; 3. Hitachi, 483 ; 4. Kadsura, 483 ; 5. Awa, 484 ; 6. Sagami . 484 b. The Totomi-nada Group ...... 486 7. Idzu, 486; 8. Suruga, 486 ; 9. Kai,487; 10. Totomi, 487; 11. Sanshiu, 487; 12. Bishiu, 488 ; 13. Ise, 488; 14. Shima, 488 ; 15. Iga . . . . 488 111. Tosando, East Mountain Road District 489 a. Provinces of the Nakasendo 489 1. 6mi,49o; 2. Mino, 490; 3. Hida, 491 ; 4. Shinano, 491,; 5 Kodzuke, 492 ; 6 Shimotsuke . . . 493 b. Mutsu or Oshiu 494 I. Iwashiro, 495 ; 2. Iwaki, 496 ; 3. Rikuzen, 496 ; 4. Rikuchiu, 497 ; 5. Mutsu .... 498 _-. Dewa .... 498 1. Ugo, 498; 2. Uzen . .... CONTENTS. X 1'AGE IV. The Hokurokudo, or North-land Road • - S°° i. Wakasa, 501; 2. Echizen, 501 ; 3. Kaga, 501 ; 4- 502 ; 5. Echiu, 502 ; 6. Echigo, 502 ; 7. The Island ofSado • 5°4 V. Provinces of Sanyodo, or Mountain Sunny-side Road . • 5°4 1.

Harima, 504 ; 2. Mimasaka, 505 ; 3. Bizen, 505 ; 4- Bichiu, 505 ; 5. Bingo, 506 ; 6. Aki, 506 ; 7- Suwo, 506 ; 8. Nagata 5°7 VI. Provinces of Sanindo, or Mountain-shade Road . • • 5°7 I. Iwami, 508 ; 2. Idzumo, 508 ; 3. Hoki, 508 ; 4. Inaba, 509; 5. Tajima, 509; 6. Tango, 509; 7. Tamba, 510 ; 8. Island of Oki S'° VII. Nankaido, or South Sea Road ■ 5" 1. Kii, 511 ; 2. Island of Awaji, 513 ; 3- Island of Shikoku-A wa, 513; 4. Samuki, 514; 5. Iyo, 515:6. Tosa 5 1 5 VIII. Kiushiu, or the Nine Provinces of Saikaido, i.e. the West Sea Road 5'6 1. Chikuzen, 517; 2. Chikugo, 518; 3. Buzen, 518; 4. Bungo, 519 ; 5. Hizen, 520 ; 6. Higo, 524 ; 7. Hiuga, 525 ; 8. Osumi, 526 ; 9. Satsuma .... 526 IX. Hokkaido, or the North Sea Road .528 I. Oshima, 529 ; 2. Shiribeshi, 529 ; 3. Iburi, 529 ; 4. Ishikari, 529 ; 5.

Teshio, 530 ; 6. Kitami, 530 ; 7. Nemuro, 530 ; 8. Kushiru, 530 ; 9. Tokachi, 530; 10. Hidaka, 530; II. Chishima (Kuriles) ..... 53° The Riu-Kiu, or Loo-Choo Islands 531 Ogasawara-shima, Muninto or Bonin Islands . . • LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Subashiri, at the foot of Fuji-no-yama 61 Cryptomeria Avenue, at Imaichi, near Nikko I51 Map of Corea ... 215 Tomb of Iyemidzu at Nikko 303 Arms of the Mikado, and of the Tokugawa 317 Part of the Castle of Kumamoto 323 An Aino Family 383 A Corean 389 Japanese Types 391 Garden at the Kameido Temple, in Tokio 419 The Shinto Temple Shokonsha, at Kudan in Tokio 444 Shinto Gate and Pagoda at Nikko 457 Ejiabutsu (great Buddha) at Kamakura 460 Temple Court at Nikko . 462 Plan of Kioto 469 Plan of Tokio 476 Yumoto, on the Hayagawa, and the Hakone Mountains .... 484 Bridge over the Dayigawa at Nikko 494 Nagasaki 521 Riukiu Islander 531 Orographical-Hydrographical Map.

Topographical-Statistical Map. THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF JAPAN: A PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY. B INTRODUCTORY. A. Situation, Size, and Divisions of Japan. The Empire of Japan, the Nihon, Nippon, or Dai Nippon of its inhabitants, is the most easterly country of Asia, and stretches from 24°4' N. lat. (Hateruma in the Riukiu group) to 510 N. (Shumshu Island, the most northerly of the Kuriles) and from I23°48' E. long. (Yonakuni of the Riukiu group) to I56°36' E. (Shumshu). The country accordingly extends over nearly 27 degrees of latitude, and more than 33! of longitude. In the extended ring of active and extinct volcanoes which surrounds the Pacific Ocean, it forms, with its four great islands and a considerable number of smaller ones, a long chain of more than -2,000 miles, reaching from the Island of Formosa as far as Cape Lopatka, on which the waves of a dangerous sea often break in wild surge, and which violent earthquakes not unfrequently shake in alarming fashion.

Japan falls naturally into four groups ; viz., — 1. Japan Proper, consisting of the three large islands Hondo (Honshiu or Jicata, mainland), Kiushiu (Nine-lands), and Shikoku (Fourlands), with a number of smaller islets alongside them. The fourth large island of the kingdom, Yezo, although politically it occupies a different position, must be included with them. The smaller islands of this group are : Sado and Oki in the Sea of Japan ; Tsushima and Ikishima in the Channel of Corea ; Hirado and the Goto (Five islands) as well as Amakusa and the Koshiki group on the west side of Kiushiu ; Tanegashima and Yakunoshima south of it ; Awaji in the Inland Sea and the Shichito (Seven islands) on the south-east of the Peninsula Idzu, viz., Oshima (Vries Island), Rishima, Niijima, Shikinejima, Kantsujima, Miyakeshima and Mikurajima, besides further south, Hachijoshima and Koshima.

The " Inland Sea " of English maps, or Seto-no-uchi-umi {i.e. the sea between the straits) or Seto-uchi of the Japanese, separates with the Van der Capellen Straits, the Linschoten Straits, and Bungo Channel, the three large southern islands from each other, while the Tsugaru Straits separate Yezo from the main island or Hondo. But the entire group is separated by Broughton Channel, Jikata, mainland, Hondo, main part, which in recent times have frequently been employed by the Japanese, are not used by the common folk, and are only very gradually becoming naturalized. la one of the earliest German books about Japan, by Johann Meyer, which appeared at Dillingen in 1587, entitled " Neue, wahrhafte ausfuhrliche Beschreibung der jungst abgesandten japanischen Legationen," a translation from the Italian, the country is called Japon or Japonien.

The Japanese in their earlier separation, like so many other peoples, regarded their country as the centre and most important part of the world, though indeed of a limited world. For in their conception it was bounded on the east by Tai-yo or Taihei-Kai, the Great Sea or Pacific Ocean ; on the north by Makatsu, by which is meant Karafto (Saghalien)1 ; on the west by Kara or Shina (China); on the south by Tenjiku (Heaven's support) or India, upon which Portugal, Holland, and other countries of which they had heard were supposed immediately to border. The word "Dai," great, was prefixed to the name Nippon, and this designation was employed even in official documents. Thus, e.g. even the treaty concluded with Corea in 1876 begins with the words : " Friendship has existed from of old between Dai Chozen and Dai Nippon."

In proportion as the Japanese have of late years enlarged their geographical views by means of maps and education in the schools as well as by travelling, they have considerably moderated their estimate of the greatness of their own country, and the use of the "Dai " before " Nippon " has disappeared from later publications. According to ancient tradition the ruler of Japan, the Mikado, descends in a direct line from the sun-goddess Amaterasu, whose parents were the divine Isanagi and Isanami. As they appeared one day upon the bridge of heaven resting upon the clouds, in order to watch the sea raging in the depths beneath, Isanagi let the end of his richly ornamented lance fall into it, upon which it straight way parted. The drops falling from the lance became islands, and the first to arise out of the waves was Awaji, upon which the divine pair settled as Adam and Eve.

Seven other islands arose from the same creative act, and bore henceforth, together with Awaji, the name Oyashima, i.e. the great eight islands. They are those already enumerated : Hondo, Kiushiu, Shikoku, Sado, Tsushima, Awaji, Oki and Iki. These and the surrounding smaller islands formed Old Japan, a territory of 109,735 English square miles, not much greater therefore than Prussia before 1866. Besides the name Oyashima, later Nippon, the Japanese had also many an epitheton ornans for their country. Thus they called it, e.g. Kami-no-kuni, Shin-koku, Country of the gods, or Divine country. 1 The name Makatsu occurs on the memorial Tagajo-no-hi, east of Sendai. See my notice of it in the seventh Heft of the Deutsche Ostasiatische Gesell schaft. INTRODUCTORY. 7 Yamato-no-kuni, land behind the mountains ; x Onogoro-shima, islands of the petrified drops ; Shiki-shima, extended islands ; etc.

Oyashima or Old Japan is washed by the Sea of Japan and the Pacific between I28|° and 142° E. long., and is separated towards the south, under 30° N. lat., by Colnet Straits from Riukiu, and towards the north, under 41 _°, by the Tsugaru Straits from Yezo. Its southernmost part therefore lies in the latitude of the Nile delta, its northernmost in that of the Bosphorus. The first division of Oyashima into provinces took place in the time of the 10th Mikado (Sujin Tenno 97-30 B.C.), but was reformed and improved by the 13th Mikado (Seimu Tenno 131-190 A.D.). His rule thus extended over thirty-two provinces — northwards about as far as a line from Sendai to Niigata, for the northernmost portion was at that time still in the hands of aborigines, the Emishi (also called Ebisu and Yezo), who were related to the Ainos in Yezo.

The celebrated Empress Jingo Kogo (201-269 A.D.), who as widow of the 14th Mikado had a glorious reign between the 14th and 15th Mikados, after her victorious return from Shiraki (Corea) divided the pro vinces of her kingdom on the pattern of Corea into the Kinai or Gokinai,3 i.e. the five home provinces or imperial domains, be cause the residences of nearly all the Mikados3 down to the present have been in them, also called Kamigata, and into the Shichi-do or Seven Circuits. In the reign of the forty-second Mikado, Mommu Tenno (696-707 A.D.), several of the provinces were still further divided, and the number of all those in the eight districts thus grew to sixty-six, to which the islands of Tsushima and Iki have to be added as detached provinces. The fortyfifth Mikado, Shomu Tenno (723-755), next had the boundaries of the several provinces more precisely determined.

Finally, in 1868, after the deposition of the Shiogunat by the present Mikado, "the two northernmost and largest provinces, Mutsu and Dewa, were further divided, the former into five, the latter into two provinces, so that the entire number in the territory of Oyashima increased to seventy-three. At the same time Yezo was also divided into ten provinces, to which the Chijima (Kuriles) must be added as an eleventh, and they were added to the others under the name Hokkaido or North Sea road as a ninth circuit. The Riukiu meantime constituted until lately a separate principate or Han. In the following conspectus the nine circuits are enumerated with 1 In composition, Yamato-, Wa-, or Honcho are frequently used to signify Japan; as in "WA-kan san zai dzu. ye;" "Honcko-gua.shi ;" " Yamato-jimbutsu gua-ye," etc. etc. 2 The Gokinai was at first a Shikinai (four domain lands), until later Idzumi was divided into Kawachi and Idzumi. 3 The first Mikado was Jimmu Tenno, 660-585 B.C. (1-76 of the Japanese era) ; the 121st, or by another reckoning the 123rd, is Mutsu Hito-Tenno, who began to reign in 1867. their eighty-two provinces, with the addition moreover of Tsushima and Iki, making altogether therefore eighty-four provinces, most of them under two names — one Japanese and the other Chinese.

Where one of these is more usual than the other, it is printed in open type; where both are equally employed, both are printed in open type. The Chinese names of provinces were introduced as a result of Corean influence at the same time as the circuits, and have reference to the older division of the country. When, therefore, some of the larger original provinces were later still further broken up, as e.g. Hi-no-kuni (Fire-land) into Hizen and Higo, the hither and further Hi; Bi, into Bizen, Bitchiu and Bingo, i.e. the hither, middle and further Bi ; or as Mutsu (Oshiu) into as many as five provinces, they continued to bear the Chinese collective name, and this it is that explains why in all these cases the Japanese name of the province, as the more distinct, was more usual. But for Hokkaido (Yezo), which was only divided into provinces in 1868, there is no other ordinary Chinese designation.

Conspectus of the 9 Circuits and 84 Provinces of Japan. A. Oyashima, Old Japan. I. Go-kinai, or the 5 Home Provinces Japanese Name. Chinese Name. N o^oYstric.?" ' Chief Town. I. Yamashiro Joshiu 8 Kioto. 2. Yamato Washiu 15 Nara. 3. Kawachi Kashiu 16 Yaogo, Sayama. 4. Idzumi Senshiu 4 Sakai. 5- Setsu Sesshiu 12 Osaka. II. Tokaido {literally Eastern Sea Road), with 15 Provinces : 6. Tga Ishiu 4 Uyeno. 7- I se Se ishiu 13 Tsu, Kuwana. o. bhima Shishiu 2 Toba. 9-Owari Bishiu 8 Nagoya 10. Mikawa Sanshiu 8 Okazaki 11. Totomi Enshiu 12 Hamamatsu. 12. Suruga Sunshiu 7 Shidzuoka. 13- Kai K6shiu 4 Kofu. 14. Idzu Dzushiu 4 Nirayama. 15. Saga mi Soshiu 4 Odawara. r,f,Alt,h°U1fhJhe,.J1fpanest: Kun7. as reeards small extent, answer rather to the English counties, or better still to the French Departments and the Kon rather to circuits (Arrondissements), yet for various reasons have preferred the more familiar terms Provinces and Districts.

INTRODUCTORY. 9 Japanese Name. Chinese Name. or Districts " Chief Town. 1 6. Musashi Bushiu 22 Tokio (Yedo). 17. Awa Boshiu 4 Katsuyama. 18. Kadzusa Soshiu 9 Kururi. 19. Shimosa Soshiu 12 Koga, Chiba. 20. Hitachi Joshiu 11 Mito. III. Tosando, i.e. Eastern Mountain Road, with 13 {formerly 8) Provinces : 21. Omi Goshiu 12 Otsu. 22. Mi no Noshiu 12 Gifu. 23. Hida Hishiu 3 Takayama. 24. Shinano Sinshiu 2 Matsumoto, Nagano. 25. Kodzuke Joshiu 14 Takasaki. 26. Shimotzuke Yashiu 9 Utsunomiya. 27. Iwaki \ 14 Taira,Shirakawa. 28. I was hi ro g 9 Fukushima, Wa- >c Oshiu kamatsu. 29. Rikuzen £ 14 Sendai. 30. R i k u c h i u / 10 Morioka. 31. Mutsu 4 Hirosaki. 32. Uzen \ 4 Tsurugaoka, Ya- I O magata, Yone- I % Ushiu zawa. 33. Ugo J 1 3 Akita. IV. Hokurokudo, _'._. North-land Road, with 7 Provinces: 34.

Wakasa Jakushiu 3 Ohama. 35. Echizen Esshiu 8 Fukui. 36. Kaga Kashiu 4 Kanazawa. 37. N o t o Noshiu 4 Nanao. 38. Echiu Esshiu 4 Toyama. 39. E c h i g o Esshiu 7 Niigata. 40. S a d o Isl. Sasshiu 3 Aikawa. V. Sanindo or Mountain-shade Road, with 8 Provinces : 41. Tamba Tanshiu 6 Kameyama. 42. Tango Tanshiu 5 Miyadzu. 43. Tajima Tanshiu 8 Idzushi, Toyooka. 44. Inaba Inshiu 8 Tottori. 45. H 6 k i Hakushiu 6 Yonago. 46. Idzumo Unshiu 10 Matsuye. Japanese Name. Chinese Name. Chief Town. 47. Iwami Sekishiu 7 Tsuwano. 48. Oki Isl. 4 Yabi- (Yamashima). VI. Sanyodo, i.e. Mountain Sun-side Road, with 8 Provinces : 49. Harima Banshiu 16 Himeji. 50. Mimasaka Sakushiu 12 Tsuyama. 51. Bizen Bishiu 8 Okayama. 52. Bitchiu Bishiu 11 Matsuyama. 53. Bingo Bishiu 14 Fukuyama. 54. Aki Ge ishiu 8 Hiroshima. 55.

Suwo Boshiu 6 Yamaguchi. 56. Nagato C hoshiu 6 Hagi. VII. Nankaido, i.e. South Sea Road, with 6 Provinces : 57. Kii K ishiu 17 Wakayama. 58. Awaji Isl. Tanshiu 2 Sumoto. 59. Awa \ Ashiu 10 Tokushima. 60. S a n u k i I 5! Sanshiu 1 1 Takamatsu. 61. Iyo Yoshiu 14 Matsuyama.. 62. Tosa J__T Toshiu 7 Kochi. VIII. Saikaidd, i.e. West Sea Road, with 9 Provinces : 63. Chikuzen\ Chikushiu 15 Fukuoka. 64. Chikugo Chikushiu 10 Kurume. 65. B u z e n ft Hoshiu 8 Kokura. 66. B u n g o ' Hoshiu 8 Funai. 67. Hizen > S H ishiu 11 Nagasaki. 68. Higo g_ Hishiu 15 Kumamoto. 69. Hiuga ___* Nishiu 5 Miyasaki. 70. 0 s u m i Goshiu 8 Kajiki. 71. Satsuma/ Sasshiu 13 Kagoshima. 72. Iki Isl. Ishiu 2 Katsumoto. 73. Tsushima Isl. Taishiu 2 Idzunohara. B. Later Acquisitions with Special Administrations. IX. Hokkaido, or North Sea Road, with 1 1 Provinces: Japanese Name.

Num*er of Kori Chief Town j tor Districts. <-mci iuwii. 74- Oshima I ft 7 Hakodate, Matsumaye. 75. Shiribeshi I *" 17 Otaru. 76. Iburi < 8 Mororan. 77- Ishikari j g 9 Sapporo. INTRODUCTORY. 11 t _t Number of Kori .-_•_<■ -r„,„_, Japanese Name. Qr DistrictS- Chief Town. 78. Hitaka \ 7 Saru. 79. Tokachi ft 7 Hira (Biro). 80. Teshiwo I " 6 Ruru-moppe. 81. Kushiro [ 7 Akeshi. 82. Nemuro g 5 Nemuro. 83. Kitami j 8 Soya. 84. Chishima (Kuriles) 5 Tomari in Kunashir 84 Kunis (Provinces) with a total of 717 Koris (Districts). To these may be added : a) The Riukiu-Islands as a separate principate or Han (now Ken). b) Ogasawara-shima, also called Muninto (Bonin Isl.) as a new colony. In earlier times a. barrier, which ran from Osaka to the border of Yamato and Omi, separated the thirty-three western from the thirty-three eastern provinces.

The former were collectively entitled Kuwansei (pronounce Kanse), i.e. westward of the Gate ; the latter Kuwanto (pronounce Kanto), i.e. eastward of the Gate. Later, however, when under the Tokugawa regime the passes leading to the plain in which Yedo, the new capital of Shogune, grew up were carefully guarded, by the Gate (Kuwan) was un derstood the great guard on the Hakone Pass, and by Kuwanto or Kuwanto-Hashiu the eight provinces eastward of it : Sagami, Musashi, Kotsuke, Shimotsuke, Hitachi, Shimosa, Katsusa, and Awa. The provinces of Sanyodo and Sanindo are still usually denoted as Chiugoku or Central-lands. When after the abolition of the Feudal System in 1872 a new administration was introduced, the territory of Oyashima was divided, for the most part without regard to the old provinces, into three Fu (Miyako or capitals) and into seventy-two Ken or depart ments, though in the course of the following years, especially 1876, the boundaries of the latter were essentially altered and their number finally reduced to thirty-five.

Hokkaido (Yezo and the Kuriles) however forms a colony under a special administration, called Kaitakushi. This has recently become the case with Oga sawara-shima (Muninto), the Bonin Islands, while Riukiu as Han (Clan) was under a prince (king) of its own until in the course of the most recent events [see for details in the Second Part] the feudal relation was abolished, the prince like the Daimios was mediatised, and the group of islands incorporated with the mainland as a thirty-sixth Ken. The new departments (Ken) are named after their chief town or after the districts in which they are situated : their Chief Towns. Conspectus of Fu and Ken and Old Province in which chief town lies. Musashi. Yamashiro. Setsu. Musashi. Setsu. Hizen. Echigo. Musashi. Shimosa. Hitachi. Kotsuke. Shimotsuke.

Idzumi. I se. Owari. Suruga. Kai. Omi. Mino. Shinano. Rikuzen. Iwashiro. Rikuchiu. Mutsu. Uzen. Ugo. Kaga. Idzumo. Bizen. Aki. Suwo. Kii. Iyo. Tosa. Chikuzen. Bungo. Higo. Satsuma. Okinawa-shima. Chief Town. Tokio. Kioto. Osaka. Yokohama. Hiogo. Nagasaki. Niigata. Urawa. Chiba. Mito. Takasaki. Tochigi. Sakai. Tsu. Nagoya. Shidzuoka. Kofu. Otsu. Gifu. Nagano. Sendai. Fukushima. Morioka. Awomori. Yamagata. Akita. Kanazawa. Matsuye. Okayama. Hiroshima. Yamaguchi. Wakayama. Matsuyama. Kochi. Fukuoka. Funai. Kumamoto. Kagoshima. Shiuri. Fu and Ken. I. T6kio-fu 2. Kioto- 3. Osaka 1. Kanagawa-ken 2. Hiogo- 3. Nagasaki- 4. Niigata- 5. Saitama- 6. Chiba- 7. Ibaraki- 8. Gumma- 9. Tochigi 10. Sakai 11. Miye 12. Aichi 13. Shidzuoka 14. Yamanashi 15. Shiga 16. Gifu 17. Nagano 18. Miagi 19. Fukushima 20.

Iwate 21. Awomori 22. Yamagata 23. Akita 24. Ishikawa 25. Shimane 26. Okayama 27. Hiroshima 28. Yamaguchi 29. Wakayama 30. Yehime 31. Kochi 32. Fukuoka 33. Oita 34. Kumamoto 35. Kagoshima 36. Okinawa-ken (Riukiu Isl.) INTRODUCTORY. 13 It will appear from what has been said that since the restoration of the Mikado's rule the old provinces have ceased to have any political bearing. But they still remain of importance for the understanding of the history and civilization of Japan as well as in other respects, as their division for the most part follows natural boundaries, while the new division into administrative districts (Fu and Ken), because of its arbitrariness and frequent changes, is to the geographer of very subordinate value and interest. B. Explanation of Common Geographical Terms. (Where there are two words together, the first is the original Japanese, the second the Sino-Japanese 1 term.)