History of France. ... Translated by G. H. Smith

Part I. The Races And The Provinces Of France

LONDON : WHITTAKER & CO., AVE MARIA LANE. Gilbert & Rivington, Printers,] Price Tltree Shillings and Sixpence. [St. John's Square, London.

ADVERTISEMENT.

. M. Michelet's great work is peculiarly adapted for publication in successive Parts, being classified into distinct portions, each complete within itself, though forming, by their progressive connexion, one perfect whole. The First Part of the translation now offered to the public (which is the first attempt to present this already classic history in an English dress) contains the history of the races whose fusion and amalgamation produced the French people, properly so called, and a geographical and ethnographical description of the provinces, the union of which constitutes the kingdom of France. In like manner the succeeding Parts will contain as many distinct phases of history — The growth of feudalism — Its absorption by the monarchy — -The laws and institutions of France, &c, — until we arrive, to use M. Michelefs own language, at " the great work of equality and of civil order, slowly prepared by the Monarchy, consummated by the Republic, and crowned and proclaimed in Europe by the victories of Bonaparte."

The translator's study has been to represent his author faithfully ; not only to render his meaning, but to convey the peculiarities of his style. A writer, stripped of his mannerisms, is deprived of his individuality. Those who are best acquainted with the productions of the new school of French historians, will be the most lenient judges of the manner in which the translator has discharged his task. All the notes, and the authorities quoted, are translated, except in those instances in which their meaning is sufficiently illustrated by the text. Many of the references, too, have been verified, some corrected ; and a few notes have been added by the translator, chiefly from sources indicated by his author. The Appendix, comprising documents and authorities too long for insertion as notes, and to which references are occasionally given, will be published in a separate Part, on the completion of the text.

BY M. MICHELET, PROFESSEUR-SUPPLEANT A LA FACULTE DES LETTRES, PROFESSEUR A l'eCOLE NORMAL!'., CHEF DE LA SECTION HISTORIQUF. AUX ARCHIVES DU ROYAUME. VOL. I. TRANSLATED BY G. H. SMITH, F.G.S. LONDON: WHITTAKER AND CO., AVE MARIA LANE BOOK THE FIRST. CELTS.— IBERIANS.— ROMANS.

Chapter I

go and see for themselves what manner of man was the conqueror of Asia, that Alexander, at whose sight kings fainted through dread *. " What do you fear?" inquired the man of terror: " The sky falling f," was all the answer he got. Heaven itself had little terror for them ; they returned its thunders J with flights of arrows. Did ocean rise and invade the land, they did not refuse its challenge, but marched upon it sword in hand §. Never to give way was their point of honour : they would often scorn to quit a house in flames ||. No people held their lives cheaper. There were of them who would undertake to die for a trifle of money or a little wine, would step upon their sleeping-places, distribute the wine or money among their friends, lie down on their shields, and offer their throat to the knife If.

Their banquets seldom ended without a fray ; the thigh of the animal on the board was the right of the bravest **, and each would be he. Next to fighting, their greatest pleasure was to crowd round the stranger, seat him among them, whether he liked or not, and make him tell them tales of dis- CELTS AND IBERIANS. " The Gauls," says Strabo, following the philosopher Posidonius, " are universally madly fond of war, hot in temper, and quick to fight ; in all other respects simple, and void of malice. Hence, when provoked, they march multitudinously, openly, and incautiously straight against the enemy, so as to be easily out-generalled ; since they may be drawn on to engage where and when one chooses, and for any cause, being ever ready for battle, even though armed only with their own natural strength and audacity.

Yet are they easily per suaded to useful employments, and susceptible of culture and literary instruction. Presuming on their gigantic build and numbers, they soon collect in large multitudes, of their own free-will and accord, and at once take side with the injured party*." Such is the first glance cast by philosophy on the most sympathetic and perfectible of the races of man. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GAULS AND IBERIANS. * Plut. in Alex. c. 96. Long after Alexander's death, Cassander, who had become king of Macedonia, walking one day at Delphi, and examining the statues, suddenly came upon that of Alexander, when he was so struck by it, that he fell trembling, and was seized with a giddiness. The genius of these Gauls or Celts is at first a mere restless activity, prompting to attack and conquest : it was through war that the nations of antiquity came into contact and intermingled.

A warring and noisy race, they overrun the world, sword in hand, led on, it would seem, less by greed, than by a vain and uneasy desire to see, know, and busy themselves with everything ; bursting and destroying through mere inability to create. With their large, fair, soft, and succulent bodies, they are the infants of the nascent world ; elastic and impulsive, but neither enduring nor persevering f ; fierce in their joys, vast in their hopes, and vain — for as yet nothing has withstood them. They would t . ... Et pn ispa 6 ,.*,.. i, .... ainois ksrnrioot. Strabo, 1. vii. 302. (These were Getæ. They had been encountered and subdued by Darius, in his famous expedition against the European Scythæ, 514 years b. c. Alexander found them inhabiting the same locality on the western shores of the Euxine, one hundred and eighty years afterwards.)

B Iberians. / B.C. 11200. Gallic or Celtic race. Oratorical genius. 2 CELTS AND IBERIANS. Contrast between the two. tant lands ; for these barbarians were insatiably eager and curious, and pressed strangers, seizing them in the markets and highways, and compelling them to talk *. They were themselves formidable and indefatigable talkers, highly figurative in their speech, pompous and ludicrously grave with their guttural tones -f, and it was quite a business in theil' assemblies to secure the speaker from inter ruption ; insomuch that it was the office of one man to enforce silence, which he did by proceeding with drawn sword to the party interrupting, and, at the third summons, cutting off a large piece of his dress, so as to render it unfit for further wear J. Another race, the Iberians, appear early in the south of Gaul, along with the Gauls, and even before them.

This people, whose type and language have been preserved in the Basque mountains, were moderately endowed with natural gifts, a laborious, agricultural, mining race, attached to the soil for its products — metals and corn §. There is nothing to show that they were primitively as warlike as they became when driven into the Py renees by the conquerors of the south and of the north, and finding themselves in their own despite guardians of the defiles, they were so repeatedly invaded, bruised, and hardened by war. Once Roman tyranny impelled them to an heroic des pair ; but generally tlieir courage has been exemplified in resistance ||, as that of the Gauls has been in attack. The Iberians do not seem to have had the same love of distant expeditions and ad venturous wars. Some of tlieir tribes, indeed, emigrated, but unwillingly, and driven forth by more powerful nations.

The Gauls and the Iberians were a complete contrast : the latter with their rough black garments, and hair-woven boots ; the Gauls arrayed in showy stuffs, fond of bright and varied colours, such as compose the plaid of the modern Scottish Gael **, or else almost naked, but with tlieir white chests and gigantic limbs laden with massive golden chains*. The Iberians were divided into petty mountain tribes, which, according to Strabo, seldom contracted alliance, through an excess of con fidence in tlieir own strength. The Gauls, on the contrary, readily collected in large hordes, encamp ing in large villages, in large exposed plains, and talkers, laughers, and haranguers as they were, willingly associated with strangers, and became in timate with new faces, mingling with all and in all, dissolute through levity, and blindly and at random abandoning themselves to infamous pleasures f (the brutality of drunkenness was rather the sailing of the German stock) ; in short, theirs were all the qualities and vices that result from quick sympathy.

These hilarious comrades were not to be too im plicitly confided in. They were early addicted to bantering (gaber, as it was termed in the middle ages). They passed tlieir word without a thought of its being obligatory, promised, then laughed, and there an end. (Ridendo fidem frangere, " they broke faith with a jest."— Tit. Lit.) The Gauls did not rest contented with driving the Iberians into the Pyrenees ; but crossing that natural barrier, settled under their own name, in tlie south and north-western angles of the peninsula, whereas in the centre they amalgamated with the conquered, and took the names of Celti berians and Lusitanians £. It was at the same epoch (b.c 1600 — 1500), or perhaps previously, that the Iberian tribes of the Sicani and the Ligor § passed from Spain into Gaul and Italy ; in which latter country, as in Spain, the Gauls attacked them, and crossing the Alps (b.c. 1400—1000), under the designation of Antbra || (the valiant), confined the Ligures with in the mountainous coast from the Rhone to the Arno, whilst they drove the Sicani as far as Cala bria and Sicily.

PHŒNICIAN AND GRECIAN COLONIES. (b. c 1200 -COO.) * Diod. Sic. 1. v. p. 306.— Cæsar, Bell. Gall. 1. iv. c. 5. Est autem hoc Gallicæ consuetudinis ut et viatores etiam invitos consistcre cogant .... et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistat, &c. Iii both peninsulas the conquering Celts amal gamated with the inhabitants of the central plains, whilst the vanquished Iberians kept their ground at either end, in Liguria and in Sicily, in the Pyf Diodor. Sic. 1. iv. Elo-i nat rats Iposiiai, flaporixot, Kai wavTeXws Tpax^wvot' Ka-rd be rat OftiXiat ftpa\v\6^0t, Kai atuitltorioi Kai TO 7ro\\a alviTTOItevot avvenboxinoit' 7roAAa dt) keyovre, kv virep/j-oKats coloured squares." So Virgil, (Æneid. 1. viii. 660.) "They glitter in their striped cloaks." Elsewhere I have collected other parallel passages. t "Octo* axpnorov sroino-al -to Xoittov.

Straho, 1. iv. ap. Scr. R. Fr. i. 30. — I cannot quit the subject without noticing how much the ancients appear to have been struck with the rhetorical genius and noisy character of the Gauls. Livy terms them, " a people born for vain tumults." The public criers, trumpeters, and advocates were often Gauls. " An Insubrian," says Cicero, (Fragm. Or. contra Pisonem,) "that is, a salesman and a crier." See, also, the whole of the oration pro Fonteio. Cato says, (in Charisio ? I quote from memory,) "The Gauls, for the most part, assiduously cultivate two things — valour and oratorical smartness." Diodorus Siculus (1. iv.) calls them " boasters, braggarts, and full of theatrical display." * Diodor. Sic. 1. v. "They wear bracelets and armlets, and round their necks thick rings, all of gold, and costly finger-rings, and even golden corslets."

Virgil. Æneid. 1. viii. 659. "Fair golden tresses grace the comely train, And ev'ry warrior wears a golden chain. Embroider'd vests their snowy limbs unfold, And their rich robes are all adorn'd with gold." T Diodor. Sic. 1. v. ap. Scr. R. Fr. i. 310.— Strabo, 1. iv.— Athen. 1. xiii. c. 8— At a later period, traces of the licen tiousness which prevailed in ancient Gaul are observable in the Irish and British Celts. Leland, t. i. p. 14, says, that the Irish considered adultery " a pardonable gallantry " O'Halloran, 1 , 394.— Lanfrane, St. Anselm, and Pope Adrian in his famous bull, addressed to Henry II., upbraid them with incest.— See Usser. Syl. epist. 70, 94, 95.-St. Bernard in Vit. S. Malach. 1932, sqq. Girald. Cambr. 742, 743 J Diodor. Sic. 1. v.— Isidori Originum 1. ix.— Plin. 1. iii c. 3. § Strabo, 1. iv.— Cæsar, Bell.

Gall. 1. iii. c. 20. || The Iberi must not be confounded with their neighbours, the Cantabri. The distinction between them is clearly established by M. W. de Humboldt in his admirable little work on the Basque language. See Appendix. 1T Tpixivat e,\ouat Kv^ftibat. Diodor. ** Diodor. Sic. 1. v. "They wear dyed tunics, flowered with colours of every kind, and trews, and striped cloaks, fastened with a buckle, and divided into numerous many- § Iberian higl.landcrs. W. de Humboldt. See Appendix II See Am. Thierry, Hist, des Gaulois, i. 10. B.c.l Early colonies of Gaul. 600. / Marseilles founded. The Cymri. Gauls enter Italy. PHŒNICIAN AND GRECIAN COLONIES. 3 I renees and in Bœtica. The Italian Gauls, the Ambra, occupied the whole valley of the Po, and spead into the peninsula as far as the mouth of the Tiber.

They were subsequently subjected by the Rasenæ or Etrusci, whose empire was at a later period hemmed in by new Celtic emigrations between the Macra, the Tiber, and the Apen nines. more mercantile than political, and who, instead of gaining over and incorporating with themselves the barbarians in their vicinity, were ever at war with them, to aspire to such a part. However, through good conduct and perseverance, the Massilians managed to extend their establishments along the Mediterranean, from the Maritime Alps to Cape St. Martin ; that is to say, as far as the early Carthaginian colonies. Monaco, Nice, Antibes, Eaube, St. Gilles, Agde, Ampurias, Denia, aud some other towns *, were founded by them. Whilst Greece began the civilization of the southern shore, northern Gaul received its own from the Celts themselves.

A new Celtic tribe, the Cymry or Cumry (Cimmerii + ?), came to join the Gauls (b.c. 631 — 587). The new comers, who settled for the most part in the centre of France, on the Seine and the Loire, were, it appears, of more serious and stable character. Less indisposed to restraint, they were governed by a sacerdotal corporation — the Druids. The primitive religion of the Gauls, which yielded to the Cymric Druidism, was a natural religion, gross undoubtedly, and far from having reached that systematic form which it subsequently acquired among the Irish Gael +. That of the Cymric Druids, as far as it is discerni ble through the barren notices of the ancients, and the much altered traditions of the modern Welsh Cymry, had a far loftier moral tendency : they taught the immortality of the soul. Yet was the genius of the race too material to admit of such doctrines bearing early fruit.

The druids could not transport it out of its clannish life. The material principle, the influence of its military chief tains, co-existed with the government of the priests. Cymric Gaul was only imperfectly, Gallic Gaul not iu the least, organised ; and escaping the Druids, it flowed over the Rhine and the Alps, to flood the world. Such was the aspect of the Gallic world. In Italy and in Spain, its young, soft, floating ele ment was early altered by intermixture with the indigenes ; whereas in Gaul it would have been long rolled to and fro by the flux and reflux of barbarism, had not a new element from without infused into it a principle of stability, a social idea. Two people, the Greeks and the Phœnicians, were the leaders of civilization at this remote period of antiquity. The Tyrian Hercules was at this time sailing through every sea, buying and transporting from each country its most precious pro ducts.

He did not overlook the fine garnets of the coast of Gaul, or the coral of the Hieres ; and in quired into the precious mines which then cropped out upon the surface of the Pyrenees, the Cevennes, and the Alps *. He came, and returned, and at last settled. Attacked by Albion and Ligor (both names signify mountaineer +), the sons of Neptune, he would have been overcome, had not Jupiter re inforced his failing arrows with a shower of stones, which still cover the plain of Crau in Provence. The victorious god founded Nemausus (Nimes), sailed up the Rhone and the Saone, slew in his lair the robber Taurisk, and built Alesia in the territory of the Ædui (pays d'Autun). Before leaving, he laid down the highway which crossed the Col de Tende, and led from Italy across Gaul into Spain ; and it was upon this foundation that the Romans built the Aurelian and Domitian ways (vise).

In this, as in other directions, the Phœnicians did but open a path for the Greeks; being followed by the Dorians of Rhodes, who were themselves supplanted by the Ionians of Phocea, the founders of Marseilles (b.c. 600—587). This city, planted so far from Greece, subsisted by miracle. Land ward it was surrounded by powerful Gallic and Ligurian tribes, who did not suffer it to take an inch of ground without a battle. Seaward it had to encounter the huge fleets of the Etruscans and Carthaginians, who had organised so sanguinary a monopoly coastwise, that for a stranger to trade in Sardinia was death by drowning J. In every way, success crowned the Massilians. They had the gratification of seeing, without their drawing the sword, the Etruscan navy destroyed in a single battle by the Syracusans, and then of beholding the annihilation of all the commercial states — of Etruria, Sicily, and Carthage— by Rome.

Carthage, in her fall, left an immense field, which Marseilles might well have coveted ; but it was not for the humble ally of Rome, for a city without territory, aud a people of plain and thrifty character, but FIRST COLLISION OF ROME AND GAUL. (b. C. 388.) This is the period assigned by history to the expeditions of Sigovesus and Bellovesus, nephews of Ambigat, king of the Bituriges, who led the Gauls into Germany and Italy, and who wandered with no other guidance than was afforded by watch ing the flight of birds. According to another tra dition, they were guided by a jealous husband, an Aruns of Etruria, who, in his desire of revenge, introduced the barbarians to the juice of the grape. They found it good, and followed him to the land * See the interesting account of Marseilles in Thierry's History, (t. ii. c. 1.) one of the most remarkable portions of that excellent work.

Further on, I endeavour to show how greatly the share the Greek colonies had in civilizing Gaul, has been exaggerated. t Appian (Illyr. p. 1196. and de Bell. Civil, p. 625.) and Diodorus (1. v. p. 309.) say that the Celts were Cimmerians. —Plutarch (in Mario) agrees with them.— " The Cimme rians," says Ephorus, (Strabo, v. p. 375.) "inhabit subter ranean dwellings, which they call argillas." In the poetry of the Welsh Cymry, argel signifies a subterraneous place. (W. Archaiol. i. p. 152.) The Cymry swore " by the bull." The arms of Wales are two cows— However, several Ger man critics deny the identity of the Cimmerians with the Cimbri, and of the latter with the Cymry; referring the Cimbri to the Germanic stock. * Strabo, 1. iii. iv. t Alb, in Gaelic, mountain.— Gor, in the Basque tongue, elevated.

IV. de Humboldt. J Strabo, 1. xvii. " The Carthaginians drowned all strangers whom they found coasting to Sardinia, or to the I See Appendix. Straits." b2 Settlement of the Gauls in Lombardy. Triumph of Rome. Reverses of the Gauls. fB.C. "1391. 4 COLLISION OF ROME AND GAUL. of the vine *. These first emigrants, Ædui, Ar verni, and Bituriges (Gallic tribes of Burgundy, Auvergne, and Berry), settle in Lombardy, despite the Etrusci, and take the name of Is-Ambraf, Is- Ombrians, Insubrians, synonymous with Gauls ; being the same with that of those ancient Gauls, or Ambra, Umbrians, who had been subdued by the Etrusci. They were followed by the kindred tribes of the Aulerci, Carnuti, and Cenomani (inhabiting Mans and Chartres), under a leader called the Hurricane X ; who established themselves at the expense of the Etrusci of Venetia, and founded Brescia and Verona.

Lastly, the Cymry, jealous of the conquests of the Gauls, pass the Alps in their turn ; but finding the valley of the Po already occupied, they are forced to proceed as far as the Adriatic, and found Bologna and Sinigaglia, or rather, settle in those towns, which the Etrusci had already founded. The idea of the city, measured out and laid down according to religious and astro nomical notions, was unknown to the Gauls, whose towns were only large open villages, such as Medio lanum (Milan). The Gallic world is the world of the tribe § ; the Etrusco-Roman world, that of the city. Thus the tribe and the city are face to face in the listed plain of Italy. At first, the tribe has the advantage ; the Etrusci are hemmed in within Etruria, properly so called, and the Gauls soon follow them thither.

They cross the Apennines ; and with their blue eyes, yellow mustachios, and golden collars on their fair shoulders, proceed to defile before the Cyclopean walls of the affrighted Etrusci. They appear before Clusium, and demand a territory. It was then, as is well known, that the Romans interposed to protect their ancient foes, the Etrusci, and that a panic placed Rome in the hands of the Gauls. They were much as tonished, says Livy, at finding the city deserted ; more astonished still at beholding at the doors of the houses the aged owners, who sat majestically, waiting death. By degrees they grew accustomed to these immoveable figures, which had at first awed them ; when one of them, in his barbarian joviality, took it into his head to stroke the beard of one of these haughty senators, who returned the caress with a blow of his stick ||.

This was the signal for massacre. The young men, who had shut themselves up in the Capitol, offered some resistance, but at last paid ransom 1J. This is the most probable tradition ; the Romans preferred the other. Livy asserts that Camillus avenged his country by a victory, and slew the Gauls on the ruins they had made. What is more certain is, that they remained seventeen years in Latium, at Tibur, at the very gate of Rome. Livy calls Tibur, "arceni Gallici belli " (the stronghold of the Gallic war). It is in this interval that were fought the heroic duels of Valerius Corvus and Manlius Torquatus with Gallic giants. The gods interfered; a sacred raven gave the victory to Valerius ; and Manlius tore the collar (torquis) from the boaster who had defied the Romans. Hence, for a long time after, a popular image, a Cimbric buckler, with the likeness of a barbarian, inflating his cheeks and thrusting out his tongue *, used as a sign for shops.

The city was fated to prevail over the tribe, — Italy over Gaul. Driven from Latium, the Gauls continued to war, but as mercenaries in the service of Etruria. They shared, with the Etrusci and the Samnites, in those dreadful battles of Sentinum and the Vadimonian lake, which secured Rome the sovereignty of Italy, and thence of the world. In these they displayed their fruitless and brute-like audacity ; fighting naked with the well-armed ; dashing with loud clamour in their war-chariots against the impenetrable masses of the legions ; and opposing the terrible pilum with wretched sabres that bent at the first stroke f. It is the common history of all the battles of the Gauls : they never amended. Nevertheless, great efforts and the devotion of Decius were required on the side of the Romans.

At length they, in tlieir turn, penetrated to the Gauls, recovered the ransom of the Capitol, and seated a colony in the prin cipal burgh of the Senones, whom they overcame at Sena on the Adriatic — exterminating the whole tribe, so that there should not remain a single descendant of those who could boast of having burnt Rome f . GREAT MIGRATION OF THE GAULS. (b.c. 391—280.) These reverses of the Italian Gauls may, per haps, be explained, by the supposition that their best warriors had joined the great migration of the Transalpine Gauls, into Greece and Asia. Our Gaul was like that vase of the Welsh mythology, in which life is incessantly boiling and overflow ing § ; and received in torrents the barbarism of the North, to pour it out on the nations of the South. After the Druidical invasion of the Cymry, it had to sustain the warlike invasion of the Belgæ, or Bolg (the most impetuous of the Celts, as are their descendants the Irish) ||, who had made * Aulus Gell. 1. ix. 3.— Tit.

Liv. 1. vii. c. 10. t Tit. Liv. 1. xxii. " The Gauls have very long swords, without points."— Polyb. 1. ii. ap. Scr. R. Fr. i. 167. " By their spirit at the first onset, the whole Gallic race, whilst fresh, is most fearful. Their swords give one fatal cut, but are then at once blunted, and bend lengthwise and flat wise."—A true symbol of the race of the Gael. I Flor. 1. i. c. 13. • Tit. Liv. 1. v. c. 34.— Plutarch, in Camillo. § See further on. t Is, Ios, low, inferior. — Is-Ombhia, Lower Ombria. t According to the interpretation of Am. Thierry, i. p. 43. —Tit. Liv. v. c. 35. II Headiness, promptitude, and mobility of purpose are equally characteristic of the Bolg of Ireland, Belgium, and Picardy (the Bellovaci, Bold, Bolgæ, Belgæ, Volci, &c ) and of those of the south of France, notwithstanding the' different mixtures these races have undergone.

In the old Irish traditions, the Belgæ are designated by the name of Fir-Bolg. Ausonius (de clar. urb. Narbo ) asserts the primitive name of the Tectosagi to have been Bolg- Tectosagos primævo nomine Balgas." Cicero (pro Man. Fonteto) gives them that of Belgee-- Belgarum Allo brogumque testimoniis credere Don timetis V In the manu § It has been doubted by some learned men whether their oppida, in Cæsar's time, were anything more than places of refuge. II Tit. Liv. 1. v. c. 4!. M. Papirius, Gallo barbam suam, ut turn omnibus promissa erat, permulcenti, scipione ebur neo in caput incusso, iram movisse dicitur. IT According to Polybius and Suetonius. See my Hist. Romaine, vol. i. 1. i. c. 3. B. C. ) 391./ Success of the Gauls Subjection of the Italian Gauls. MIGRATION OF THE GAULS. 5 in Asia. i their way from Belgium through the Gauls and Cymry, as far south as Toulouse, and had seated themselves in Languedoc under the names of Are comici and Tectosagi.

Hence, they bore on to a new conquest ; and Gauls, Cymry, and even Ger mans, descended with them the valley of the Danube. The cloud burst upon Macedonia. The world of the ancient city, which had grown strong in Italy by the success of Rome, had, since Alexander, been broken up in Greece. Neverthe less, this petty space was so strong by art and nature, — so bristled with cities and mountains, — as to be seldom entered with impunity. Greece is like a trap with three bottoms. You may enter, and find yourself taken, first in Macedonia, next in Thessaly, and then betwixt Thermopylæ and the isthmus. which with difficulty bore up against the Seleu cidæ, bought their assistance; as the event proved, — an interested aud fatal assistance. These terrible guests parcelled out Asia Minor among them selves, for pillage and for ransom *.

The Helles pont fell to the share of the Trocmi ; the shores of the Ægean, to the Tolistoboioi ; the Tectosages had the South. Here we see our Gauls restored to the cradle of the Cymry, not far from the Cim merian Bosphorus — here are they settled on the ruins of Troy, and in the mountains of Asia Minor, where, centuries after, the French will lead the crusades under the banner of Godfrey of Bou logne and of Louis the Young. Whilst these Gauls gorge and fatten in delicate Asia, others ramble the world over in search of fortune. Whoever wishes to buy headlong courage and blood cheaply, buys Gauls — a prolific and warlike race, sufficing for innumerable armies and wars. They are in the pay of all the succes sors of Alexander, especially of Pyrrhus — that man of adventures and of blasted triumphs.

Car thage also employed them in the first Punic war. She requited them but ill f ; and they bore a principal part in the dreadful War of the Mercenaries. One of the leaders of the revolt was the Gaul, Autarites. Thrace and Macedonia were successfully invaded by the barbarians, who committed fearful excesses there, passed even Thermopylæ, and marched to undergo defeat against the sacred rock of Delphi. The god defended histemple. A storm, and the masses of rock hurled down by the besieged, sufficed for the discomfiture of the Gauls. Gorged with meat and wine, they were already conquered by tlieir own excesses. A panic terror seized them in the night. In order to expedite their retreat, their Brenn, or chief, counselled them to burn their cars, and to cut the throats of their ten thousand wounded * ; then drank his fill, and stabbed himself.

But his followers found it im possible to extricate themselves from so mountain ous a country and such difficult passes, alive with a people wild for vengeance. Another body of Gauls, intermingled with Ger mans, Tectosages, Trocmi, and Tolistoboioi, succeeded better beyond the Bosphorus. They threw themselves into the heart of mighty Asia, in the midst of the quarrels of Alexander's successors. Nicomedus, king of Bithynia, aud the Greek towns Rome availed herself of the troubles of Car thage and of the interval between the two Punic wars, to crush the Ligurians and the Italian Gauls. " The Ligurians, buried at the foot of the Alps, between the Var and the Macra, in a country bristling with underwood, were more difficult to find than to conquer, — an agile aud indefatigable J people, more given to rapine than to war, and trusting in the rapidity of their flight and the remoteness of their lurking-places.