Memoir ... to accompany the general Chart of the Northern Ocean, Davis' Strait, and Baffin's Bay; including the navigation from Great Britain and Ireland to Spitzbergen, and the White Sea

Front matter

I'ubhsh.d bvK.H. Laurie W A_____o___c Memoir , paya -aatasiu /3f /o /4j> 33.ee' Street. London. l5^Junc. MEMOIR, DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY, TO ACCOMPANY THE CHARTS OP THE NORTHERN ATLANTIC OCEAN; AND COMPRISING INSTRUCTIONS, GENERAL AND PARTICULAR, FOR THE i0afugatton of t&at £>ta. By JOHN PURDY, Hydrographer. TENTH EDITION ; CORRECTED AND MATEKIALLY IMPROVED, FROM MANY ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS, Br ALEX. G. FLNDLAY, MEMBER OP THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. LONDON : PRINTED FOR R. H.LAURIE, CHART-SELLER TO THJ_ ADMIRALTY, THE HON. CORPORATION OE TRINITY-HOUSE, ETC. No. 53, FLEET STREET. 1853. " O'er the glad waters of the dark blue Sea, Our thoughts as boundless, and our souls as free, Far as the breeze can bear, the billows foam, Survey our Empire, and behold our Home." (Lord Byron.) [Œrrtm-i at Stationcts' l^all.]

Printed by J. & W. Rider, 14, Bartholomew Close, Londoo. ADDRESS. This work is designed to impart to the Navigator the Means of Safety over the Atlantic ; to develop the silent and imperceptible Causes of Error and Shipwreck; to point out the best Routes to the numerous Ports of this Ocean ; and to communicate useful Hints on General Nautical Practice. Seven editions have already been honoured by the public approbation ; and, stimulated by such encouragement, no attention has been spared in rendering an Eighth still more worthy of acceptance. A comparison of the latter editions with those that preceded them, will show how much we have been indebted to numerous friends for recent and important information. We have had, again and again, to thank Captain Livingston, of Liverpool, for his numerous and valuable communications.

In like manner have we been indebted to Lieutenant John Evans (a), R.N., and to Mr. Edward Dunsterville, whose information more fully appears in another work.* To the subject of Currents, in particular, it will be found that our attention has been directed. These currents have at length excited that inquiry into their nature and causes which the importance of the subject demands. This has been especially evinced by the curious and elaborate work composed by the late Major Rennell, which has con firmed, generally, all that we had previously stated, and has, moreover, explained several essential particulars before unknown. Further investigations have been promised; so that we may expect, ultimately, an accurate view of all the Atlantic Currents, as they predominate in the different seasons. We enlarge the more especially upon the Currents, because, as now treated on, they are to seamen almost a new subject.

Section I. General Remarks, With Tables Of Determined Positions, And The Authorities

ETC, INCLUDING NOTES ON THE LIGHTHOUSES, VARIATION OF THE COMPASS, ETC. PAGE General Remarks 1 1. England and Wales ; Positions of Places 4 Of Lighthouses and their Illuminations, 8 ; Catoptric or Reflecting Sys tem, 10 ; Dioptric or Lens System, 10 ; Orders of Lights, 14 ; The Pharology or Lighthouse System of the Coasts of England, 16. 2. Islands and Coasts of Scotland ; Positions, 24 ; Notes 24 Lighthouses of the Coasts of Scotland, 24 — 27. 3. Coasts op Ireland, &c. ; Positions of Places 27 Lighthouses of Ireland, 30. 4. Coasts of France, &c. ; Positions of Places 32 Lighthouses on the French Coast, 35. 5. Spain and Portugal ; Positions of Places 40 Lighthouses, &c, of Spain and Portugal, 43. 6. Coasts op Africa ; Positions of Places 43 African Islands ; Fernando Po, &c, 48 ; Lighthouses of Africa, 50. 7.

The Azores or Western Islands ; Positions 51 8. The Madeira and Canary Islands ; Positions 52 9. The Cape Verde Islands ; Positions 55 10. Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland ; Positions 56 Variations of the Compass, and Lighthouses, 63. 11. Gulp and River of St. Lawrence, with Breton Island; Positions 62 Descriptive Notes: — Gulf of St. Lawrence, in general, 65; Island of St. Paul, 66; Magdalen Islands, 66; Anticosti, 66; Quebec, See., 67; Gaspe* Bay, 68 ; Griffin's Cove, Richihucto, Pictou, and Prince Edward Island, 68 ; Breton Island, 69 ; Arachat, 70 ; Variations of the Compass, 70 ; Lighthouses of the Gulf and River of St. Lawreuce, 70. 12. Nova Scotia, &c, Southern Coasts ; Positions, 71 ; New Brunswick 72 Descriptive Notes-. — Sable Island, 73; Nova Scotia in general, 73; Har bours, Canso and Raspberry, 74 ; Halifax, 74 ; Seal Island, &c, 74 ; Light houses of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 75. 13.

The United States ; Positions, 76 ; Notes on the same 78 Variations of the Compass, 81 ; Lighthouses of the United States, 82. 14. The Bermuda Islands ; Positions 90 15. The Bahama and Passage Islands; Positions 91 Descriptive Notes on the Maternillo Bank and Reef, 94 ; Bahamas, Abaco Lighthouse, 94 ; Egg Island Reef, 94 ; Nassau, Caycos, Inagua, Silver Kay Bank, &c, 94, 95 ; Variations of the Compass, 95. 16. Cuba, Jamaica, &c. *, Positions 95 Notes on the Authorities, 98 ; Variations CONTENTS. VIII PAGE 17. St. Domingo or Hayti, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; Positions 100 Notes on the Authorities, 102 ; Descriptive Notes on Anegada, and St. Thomas's, 102; St. Croix, &c, 103; Variation, 104. 18. The Caribbee and Leeward Islands; Positions 105 Notes, Descriptive, &c, 106; Variations, 108. 19.

The Coasts of Guyana, Colombia, &c, to the Mexican Sea, inclusive ; Positions 108 Notes, Descriptive, &c., 112; Coast of Guyana, 112; Surinam, 112; Corentyn, Berbice and Demerary, 113; Orinoco, 92; Ports of Venezuela, 113; Mexican Sea to Vera Cruz and Tampico, 114; Variations of the Compass

Section II. General Observations On The Winds, Tides, And Currents, And On

THE DIFFERENT PASSAGES OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. I._Of the WINDS, Tornadoes, and Hurricanes 115 Winds in general, 115 ; Perennial or Trade-wind, 116 ; Remarks by Mr. Dunsterville, Colonel Reid, Captain FitzRoy, and Dr. Hare, 117; Table of the Limits of the N.E. and S.E. Trade-winds, 119; Remarks on Winds and Currents Northward and Southward of the Equator, by M. de la Perouse and Captain J. W. Monteath, 121 ; Periodical Winds, &c, on the African Coast, 123 ; the Harmattan, 122 ; On the Seasons aud Winds of the Coast of Africa, by the Baron Roussin, 123 ; On the Coast between the Isles de Los and Sierra Leone, by Captain Boteler, 125; Tornadoes on the African Coast, by M. Golberry, 125. Winds on the Atlantic Isles, 126; at Jamaica, 127; West Indies, in general, 128 ; Barbadoes and Windward Islands, 128 ; Greater Antillas, 129 : the Bayamos near Cuba, 129.

Guyana, Cumana, &c, to Yucatan, 129, 130; Mexican Sea, 130; the Northers or Norths, 134; Tampico to Florida, 132. Winds on the Continental Coasts of North America, 132 ; Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, 133 ; United States, 134 ; On the N.E. Storms (Dr. Frank lin and Colonel Reid), 135. Hurricanes :— Of Hurricanes in general, 135 ; General Theory, the Atmosphere and the Barometer, 136 ; The Law of Storms, 137 ; The Hurri canes described, 138—140; Hurricanes of 1780, 140; at Trinidad and Barbadoes, 1831, 143; Hurricane of 1830, 144; Various Hurricanes in the West Indies, 146 ; At Antigua, 1835, 147. General Observations on Rotary Storms, 149 ; Storm-Card, by Lieutenant John Evans, R.N., 151 ; Its Explanation, and Method of Avoiding a Storm, 152; Indications of the Barometer, 136; On Making Use of Hurricanes' 159; List of Authorities, 159.

Of Waterspouts, 160; Description by Mr. M. Downie, 161; by Mr. G. Maxwell, 161 ; by the Hon. Captain Napier, 164 ; Remarkable Whirl wind at New Providence, in 1839, 165. IL— Of the TIDES 166 Explanation of Tidal Phenomena:— The Action of the Moon, 166; Of the Sun, 166; The Tidal Wave, and its Velocity, 167; The Establishment, and the Corrected Establishment of the Port, 168; The Semi-menstrual Inequality, 168 ; The Age of the Tide and Difference of two Diurnal Tides 168 ; Height of Mean Water, 169; Various Phenomena, 169. CONTENTS. IX page General Tide-table for all the Coasts, with particular Remarks, 170; British Coasts, 170 ; Ireland, 171 ; Scotland, 172 ; Coast of France, in the Channel, 172 ; Bay of Biscay, and thence to Gibraltar, 173 ; Coasts of Africa, 174 ; The Atlantic Islands, 175; Strait of Belle-Isle, Newfoundland, Sec, 175; River of St. Lawrence, 175 ; Gulf of St. Lawrence, 176 ; Breton Island, Nova Scotia, &c, 176 ; United States, 177 ; Bahamas, &c, 178 ; Mexican Sea and West Indies, 178.

III.— Of the CURRENTS 179 Definitions, &c, and Enumeration of the Atlantic Currents, 179. 1. Of Rennell's or the Thwart Channel Current, 180 ; Experiments on the Current 189 2. The Arctic or Greenland Current, with Easterly and South-easterly Drift Currents to the Coasts of Europe and Africa, 193 ; Experiments on the same , 194 Major Rennell's Remarks on the Currents between Cape Finisterre and the Canary Islands, 202 ; The Baron Roussin's Remarks on the Currents between Cape Bojador and the Isles de Los, 204. 3. The African or Guinea Current ; being an Easterly Stream along the Coast of Africa into the Bights of Benin and Biafra, with a Westerly Outset from the same 205 4. The Central Drift Current, between the Azores and Bermudas, &c. ; the Sargasso Sea, &c. ; Exemplification 208 5. The Equatorial Current, or Current from the Equator to the Colombian or Caribbean Sea 211 Eastern Branch of the Equatorial Current 217 6.

The Currents of the Colombian or Caribbean Sea, and the Mexican Stream, 219; On those of the Caribbean Sea, by the Baron Humboldt, Captain Cochrane, and Lieutenant Greevelink, 219; Further Description from British Navigators, 223; Mexican Stream, 225 ; In the Vicinity of the Caycos, 227 ; Caribbean Sea, further Details and Bottle Experiments 228 7. The Florida or Gulf Stream 230 General Description, 230 ; Remarks by Sir Philip Broke, and Mr. Edw. Sabben, &c, 233 ; by Captain Monteath", and Captain J. Steele Park, 235 ; by Captain Edw. Sa'bine, 236; Bottle Experiments, &c, 236 ; Indications of the Stream, by Colonel J. Williams, &c, 257 ; Counter Currents on each side of the Gulf Stream, 242; Their Origin : 243 Off-set or Easterly Drift from the Gulf Stream, on the North and N.E. of the Bahamas, &c, 244 ; Observations on the Gulf Stream, by Sir Charles Blagden, 245 ; by Commissioner Ellicott, 249. 8.

The Newfoundland Currents 250 Remarks by Captain Pomton, &c, 250 ; by Captain Hare and Lieutenant Evans, 252 ; by Captains Hamlin and Park, 252 ; Temperatures East of the Grand Bank, 254. 9. General Remarks ou the Currents between Jamaica and Europe 255 By Captain J. S. Park, 255. 10. On the General Causes of the Currents, &c 259 Observations of Captain Charles Wilkes, U.S. Exploring Expedition, 263 Of Lieutenant Maury, U.S.N., 265 ; Of Captain Leighton, 266. IV.— Of the PASSAGES over the Atlantic 267 Great Circle Sailing, 267. 1. Of Ships bound to and from the East Indies, &c 268 Directions by M. D'Apres, 269 ; On Crossing the Line, by Captain Cheveley, 270; by Captain Sir Edw. Belcher, 271 ; On the Return toward b CONTENTS. X PAOB England, 271 ; Remarks by Admiral Krusenstern, 272; Volcanic Eruptions near the Equator, note, 274. 2.

Of Ships bound to and from the West Indies, with Instructions for Navigating therein 1. Remarks by Captain Geo. Cheveley, with general Directions, 275; West Indies to the English Channel, 277 ; Remarks by Major Rennell 277 2. Directions for Sailing to aud from ihe West Indies and North America, from the Derrolero de las Antillas, 278 ; On proceeding to the Windward or Caribbee Islands 281 3. Particular Instructions for the Navigation of the Windward Islands, &c. 282 General Remarks on the Navigation of the Caribbean Sea, from Leeward to Windward, by Lieutenant Greevelink, 285 ; Bermudas to the Windward Islands, &c, by Mr. Henry Davy, 286. 4. Passages between Jamaica and Yucatan, Chagre, Cartagena, Mara caybo, &c 287 To the Bay of Honduras, by Mr. W. J. Capes, 287; byMr.FMw. Dunster ville, 288.

Jamaica to Chagre and off Cartagena, by Mr. Dunsterville, 290 ; To the Bar of Maracaybo, 291. The Channels of Providence, between the Great and Little Banks of Bahama, 292. 3. Directions for Proceeding to Demerary, &c, from the N.E., by Captains G. Cheveley, of Liverpool ; and Wm. Cook, of London 293 4. Of Ships bound to and from North America only 294 The Great Circle Track, 294 ; Remarks by Captain Charles Hare, 295 ; Lieutenant Maury's Sailing Directions, 297 ; Between New York and Europe, 299 ; New York to South Atlantic, &c, 301 ; Route to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 301 ; Remarks on the Island of St. Paul, &c, 302. Routes to the Ports of the United States, 302 ; Monitions and Instructions for Vessels navigating on the Western Side of the Atlantic, by Mr. W. C. Redfield, 303 ; Steam Navigation across the Atlantic, 304. 5.

Routes to and from the Senegal and Gambia ; chiefly from the Baron Roussin 304 6. General Instructions and Admonitions for Vessels bound from Liverpool and other Western Ports to the Atlantic Ocean, and for Returning from the Ocean to the same, by Captain Thomas Midgley, 1839 305 7. General Notes on the Approaches to the Channels, and for Navigating the British Channel, by Captain Richard Leighton 312

Section III. Particular Descriptions Of The Coasts And Islands Of The Atlantic

; WITH DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING, ETC. 1. England, France, Spain, and Portugal 314 Coasts of France, 314 ; Spain, 318 ; General Remarks on coming in with the Coast about Ferrol and Corunna, 319 ; Coast of Portugal, 320. 2. The Coasts of Africa, from Tangier to Cape Mesurado 322 a..7. Cautionary Notice, 322 ; Tangier, &c, 322 ; Cape Spartel, 323 ; Jeremia, 323 ; El Araiche, 325 ; Slaa or Salee and Rabat, 326 ; Fidallah, 327 ; Azamor and Mazagan, 328 ; Cape Blanco, 329 ; Cape Cantin, and Asfee or Saffi, 329; Mogodor, 330; Capes Tefelueh and Ghir or Geer, 332; Agadier or Santa Cruz, 332 ; Wedinoon or Noon, 334 ; Canarian Fishery, 335; Porto Cansado, &c, 335; Currents along Shore, between Cape SparteFand Cape Bojador, 335 ; Wrecks produced by the Currents, 336. CONTENTS. XI PAGE Cape Bojador to Cape Blanco, 342 ; Rio Ouro or Gold River, 344 ; Angra da Cintra, 345 ; St. Cyprian Bay, and Cape Corvoeiro,346 ; Cape Blanco 347.

Bank of Arguin, &c, 348 ; Currents, 349 ; Cape Mink, Sec, 349 ; Port andik, 349 ; English Gum Trade, 350 ; Portandik to tlie Senegal, 351 ; Sene gal, 351 ; Currents, 352 ; Winds, 354 ; Senegal to Cape Verde, 354 ; Cape Verde, 354 ; Goree, 355. River Gambia, 358 ; Cape St. Mary to Cape Roxo, 360 ; Bissagos and Bijooga Islands, 362 ; Jeba Channel to Bissao, 362 ; Channel of the Bolola or Rio Grande, 366; Bulama or Boolam, 366; Kauyabac, 367; Winds and Tides in the Eastern Channel, 369 ; Kakundy or Rio Nunez, 369 ; River Compoonee, 374. Cape Verga, 375 ; Rio Pongo, 376 ; Winds, &c, 378 ; Isles de Los, 378 ; The Seasons, 379 ; Coast between the Isles de Los and the Pongo, 379 ; Directions for Sailing from Cape Roxo to the Isles de Los, by the Baron Roussin, 380 ; Isles de Los to Sierra Leone, Description and Directions by Captain Boteler, 381 ; Matacong Isle, 381 ; River Mellacoree, 383 ; Scarcies River, 384.

Directions for Sierra Leone, &c, 385 ; Lighthouse, 385 ; Freetown, 386 ; Sierra Leone to Cape St. Anne, 388 ; Bananas Isles, 388 ; Sherboro' Inlet, 389 ; Bank and Shoals of St. Anne, 390 ; River Gallinas, 391. 3. The Azores or Western Islands 392 General Description, 392 ; Winds and Storms, 393 ; St. Michael's, 395 ; Volcano of 1811, 395 ; Towns, fkc., 397; Appearance of the Land from the Road of Ponta del Gada, 398 ; Villa Franca, 399 ; Isle of St. Mary, 400 ; Formigas Bank and Rocks, 402 , Dollarabats' Shoal and Tulloch Reef, 403. Terceira, 404 ; Volcano between Terceira and St. Michael, 405 ; Angra, 407 ; Praya Bay, 407 ; Coasts, as described by Tofino, 407 ; Description of Terceira and Angra, by Captain Livingston, 408. Isle of Pico, 409 ; Fayal, 411 ; St. George, 413 ; Volcano of 1808, 413 ; Graciosa, 414; Flores, 415; Reefs between Pico and Flores, 416; Corvo, 417. 4.

The Islands of Madeira and Porto Santo 419 Porto Santo, &c, 419; Desertas, 420; Madeira, 421; Funchal, 424; South Coast, 424 ; Sailing in toward Funchal, 426 ; Road of Funchal, 427; Regulations of the Port, note, 429 ; North Coast, 431. 5. The Canaries or Canary Islands 433 The Islands generally, 433 ; The Salvages, 434 ; Lanzarote, 435 ; Fuer taventura, 436 ; Canaria or Grand Canary, 438 ; Tenerife, 438 ; Remarks on Tenerife, by the Baron Humboldt and Captain Beechey, 439 ; by Cap tain Vancouver, Captain FitzRoy, and Captain Owen, &c, 441 ; by Admiral Krusenstern, 442 ; Orotava, Sec., 443 ; Quarantine Regulations, 443 ; Palma, 444 ; Gomera and Ferro, 445. Directions for Sailing among the Islands, by Captain Glas, 445 ; Of the Calms of the Canary Islands, 446 ; On Sailing from the Islands to the Equator, with returning Route, by Captain Lisiansky, 447. 6.

Description of the Sargasso or Weedy Sea 447 7. The Cape Verde Islands 452 Ilha de Sal, or Salt Island, 452; Bonavisla, 453; Leton Rock, 455; Mayo, 456 ; St. Iago, 456 ; Port Praya, 457 ; Remarks on St. Iago, by Cap tain Monteath, 459; Remarks by Captain Fitzroy, 461 ; Fuego or Fogo, 463 ; Brava, and St. Nicolas, 463 ; Raza, and Branco, 464 ; St. Lucia, 465 ; St. Vincent, 465 ; St Antonio, 467 ; Remarks on St. Antonio and St. Vin cent, by Captain Monteath, 468. Remarks on Quitting the Cape Verde Islands, and Crossing the Line, by Captain Grant, R.N CONTENTS. PAGE Remarks on Sailing Westward of the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and toward the Line, by Captain Flinders, R.N 470 8. Bermudas or Somers' Islands 471 General Description and Products, 471 ; Sailing Directions, 478 9. The Coasts and Islands of America in general 482

Section IV. Description Of The Rocks, Shoals, And Vigias In The Atlantic

AND OF THE AUTHORITIES ON WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN INSERTED IN THE CHART: INCLUDING REMARKS ON ICE- BERGS, ICE ISLANDS, ETC. PAGE General Note on the Vigias, &c 483 1. Shoals, &c, lo the Northward of Latitude 50° 485 Nun Rock, off Cape Rath, 485 ; Aitkin's Rock ? 485 ; Brasil Rock, 487; Rokol or Rockall, 487 ; Lion's Bank, 488 ; Kramer's Bank ? 488 ; Ledge off Belle-Isle, 488. 2. Shoals, Icebergs, and Ice Islands, between Latitude 40° and Latitude 50° 489 Iceberg's, Ice Islands, and Drift Ice, 489 ; Shoals and Vigias in general, Remarks by Lieutenant Evans, 494 ; Roche Bonne, &c, 495 ; Chapelle Bank, 495 ; Devil's Rocks, 496 ; Mayda, Clark's Rock, 498 ; Five Heads? 498 ; Isle Verte, Greeve's Ledge, and Midgley's Shoal, 499 ; Woodall's Rock, and Amplimonl Rocks, 501 ; Henderson Bank, and Three Chimneys, 501 ; Gough's Rocks, Beazley Shoal, and Jacquet Island, 502 ; Beaufort Bank, Druid's Reef, Hervagault's Breakers, and Daraith's Rock, 503 ; Wat son's Rock, 504 ; Virgin Rocks, 505 ; Shoal on the Bank of Newfoundland, 505 ; Cashe's Ledge and Shoal Grounds on George's Bank, 506 ; Nantucket Shoals, 507 ; America Rock ? 508 ; Imaginary Shoals, 508. 3.

Shoals, See., between Latitude 30° and Latitude 40° 509 Dædalus Rock, off Cape St. Vincent, 505 ; Cleveland Reef? 509 ; Falcon Rocks and Eight Stones ? 509 -, Pronk Rocks, 511; Constante Reef aud Ferreira's Reef, 51 1 ; Hilton Rocks, 512 ; Jean Hamon's Rock ? and Whale Rock? 512 ; Tulloch Reef, 513 ; St. Mary's Bank, 513 ; Josyna Rock, 513; Falconer Rock, 514 ; Candler's Rock ? and Chanteneau's Shoal, 514 ; Breton's Rock, and Columbine Shoal, 515 ; Anna Rock? Munn's Reef? Field's Vigia? and Anfitrite Shoal, 516 ; Potomac's Soundings, Dyet Rocks? aud Ashton Rock? 517; Huntly's Rock? Sec., 517. 4. Shoals, Sec, between the Latitudes of 20° and 30° 518 Gombaud's Rock? 518; Overfalls in Latitude 24° 11', 518; Gandaria Rocks, 5)8 ; Mourand's Bank ? and Deep Soundings East of Bermuda, 518 ; Guigou's Bank ? 519 ; Courier Rock ? and Inglefield Bank, 519. 5.

Vigias, Sec., between the Equator and Latitude 20° N 520 Hannah's Coral Shoal, 520; Maria Rocks, Madeline Reef, Warley's Shoal, French Shoal, Bouvet's Bank, Dubreuil's Vigia, Vigia de 5 Palmas, Longchamp's Rock, and Maalstrom, not to be found. Report of Captain Wilkes, American Exploring Expedition, pages 520—522. Bonetta or Emily Rock, 522 ; Penedo de San Pedro, or St. Paul's Islets, 523; Cæsar Breakers, 524 ; Blaesdale's Reef, 525; India Shoal ? Baxo de' Garcas, Porgas Bank, andTexeiro's Shoal, 525 ; Volcanic Region, Galleon's Bank, 526 ; Discoloured Water and Soundings, 526. Betsey's Rock, 528; Galissoniere's Rock, Delaware Shoal, Martin's Reef St. Esprit Reef? 528; Clowes Reef, 529 ; Discoloured Water, 529. CONTENTS. XIII Depth of the Atlantic Ocean, and Deep-Sea Soundings 529 By Captains Wauchope and Barnett, 530 ; by Lieutenant Walsh, 530 ; by Commander Platt, 531.

Account of the Fine Dust which often falls on Vessels in the Atlantic Ocean 533 APPENDIX; CONTAINING HINTS AND REMARKS ON GENERAL NAUTICAL PRAC- TICE ; WITH OTHER SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS, TABLES, ETC. I. — Mode of ascertaining Currents ; Log-line, Log-Glass, &c. ; Steerage ; Spanish Pilots; Dead-reckoning in Shoal Water. By Captain Livingston and others 536 IL— On the Artificial Horizon, by Commander Beecher, R.N 537 III.— Remarks on ascertaining Longitude, and the Use of Chronometers, &c. ... 539 By Captain Horsburgh, 539 ; General Rules by Captain Richard Owen, R.N., 539 ; Remarks by Captain FitzRoy, 540 ; Method of com paring the Time indicated by any number of Chronometers with the given Time at a certain station, by the Rev. F. Fallows, 541 ; Method of Rating- Chronometers, by Sir J. Herschel, 541 ; The Dipleidoscope, 541.

IV. — On the proper Method of Laying down a Ship's Track on Sea Charts ; with some Remarks on the Importance of Timekeepers in Navigation, by Captain Basil Hall, R.N., F.R.S 541 V. — Brief Mode of expressing the Points of the Compass, 543 ; Variation of the Compass by Projection 544 VI. — On Magnetism and the Compass 544 General Notice, 544 ; Terrestrial Magnetism and Induction, 545; Various Phenomena, 545 ; Variation, 547 ; Dip, 547 ; Intensity, 548 ; Local Deviation, 549; Dent's Patent Azimuth and Steering Compass, 551 ; Mr. Walker's, R.N., Compass, 551 ; Professor Barlow's Correcting Plates, 551. VII. — On the General Temperature of the Sea, Marine Thermometer, &c 553 Temperature of the Atlantic Ocean, 553 ; Heat of the Sea in the West Indies (Mr. Dunsterville), 555. Improved Marine Thermometer 558 Of the Marine Barometer and Simpiesometer 559 Remarks by Captain Horsburgh, 559 ; by Captain J. Marshall, 561 ; Atmosphere of the Canary Islands (Lieutenant Arlett), 561 ; Of the Bahama Islands (Justice Lees), 562 ; Gulf and River of St. Lawrence (Captain Bayfield), 563 ; The Simpiesometer, 564.

VIII. — The Thermometer, with Scale of Temperatures 565 Description of Squalls, 566 ; Remarks by Captain FitzRoy, 567 ; by Lieutenant Evans, 567. IX.— Of Lightning Rods and Conductors 567 Mr. Harris's Lightning Conductors, 567 ; References on the subject to Nautical Magazine, 568. X. — Classification of the Clouds, as defined in the Nomenclature of Mr. Luke Howard 568 XL — Mode of Journalizing the Wind and Weather, as prescribed for the Royal Navy, 1838, by Captain Beaufort, R.N MR. R. H. LAURIE BEGS TO DIRECT ATTENTION TO THl. FOLLOWING WORK. In Two Volumes, Royal 8vo, 1,500 pages, price £3, m cloth boards, with a, Chart of the Currents, eye., A DIRECTORY FOR THE NAVIGATION or THE PACIFIC OCEAN; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ITS COASTS, ISLANDS, ETC, FROM THE STRAIT OF MAGALHAENS TO THE ARCTIC SEA, AND THOSE OF ASIA AND AUSTRALIA ; ITS WINDS, CURRENTS, AND OTHER PHENOMENA.

IN TWO PARTS. By ALEXANDER G. FINDLAY, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. (EDITOR OF THE TENTH FDITION OF PURDv's ATLANTIC MEMOIR, THE ETHIOPIC, THE BRITISH AMERICAN, THE COLOMBIAN NAVIGATORS, ETC.)

Part II

-THE ISLANDS, ETC, OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. From the Address to the Bogal Geographical Society, by Sir Roderick Murchison, F.R.S., P.R.G.S. " Mr. Finrilay bai completed his ' Directory of the Great South Sea,' a work likely to prove very important to navigators. It is divided into two large-sized volumes, in which authorities from all countries have been collected ; and the introduction contains a condensed historical notice of all the principal Pacific navigators."— Journal, vol. xxii., 1852. From the Nautical Magazine, 1852. " At length the Great South Sea has a Directory, to which the seaman who is bound there can appeal for instruction and all the information to be obtained regarding it. The work is divided into two goodly-sized volumes, in which authorities from all countries are made to eontribute their information.

A condensed view of all the important Pacific navigators appears as a useful introduction, containing historical notices of much interest.'' By the Chevalier Jacob Swart, Hydrogrnpher to the Dutch Admiralty, Correspondinq Member of the Bogal Geographical Society of London, Sec'., Sj-c. "We have thus briefly described this treasure, and recommend its use and reference Mr Findlay, as composer of this work, will not only deserve the thanks of his countrymen but also' of the manners of every nation, who traverse these oceans, tbe greatest in the globe with their shipping. The publisher, Mr. R. H. Laurie, claims great crerlit for the neat execution and handsome form of the volumes ; and the author, Mr. Findlav, deserves all praise ■ thev must teel assured that navigators will here possess a work that will rival the best ever published in England."— Verlmndelingen en Berigten, Sfc, April, 185*2, p. 438.

MEMOIR, ETC. V Throughout this Work the given Longitude is the Longitude from Greenwich. In the Saiiing Directions the Bearings and Courses are those by Compass, unless where otherwise expressed; but those given thus [W.S.W.] signify the True: and the given direction of Wind, Tide, and Current, is generally to be considered as the True.