History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella ... New and revised edition, with the author's latest corrections and additions. Edited by J. F. Kirk

Front matter

" CMJKtfSTOFHEJR, C © E, IDT MI B Iff S . Lonicm., George Eoutledge & Sons . HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF FEEDINAND AND ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC BY WILLIAM H. PEE SCOTT Quæ surgere regna Conjugio tali ! Virgil. Æneid. iv. 47 Crevere vires, famaque et imperi Porrecta majestas ab Euro Solis ad Occiduum cubile. Horat. Carm. iv. 15 NEW AND REVISED EDITION WITH THE AUTHOR'S LATEST CORRECTIONS AUD ADDITIONS EDITED et JOHN FOSTER KIEK LONDON GEOEGE EOTJTLEDGE AND SONS, Limited BROADWAY, LHDGATB HILL TO THE HONOURABLE WILLIAM PEE SCOTT, LL.D., THE GUIDE OP MY YOUTH, MY BEST FRIEND IN RIPER YEAES, Œfit's Folume, WITH THE WARMEST PEELINGS OP FILIAL AFFEOTION, IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. EDITOR'S

Preface

. Ix the intervals of composition, especially during the last years of his life, Mr. Prescott devoted much time to the revision of his published works. The changes he made included, besides many verbal amendments and some alterations of greater moment, numerous additions, principally to the notes, from the fresh material accumulated in the progress of his researches. Successive English editions published during his lifetime profited to some extent by this labour ; but his purpose to incorporate the whole of its results in a new American edition was unhappily frustrated by his death. He had intimated a desire that the task should, in this event, be undertaken by the writer, who had shared in the previous labour and was cognizant of the details, and to whom it has accordingly been intrusted by the publishers, the present proprietors of the copyrights.

It has consisted mainly in collating the editions, errors having crept into the later and otherwise more perfect ones ; inserting emendations and additions from the author's manuscripts ; verifying doubtful references ; and securing, by a careful supervision of the proofs, that high degree of typographical accuracy which is especially desirable in reprints of standard works. Occasional notes, confined to points of fact, have been appended by the editor, where statements in the text, based on insufficient authority or called in question by recent investigators, needed to be substantiated or corrected.

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION. English writers have done more for the illustration of Spanish history than for that of any other except their own. To say nothing of the recent general compendium executed for the "Cabinet Cyclopædia," a work of singular acute ness and information, we have particular narratives of the several reigns, in an unbroken series, from the emperor Charles the Fifth (the First of Spain) to Charles the Third, at the close of the last century, bv authors whose names are a sufficient guarantee for the excellence of their productions. It is singular that, with this attention to the modern history of the Peninsula, there should be no particular account of the period which may be considered as the proper basis of it,— the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. In this reign, the several States into which the country had been broken up for ages we're brought under a common rule ; the kingdom of Naples was conquered ; America discovered and colonized ; the ancient empire of the Spanish Arabs subverted; the dread tribunal of the Modern Inquisition established ; the Jews, who contributed so sensibly to the wealth and civilization of the country, were banished ; and, in fine, such changes were introduced into the interior administration of the monarchy as have left a permanent impression on the character and condition of the nation.

PREFACE.

. V The actors in these events were every way suited to their importance. Besides the reigning sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, the latter certainly one of the most interesting personages in history, we have, in political affairs, that consummate statesman, Cardinal Ximenes, in military, the " Great Cap tain," Gonsalvo de Cordova, and in maritime, the most successful navigator of any age, Christopher Columbus ; whose entire biographies fall within the limits of this period. Even such portions of it as have heen incidentally touched by English writers, as the Italian wars, for example, have been drawn so exclusively from French and Italian sources that they may be said to be untrodden ground for the historian of Spain.* It must be admitted, however, that an account of this reign could not have been undertaken at any preceding period with anything like the advantages at present afforded, owing to the light which recent researches of Spanish scholars, in the greater freedom of inquiry now enjoyed, have shed on some of its most interesting and least familiar features.

The most important of the works to which I allude are, the History of the Inquisition, from official documents, by its secretary, Llorente ; the analysis of the political institutions of the kingdom, by such writers as Marina, Sempere, and Capmany ; the literal version, now made for the first time, of the Spanish- Arab chronicles, by Conde ; the collection of original and unpublished documents illustrating the history of Columbus and the early Castilian navigators, by Navarrete ; and, lastly, the copious illustrations of Isabella's reign by Clemencin, the late lamented secretary of the Royal Academy of History, forming the sixth volume of its valuable Memoirs. It was the knowledge of these facilities for doing justice to this subject, as well as its intrinsic merits, which led me, ten years since, to select it ; and surely no subject could be found more suitable for the pen of an American than a history of that reign under the auspices of which the existence of his own favoured quarter of the globe was first revealed.

As I was conscious that the value of the history must depend mainly on that of its materials, I have spared neither pains nor expense, from the first, in collecting the most authentic. In accomplishing this, I must acknowledge the services of my friends, Mr. Alexander H. Everett, then minister plenipotentiary from tho United States to the court of Madrid, Mr. Arthur Middleton, secretary of the American legation, and, above all, Mr. 0. Rich, now American consul for the Balearic Islands, a gentleman whose extensive bibliographical knowledge, and unwearied researches during a long residence in the Peninsula, have been liberally employed for the benefit both of his own country and of England. With such assistance, I flatter myself that I have been enabled to secure what ever can materially conduce to the illustration of the period in question, whether in the form of chronicle, memoir, private correspondence, legal codes, or official documents.

Among these are various contemporary manuscripts, covering the whole ground of the narrative, none of which have been printed, and some of them but little known to Spanish scholars. In obtaining copies of these from the public libraries, I must add that I have found facilities under the present * The only histories of this reign by Con tinental writers, with which I am acquainted, are the "Histoire des Rois Catholiques Fer dinand et Isabelle, par l'Abbe Jlignot, Paris, 1766," and the "Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinand des Katholischen, von Rupert Becker, Prag und Leipzig, 1.90." Their authors have employed the most accessible materials only in the compilation; and, deed, they lay claim to no great research, which would seem to be precluded by the extent of their works, in neither instance ex ceeding two volumes duodecimo.

They have the merit of exhibiting, in a simple, perspicuous form, those events which, lying on the surface, may be found more or less expanded in most general histories.

PREFACE.

. VI liberal government which were denied me under the preceding. In addition to these sources of information, I have availed myself, in the part of the work occupied with literary nitieism and history, of the library of my friend, Mi- George Ticknor, wno during a visit to Spain, some years since, collected what ever was rare and valuable in the literature of the Peninsula. I must further acknowledge my obligations to the library of Harvard University, in Cam bridge, from whose rich repository of books relating to our own country I have derived material aid ; and, lastly, I must not omit to notice the favours of another kind for which 1 am indebted to my friend, Mr. William H. Gardiner, whose judicious counsels have been of essential benefit to me in the revision of my labours. In the plan of the work, I have not limited myself to a strict chronological narrative of passing events, but have occasionally paused, at the expen.se, perhaps, of some interest in the story, to seek such collateral information as might bring these events into a clearer view.

I have devoted a liberal portion of the work to the literary progress of the nation, conceiving this quite as essential a part of its history as civil and military details. I have occasionally introduced, at the close of the chapters, a critical notice of the authorities used, that the reader may form some estimate of their comparative value and credibility. Finally, I have endeavoured to present him with such an account of the state of affairs, both before the accession and at the demise of the Catholic sovereigns, as might afford him the best points of view for surveying the entireresults of their reign. How far I have succeeded in the execution of this plan must be left to the reader's candid judgment. Many errors he may be able to detect. Sure I am, there can be no one more sensible of my deficiencies than myself ; although it was not till after practical experience that I could fully estimate the difficulty of obtaining anything like a faithful portraiture of a distant age, amidst the shifting hues and perplexing cross-lights of historic testimony.

From one class of errors my subject necessarily exempts me, — those founded on national or party feeling. I may have been more open to another fault, — that of too strong a bias in favour of my principal actors ; for characters noble and in teresting in themselves naturally beget a sort of partiality akin to friendship, in the historian's mind, accustomed to the daily contemplation of them. What ever defects may be charged on the work, I can at least assure myself that it is an honest record of a reign important in itself, new to the reader in an English dress, and resting on a solid basis of authentic materials, such as pro bably could not be met with out of Spain, nor in it without much difficulty. I hope I shall be acquitted of egotism although I add a few words respecting the peculiar embarrassments I have encountered in composing these volume^.

Soon after my arrangements were made, early in 1826, for obtaining the necessary materials from Madrid, I was deprived of the use of my eyes for all purposes of reading and writing, and had no prospect of again recovering it. This was a serious obstacle to the prosecution of a work requiring the perusai of a large mass of authorities, in various languages, the contents of which were to be carefully collated, and transferred to my own pages, verified by minute reference.* Thus shut out from one sense, I was driven to rely exclusively on another, and to make the ear do the work of the eye. With the assistance of * " To compile a history from various authors, when they can only be consulted by other eyes is not easy, nor possible but with more skilful and attentive help than can be -commonly obtained."

(Johnson's Life of Milton.) This remark of the great critic, which first engaged my attention in the midst of my embarrassments, although di.cour.ging at first, in the end stimulated the desire to overcome them.

PREFACE.

. VII a reader, uninitiated, it may be added, in any modern language but his own, I worked my way through several venerable Castilian quartos, until I was satisfied of the practicability of the undertaking. I next procured the services of one more competent to aid me in pursuing my historical inquiries. The process was slow and irksome enough, doubtless to both parties, at least till my ear was accommodated to foreign sounds, and an antiquated, oftentimes barbarous phraseology, when my progress became more sensible, and I was cheered with the prospect of success. It certainly would have been a far more serious misfortune to be led thus blindfold through the pleasant paths of literature ; hut my track stretched, for the most part, across dreary wastes, where no beauty lurked to arrest the traveller's eye and charm his senses.

After persevering in this course for some years, my eyes, by the blessing of Providence, recovered sufficient strength to allow me to use them, with tolerable freedom, in the prosecution of my labours, and in the revision of all previously written. I hope I shall not be misunderstood as stating these circumstances to deprecate the severity of criticism, since I am inclined to think the greater circumspection I have been compelled to use has left me, on the whole, less exposed to inaccuracies than I should have been in the ordinary mode of com position. But, as I reflect on the many sober hours I have passed in wading through black-letter tomes, and through manuscripts whose doubtful ortho graphy and defiance of all punctuation were so many stumbling-blocks to my amanuensis, it calls up a scene of whimsical distresses, not usually encountered, on which the good-natured reader may, perhaps, allow I have some right, now that I have got the better of them, to dwell with satisfaction. .

I will only remark, in conclusion of this too prolix discussion about myself, that, while making my tortoise-like progress, I saw what I had fondly looked upon as my own ground (having indeed lain unmolested by any other invader for so many ages) suddenly entered, and in part occupied, by one of my countrymen. I allude to Mr. Irving's " History of Columbus and " Chronicle of Granada ; " the subjects of which, although covering but a small part of my whole plan, form certainly two of its most brilliant portions. Now, alas ! if not devoid of interest, they are, at least, stripped of the charm of novelty. For what eye has not been attracted to the spot on which the light of that writer's genius has fallen ? I cannot quit the subject, which has so long occupied me, without one glance at the present unhappy condition of Spain ; who, shorn of her ancient splendour, humbled by the loss of empire abroad and credit at home, is abandoned to all the evils of anarchy.

Yet, deplorable as this condition is, it is not so had as the lethargy in which she has been sunk for ages. Better be hurried forward for a season on the wings of the tempest than stagnate in a deathlike calm, fatal alike to intellectual and moral progress. The crisis of a revolution, when old things are passing away and new ones are not yet established, is indeed fearful. Even the immediate consequences of its achieve ment are scarcely less so to a people who have yet to learn by experiment the precise form of institutions best suited to their wants, and to accommodate their character to these institutions. Such results must come with time, how ever, if the nation be but true to itself. And that they will come, sooner or later, to the Spaniards, surely no one can distrust who is at all conversant with their earlier history, and has witnessed the examples it affords of heroic virtue, devoted patriotism, and generous love of freedom ; " Che l'antico valore non e ancor morto." Clouds and darkness have, indeed, settled thick around the throne of tbe

PREFACE.

. youthful Isabella ; but not a deeper darkness than that which covered the land in the first years of her illustrious namesake ; and we may humbly trust that the same Providence which guided her reign to so prosperous a termination may carry the nation safe through its present perils, and secure to it the greatest of earthly blessings, civil and religious liberty. November, 1837.

PREFACE.

TO THE THIRD ENGLISH EDITION. Since the publication of the First Edition of this work, it has undergone a careful revision ; and this, aided by the communications of several intelligent friends, who have taken an interest in its success, has enabled me to correct several verbal inaccuracies, and a few typographical errors, which had been previously overlooked. 'VS bile the Second Edition was passing through the press, I received, also, copies of two valuable Spanish works, having relation to the reign of the Catholic sovereigns, but which, as they appeared during the recent troubles of the Peninsula, had not before come to my knowledge. For these I am indebted to the politeness of Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington ; a gentleman whose frank and liberal manners, personal accomplishments, and independent conduct in public life have secured for him deservedly high consideration in the United States as well as in his own country.

I must still further acknowledge my obligation to Don Pascual de Gayangos, the learned author of the " Mahommedan Dynasties in Spain," recently pub lished in London, — a work which, from its thorough investigation of original sources and its fine spirit of criticism, must supply, what has been so long felt to be a desideratum with the student, the means of forming a perfect acquaint ance with the Arabic portion of the Peninsular annals. There fell into the hands of this gentleman, on the breaking up of the convents of Saragossa, in 1835, a rich collection of original documents, comprehending, among other things, the autograph correspondence of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the principal persons of their court. It formed, probably, part of the library of Geronimo Zurita, — historiographer of Aragon under Philip the Second. — who, by virtue of his office, was intrusted with whatever documents would illustrate the history of the country.

This rare collection was left at his death to a monastery in his native city. Although Zurita is one of the principal authorities for the present work, there are many details of interest in this correspondence which have passed unnoticed by him, even when forming the basis of his con clusions ; and I have gladly availed myself of the liberality and great kindness of Sefior de Gayangos, who has placed these manuscripts at my disposal, transcribing such as I have selected for the corroboration and further illustration of my work. The difficulties attending this labour of love will be better appreciated when it is understood that the original writing is in an antiquated character, which few Spanish scholars of the present day could comprehend, and often in cipher, which requires much patience and ingenuity to explain.

With these various emendations, it is hoped that the present Edition may be found more deserving of that favour from the public which has been so courteously accorded to the preceding. March, 1841. CONTENTS.

Introduction

.

Section I

page View of the Castilian Monarchy before the Fifteenth Century . . 1 State of Spain at the Middle of the Fifteenth Century . . . , . . . . 1 Early History and Constitution of Castile 2 The Visigoths 2 Invasion of the Arabs . . . . . . 3 Its Influence on the Condition of the Spaniards 4 Causes of their slow Reconquest of the Country , . . . 4 Their ultimate Success certain . . 5 Their Religious Enthusiasm , . . , 5 Influence of their Minstrelsy . . .. 6 Their Charity to the Infidel . . . . 7 Their Chivalry 7 Early Importance of the Castilian Towns 8 Their Privileges. . 8 Castilian Cortes 10 Its great Powers 11 Its Boldness 12 Hermandades of Castile . . . . 12 Wealth of the Cities 13 Period of the highest Power of the Commons . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Nobility 14 Their Privileges . . . . . . . . 15 Their great Wealth 15 Their turbulent Spirit 17 The Cavalleros or Knights . . , . 17 The Clergy 18 Influence of the Papal Court .. .. 18 Corruption of the Clergy 19 Their rich Possessions . . . . . . 19 Limited Extent of the Royal Prerogative 20 Poverty of the Crown 22 Its Causes 22 PAGE Anecdote of Henry III. of Castile .. 22 Constitution at the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century 23 Constitutional Writers on Castile . . 24 Notice of Marina and Sempere . 24

Section II

Review of the Constitution of Abagon, to the Middle oi the Fifteenth Centcrt 25 Rise of Aragon 25 Foreign Conquests 26 Code of Soprarbe 27 The Ricos Hombrea 27 Their Immunities 28 Their Turbulence 29 Privileges of Union 29 Their Abrogation 30 The Legislature of Aragon . . . . 30 Its Forms of Proceeding 31 Its Powers . . 32 The General Privilege 33 Judicial Functions of Cortes . . . . 33 Preponderance of the Commons . . . . 34 The Justice of Aragon 35 His great Authority . . , . . . 35 Security against its Abase . , ,. 36 Independent Execution of it , . , , 37 Valencia and Catalonia . . , . 37 Rise aud Opulence of Barcelona • • . . 38 Her free Institutions 39 Haughty Spirit of the Catalans . . . . 40 Intellectual Culture 41 Poetical Academy of Tortosa . . . . 42 Brief Glory ofthe Limousin . , , . 42 Constitutional Writers on Aragon . . 43 Notices of Blancas, Martel, and Capmany 43 PART FIRST.

THE PERIOD WHEN THE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS OF SPAIN WERE FIRST UNITED UNDER ONE MONARCHY, AND A THOROUGH REFORM WAS INTRODUCED INTO THEIR INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION ; OR THE PERIOD EXHIBITING MOST FULLY THE DOMESTIC POLICY OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA. Rise of Alvaro de Luna . . . . 48 Jealousy of the Nobles 48 Oppression of the Commons . . . . 49 Its Consequences .. .. . . .. 50 Early Literature of Castile . . . . 61 Its Encouragement under John II. ■■ 51 Marquis of Villena 51

Chapter I

State of Castile at the Birth of Isabella — Reign op John II. of Castile 47 Revolution of Trastamara . , . . 47 Accession of J ohn II. . . ■ ■ • * CONTENTS. X PAGE Her early Education 80 Projected Union with the Grand Master of Cal.itrava . . . . • • • • 81' His sudden Death . . . . . . 81 Battle of Olmedo 82 Civil Anarchy . . . . . . . . 82 Death and Character of Alfonso . . . . 83 His Reign a Usurpation . . . . 84 The Crown offered to Isabella . . . • 84 She declines it 84 Treaty between Henry and the Confederates . . . . . . . . 85 Isabella acknowledged Heir to the Crown at Toros de Guisando . . . . 85 Suitors to Isabella . . 86 ■ Ferdinand of Aragon . . . . . . 87 Support of Joanna Beltraneja . . . . 87 Proposal of the King of Portugal rejected by Isabella 88 She accepts Ferdinand . . ■ • 88 Articles of Marriage • 89 Critical Situation of Isabella . . 89 Ferdinand enters Castile 90 Private Interview between Ferdinand and Isabella 91 Their Marriage 92 Notice of the Quincuagenas of Oviedo . , 93

CHAPTER IV.

Factions in Castile— War between France and Aragon — Death of Henry IV. of Castile .. .. 94 Factions in Castile , . . , , , 94 • Ferdinand and Isabella 95 Civil Anarchy . . . . . . . , 95 Revolt of Roussillon from Louis XI. , , 96 Gallant Defence of Perpignan . , 97 Ferdinand raises the Siege , . . . 98 Treaty between France and Aragon 98 Isabella's Party gains Strength . . , . 9& Interview between Henry IV. and Isabella at Segovia . . . . . . . . 100 second French Invasion of Roussillon 101 erdinand's summary Execution of Justice 101 Siege and Reduction of Perpignan .. 102 Perfidy of Louis XI. 102 Illness of Henry IV. of Castile ., 103 His Death 103 Influence of his Reign . . . , 104 Notice of Alonso de Palencia . . , . 104 Notice of Enriquez del Castillo . . 104

CHAPTER V.

Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella — War of the Succession— Battle of Toro 105 Title of Isabella 105 She is proclaimed Queen . . , , , , 106 Settlement of the Crown ,, ,. jo7 Partisans of Joanna 108 Alfonso of Portugal supports her Cause 108 He invades Castile 109 He espouses Joanna * 109 Castilian Army ., ., ., HO Ferdinand marches against Alfonso " ~; 110 PAGE Marquis of Santillana , .."-.. 63 John de Mena 63 His Influence 64 Baena's Cancionero . . . . . . 64 Castilian Literature under John II. . . 55 Decline of Alvaro de Luna . . . . • 56 His Fall 56 His Death t 57 Lamented by John . . . . . . 67 Death of John II 57 Birth of Isabella 68

Chapter II

Condition of Aragon during the Minority of Ferdinand — Reign of John II. of Aragon ., .. 68 John of Aragon . . . , . « 68 Title of his Son Carlos to Navarre , , 69 He takes Arms against his Father . . 59 Is defeated 60 Birth of Ferdinand 60 Carlos retires to Naples . . . . . . 60 He passes into Sicily 61 John II. succeeds to the Crown of Aragon 61 Carlos reconciled with his Father . . 62 Is imprisoned 62 Insurrection of the Catalans . . , . 63 Carlos released 63 His Death 64 His Character 64 Tragical Story of Blanche . . . . 65 Ferdinand sworn Heir to the Crown . , 66 Besieged by the Catalans in Gerona 66 Treaty between France and Aragon . , 67 General Revolt in Catalonia . . . . 67 Successes of John . . 68 Crown of Catalonia offered to Rene" of Anjou 68 Distress and Embarrassments of John . . 69 Popularity of the Duke of Lorraine 70 Death of the Queen of Aragon . . . . 70 Improvement in John's Affairs . . 70 Siege of Barcelona 71 It surrenders 71 •

Chapter III

Reign of Henry IV. of Castile- Civil War— Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella ., ., 72 Popularity of Henry IV 72 He disappoints Expectations .. .. 73 His dissolute Habits , -74 Oppression of the People . . , , 74 Debasement of the Coin . . , . 75 Character of Pacheco, Marquis osVillena 75 Character of the Archbishop of Toledo 76 Interview between Henry IV. and Louis XI 76 Disgrace of Villena and the Archbishop of Toledo 11 League of the Nobles 77 Deposition of Henry at Avila ,, 78 iJivision of Parties 79 Intrigues of the Marquis of Villena 79 Hsnry disbands his Forces . . . . 80 Proposition for the Marriage of Isabella CONTENTS. XI PAGE Its Introduction into Aragon .. 144 Retrospective View of the Jews iu Spain 146 Under the Arabs 146 Under the Castilians 147 Persecution of the Jews . . . . 147 Their State at the Accession of Isabella 119 Charges against them . . . . 149 Bigotry of the Age 150 Its Influence on Isabella . . ■ . 150 Character of her Confessor Torquemada 151 Papal Bull authorizing the Inquisition 151 Isabella resorts to milder Measures . • 151 Enforces the Papal Bull .. .. 152 Inquisition at Seville .. .. .. 152' Proofs of Judaism . . . . . . 153- The sanguinary Proceedings of the Inquisitors . . 153 Conduct of the Papal Court ., ., 154 Final Organization of the Inquisition 154 Forms of Trial 155 Torture 155 Injustice of its Proceedings .. ,. 156 Autos da Fe 157 Convictions under Torquemada. . . . 1 58 Perfidious Policy of Rome .. .. 159 Notice of Llorente's History of the Inquisition 100 CHAPTER VCl.

Review of the Political and Intellectual Condition of the Spanish Arabs previous to the. War of Granada .. .. 161 Early Successes of Mahometanism . . 161 Conquest of Spain 162 Western Caliphate .. .. .. 163 Form of Government .. .. 163 Character of the Sovereigns .. .. 164 Military Establishment . . . . 164 Sumptuous public Works . . .. 164 Great Mosque of Cordova . . . . 165 Revenues 165 Mineral Wealth of Spain .. .. 166 Husbandry and Manufactures . . . . 166 Population . . . . . . . . 166 Character of Alhakem II. .. ... 167 Intellectual Development . . . . 167 Dismemberment of the Cordovan Empire 16& Kingdom of Granuda 160 Agriculture and Commerce . . . . 170 Resources of the Crown 170 Luxurious Character of the People .. 170' Moorish Gallantry 171 Chivalry 172: Unsettled State of Granada .. .. 172 Causes of her successful Resistance . . 173 Literature of the Spanish Arabs .. 173- Circumstances favourable to it . . . . 174 Provisions for Learning .. . • 174 The actual Results 175 Averroes 1*5 Their Historical Merits 176 Useful Discoveries 176 The Impulse given by them to Europe 176 Their elegant Literature .. .. 177 Poetical Character 177 Influence on the Castilian . < . . 178.

PAGE He challenges him to personal Combat 111 Disorderly Retreat of the Castilians . . Ill Appropriation of the Church Plate . . 112 Reorganization of the Army . . 112 King of Portugal arrives before Zamora 113 Absurd Position . . . . . , 113 He suddenly decamps 114 Overtaken by Ferdinand .. .. 114 Battle of Toro 114 The Portuguese routed .. .. 115 Isabella's Thanksgiving for the Victory 116 Submission of the whole Kingdom . . 116 The King of Portugal visits France 117 Returns to Portugal 118 Peace with France 118 Active Measures of Isabella .. .. 118 Treaty of Peace with Portugal . . 119 Joanna takes the Veil 120 Death of the King of Portugal . . 120 Death of the King of Aragon . . . . 120