History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella ... Eighth edition, revised

Front matter

HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA. . - isteran Engraving from a pichut m the-j/foi/al Palate al Madrid HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC. By WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT,. CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY AT MADRID, F.TC. Qaæ surgere re^:ia Conjugio tali ! Virgil. Æneid. iv. 47. Crevere vires, famaque et imperi Porrecta majestas ab Euro Solis ad Occidmini cubile. Hjrat, Carm. iv. 15. NEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH THE AUTHOR'S LATEST CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. EDITED BY JOHN FOSTER KIRK. IN THREE VOLUMES— VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1873- Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1837, by WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Re-entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by SUSAN PRESCOTT and WILLIAM GARDINER PRESCOTT, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. Li i" pincott's Press, P H I L A DEL P II I A. TO THE HONORABLE WILLIAM PRESCOTT, LL.D., THE GUIDE OF MY YOUTH, MY BEST FRIEND IN RIPER YEARS. ®hwj Holurnts, WITH THE WARMEST FEELINGS OF FILIAL AFFECTION, ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. EDITOR'S

Preface

. In the intervals of composition, especially during the last years of his life, Mr. Prescott devoted much time to the revision of his published works. The changes he made included, besides many verbal amendments and some alter ations of greater moment, numerous additions, principally to the notes, from the fresh material accumulated in the progress of his researches. Successive English editions published during his lifetime profited to some extent by this labor; but his purpose to incorporate the whole of its results in a new American edition was unhappily frustrated by his death. He had intimated a desire that the task should, in this event, be undertaken by the writer, who had shared in the previous labor and was cognizant of the details, and to whom it has accordingly been intrusted by the publishers, the present proprietors of the copyrights. It has consisted mainly in collating the editions, errors having crept into the later EDITOR'S

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. and otherwise more perfect ones ; inserting emen dations and additions from the author's manuscripts ; verifying doubtful references ; and secur ing, by a careful supervision of the proofs, that high degree of typographical accuracy which is especially desirable in reprints of standard works. Occasional notes, confined to points of fact, have been appended by the editor, where statements in the text, based on insufficient authority or called in question by recent investigators, needed to be substantiated or corrected.

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TO THE FIRST EDITION. English writers have done more for the illustration of Spanish history than for that of any other except their own. To say nothing of the recent general com pendium executed for the "Cabinet Cyclopædia," a work of singular acuteness and information, we have particular narratives of the several reigns, in an un broken series, from the emperor Charles the Fifth (the First of Spain) to Charles the Third, at the close of the last century, by authors whose names are a sufficient guarantee for the excellence of their productions. It is singular that, with this attention to the modern his tory of the Peninsula, there should be no particular account of the period which may be considered as the proper basis of it, — the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. In this reign, the several States into which the country had been broken up for ages were brought under a common rule ; the kingdom of Naples was

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. X conquered ; America discovered and colonized ; the ancient empire of the Spanish Arabs subverted ; the dread tribunal of the Modern Inquisition established ; the Jews, who contributed so sensibly to the wealth and civilization of the country, were banished ; and, in fine, such changes were introduced into the interior administration of the monarchy as have left a permanent impression on the character and condition of the nation. The actors in these events were eveiy way suited to their importance. Besides the reigning sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, the latter certainly one of the most interesting personages in history, we have, in political affairs, that consummate statesman, Car dinal Ximenes, in military, the "Great Captain," Gonsalvo de Cordova, and in maritime, the most successful navigator of any age, Christopher Colum bus; whose entire biographies fall within the limits of this period.

Even such portions of it as have been incidentally touched by English writers, as the Italian wars, for example, have been drawn so exclusively from French and Italian sources that they may be said to be untrodden ground for the historian of Spain.* * The only histories of this reign by Continental writers, with which I am acquainted, are the " Histoire des Rois Catholiques Ferdinand et Isabelle, par l'Abbe Mignot, Paris, 1766," and the " Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinand des Katholischen, von Rupert Becker, Prag und Leipzig, 1790." Their authors have employed the most accessible

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. XI It must be admitted, however, that an account of this reign could not have been undertaken at any pre ceding period with any thing like the advantages at present afforded, owing to the light which recent researches of Spanish scholars, in the greater freedom of inquiry now enjoyed, have shed on some of its most interesting and least familiar features. The most im portant of the works to which I allude are, the History of the Inquisition, from official documents, by its secretary, Llorente ; the analysis of the political insti tutions of the kingdom, by such writers as Marina, Sempere, and Capmany; the literal version, now made for the first time, of the Spanish-Arab chronicles, by Conde ; the collection of original and unpublished documents illustrating the history of Columbus and the early Castilian navigators, by Navarrete ; and, lastly, the copious illustrations of Isabella's reign by Clemen cin, the late lamented secretary of the Royal Academy of History, forming the sixth volume of its valuable Memoirs.

It was the knowledge of these facilities for doing justice to this subject, as well as its intrinsic merits, which led me, ten years since, to select it ; and surely materials only in the compilation ; and, indeed, they lay claim to no great research, which would seem to be precluded by the extent of their works, in neither instance exceeding two volumes duodecimo. They have the merit of exhibiting, in a simple, perspicuous form, those events which, lying on the surface, may be found more or less expanded in most general histories.

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. XII no subject could be found more suitable for the pen of an American than a history of that reign under the auspices of which the existence of his own favored quarter of the globe was first revealed. As I was con scious that the value of the history must depend mainly on that of its materials, I have spared neither pains nor expense, from the first, in collecting the most authentic. In accomplishing this, I must acknowledge the services of my friends, Mr. Alexander H. Everett, then minister plenipotentiary from the United States to the court of Madrid, Mr. Arthur Middleton, secretary of the American legation, and, above all, Mr. O. Rich, now American consul for the Balearic Islands, a gentleman whose extensive bibliographical knowledge, and un wearied researches during a long residence in the Pen insula, have been liberally employed for the benefit both of his own country and of England.

With such assistance, I flatter myself that I have been enabled to secure whatever can materially conduce to the illustra tion of the period in question, whether in the form of chronicle, memoir, private correspondence, legal codes, or official documents. Among these are various con temporary manuscripts, covering the whole ground of the narrative, none of which have been printed, and some of them but little known to Spanish scholars. In obtaining copies of these from the public libraries, I must add that I have found facilities under the present liberal government which were denied me under the

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. XIII preceding. In addition to these sources of informa tion, I have availed myself, in the part of the work occupied with literary criticism and history, of the library of my friend, Mr. George Ticknor, who during a visit to Spain, some years since, collected whatever was rare and valuable in the literature of the Peninsula. I must further acknowledge my obligations to the library of Harvard University, in Cambridge, from whose rich repository of books relating to our own country I have derived material aid ; and, lastly, I must not omit to notice the favors of another kind for which I am indebted to my friend, Mr. William H. Gardiner, whose judicious counsels have been of essential benefit to me in the revision of my labors. In the plan of the work, I have not limited myself to a strict chronological narrative of passing events, but have occasionally paused, at the expense, perhaps, of some interest in the story, to seek such collateral information as might bring these events into a clearer view.

I have devoted a liberal portion of the work to the literary progress of the nation, conceiving this quite as essential a part of its history as civil and mil itary details. I have occasionally introduced, at the close of the chapters, a critical notice of the authorities used, that the reader may form some estimate of their comparative value and credibility. Finally, I have endeavored to present him with such an account of the state of affairs, both before the accession and

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. XIV at the demise of the Catholic sovereigns, as might afford him the best points of view for surveying the entire results of their reign. How far I have succeeded in the execution of this plan must be left to the reader's candid judgment. Many errors he may be able to detect. Sure I am, there can be no one more sensible of my deficiencies than myself; although it was not till after practical experience that I could fully estimate the difficulty of obtaining anything like a faithful portraiture of a distant age, amidst the shifting hues and perplexing cross lights of historic testimony. From one class of errors my subject necessarily exempts me, — those founded on national or party feeling. I may have been more open to another fault, — that of too strong a bias in favor of my principal actors ; for characters noble and inter esting in themselves naturally beget a sort of par tiality, akin to friendship, in the historian's mind, accustomed to the daily contemplation of them.

Whatever defects may be charged on the work, I can at least assure myself that it is an honest record of a reign important in itself, new to the reader in an English dress, and resting on a solid basis of authentic materials, such as probably could not be met with out of Spain, nor in it without much difficulty. I hope I shall be acquitted of egotism although I add a few words respecting the peculiar embarrass ments I have encountered in composing these volumes.

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. XV Soon after my arrangements were made, early in 1826, for obtaining the necessary materials from Madrid, I was deprived of the use of my eyes for all purposes of reading and writing, and had no prospect of again recovering it. This was a serious obstacle to the prosecution of a work requiring the perusal of a large mass of authorities, in various languages, the contents of which were to be carefully collated, and transferred to my own pages, verified by minute reference.* Thus shut out from one sense, I was driven to rely exclusively on another, and to make the ear do the work of the eye. With the assistance of a reader, unin itiated, it may be added, in any modern language but his own, I worked my way through several venerable Castilian quartos, until I was satisfied of the practi cability of the undertaking.

I next procured the services of one more competent to aid me in pursuing my historical inquiries. The process was slow and irksome enough, doubtless, to both parties, at least till my ear was accommodated to foreign sounds, and an antiquated, oftentimes barbarous phraseology, when my progress became more sensible, and I was cheered with the prospect of success. It certainly would have * "To compile a history from various authors, when they can onl be consulted by other eyes, is not easy, nor possible but with more skilful and attentive help than can be commonly obtained." (John son's Life of Milton.) This remark of the great critic, which first engaged mv attention in the midst of my embarrassments, although discouraging at first, in the end stimulated the desire to overcome them.

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. XVI been a far more serious misfortune to be led thus blindfold through the pleasant paths of literature ; but my track stretched, for the most part, across dreary wastes, where no beauty lurked to arrest the traveller's eye and charm his senses. After persevering in this course for some years, my eyes, by the blessing of Providence, recovered sufficient strength to allow me to use them, with tolerable freedom, in the prosecution of my labors, and in the revision of all previously written. I hope I shall not be misunderstood as stating these circumstances to deprecate the severity of criti cism, since I am inclined to think the greater circum spection I have been compelled to use has left me, on the whole, less exposed to inaccuracies than I should have been in the ordinary mode of composition.

But, as I reflect on the many sober hours I have passed in wading through black-letter tomes, and through manuscripts whose doubtful orthography and defiance of all punctuation were so many stumbling-blocks to my amanuensis, it calls up a scene of whimsical distresses, not usually encountered, on which the good-natured reader may, perhaps, allow I have some right, now that I have got the better of them, to dwell with satisfaction. I will only remark, in conclusion of this too prolix discussion about myself, that, while making my tor toise-like progress, I saw what I had fondly looked upon as my own ground (having indeed lain unmo-

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. XVII lested by any other invader for so many ages) suddenly entered, and in part occupied, by one of my countrymen. I allude to Mr. Irving's "History of Columbus" and "Chronicle of Granada;" the sub jects of which, although covering but a small part of my whole plan, form certainly two of its most brilliant portions. Now, alas ! if not devoid of interest, they are, at least, stripped of the charm of novelty. For what eye has not been attracted to the spot on which the light of that writer's genius has fallen ? I cannot quit the subject, which has so long occupied me, without one glance at the present unhappy condition of Spain ; who, shorn of her ancient splendor, humbled by the loss of empire abroad and credit at home, is abandoned to all the evils of anarchy. Yet, deplorable as this condition is, it is not so bad as the lethargy in which she has been sunk for ages.

Better be hurried forward for a season on the wings of the tempest than stagnate in a deathlike calm, fatal alike to intellectual and moral progress. The crisis of a revolution, when old things are passing away and new ones are not yet established, is indeed fearful. Even the immediate consequences of its achieve ment are scarcely less so to a people who have yet to learn by experiment the precise form of institutions best suited to their wants, and to accommodate their character to these institutions. Such results must come with time, however, if the nation be but true to Vol. I.— B

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. XVIII itself. And that they will come, sooner or later, to the Spaniards, surely no one can distrust who is at all conversant with their earlier history, and has witnessed the examples it affords of heroic virtue, devoted patriotism, and generous love of freedom ; Che l'antico valore non e ancor morto." Clouds and darkness have, indeed, settled thick around the throne of the youthful Isabella; but not a deeper darkness than that which covered the land in the first years of her illustrious namesake ; and we may humbly trust that the same Providence which guided her reign to so prosperous a termination may carry the nation safe through its present perils, and secure to it the greatest of earthly blessings, civil and religious liberty. November, 1837.'

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TO THE THIRD ENGLISH EDITION. Since the publication of the First Edition of this work, it has undergone a careful revision ; and this, aided by the communications of several intelligent friends, who have taken an interest in its success, has enabled me to correct several verbal inaccuracies, and a few typographical errors, which had been previously overlooked. While the Second Edition was passing through the press, I received, also, copies of two valuable Spanish works, having relation to the reign of the Catholic sovereigns, but which, as they appeared during the recent troubles of the Peninsula, had not before come to my knowledge. For these I am in debted to the politeness of Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington; a gentleman whose frank and liberal manners, personal accomplishments, and independent conduct in public life have secured for him deservedly high consideration in the United States, as well as in his own country.

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. XX I must still further acknowledge my obligation to Don Pascual de Gayangos, the learned author of the "Mahommedan Dynasties in Spain," recently published in London, — a work which, from its thorough investi gation of original sources and its fine spirit of criticism, must supply, what has been so long felt to be a desidera tum with the student, the means of forming a perfect acquaintance with the Arabic portion of the Peninsular annals. There fell into the hands of this gentleman, on the breaking up of the convents of Saragossa, in 1835, a rich collection of original documents, com prehending, among other things, the autograph correspondence of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the principal persons of their court. It formed, probably, part of the library of Geronimo Zurita, — historiographer of Aragon under Philip the Second, — who, by virtue of his office, was intrusted with whatever documents would illustrate the history of the country.

This rare collection was left at his death to a monastery in his native city. Although Zurita is one of the principal authorities for the present work, there are many details of interest in this correspondence which have passed unnoticed by him, even when forming the basis of his conclusions ; and I have gladly availed myself of the liberality and great kindness of Senor de Gayangos, who has placed these manuscripts at my disposal, transcribing such as I have selected for the corrobora tion and further illustration of my work. The diffi-

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. XXI culties attending this labor of love will be better appreciated when it is understood that the original writing is in an antiquated character, which few Spanish scholars of the present day could comprehend, and often in cipher, which requires much patience and in genuity to explain. With these various emendations, it is hoped that the present Edition may be found more deserving of that favor from the public which has been so courteously accorded to the preceding. March, 1841. CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

Introduction

.

Section I. Pagb

View of the Castilian Monarchy before the Fifteenth Century i State of Spain at the Middle of the Fifteenth Century . . 2 Early History and Constitution of Castile ..... 4 The Visigoths ......... 4 Invasion of the Arabs 5 Its Influence on the Condition of the Spaniards ... 8 Causes of their slow Reconquest of the Country ... 9 Their ultimate Success certain 10 Their Religious Enthusiasm 11 Influence of their Minstrelsy 13 Their Charity to the Infidel 14 Their Chivalry 14 Early Importance of the Castilian Towns 18 Their Privileges ......... 18 Castilian Cortes 21 Its great Powers 23 Its Boldness .......... 25 Hermandades of Castile ....... 26 Wealth of the Cities 27 Period of the highest Power of the Commons ... 30 The Nobility 31 Their Privileges 32 Their great Wealth 34 Their turbulent Spirit 37 The Cavalleros or Knights 38 The Clergy 40 ( xxiii ) CONTENTS.

XXIV PAGE Influence of the Papal Court 4° Corruption of the Clergy 41 Their rich Possessions 42 Limited Extent of the Royal Prerogative .... 45 Poverty of the Crown ........ 48 Its Causes 48 Anecdote of Henry III. of Castile 49 Constitution at the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century . 52 Constitutional Writers on Castile 54 Notice of Marina and Sempere ...... 54

Section II

Review of the Constitution of Aragon, to the Middle of the Fifteenth Century 56 Rise of Aragon ......... 56 Foreign Conquests ......... 58 Code of Soprarbe ......... 60 The Ricos Hombres ......... 61 Their Immunities ......... 62 Their Turbulence ......... 64 Privileges of Union ........ 65 Their Abrogation . . . . . . . . 67 The Legislature of Aragon ....... 68 Its Forms of Proceeding ........ 71 Its Powers .......... 72 The General Privilege ........ 74 Judicial Functions of Cortes ...... 75 Preponderance of the Commons . . . . . .77 The Justice of Aragon ........ 78 His great Authority ......... 79 Security against its Abuse ....... 82 Independent Execution of it . . . . . . .83 Valencia and Catalonia ........ 84 Rise and Opulence of Barcelona . . . . . .86 Her free Institutions ........ 88 Haughty Spirit of the Catalans . . . . . .90 Intellectual Culture ........ 93 Poetical Academy of Tortosa CONTENTS. xxv PAGE Brief Glory of the Limousin 96 Constitutional Writers on Aragon 97 Notices of Blancas, Martel, and Capmany .... 98 PART FIRST. the period, when the different KINGDOMS OF SPAIN WERE FIRST UNITED UNDER ONE MONARCHY, AND A THOR- OUGH REFORM WAS INTRODUCED INTO THEIR INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION ; OR THE PERIOD EXHIBITING MOST FULLY THE DOMESTIC POLICY OF FERDINAND AND ISA- BELLA.

Chapter I

State of Castile at the Birth of Isabella. — Reign of John II. of Castile 103 Revolution of Trastamara 104 Accession of John II. ........ 104 Rise of Alvaro de Luna ....... 105 Jealousy of the Nobles ........ ic6 Oppression of the Commons 107 Its Consequences no Early Literature of Castile 112 Its Encouragement under John II 113 Marquis of Villena 113 Marquis of Santillana . . . . . . . .116 John de Mena 118 His Influence 119 Baena's Cancionero ........ 120 Castilian Literature under John II. . . . . . . 121 Decline of Alvaro de Luna 123 His Fall 124 His Death 125 Lamented by John 126 Death of John II 127 Birth of Isabella 12S CONTENTS. XXVI

Chapter II. Page

Condition of Aragon during the Minority of Ferdinand. — Reign of John II. of Aragon .... 129 John of Aragon 130 Title of his Son Carlos to Navarre 130 He takes Arms against his Father ..... 132 Is defeated 133 Birth of Ferdinand 133 Carlos retires to Naples ........ 134 He passes into Sicily ........ 135 John II. succeeds to the Crown of Aragon .... 137 Carlos reconciled with his Father 137 Is imprisoned .......... 139 Insurrection of the Catalans 139 Carlos released 141 His Death .......... 142 His Character 142 Tragical Story of Blanche 144 Ferdinand sworn Heir to the Crown 146 Besieged by the Catalans in Gerona 147 Treaty between France and Aragon 149 General Revolt in Catalonia 150 Successes of John i$j Crown of Catalonia offered to Rene of Anjou . . . 133 Distress and Embarrassments of John 154 Popularity of the Duke of Lorraine 156 Death of the Queen of Aragon 156 Improvement in John's Affairs ...... 157 Siege of Barcelona 139 It surrenders ......... 150

Chapter III

Reign of Henry IV. of Castile.— Civil War. — Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella . . . .161 Popularity of Henry IV. ....... 161 He disappoints Expectations . 163 His dissolute Habits CONTENTS. xxvii PAGE Oppression of the People 166 Debasement of the Coin ....... 167 Character of Pacheco, Marquis of Villena .... 168 Character of the Archbishop of Toledo .... 169 Interview between Henry IV. and Louis XI 170 Disgrace of Villena and the Archbishop of Toledo . . 172 League of the Nobles ........ 172 Deposition of Henry at Avila ...... 175 Division of Parties ......... 176 Intrigues of the Marquis of Villena 177 Henry disbands his Forces 178 Proposition for the Marriage of Isabella .... 179 Her early Education ........ 180 Projected Union with the Grand Master of Calatrava . . 181 His sudden Death 182 Battle of Olmedo 183 Civil Anarchy 185 Death and Character of Alfonso 187 His Reign a Usurpation 188 The Crown offered to Isabella 189 She declines it 189 Treaty between Henry and the Confederates . . . 190 Isabella acknowledged Heir to the Crown at Toros de Guisando 191 Suitors to Isabella ........ 193 Ferdinand of Aragon ........ 194 Support of Joanna Beltraneja 195 Proposal of the King of Portugal rejected by Isabella . . 197 She accepts Ferdinand ....... 198 Articles of Marriage . . . . - . . . . 199 Critical Situation of Isabella 200 Ferdinand enters Castile 203 Private Interview between Ferdinand and Isabella . . 205 Their Marriage 207 Notice of the Quincuagenas of Oviedo .... CONTENTS. XXVIII

Chapter IV. Page

Factions in Castile. — War between France and Aragon. — Death of Henry IV. of Castile . . .211 Factions in Castile ..... ... 211 Ferdinand and Isabella 213 Civil Anarchy ......... 215 Revolt of Roussillon from Louis XI 217 Gallant Defence of Perpignan ...... 219 Ferdinand raises the Siege ....... 220 Treaty between France and Aragon . . . . . 221 Isabella's Party gains Strength . . . ■ .- ■ ■ 222 Interview between Henry IV. and Isabella at Segovia . 224 Second French Invasion of Roussillon 227 Ferdinand's summary Execution of Justice . . . 228 Siege and Reduction of Perpignan ...... 229 Perfidy of Louis XI 230 Illness of Henry IV. of Castile 231 His Death 231 Influence of his Reign 233 Notice of Alonso de Palencia ...... 234 Notice of Enriquez del Castillo 235

Chapter V

Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella.— War of the Succession. — Battle of Toro 237 Title of Isabella ......... 237 She is proclaimed Queen ....... 239 Settlement of the Crown 241 Partisans of Joanna 243 Alfonso of Portugal supports her Cause 244 He invades Castile 246 He espouses Joanna ........ 247 Castilian Army 248 Ferdinand marches against Alfonso 249 He challenges him to personal Combat .... 249 Disorderly Retreat of the Castilians ..... CONTENTS. xxjx PAGO Appropriation of the Church Plate 253 Reorganization of the Army ...... 254 King of Portugal arrives before Zamora . . . . . 254 Absurd Position 255 He suddenly decamps ........ 256 Overtaken by Ferdinand ....... 257 Battle of Toro 258 The Portuguese routed ....... 260 Isabella's Thanksgiving for the Victory ..... 262 Submission of the whole Kingdom ..... 262 The King of Portugal visits France ..... 263 Returns to Portugal 265 Peace with France 267 Active Measures of Isabella . . . . . . 267 Treaty of Peace with Portugal 268 Joanna takes the Veil ........ 270 Death of the King of Portugal 271 Death of the King of Aragon 272

Chapter VI

Internal Administration of Castile .... 274 Scheme of Reform for the Government of Castile . . 275 Administration of Justice 275 Establishment of the Hermandad 276 Code of the Hermandad 278 Ineffectual Opposition of the Nobility 278 Tumult at Segovia 280 Isabella's Presence of Mind . . . . . . 2S1 Isabella visits Seville 283 Her splendid Reception there ...... 283 Severe Execution of Justice 284 Marquis of Cadiz and Duke of Medina Sidonia . . . 283 Royal Progress through Andalusia 286 Impartial Execution of the Laws 287 Reorganization of the Tribunals 288 King and Queen preside in Courts of Justice . . . 291 Re-establishment of Order 292 Reform of the Jurisprudence CONTENTS. XXX PAGE Code of Ordenancas Reales 294 Schemes for reducing the Nobility 295 Revocation of the Royal Grants 298 Legislative Enactments ......■• 3°° The Queen's spirited Conduct to the Nobility . . . 3°2 Military Orders of Castile 3°5 Order of St. Jago . 3°° Order of Calatrava 3°8 Order of Alcantara 3°9 Grand-masterships annexed to the Crown . . . • 312 Their Reformation 3J3 Usurpations of the Church 3M Resisted by Cortes 3*5 Difference with the Pope 3ZS Restoration of Trade 3XS Salutary Enactments of Cortes 319 Prosperity of the Kingdom 321 Notice of Clemencin 324

Chapter VII

Establishment of the Modern Inquisition . . 323 Origin of the Ancient Inquisition 326 Its Introduction into Aragon 327 Retrospective View of the Jews in Spam .... 330 Under the Arabs 331 Under the Castilians 333 Persecution of the Jews 334 Their Stale at the Accession of Isabella 337 Charges against them 339 Bigotry of the Age 340 Its Influence on Isabella 341 Character of her Confessor Torquemada .... 342 Papal Bull authorizing the Inquisition 344 Isabella resorts to milder Measures ...... 344 Enforces the Papal Bull ....... 345 Inquisition at Seville 345 Proofs of Judaism 346 The sanguinary Proceedings of the Inquisitors . . . CONTENTS. xxxi PAGE Conduct of the Papal Court 35° Final Organization of the Inquisition 35° Forms of Trial 351 Torture .......... 353 Injustice of its Proceedings ....... 354 Autos da Fe 356 Convictions under Torquemada 36° Perfidious Policy of Rome 362 Notice of Llorente's History of the Inquisition . . . 364